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  • Lepidoptera  (112)
  • Saccharomyces cerevisiae  (51)
  • Coleoptera  (50)
  • Springer  (212)
  • Annual Reviews
  • Nature Publishing Group
  • 2005-2009
  • 1990-1994  (178)
  • 1980-1984  (34)
  • 1990  (178)
  • 1980  (34)
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  • 2005-2009
  • 1990-1994  (178)
  • 1980-1984  (34)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pteridine compounds in adults of the pink-spotted bollowrm, Pectinophora scutigera (1990)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 57 (1990), S. 77-83 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Age ; pteridine ; Pectinophora ; Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé En chromatographie liqudde à haute performance (HPLC) à détection par fluorescence, 4 composés ptéridiniques: la xanthoptérine, l'isoxanthoptérine, la 6-bioptérine et la ptérine ont été décelés dans les têtes de P. scutigera Holdaway (Lep. Gelechiidae) adultes. Un autre composé, dénommé ‘xanthoptérine modifiée’, a été décelé aussi dans les têtes de papillons; de même l'isoxanthoptérine a été décelée dans les thorax et abdomens. Les concentrations de ces ptérines ont été dosées dans les têtes des papillons de 2 à 50 jours au laboratoire à 25°C. Les concentrations d'isoxatthoptérine ont été dosées dans les thorax et les abdomens de 2 à 40 jours. La xanthoptérine de la ‘xanthoptérine modifiée’ diminuent nettement avec l'âge, tandis que la ptérine diminue plus lentement et que la 6-bioptérine se maintient pratiquement sans changements. L'isoxanthoptérine diminue dans les têtes de mâles de 38,3 ng/tête à 2 j à 22,7 ng/tête à 50 j, mais chez les femelles les concentrations augmentent nettement de 41,2 ng/tête à 2 j à 150,4 ng/tête à 50 j. Des modifications de même type ont été observées dans les thorax et les abdomens des mâles et des femelles. Les modifications de concentration de la ‘xanthoptérine modifiée’ des têtes de papillons peuvent être utilisées pour évaluer l'âge physiologique de mâles et des femelles de P. scutigera. La confiance dans ces estimations peut être améliorée en se référant aux concentrations d'isoxanthoptérine dans les thorax des mâles et au rapport isoxanthoptérine/‘xanthoptérine modifiée’ dans les têtes de femelles.
    Notes: Abstract The amounts of four pteridine compounds, xanthopterin, isoxanthopterin, 6-biopterin and pterin and a further unidentified substance, termed ‘modified xanthopterin’, were determined in the heads of adult Pectinophora scutigera (Holdaway) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), aged between 2 and 50 days and reared in the laboratory at 25°C. The level of isoxanthopterin was also determined in the thoraces and abdomens of moths aged between 2 and 40 days. The levels of xanthopterin, and ‘modified xanthopterin’ decreased markedly in the heads of males and females with increasing moth age, while those of pterin decreased more slowly and 6-biopterin remained largely unchanged. Isoxanthopterin decreased in male heads from 38.3 ng/head at 2 days to 22.7 ng/head at 50 days, but in females levels increased from 41.2 ng/head at 2 days to 150.4 ng/head at 50 days. Similar changes in the amounts of isoxanthopterin with increasing moth age were observed in male and female thoraces and abdomens. The results are discussed in relation to using pteridine compounds for estimating the physiological age of P. scutigera.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00349597
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Behavioral responses of maleHeliothis armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) moths in a flight tunnel to combinations of components identified from female sex pheromone glands (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 3 (1990), S. 75-83 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: cotton bollworm ; Heliothis armigera ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; sex pheromone ; flight tunnel ; male behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Six compounds were identified from gland extracts of the cotton bollworm, Heliothis armigera(Hubner): (Z)-11-hexadecenal (Z11-16:Ald), (Z)-9-hexa-decenal (Z9-16:Ald), hexadecanal, (Z)-11-hexadecenol (Z11-16:OH), (Z)-7-hexadecenal (Z7-16:Ald), and (Z)-9-tetradecenal (Z9-14:Ald). Each of the compounds that were identified was examined for its ability to elicit sexual responses from male moths in a flight tunnel. Males flew upwind to Z11-16:Ald alone, but greater levels of copulatory responses were evoked with the addition of 2.5% Z9-16:Ald to the Z11-16:Ald. Addition of hexadecanal to the binary mixture had no effect in raising the behavioral response of the males in the flight tunnel. The effect of Z7-16:Ald on male flight depended on the loading. The addition of 1% of this component to 2 mg of the binary mixture reduced levels of copulatory response, but the same addition (1 %) to 10 μg of the binary mixture increased copulatory response. The addition of 79-14:Ald or Z11-16:OH to the binary mixture reduced behavioral responses of males. High loadings of the binary mixture (200–2000 μg) were better than a low loading (10 μg) in eliciting response of males.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01049196
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Responses of male green June beetlesCotinis nitida (L.) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) to female volatiles in a flight tunnel (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 3 (1990), S. 271-276 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Scarabaeidae ; Cotinis nitida (L.) ; beetle flight ; pheromone bioassay
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01417918
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Suitability of eight Yponomeuta-species as hosts of Diadegma armillata (1990)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 54 (1990), S. 173-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Encapsulation ; evolutionary relationships ; host suitability ; parasitization ; parasitoid complexes ; Diadegma armillata ; Hymenoptera ; Ichneumonidae ; Lepidoptera ; Yponomeutidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'étude a porté sur la valeur de 8 représentants européens du genre Yponomeuta (Lep., Yponomeutidae) comme hôtes pour Diadegma armillata (Hym., Ichneumonidae). La présence, l'état du parasitoïde, le nombre de chenilles contenant un hyménoptère et la mortalité des chenilles on été examinés par dissection et par élevage des chenilles attaquées en conditions contrôlées. Pour examiner si la mortalité des chenilles saines et parasitées diffèrent, des chenilles non contaminées par l'ichneumonide ont été utilisées comme témoins. De plus, des chenilles provenant de différentes parties des Pays-Bas et d'Allemagne ont été disséquées pour connaître leur taux de parasitisme par D. armillata. La valeur des diverses espèces diffère considérablement. Les dissections montrent que cela provient de différentes aptitudes à l'encapsulation des œufs du parasite. La comparaison des taux observés par la dissection des chenilles des différentes parties des Pays-Bas et d'Allemagne montre une surprenante uniformité pour les populations d'origines géographiques différentes. Les observations sur l'encapsulation par les différentes espèces d'yponomeutes correspondent assez bien aux différences observées parmi les divers complexes parasitaires dans lesquels D. armillata intervient. Certains éléments montrent cependant que le taux d'attaques victorieuses (sans tenir compte d'une éventuelle encapsulation ultérieure) contribue aussi aux différences observées entre les complexes parasitaires. Le classement des espèces d'yponomeutes en 3 catégories, d'après leur valeur comme hôte, montre un remarquable parallélisme avec les relations phylogéniques mises en évidence par analyse des allozymes: les espèces présentant une forte proportion d'encapsulation sont celles qui ont divergé précocement au cours de l'évolution du genre, tandis que les espèces ayant divergé le plus récemment présentent un pourcentage intermédiaire ou sont incapables d'encapsuler les œufs de D. armillata.
    Notes: Abstract The suitability as a host of Diadegma armillata (Gravenhorst) (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) was determined for eight West-European representatives of the genus Yponomeuta Latreille (Lepidoptera, Yponomeutidae) by dissecting and rearing parasitized larvae under controlled conditions. The suitability of the various species differed considerably, and dissection showed that this was mainly due to the ability of the host species to encapsulate the parasitoid eggs. Encapsulation by Yponomeuta-species corresponded fairly well to the differences between the parasitoid complexes concerning D. armillata. Classifying the Yponomeuta-species into three categories according to their suitability, showed a remarkable parallelism with the phylogenetic relationships as determined by allozyme comparison: species showing high encapsulation rates are those that have diverged early in the evolution of the genus, whereas the more recently evolved species showed an intermediate percentage or were not able to encapsulate eggs of D. armillata.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00343526
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of corn planting date on the life stage development and phenology of Diabrotica virgifera virgifera (1990)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 54 (1990), S. 219-224 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Diabrotica virgifera virgifera ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; corn ; life-stage occurrence ; planting date
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Dans les conditions de l'est du Sud Dakota (USA), 3 dates de semailles de maïs et 3 dates de contamination avec des œufs de D. virgifera virgifera LeConte ont servi à imposer ou à empêcher la synchronisation des éclosions des œufs et par conséquent des développements ultérieurs. Les dates médianes d'apparition de chacun des 3 stades larvaires et des imagos ont été déterminées en relation avec les unités de température et le nombre de jours depuis la contamination. Aucune différence significative entre les dates médianes d'apparition n'a été mise en évidence par utilisation des unités de température; par contre, ces différences deviennent significatives lorsque l'on utilise le nombre de jours depuis la contamination. Des paramètres fiables sont nécessaires pour prédire la présence des différentes stades de cet insecte. En dépit des différentes conditions imposées pour cette étude, la méthode la moins capricieuse pour prédire l'apparition d'un stade larvaire et l'émergence des adultes est la somme de températures avec une base de 11°C.
    Notes: Abstract Under field conditions in eastern South Dakota, USA three different planting dates of corn and three times of egg infestation were used to imposed synchronous and asynchronous timing of corn growth and Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte egg hatch and subsequent development. Median occurrence of each of the three larval stages and of the adult stage for each of the infestation-planting treatments was determined by relating occurrence to thermal units and to days after infestation. No significant differences were found among the treatments for median occurrence of each life stage when the thermal unit approach was used. However, significant differences were found among treatments for median occurrence when the day after infestation approach was used. Consistent parameters are needed for prediction of the occurrence of life stages of this insect. Despite the various imposed conditions, this study indicates that the least variable method of predicting life stage occurrence and adult emergence of D. v. virgifera was the use of thermal unit accumulations (base 11°C).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00186790
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biosynthesis of 1-alkenes in the defensive secretions ofTribolium confusum (Tenebrionidae); stereochemical implications (1990)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 46 (1990), S. 700-704 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Tenebrionidae ; Tribolium confusum ; defesive secretion ; biosynthesis of 1-alkenes ; oxidative decarboxylation ; anti-elimination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The terminally unsaturated hydrocarbons of the defensive secretion ofTribolium confusum are biosynthesized from fatty acids by oxidative decarboxylation. The process involves an enantiospecific cleavage of the C−H bond of thepro-(S) C(3)−H atom and simultaneous decarboxylation of the acid into an 1-alkene and carbon dioxide via ananti-periplanar transition state geometry (anti-elimination). The stereochemistry of this biotranformation is identical in all respects with the same reaction in higher plants. The mechanism seems to be of general importance for the biosynthesis of many vinylic substructures of natural products from oxygen-containing precursors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01939939
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of adult diet on the reproductive biology and survival of the western corn rootworm,Diabrotica virgifera virgifera (1990)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 56 (1990), S. 15-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; corn rootworms ; age-specific survival ; age-specific fecundity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé D. virgifera virgifera LeConte a été placé sur des régimes nutritifs mimant l'évolution des tissus du maïs disponsibles dans le champ lorsque les insectes éclosent est aux stades suivants du maïs: 1) après émergence de l'épi mâle, mais avant l'apparition des barbes et l'émission du pollen; 2) lors de la présence de barbes et de l'émission de pollen; 3) après la pollinisation et quand les barbes ont bruni. Un quatrième régime a été fourni pendant toute l'expérience comprenant des barbes vertes, du pollen et des feuilles. Les pontes moyennes des femelles pendant les 12 semaines de l'étude on été 125, 235, 179 et 441 pour les régimes 1, 2, 3 et 4. Les dates de mort de la moitié des adultes a été 7,2, 7,2, 6,7 et 8,8 semaines pour respectivement les mêmes régimes. Les femelles du régime 1 pondent à un âge plus avancé que les femelles des régimes 2 et 3. L'influence des changements de la qualité alimentaire du maïs au fur et à mesure du vieillissement des plantes et deDiabrotica, a été déterminée par la survie au bout de 48 heures d'insectes éclos depuis peu et d'autres maintenus en cage sur des lots de maïs à différents stades poussant en serre depuis des temps plus ou moins longs. Plus les plantes sont âgées, plus la survie des 2 groupes deDiabrotica diminue, mais plus vite chez les lots d'insectes âgés.
    Notes: Abstract Adult corn rootworm beetles,Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, were maintained on three dietary regimes which mimicked the progression of corn tissues that would be available in the field for beetles eclosing when corn was in the following growth stages: (A) after tassels had emerged but prior to silking and pollen shed; (B) while plants were silking and shedding pollen; and (C) after pollination was complete and silks had turned brown. A fourth regime (D) was established in which green corn silks, pollen, and leaves were provided throughout the study. The mean number of eggs laid per female over the 12-week duration of the study was 125, 235, 179, and 441 for regimes A, B, C, and D, respectively. Median length of life was 7.2, 7.2, 6.7, and 8.8 weeks for regimes A, B, C, and D respectively. Beetles in regime A laid a greater proportion of their eggs at an older age than did beetles from regimes B and C. To further investigate the influences on survival of changes in food quality of corn as plants and beetles aged, newly-eclosed beetles and beetles that had been maintained in caged plots of corn growing in a greenhouse for various lengths of time were caged on corn at different stages of growth, and the proportion of beetles surviving for 48 h was determined. Survival decreased as plants aged for both groups of beetles, but decreased at a faster rate for old than for young beetles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00579611
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Calling behaviour ofMamestra brassicae: effect of age and photoperiod (1990)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 56 (1990), S. 23-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Mamestra brassicae ; sex pheromone ; calling behaviour ; calling posture ; diel periodicity of calling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La périodicité quotidienne de l'appel et les effets de l'âge et de la photopériode ont été examinés sur des femelles vierges deMamestra brassicae (Lépido., Noctuidae). Aucun appel n'a été observé pendant la première scotophase; la plupart des femelles appelaient pour la première fois pendant les 2e et 3e scotophases après l'émergence, quelle que fût la photopériode. Les papillons conservés à 16 J/8 N ont commencé à appeler beaucoup plus tard que ceux dont la photopériode était 18 J/6 N. En vieillissant, les papillons appelaient significativement de plus en plus tôt. Avec 16 J/8 N, la moyenne du moment du début de l'appel a diminué de la scotophase 2 à la scotophase 3, après laquelle il s'est stabilisé autour de 260 min après le début de la scotophase. Avec 18 J/6 N, le moment du début de l'appel a diminué jusqu'à la scotophase 4, et s'est stabilisé ensuite autour de 130 min après le début de l'obscurité.
    Notes: Abstract Die periodicity of calling and the effect of age and photoperiod on calling behaviour were studied in virgin females of the cabbage moth,mamestra brassicae L. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). No calling activity was observed during the first scotophase. Most females called for the first time during the 2nd or 3rd scotophase after emergence, regardless of the photoperiod. Moths maintained under 16L: 8D started calling significantly later in the scotophase than those maintained under 18L: 6D. With increasing age, moths initiated calling significantly earlier. Under the 16L: 8D photoregime, the mean onset calling time decreased from scotophases 2 to 3, after which it stabilized around ca. 260 min after the start of the scotophase. With 18L: 6D, the onset of calling decreased until scotophase 4, and subsequently stabilized around ca. 130 min after lights off.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00579612
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The OGD1 gene, affecting 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase in S. cerevisiae, is closely linked to HIS5 on chromosome IX (1990)
    Springer
    Current genetics 17 (1990), S. 85-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; rad52-mediated chromosome loss
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Ogd1 mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae are deficient in mitochondrial 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase activity; they cannot grow on glycerol and produce an increased amount of organic acids during growth on glucose as substrate. Using gamma ray-induced rad52-mediated chromosome loss the ogd1 mutation can be assigned to chromosome IX. Tetrad analysis of crosses between ogd1 and other markers on chromosome IX revealed that the OGD1 gene maps on the left arm of this chromosome 1.9 cM from his5.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00313254
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cloning and sequencing of URA10, a second gene encoding orotate phosphoribosyl transferase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1990)
    Springer
    Current genetics 17 (1990), S. 105-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Orotate phosphoribosyl transferase ; Nucleotide sequence-5-phosphoribosyl 1-pyrophosphate (5PRPP)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Orotate phosphoribosyl transferase (OPRTase) catalyses the transformation of orotate to OMP in the pyrimidine pathway. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the URA5 gene is known to encode this enzyme activity. In this paper we present the cloning and sequencing of a yeast gene, named URA10, encoding a second OPRTase enzyme. Comparison of the predicted amino acid sequences between URA5 and URA10 genes shows more than 75% similarity. These sequences have also been compared to those of Escherichia coli, Podospora anserina, Sordaria macrospora and Dictyostelium discoideum. Remarkable similarities in the primary structure of these proteins have been found. Gene disruption experiments revealed that URA10 gene expression is responsible for the leaky phenotype of a ura5 mutant. Assays of OPRTase activity in extracts from ura5 and ura10 mutants indicate that the URA10 product contributes only 20% of the total activity found in wild type cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00312853
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Isolation and properties of yeast mutants affected in farnesyl diphosphate synthetase (1990)
    Springer
    Current genetics 18 (1990), S. 41-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Mutants ; Farnesyl diphosphate synthetase ; Ergosterol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Two yeast mutant strains auxotrophic for ergosterol and blocked in farnesyl diphosphate synthetase (EC 2.5.1.1) were isolated. Genetic analysis has shown that these mutant strains carry additional mutations in the ergosterol pathway besides erg20-1 and erg20-2 which affect FPP synthetase. The novel feature of these mutants is their ability to excrete prenyl alcohols (farnesol and geraniol). As geraniol is toxic for yeast cells, the above leaky mutations in FPP synthetase have to be associated with others in the sterol pathway, in order to slow down geraniol synthesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00321113
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Expression of the Aspergillus niger glucose oxidase gene in A. niger, A. nidulans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1990)
    Springer
    Current genetics 18 (1990), S. 531-536 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Glucose oxidase ; Aspergillus ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We report the cloning of the Aspergillus niger glucose oxidase gene and its use to elevate glucose oxidase productivity in A. niger by increasing the gene dosage. In addition, the gene has been introduced into A. nidulans where it provides the novel capacity to produce glucose oxidase. A plasmid, in which DNA encoding the mature form of glucose oxidase was preceded by a Saccharomyces cerevisiae secretion signal, effected high-level production of extracellular glucose oxidase in this yeast.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00327024
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  • 13
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    Electronic Resource
    High frequency recombination and the expression of genes cloned on chimeric yeast plasmids: Identification of a fragment of 2-μm circle essential for transformation (1980)
    Springer
    Current genetics 2 (1980), S. 17-251 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Gene cloning ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have carried out experiments aimed at explaining the observed variations in transformation frequencies when Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Saccharomyces carlbergensis are transformed with chimeric plasmids that contain one of 4 possible EcoRI fragments of the yeast 2-μm circle. These plasmids fall into 2 classes when used to transform 2 different yeast his3 auxotrophs, one (strain LL20) harbours indigenous 2-μm circle, and the other (strain YF233) is devoid of this plasmid. Hybrid plasmids containing either the 2.4 mega-dalton (mD) R-form EcoRI fragment (pYF88) or the l.4 mD L-form EcoRI fragment (pYF177) of 2-μm circle transform either of the two hosts at a high frequency (50,000 colonies per Mg in LL20 and 10,000 colonies per μg in YF233). Hybrid plasmids containing the 1.5 mD R-form EcoRI fragment (pYF87) or the 2.5 mD L-form EcoRI fragment (pYF178) of the 2-μm circle transform LL20 at a reduced frequency (6,000–16,000 colonies per μg) and YF233 at extremely low frequencies (1–5 colonies per μg). All plasmids retrieved from strain YF233 that had been transformed with pYF88 or pYF177 were identical to the original transforming plasmid. Of the plasmids retrieved from strain LL20 that had been transformed with pYF87 and pYF178, approximately half had acquired an extra copy of the 2-μm circle. Of the plasmids retrieved from strain LL20 that had been transformed with pYF88 and pYF177, an average of only approximately 13% had acquired an extra copy of 2-μm circle. Taken together, these observations indicate that the transformation of yeast by a plasmid lacking the ability to replicate (pYF87 and pYF1780) occurs by the recombinational acquisition of 1 copy of the host 2-μm circle, which serves to supply the incoming plasmid with missing essential sequences. A comparison of 2-μm circle DNA fragments carried by pYF88 and pYF177 indicates that the region of 2-μm circle required for high frequency transformation is a 1.2 mD segment that is common to the 2.4 mD R-form and 1.4 ml) L-form EcoRI fragments. This region extends from the EcoRI cut site adjacent to the PstI site, through to the end of the inverted repeat. However, the inverted repeat sequence alone is not sufficient to bestow high frequency transformation of yeast.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00445690
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of chromosome loss on the leavening ability of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in dough (1990)
    Springer
    Current genetics 18 (1990), S. 401-403 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Baking yeast ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Dough leavening ; Benomyl
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary To investigate the leavening ability of yeast in dough, chromosome loss was induced by benomyl treatment in YOY1037, a diploid between a baking strain and a laboratory strain, and its effect on the leavening ability was studied. When benomyl-treated cells were spread on plates with a dye indicator for ploidy, about 20% of the visible colonies were stained dark blue or dark purple; the rest stained pale blue, similar to the diploid YOY1037. Strains showing the MATα phenotype, and non-galactose fermenting strains, apparently having lost particular chromosomes, were observed only in those with darkcoloured colonies. Strains with dark-coloured colonies showed a wider range of leavening ability than did those with pale-coloured colonies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00309908
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    Isolation and characterization of the Pichia stipitis xylitol dehydrogenase gene, XYL2, and construction of a xylose-utilizing Saccharomyces cerevisiae transformant (1990)
    Springer
    Current genetics 18 (1990), S. 493-500 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Xylitol dehydrogenase gene ; Pichia stipitis ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Xylose utilization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A P. stipitis cDNA library in λgt11 was screened using antisera against P. stipitis xylose reductase and xylitol dehydrogenase, respectively. The resulting cDNA clones served as probes for screening a P. stipitis genomic library. The genomic XYL2 gene was isolated and the nucleotide sequence of the 1089 bp structural gene, and of adjacent non-coding regions, was determined. The XYL2 open-reading frame codes for a protein of 363 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 38.5 kDa. The XYL2 gene is actively expressed in S. cerevisiae transformants. S. cerevisiae cells transformed with a plasmid, pRD1, containing both the xylose reductase gene (XYL1) and the xylitol dehydrogenase gene (XYL2), were able to grow on xylose as a sole carbon source. In contrast to aerobic glucose metabolism, S. cerevisiae XYL1-XYL2 transformants utilize xylose almost entirely oxidatively.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00327019
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    A recessive mutant allele of the HNM1 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is responsible for hyper-resistance to nitrogen mustard (1990)
    Springer
    Current genetics 18 (1990), S. 187-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Mutagen hyper-resistance ; Nitrogen mustard ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A screening of haploid yeast strains for enhanced resistance to nitrogen mustard (HN2) yielded a recessive mutant allele, hnm1, that conferred hyper-resistance (HYR) to HN2. Diploids, homo- or heterozygous for the HNM1 locus, exhibit normal wild-type like resistance while homozygosity for hnm1 leads to the phenotype HYR to HN2. The hnm1 mutation could be found in yeast strains proficient or deficient in different DNA repair systems. In these mostly HN2-sensitive haploid repair-deficient mutants, hnm1 acted as a partial suppressor of HN2 sensitivity. All isolated recessive mutations conferring hyper-resistance belonged to a single complementations group. The HYR to HN2 phenotype was maximally expressed in growing cells and was associated with reduced mutability by HN2. HNM1 most probably controls uptake of HN2 which would be impaired in the hnm1 mutants.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00318378
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    G418-resistance as a dominant marker and reporter for gene expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1990)
    Springer
    Current genetics 18 (1990), S. 303-313 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; G418 resistance ; Gene cartridges ; Heterologous Gene expression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Coding sequence cartridges for aminoglycoside phosphotransferase (APT) were isolated from bacterial transposon Tn903. When incorporated into a heterologous gene construction utilising the PGK1 promoter and terminator, the heterologous APT gene provided a G418-resistance determinant that functioned efficiently as a dominant marker for yeast in both multiple- and single-copy. Transformant colonies on selective medium appeared rapidly, within 36–48 h, and growth rate of the transformed cells was normal. A simple and highly sensitive radiolabelling assay for APT enzyme activity was developed for use with crude cell protein extracts. Enzyme activity units were equated to the amount of APT protein present in the cells, and the APT protein was shown to be stable in yeast. Heterologous APT expression was 130-fold reduced compared with homologous PGK1. This resulted from an estimated two-fold decrease in mRNA level and a 65-fold decrease in translation efficiency. The latter was unaffected by AUG sequence context change, but corresponded with a high frequency of minor codons in the APT-coding sequence. APT can be used as a semi-quantitative reporter of gene expression, whose useful features are in vivo detection via the G418-resistance phenotype and powerful cell-free assay.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00318211
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  • 18
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    A novel mutation that affects utilization of galactose in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1980)
    Springer
    Current genetics 2 (1980), S. 115-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Galactose fermentation ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Regulatory mutant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A novel type of regulatory mutation for galactose metabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is described. The mutation named gal11 was recessive, non-allelic to GAL4, GAL80, GAL2, or GAL3, and unlinked to the gene cluster of GAL1, GAL10, and GAL7. It caused a ‘coordinate’ reduction of galactokinase, galactose-1-P uridylyl transferase, and UDP-glucose 4-epimerase by a factor of more than 5, rendering the mutant cells galactose-nonfermenting. The effect of the mutation was manifested not only in cells grown on galactose but also in cells constitutively synthesizing the galactose-metabolizing enzymes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00420623
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    Transcriptional units of GAL genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae determined by ultraviolet light mapping (1980)
    Springer
    Current genetics 2 (1980), S. 223-228 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Transcriptional Units ; GAL Genes ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; UV mapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The size of the transcriptional unit of the structural genes for three galactose-metabolizing enzymes which form a cluster on chromosome II in Saccharomyces cerevisiae was studied by the ultraviolet light (UV)-mapping technique. Thus the size of the primary transcripts of GAL7 for galactose-1-phosphate uridylyl transferase, GAL10 for uridine diphosphoglucose 4-epimerase, or GAL1 for galactokinase were estimated to be 0.81 x 106, 1.1 x 106, or 1.3 x 106 respectively. In the light of these data together with the known directions of transcription of the genes, we concluded that each of three genes was transcribed from its own promoter.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00435690
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  • 20
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    When a glycolytic gene on a yeast 2μORI-STB plasmid is made essential for growth its expression level is a major determinant of plasmid copy number (1990)
    Springer
    Current genetics 17 (1990), S. 119-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Episomal plasmid ; Copy number control ; Plasmid maintenance ; Glycolytic enzyme levels
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary This study demonstrates how varying the promoter strength of an essential gene on a yeast 2μORI-STB YEp multicopy vector can influence vector copy levels. A phosphoglycerate kinase gene (PGK) on this plasmid was made essential for fermentative growth by transformation into a pgk - yeast strain. When in these PGK- transformants the requirement for PGK expression was the sole selective criterion for plasmid maintenance, PGK promoter activity was inversely related to vector copy levels. Plasmids with an efficiently-transcribed PGK gene were maintained at approximately one copy per cell, whereas those lacking the UAS that normally directs high basal PGK transcription levels were present at up to 10–15 copies. All cultures of these PGK+ transformants contained only a low proportion of pgk - cells. Since mitotic loss of the plasmid arrests growth through loss of a functional PGK allele, PGK confers high stability to the YEp vector in such a pgk - genetic background. In this system YEp vector levels are probably influenced by PGK transcription because high expression of PGK is needed in rapid fermentative growth. Remarkably, low plasmid PGK promoter activity caused PGK mRNA levels slightly higher than those found in yeast with normal PGK regulation. A higher plasmid copy number is therefore not the only factor counteracting the effects of low PGK transcription, and it is possible that PGK mRNA becomes more stable in response to inefficient PGK transcription.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00312855
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    Functional analysis of the sporulation-specific SPR6 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1990)
    Springer
    Current genetics 18 (1990), S. 293-301 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Sporulation ; Inessential genes ; Genome organization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The SPR6 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae encodes a moderately abundant RNA that is present at high levels only during sporulation. The gene contains a long open reading frame that could encode a hydrophilic protein approximately 21 kDa in size. This protein is probably produced by the yeast, because the lacZ gene of Escherichia coli is expressed during sporulation when fused to SPR6 in the expected reading frame. SPR6 is inessential for sporulation; mutants that lack SPR6 activity sporulate normally and produce viable ascospores. Nonetheless, the SPR6 gene encodes a function that is relevant to sporulating cells; the wild-type allele can enhance sporulation in strains that are defective for several SPR functions. SPR6 is located on chromosome V, 14.4 centimorgans centromere-distal to MET6.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00318210
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    Interactions between the yeast mitochondrial and nuclear genomes: isogenic suppressive and hypersuppressive petites differ in their resistance to the alkaloid lycorine (1990)
    Springer
    Current genetics 17 (1990), S. 455-457 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Nucleo-mitochondrial interactions ; Mitochondrial status ; Lycorine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In a previous paper we have shown that the alkaloid lycorine inhibits growth of rho +, mit - and rho -, strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, whereas strains devoid of mitochondrial DNA (rho o) are resistant to more than 200 μg/ml of the alkaloid. In this report we show that hypersuppressive petites are almost as resistant as rho o mutants, whereas isogenic rho - petites, which have retained tained longer segments of the genome, are sensitive to the drug.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00334527
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    Evolutionary conservation of transcriptional machinery between yeast and plants as shown by the efficient expression from the CaMV 35S promoter and 35S terminator (1990)
    Springer
    Current genetics 17 (1990), S. 473-479 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Schizosaccharomyces pombe ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; CaMV 35S promoter ; CaMV 35S terminator ; Heterologous expression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Complementation of fission yeast mutants by plant genomic libraries could be a promising method for the isolation of novel plant genes. One important prerequisite is the functioning of plant promoters and terminators in Schizosaccharomyces pombe and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Therefore, we studied the expression of the bacterial β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene under the control of the Cauliflower Mosaic Virus (CaMV) 35S promoter and 35S terminator. We show here that S. pombe initiates transcription at exactly the same start site as was reported for tobacco. The 35S CaMV terminator is appropriately recognized leading to a polyadenylated mRNA of the same size as obtained in plant cells transformed with the same construct. Furthermore, the GUS-mRNA is translated into fully functional GUS protein, as determined by an enzymatic assay. Interestingly, expression of the 35S promoter in the budding yeast S. cerevisiae was found to be only moderate and about hundredfold lower than in S. pombe. To investigate whether different transcript stabilities are responsible for this enormous expression difference in the two yeasts, the 35S promoter was substituted by the ADH (alcohol dehydrogenase) promoter from fission yeast. In contrast to the differential expression pattern of the 35S promoter, the ADH promoter resulted in equally high expression rates in both fission and budding yeast, comparable to the 35S promoter in S. pombe. Since the copy number of the 35S-GUS constructs differs only by a factor of two in the two yeasts, it appears that differential recognition of the 35S promoter is responsible for the different transcription rates.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00313074
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    The absence of introns in yeast mitochondria does not abolish mitochondrial recombination (1990)
    Springer
    Current genetics 17 (1990), S. 537-541 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Mitochondria ; Intron-encoded proteins ; Recombination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The respiratory competency of a yeast strain devoid of mitchondrial introns is quite normal. However, it may be asked whether intron-encoded proteins participate in metabolisms other than those of mitochondrial introns. Using strains without mitochondrial introns we have answered two questions. The first was: does the absence of intron-encoded proteins abolsh mitochondrial recombination? The second was: do mitochondrial introns and intron-encoded proteins play a part in mitochondrial DNA rearrangements induced by ethidium bromide (rho- production)? We have shown that the introns and intron-encoded proteins are not essential essential components of either phenomenon.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00313085
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    Fate of highly expressed proteins destined to peroxisomes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1990)
    Springer
    Current genetics 18 (1990), S. 23-27 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Protein translocation ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Peroxisomes ; Overexpression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Import of proteins into organelles usually requires a cis-acting targeting signal. Analysis of various hybrid proteins, consisting of mouse DHFR and parts of catalase A from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, revealed that fusion proteins containing the N-terminal 126 amino acids, or less, of catalase A remain in the cytosol whereas fusion proteins containing 140, or more, N-terminal amino acids of catalase A form large aggregates inside the cell. These protein bodies, which lack a surrounding membrane, copurified with peroxisomes on cell fractionation. The peroxisomal targeting signal of catalase A does not reside at the C-terminus or at the N-terminus.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00321111
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    Effect of nystatin, amphotericin B and amphotericin B methyl ester on Saccharomyces cerevisiae with different lipid composition (1990)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 112 (1990), S. 165-172 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Nystatin ; amphotericin B ; amphotericin B methyl ester ; polyene antibiotics ; yeast ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Saccharomyces cerevisiae was cultured under anaerobiosis in semi-complete medium to which either palmitoleic or oleic acid was added. Cells were grown at 20 °C or 30 °C. The levels of total lipids, total sterols, and phospholipids were higher in cells grown at 20 °C than at 30 °C. The effects of nystatin (NYS), amphotericin B (AMB), and amphotericin B methyl ester (AME) were evaluated by determining cell viability and liberation of intracellular compounds. The loss of cell viability is higher in the first 30 minutes of incubation with the drugs and is the same regardless of the type of cells obtained. Low molecular weight compounds and ions such as K+ are liberated a few minutes after incubation with the drugs whereas proteins and substances absorbing at 260 nm are liberated later. Phosphate liberation comes after K+ and before compounds of higher molecular weights.
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    Determination of the role of polyphosphate in transport-coupled phosphorylation in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1990)
    Springer
    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 57 (1990), S. 159-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Keywords: 2-Deoxy-D-glucose transport ; polyphosphate ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; sugar phosphorylation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The role of polyphosphate in 2-deoxy-D-glucose transport was studied in yeast cells, pulse-labeled with [32P]orthophosphate, by comparing the concentrations and specific activities of polyphosphate, orthophosphate and 2-dGlc-phosphate. When 2-dGlc transport was measured under aerobic conditions, it appeared that polyphosphate replenished the orthophosphate pool, indicating that polyphosphate has, at least mainly, an indirect role in sugar phosphorylation. Also in cells with a reduced respiratory capacity, due to a treatment with antimycin A, no direct role for polyphosphate in 2-dGlc transport could be detected. Under these conditions, only a very limited breakdown of polyphosphate occurred, probably because of the small decrease in the orthophosphate concentration.
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    Chemical defence in chewing and sucking insect herbivores: Plant-derived cardenolides in the monarch butterfly and oleander aphid (1990)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 1 (1990), S. 12-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: chemical defence ; comparative sequestration ; feeding guilds ; insect herbivory ; natural enemies ; cardenolides ; Lepidoptera ; Danainae ; Danaus plexippus (L.) ; Homoptera ; Aphidae ; Aphis nerii B. de F. ; Asclepiadaceae ; Asclepias curassavica L
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Cardenolide sequestration by a hemimetabolous aphid and a holometabolous butterfly from the neotropical milkweed,Asclepias curassavica L., is compared. The oleander aphid,Aphis nerii B. de F., sequestered a similarly narrow range of cardenolide concentrations to the monarch butterfly,Danaus plexippus (L.), from the wide range of concentrations available in leaves of A.curassavica. However, A.nerii sequestered significantly less cardenolide (269 µg/0.1 g) thanD. plexippus (528 µg/0.1 g). The honeydew excreted by A.nerii was comprised of 46% cardenolide. The complete polarity range of 25 cardenolides detected by thin layer chromatography in A.curassavica was represented in the 17 whole aphid cardenolides and the 20 aphid honeydew cardenolides detected. D.plexippus sequestered a narrower polarity range of 11 cardenolides, having eliminated low polarity cardenolide genins and glycosides. It is suggested that these chemical differences may be related to interactions among the broad feeding tactics of sucking or chewing milkweed leaves, life history constraints of holometabolyversus hemimetaboly, the distribution of milkweed food resources in space and time, and the dynamics of natural enemies.
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    Variation of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in Ithomiinae: A comparative study between species feeding on Apocynaceae and Solanaceae (1990)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 1 (1990), S. 22-29 
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    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: variation of secondary substances ; pharmacophagy ; pyrrolizidine alkaloids ; Lepidoptera ; Ithomiinae ; Aeria olena ; Tithorea harmonia ; Mechanitis polymnia ; Apocynaceae-Echitoideae ; Solanaceae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The primitive, Apocynaceae-feeding Ithomiine,Tithorea harmonia, incorporates dehydropyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) from its larval foodplant (Prestonia acutifolia), rarely visiting PA sources pharmacophagously in the adult; females show higher concentrations of PAs than males, with similar variance. The close relativeAeria olena (feeding onP. coalita, without PAs) shows similar PA concentrations in both sexes and greater variation in males, like more advanced Solanaceae-feeding Ithomiine such asMechanitis polymnia, which likeA. olena obtain PAs by pharmacophagy in the adult (mainly males). This difference is due to the dynamics of PA incorporation in these species. Little variation in PA content was found among allopatric populations of the same species, but variation in available PA sources in different months was correlated with different average storage levels in the butterflies.
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    Systemic retention of ingested cantharidin by frogs (1990)
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    Chemoecology 1 (1990), S. 57-62 
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    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: toxin sequestration ; predation ; human dietary hazard ; cantharidin ; Coleoptera ; Meloidae ; Epicauta vittata ; Rana ; Hirudo ; Nerodia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Frogs(Rana pipiens) fed on blister beetles (Meloidae) or cantharidin, retain cantharidin systemically. After cessation of feeding, they void the compound relatively quickly. Systemic cantharidin does not protect frogs against ectoparasitic feeding by leeches(Hirudo medicinalis) or predation by snakes(Nerodia sipedon). As suggested by our data, and from reports in the early literature, ingestion of cantharidin-containing frogs can pose a health threat to humans.
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    Evolutionary strategies of chemical defense in aposematic butterflies: Cyanogenesis in Asteraceae-feeding American Acraeinae (1990)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 1 (1990), S. 52-56 
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    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: chemical defense ; mimicry ; evolutionary strategies ; hostplants ; cyanogenesis ; linamarin ; pyrrolizidine alkaloids ; Lepidoptera ; Acraeinae ; Asteraceae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary American Acraeinae butterflies often ingest large amounts of dehydropyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) from their Asteraceae hostplants in both larval and adult stages, but do not normally store these compounds for defence, instead biosynthesizing large amounts of the cyanogenic glucoside linamarin in all stages. This defence syndrome (rejection of plant toxins andde novo synthesis of protective chemicals) is considered to be the most evolved among aposematic (unpalatable mimicry-model) butterflies, as are the Acraeinae and Heliconiini which also synthesize cyanogens. Storage or minimal processing of larval hostplant-derived defensive chemicals is widespread and characterizes the most primitive model groups; an intermediate series (Danainae/Ithomiinae) also obtains the principal defensive chemicals (PAs) from plants, but mostly in the adult stage. These syndromes are discussed and contrasted with the pattern seen in Chrysomelidae beetles, wherede novo synthesis is widespread and considered primitive.
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    Toxicity of nonhost phototoxins to parsnip webworms(Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae) (1990)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 1 (1990), S. 81-85 
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    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: phototoxicity ; harmane ; harmine ; harmalol ; alpha-terthienyl ; skimmianine ; Lepidoptera ; Oecophoridae ; Depressaria pastinacella ; parsnip webworm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The parsnip webworm,Depressaria pastinacella (Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae), feeds exclusively on apiaceous hostplants containing furanocoumarins, compounds capable of oxygen-dependent and oxygen-independend photosensitization. Despite high titers of antioxidant enzymes relative to other herbivorous insects, webworms cannot tolerate nonhost photosensitizers such as alpha-terthienyl or beta-carboline alkaloids at dietary concentrations of 0.01% or less. Tolerance of skimmianine, a furano-quinoline alkaloid, may be due to its structural resemblance to furanocoumarins, which are metabolized by cytochrome P450 monooxygenases in this species.
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    Parasitic wasps orient to green leaf volatiles (1990)
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    Chemoecology 1 (1990), S. 69-76 
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    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: green leaf volatile ; semiochemical ; synomone ; volatile attractant ; tritrophic ; host location ; parasitoid behavior ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Microplitis ; Ichneumonidae ; Netelia ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Heliothis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Undamaged plants emit low levels of green leaf volatiles (GLVs), while caterpillar-damaged and artificially damaged plants emit relatively higher levels of certain GLVs. Female braconid parasitoids,Microplitis croceipes, oriented to both damaged plants and to individual GLVs in no-choice tests in a wind tunnel, but seldom oriented to undamaged plants. Female ichneumonid parasitoids,Netelia heroica, also oriented to individual GLVs in a wind tunnel. Males of both wasp species failed to orient to the GLVs. These data show that leaf-feeding caterpillars can cause the release of GLVs, and that parasitic wasps can respond to these odors by flying upwind (chemoanemotactic response), which brings the wasps to their caterpillar hosts. This supports the hypothesis that plants communicate with members of the third trophic level,i.e., plants under herbivore attack emit chemical signals that guide natural enemies of herbivores to sites of plant damage. In this interaction, the GLVs serve as tritrophic plant-to-parasitoid synomones. That parasitoids from two different wasp families oriented to GLVs suggests that the response may be widespread among the Hymenoptera.
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    Responses of three mouse species to deterrent chemicals in the monarch butterfly. I. Taste and toxicity tests using artificial diets laced with digitoxin or monocrotaline (1990)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 1 (1990), S. 114-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: taste aversion ; toxicology ; chemical defense ; cardiac glycoside ; cardenolides ; digitoxin ; pyrrolizidine alkaloids ; monocrotaline ; Mammalia ; Muridae ; Peromyscus ; Reithrodontomys ; Lepidoptera ; Danainae ; Danaus plexippus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Of three common mouse species at the Mexican overwintering sites of the monarch butterfly, onlyPeromyscus melanotis eats monarchs. We hypothesized thatP. aztecus andReithrodontomys sumichrasti reject monarchs because they are more sensitive to the bitter taste and/or toxic effects of the cardiac glycosides (CGs) and pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) in the butterflies. Two-choice preference tests revealed no difference in taste avoidance thresholds to free base and N-oxide forms of the PA, monocrotaline, but very different avoidance thresholds to the CG, digitoxin. Avoidance thresholds forR. sumichrasti andP. aztecus were, in respective order, 1020 and 34 times less than that forP. melanotis. We also tested the toxic sensitivity of juvenile mice by chronically feeding diets containing digitoxin or monocrotaline at concentrations similar to those used in the preference tests. No species developed CG toxicity, but bothP. melanotis andP. aztecus developed moderate PA toxicity (R. sumichrasti was not tested for PA toxicity).P. aztecus grew more slowly and manyP. melanotis had hepatic metabolic lesions. Thus, the three mouse species responded very differently to the taste and toxic properties of CGs and PAs at ecologically relevant concentrations: 1) CGs were taste rejected by all species exceptP. melanotis, while PAs were not; and 2) PAs were toxic, while CGs were not.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01241652
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    Aggregation pheromone ofCarpophilus freemani (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae): A blend of conjugated triene and tetraene hydrocarbons (1990)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 1 (1990), S. 105-113 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: pheromone ; attractant ; triene ; tetraene ; hydrocarbon ; Insecta ; Coleoptera ; Nitidulidae ; Carpophilus freemani
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Males ofCarpophilus freemani Dobson (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) produce an aggregation pheromone to which both sexes fly in a wind-tunnel bioassay. The major pheromone component (ca. 30 ng per male per day in volatile collections) was identified as (2E,4E,6E)-5-ethyl-3-methyl-2,4,6-nonatriene. A minor component, (2E,4E,6E,8E)-7-ethyl-3,5-dimethyl-2,4,6,8-undecatetraene, was 3–10% as abundant as the major triene and was 5–20% as active when compared at relative doses ranging from natural proportions to 1:1. These compounds act synergistically: a mixture of major and minor components in natural proportions attracted more than twice as many beetles as the major component alone, and the mixture fully accounted for the activity of male-derived volatile collections. Six other male-derived conjugated hydrocarbons, ranging from 2% down to 0.04% as abundant as the major component, were also identified. These are (in order of decreasing bioassay activity when compared on an equal-weight basis): (3E,5E,7E)-6-ethyl-4-methyl-3,5,7-decatriene, (2E,4E,6E)-5-ethyl-3-me-thyl-2,4,6-octatriene, (3E,5E,7E,9E)-8-ethyl-4,6-dimethyl-3, 5,7,9-dodecatetraene, (2E,4E,6E,8E)-3,5,7-trimethyl-2,4,6, 8-undecatetraene, (3E,5E,7E)-5-ethyl-7-methyl-3,5,7-undecatriene, and (2E,4E,6E)-3,5-dimethyl-2,4,6-nonatriene. All structure identifications were confirmed by synthesis. In the wind tunnel, the pheromone acted synergistically with “host”-type volatiles such as propyl acetate, valeric acid, and ethanol. This concept was verified by fields tests in California, in which there was dramatic synergism between the pheromone and fermenting host materials. Pheromone biosynthesis is discussed.
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    Responses of three mouse species to deterrent chemicals in the monarch butterfly. II. Taste tests using intact monarchs (1990)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 1 (1990), S. 124-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: taste aversion ; chemical defense ; predatory attack patterns ; insectivory ; cardiac glycosides ; cardenolides ; Mammalia ; Muridae ; Peromyscus ; Reithrodontomys ; Lepidoptera ; Danainae ; Danaus plexippus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Peromyscus melanotis is the only one of three mouse species that eats monarch butterflies at their overwintering sites in Mexico. I tested two hypotheses: 1)P. aztecus avoids monarchs because of a bitter taste aversion to cardiac glycosides (CGs) and an inability to reject CG-rich body parts; 2)Reithrodontomys sumichrasti avoids monarchs principally because of a bitter taste aversion to the CGs. None of the species are sensitive to the toxic effects of ingested CGs. Feeding responses of laboratory-reared mice of each species to monarchs with low, medium and high CG concentrations were compared. BothP. aztecus andR. sumichrasti ate significantly fewer of all three types of monarchs thanP. melanotis. ForP. aztecus andR. sumichrasti, the number of monarchs eaten decreased with increasing CG concentration, whereas forP. melanotis, the number remained constant.Peromyscus melanotis andR. sumichrasti developed a feeding technique for rejecting the CG-laden cuticular material, which reduced the bitterness of ingested monarch material. However,R. sumichrasti displayed the technique significantly less often thanP. melanotis; andP. aztecus never developed it. I conclude that high taste sensitivity to CGs and less versatile food handling preventP. aztecus andR. sumichrasti from overcoming the monarch's chemical defenses.
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    Secretion-grooming in aquatic beetles (Hydradephaga): A chemical protection against contamination of the hydrofuge respiratory region (1990)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 1 (1990), S. 131-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: secretion-grooming ; pygidial glands ; chemical defence against microorganisms ; respiration ; aquatic beetles ; Coleoptera ; Hydradephaga ; Gyrinidae ; Haliplidae ; Noteridae ; Hygrobiidae ; Dytiscidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary All Hydradephaga investigated so far crawl onto land when exposed to an increase in water temperature and light intensity and spread the secretion from their pygidial glands over the body surface (“secretion-grooming”). The secretions have antimicrobial properties and are mainly applied to hydrofuge body regions important for aquatic respiration. Experimental prevention of secretion-grooming leads to the loss of the respiratory air bubble and a significant increase in mortality. These findings support the view that the secretion-grooming of adephagous aquatic beetles, like in some aquatic Heteroptera, inhibits the growth of microor-ganisms, thus preventing the contamination and wetting of the cuticular respiratory structures. Thus it keeps functional the air-retaining hydrophobous body regions essential for aquatic respiration. A model is presented on how secretion-grooming may have evolved in the Hydradephaga. Other possible functions of the pygidial gland secretions are discussed.
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    Genetic and molecular approaches to synthesis and action of the yeast killer toxin (1990)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 46 (1990), S. 193-200 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; protein toxin ; yeast toxin precursor ; protease processing ; lectin ; (1→6)-β-D-glucan ; receptor ; resistant mutants ; spheroplasts ; ion-permeable channels ; site-directed mutagenesis ; toxin functional domains
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The K1 killer toxin ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae is a secreted, virally-coded protein lethal to sensitive yeasts. Killer yeasts are immune to the toxin they produce. This killer system has been extensively examined from genetic and molecular perspectives. Here we review the biology of killer yeasts, and examine the synthesis and action of the protein toxin and the immunity component. We summarise the structure of the toxin precursor gene and its protein products, outline the proteolytic processing of the toxin subunits from the precursor, and their passage through the yeast secretory pathway. We then discuss the mode of action of the toxin, its lectin-like interaction with a cell wall glucan, and its probable role in forming channels in the yeast plasma membrane. In addition we describe models of how a toxin precursor species functions as the immunity component, probably by interfering with channel formation. We conclude with a review of the functional domains of the toxin structural gene as determined by site-directed mutagenesis. This work has identified regions associated with glucan binding, toxin activity, and immunity.
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    E-myrcenol inIps duplicatus: An aggregation pheromone component new for bark beetles (1990)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 46 (1990), S. 1209-1211 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Pheromone ; E-myrcenol ; ipsdienol ; Ips duplicatus ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; Picea abies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Males of the Eurasian bark beetleIps duplicatus, when feeding in host Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.), produced and released ipsdienol andE-myrcenol, which we show to be aggregation pheromone components. Bioassays using walking beetles indicated thatE-myrcenol in synergistic combination with ipsdienol is essential for attraction. Synergism ofE-myrcenol and ipsdienol released at natural rates in the forest was also demonstrated with a new technique using mechanical slow-rotation of sticky traps.
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    Biosynthesis of a monoene and a conjugated diene sex pheromone component of the lightbrown apple moth by Δ11 desaturation (1990)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 46 (1990), S. 269-273 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Sex pheromone ; biosynthesis ; Lepidoptera ; Epiphyas postvittana ; deuterium-labelling ; (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate ; (E,E)-9,11-tetradecadienyl acetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Fatty acyl moieties present in the female sex pheromone gland of the lightbrown apple moth,Epiphyas postvittana, include the analogues of the two sex pheromone components, (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate and (E,E)-9,11-tetradecadienyl acetate. Application of deuterium-labelled fatty acids followed by analysis by gas chromatographymass spectrometry showed that biosynthesis of the two pheromone components involved initial Δ11-desaturation of myristic and palmitic acids respectively.
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    Olfactory interneurons in the brain of the larval sphinx moth Manduca sexta (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 167 (1990), S. 309-320 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Chemosensory integration ; Olfaction ; Brain ; Larva ; Caterpillar ; Manduca sexta ; Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The physiology and morphology of olfactory interneurons in the brain of larval Manduca sexta were studied using intracellular recording and staining techniques. Antennal olfactory receptors were stimulated with volatile substances from plants and with pure odorants. Neurons responding to the stimuli were investigated further to reveal their response specificities, dose-response characteristics, and morphology. 2. We found no evidence of specific ‘labeled-lines’ among the odor-responsive interneurons, as none responded exclusively to one plant odor or pure odorant; most olfactory interneurons were broadly tuned in their response spectra. This finding is consistent with an ‘across-fiber’ pattern of odor coding. 3. Mechanosensory and olfactory information are integrated at early stages of central processing, appearing in the responses of some local interneurons restricted to the primary olfactory nucleus in the brain, the larval antennal center (LAC). 4. The responses of LAC projection neurons and higher-order protocerebral interneurons to a given odor were more consistent than the responses of LAC local interneurons. 5. The LAC appears to be functionally subdivided, as both local and projection neurons had arborizations in specific parts of the LAC, but none had dendrites throughout the LAC. 6. The mushroom bodies and the lateral protocerebrum contain neurons that respond to olfactory stimulation.
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    The structural organization of the Tibi grain as revealed by light, scanning and transmission microscopy (1980)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 128 (1980), S. 157-161 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Lactobacillus brevis ; Streptococcus lactis ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Concanavalin A ; Symbiosis ; Tibi
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Tibi grains consist of a unique and very stable symbiotic association of Lactobacillus brevis, Streptococcus lactis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae embedded in a dextran matrix. The structural organization of the grain was examined by light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The grain was constituted of an outer compact layer and an inner spongy structure. The outer layer was more densely populated by the microorganisms than the inner layer but dextran, stained on frozen thin sections with fluorescein-conjugated concanavalin A, was more abundant in the inner layer.
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    The effect of sulfite on the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1980)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 125 (1980), S. 89-95 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Sulfur dioxide ; Sulfite ; Air polluting substances ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Active agent of irreversible cell inactivation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract After a short period of tolerance, living cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were irreversibly damaged by low concentrations of sulfite. The length of the period of tolerance and the rate of the damaging effect depended on the concentration on sulfite, pH-value, temperature, the physiological state of the cells, and incubation time. Inhibitors of protein synthesis and mitochondrial ATP synthesis did not alter the deleterious effect of sulfite on living cells. Furthermore, cell damage leading to inhibition of colony formation occured under aerobic as well as under anaerobic conditions. Prior to cell inactivation sulfite induced the formation of respiratory deficient cells. The active agent was shown to be SO2.
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    Purification and characterization of a (R)-2,3-butanediol dehydrogenase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1990)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 154 (1990), S. 267-273 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Yeast ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; (R)-2,3-Butanediol dehydrogenase ; Stereospecificity ; Gas chromatographic analysis of enantiomers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A NAD-dependent (R)-2,3-butanediol dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.4), selectively catalyzing the oxidation at the (R)-center of 2,3-butanediol irrespective of the absolute configuration of the other carbinol center, was isolated from cell extracts of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Purification was achieved by means of streptomycin sulfate treatment, Sephadex G-25 filtration, DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B chromatography, affinity chromatography on Matrex Gel Blue A and Superose 6 prep grade chromatography leading to a 70-fold enrichment of the specific activity with 44% yield. Analysis of chiral products was carried out by gas chromatographic methods via pre-chromatographic derivatization and resolution of corresponding diasteromeric derivatives. The enzyme was capable to reduce irreversibly diacetyl (2,3-butanediol) to (R)-acetoin (3-hydroxy-2-butanone) and in a subsequent reaction reversibly to (R,R)-2,3-butanediol using NADH as coenzyme. 1-Hydroxy-2-ketones and C5-acyloins were also accepted as substrates, whereas the enzyme was inactive towards the reduction of acetone and dihydroxyacetone. The relative molecular mass (M r) of the enzyme was estimated as 140 000 by means of gel filtration. On SDS-polyacrylamide gel the protein decomposed into 4 (identical) subunits of M r 35 000. Optimum pH was 6.7 for the reduction of acetoin to 2,3-butanediol and 7.2 for the reverse reaction.
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    The use of phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride in the study of catabolite inactivation and repression in intact cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1980)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 124 (1980), S. 293-295 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Catabolite repression and inactivation ; Inhibition of protease B
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Catabolite inactivation of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, isocitrate lyase, phosphoenolpruvate carboxykinase and malate dehydrogenase in intact cells could be prevented by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride added 40 min prior to the addition of glucose. Protein synthesis, fermentative and respiratory activity and catabolite repression were not affected. Elimination of catabolite inactivation by the addition of PMSF revealed that catabolite repression started at different times for different enzyme.
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    Absence of glucose-induced cAMP signaling in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants cat1 and cat3 which are deficient in derepression of glucose-repressible proteins (1990)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 154 (1990), S. 199-205 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: cAMP ; Cat mutants ; Glucose repression ; Glucose-induced ; Intracellular pH ; Ras ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Signal transduction ; Trehalase ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Addition of glucose to derepressed cells of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae induces a transient, specific cAMP signal. Intracellular acidification in these cells, as caused by addition of protonophores like 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) causes a large, lasting increase in the cAMP level. The effect of glucose and DNP was investigated in glucose-repressed wild type cells and in cells of two mutants which are deficient in derepression of glucose-repressible proteins, cat1 and cat3. Addition of glucose to cells of the cat3 mutant caused a transient increase in the cAMP level whereas cells of the cat1 mutant and in most cases also repressed wild type cells did not respond to glucose addition with a cAMP increase. The glucose-induced cAMP increase in cat3 cells and the cAMP increase occasionally present in repressed wild type cells however could be prevented completely by addition of a very low level of glucose in advance. In derepressed wild type cells this does not prevent the specific glucose-induced cAMP signal at all. These results indicate that repressed cells do not show a true glucose-induced cAMP signal. When DNP was added to glucose-repressed wild type cells or to cells of the cat1 and cat3 mutants no cAMP increase was observed. Addition of a very low level of glucose before the DNP restored the cAMP increase which points to lack of ATP as the cause for the absence of the DNP effect. These data show that intracellular acidification is able to enhance the cAMP level in repressed cells. The glucose-induced artefactual increase occasionally observed in repressed cells is probably caused by the fact that their low intracellular pH is only restored after the ATP level has increased to such an extent that it is no longer limiting for cAMP synthesis. It is unclear why the artefactual increases are not always observed. Measurement of glucose- and DNP-induced activation of trehalase confirmed the physiological validity of the changes observed in the cAMP level. Our results are consistent with the idea that the glucose-induced signaling pathway contains a glucose-repressible protein and that the protein is located before the point where intracellular acidification triggers activation of the pathway.
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    Growth of catalase A and catalase T deficient mutant strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on ethanol and oleic acid (1990)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 153 (1990), S. 513-517 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Catalase A ; Catalase T ; β-Oxidation ; Microbodies ; H2O2-Metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The parental strain (A+T+) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and mutants, deficient in catalase T (A+T−), catalase A (A−T+) or both catalases (A−T−), grew on ethanol and oleic acid with comparable doubling times. Specific activities of catalase were low in glucose- and ethanol-grown cells. In the two oleic acid-grown A+-strains (A+T+ and A+T−) high catalase activities were found; catalase activity invariably remained low in the A−T+ strain and was never detected in the A−T− strain. The levels of β-oxidation enzymes in oleic acid-grown cells of the parental and all mutant strains were not significantly different. However, cytochrome C peroxidase activity had increased 8-fold in oleic acid grown A− strains (A−T+ and A−T−) compared to parental strain cells. The degree of peroxisomal proliferation was comparable among the different strains. Catalase A was shown to be located in peroxisomes. Catalase T is most probably cytosolic in nature and/or present in the periplasmic space.
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    Effect of growth temperature upon heat sensitivity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1980)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 124 (1980), S. 285-287 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Yeast ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Heat killing ; Membrane damage ; Genetic damage ; Growth temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The resistance of exponentially growing yeast cells to killing by exposure to 52°C increased markedly as the growth temperature was increased. Identical killing curves were obtained for cells suspended in growth medium or in 0.9% saline. Cells resistant to killing at 52°C were quite sensitive to killing at slightly higher temperatures. These results suggest a primary role for membrane damage in the mechanism of heat killing.
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    Effects of ethanol on Saccharomyces cerevisiae as monitored by in vivo 31P and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (1990)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 153 (1990), S. 384-391 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Ethanol ; Acetic acid ; Cytoplasmic pH ; 31P-NMR ; 13C-NMR
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Cell suspensions of a respiratory deficient mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were monitored by in vivo 31P and 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance in order to evaluate the effect of ethanol in intracellular pH and metabolism. In the absence of an added energy source, ethanol caused acidification of the cytoplasm, as indicated by the shift to higher field of the resonance assigned to the cytoplasmic orthophosphate. Under the experimental conditions used this acidification was not a consequence of an increase in the passive influx of H+. With cells energized with glucose, a lower value for the cytoplasmic pH was also observed, when ethanol was added. Furthermore, lower levels of phosphomonoesters were detected in the presence of ethanol, indicating that an early event in glycolysis is an important target of the ethanol action. Acetic acid was identified as responsible for the acidification of the cytoplasm, in experiments where [13C]ethanol was added and formation of labeled acetic acid was detected. The intracellular and the extracellular concentrations of acetic acid were respectively, 30 mM and 2 mM when 0.5% (120 mM) [13C]ethanol was added.
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    Genetic mapping and biochemical analysis of mutants in the maltose regulatory gene of the MAL1 locus of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1990)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 154 (1990), S. 544-549 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Regulatory mutants ; Meiotic mapping ; Transcriptional regulation ; MAL genes ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The MAL1 locus of Saccharomyces cerevisiae comprises three genes necessary for maltose utilization: a regulatory (MALR), a maltose transport (MALT) and a maltase gene (MALS). A fine structure genetic map of the MAL1R gene was constructed and the order of mutations was confirmed by plasmid-mediated chromosomal recombination. The mutations cluster non-randomly within the 5′ half of the gene, where the putative DNA binding domain of the encoded protein is located. Only mutations mal1 R-22 and MAL1R-72 map in the 3′ terminal half of the gene; these mutations cause a different pattern of transcriptional regulation of plasmid-borne MAL6T genes. Experiments supporting a direct involvement of the MALR-encoded protein in carbon catabolite repression of MAL gene expression are reported.
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    Expression of a functionally active cardiac fatty acid-binding protein in the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1990)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 98 (1990), S. 69-74 
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    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: bovine heart fatty acid-binding protein ; H-FABPc ; heterologous gene expression ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; GALIO promoter
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The unicellular eukaryotic microorganism, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, transformed with a plasmid containing a cDNA fragment encoding bovine heart fatty acid-binding protein (H-FABP) under the control of the inducible yeast GAL10 promoter, expressed FABP during growth on galactose. The maximum level of immunoreactive FABP, identical in size to native protein as judged from SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, was reached after approximately 16 hours of induction. Analysis of particulate and soluble subcellular fractions showed that FABP was exclusively associated with the cytosol. FABP expressed in yeast cells was functional as was demonstrated by its capacity to bind 14C-oleic acid in an in vitro assay. Growth of the transformants on galactose as the carbon source was significantly retarded at 37°C. Whereas the fatty acid pattern of total lipids was not altered in transformed cells, desaturation of exogenously added 14C-palmitic acid was significantly reduced both at 30 and 37°C. The lowest percentage of radioactively labeled unsaturated fatty acids was found in the phospholipid fraction.
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    Attraction of pinyon pine bark beetle,Ips hoppingi, to conspecific andI. confusus pheromones (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 2791-2798 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pheromone ; pinyon pine ; bark beetle ; cross-attraction ; Ips hoppingi ; Ips confusus ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; Pinus discolor ; Pinus edulis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Females of a pinyon pine bark beetle,Ips hoppingi Lanier, were less attracted by the aggregation pheromone produced by conspecific males than by the pheromone produced by the neighboring sibling species,I. confusus (LeConte). Cross-attraction was elicited by males infesting the regional pinyon pine hosts (P. discolor andP. edulis) of eitherIps species in south-eastern Arizona. Pheromonal specificity has not accompanied speciation in this species pair.
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    Gut redox conditions in herbivorous lepidopteran larvae (1990)
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    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 3277-3290 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Plant-insect interactions ; redox ; reduction potential ; digestion ; Lepidoptera ; Danaus plexippus ; Lymantria dispar ; Manduca sexta ; Papilio glaucus ; Polia latex ; Danaidae ; Lymantriidae ; Sphingidae ; Papilionidae ; Noctuidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Large interspecific differences in redox potential exist among herbivorous lepidopteran larvae. Reducing conditions occur in the midguts ofManduca sexta (Sphingidae) andPolia latex (Noctuidae), whereas oxidizing conditions prevail in the midguts ofLymantria dispar (Lymantriidae),Danaus plexippus (Danaidae), andPapilio glaucus (Papilionidae). The epithelium of the posterior midgut ofM. sexta fed a diet containing bismuth subnitrate accumulates bismuth sulfide, suggesting that sulfide might be one of the reducing agents responsible for the maintenance of reducing conditions in this species. We propose that the effects of plant allelochemicals in insect herbivores will be strongly affected by gut redox conditions and that the regulation of gut redox conditions is an important adaptation of insect herbivores to the chemical defenses of plants. The redox state of the gut is yet another insect trait that must be included in the analysis of plant-insect interactions.
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    (+)-Juniperol and (+)-pimaral: Attractants for the cerambycid beetle,Monochamus alternatus Hope (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 3383-3392 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Monochamus alternatus Hope ; Coleoptera ; Cerambycidae ; female ; Pinus densiflora ; Pinus thunbergii ; attractants ; (+)-juniperol ; (+)-pimaral ; sesquiterpenes ; diterpenes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A sesquiterpene and a diterpene were isolated from sound pines and identified as (+)-juniperol and (+)-pimaral, respectively. The combination of these compounds in a certain ratio induced a significant laboratory flight response by the female cerambycid beetle,Monochamus alternatus Hope. Individual compounds elicited a limited response only.
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    Rapid, quantitative HPLC analysis ofAsclepias fruticosa L. andDanaus plexippus L. cardenolides (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 3373-3382 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Asclepias fruticosa ; milkweed ; Danaus plexippus ; monarch butterfly ; Lepidoptera ; Danaidae ; cardenolides ; HPLC ; gomphoside ; afroside ; digitoxin ; calactin ; calotropin ; cardenolide fingerprint ; cardiac glycosides ; internal standard
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The cardenolide extracts from latex and aerial parts ofAsclepias fruticosa and ofDanaus plexippus reared onA. fruticosa orA. curassavica were purified by adsorption chromatography on silica gel. HPLC analysis on a C18 reverse-phase column with an acetonitrile-water gradient as mobile phase, separated 28 compounds with a UV spectrum typical forcardenolides. Afroside and gomphoside (major components), as well as calotropagenin, calotoxin, calotropin, calactin, uscharidin, uscharin, and voruscharin, occurred as single peaks in the profiles of latex and aerial plant parts ofA. fruticosa. Calactin and calotropin were the major cardenolides inDanaus plexippus reared onA. fruticosa orA. curassavica. Quantitative data obtained with digitoxin as internal standard showed that 1.3–1.5% of the leaf cardenolides were sequestered byDanaus plexippus in which levels of 70–80μg cardenolide per butterfly were measured. The calotropin from the leaves was almost completely sequestered, and 10–13% of the calactin was stored by the butterfly, assuming that no conversion occurred in larval tissues.
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    Male pheromone of swift moth,Hepialus hecta L. (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae) (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 3511-3521 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Hepialus ; Lepidoptera ; Hepialidae ; swift moth ; pheromone ; dihydropyrone ; 2,9-dioxabicyclo[3.3.1] nonane ; behavior ; electrophysiology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract (R)-6-Ethyl-2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-4H-pyran-4-one, (1R,3S,5R)-3-ethyl-1,8-dimethyl-2,9-dioxabicyclo[3.3. 1]non-7-ene, and (1R,3S,5R)-3-ethyl-1,8-dimethyl-2,9-dioxabicyclo[3.3.1]non-7-en-6-one represent the main components in the male pheromone of the swift moth,Hepialus hecta. The amounts of the three components were 40, 5, and 5 μg per male, respectively. Structure elucidation of the compounds was based on spectroscopic data as compared to synthetic reference samples. The absolute configurations were determined by gas chromatography on chiral stationary phases; optically active samples served as reference compounds. Electrophysiological and behavioral experiments with natural material and synthetic samples clearly showed the three heterocyclic compounds to act as pheromones. (E, E)-α-Farnesene represents the main component of the scent secretion of maleHepialus humuli.
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    Apple ermine moth,Yponomeuta malinellus Zeller Two components of female sex pheromone gland highly effective in field trapping tests (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 477-486 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Yponomeutidae ; Yponomeuta malinellus ; sex pheromone ; apple ermine moth ; (Z)-9-dodecen-1-ol acetate ; (Z)-11-tetradecen-1-ol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract When electroantennographic responses of maleYponomeuta malinellus Zeller to model compounds were determined at dosages of 0.3–30 ng, the strongest responses were obtained from (Z)-9-dodecen-1-ol acetate (Z9–12∶Ac). Also, strong responses were obtained from (Z)-11-tetradecenal (Z11–14∶A1) and (Z)-11-tetradecen-1-ol (Zl1–14∶OH). At a dosage of 0.3 ng,Z11–14∶A1 produced a stronger response thanZ11–14∶OH, while at a dosage of 30 ng,Z11–14∶OH andZ11–14∶A1 produced equal responses. Gas chromatographic and mass spectral analysis of extracts of female sex pheromone glands showed the presence ofZ9–12∶Ac, tetradecan-1-ol (14∶OH), (E)-11-tetradecen-1-ol (E11–14∶OH),Z11–14∶OH, hexadecan-1-ol, and hexadecan-1-ol acetate in a ratio of 0.6∶200∶37∶100∶140∶35. In field tests,Z9–12∶Ac andZ11–14∶OH together were required for trap catch, and addition ofZ11–14∶A1,E11–14∶OH, 14∶OH, or (Z)-11-tetradecen-1-ol acetate did not increase catch. Ratios in rubber septa of 0.5∶99.5 to 1.5∶98.5 (Z9–12∶ Ac/Z11–14∶OH) captured the most males and captures were statistically equivalent for dosages of 10–1000 μg/rubber septum. Traps baited with the synthetic lure produced better catches than those baited with females.
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    Interpopulational variation in emitted pheromone blend of cabbage looper moth,Trichoplusia ni (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 509-519 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex pheromone ; (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate ; (Z)-5-dodecenyl acetate ; 11-dodecenyl acetate ; dodecyl acetate ; (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate ; (Z)-7-tetradecenyl acetate ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Trichoplusia ni
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Female cabbage looper moths,Trichoplusia ni, from laboratory colonies initiated from three locations across the United States emitted similar quantities and blend ratios of the six known pheromone components. In contrast, females from a long-established laboratory colony emitted a greater proportion of four of the five minor components relative to the major component, (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate; only the relative proportion of 11-dodecenyl acetate was similar in all of the populations sampled. Females from this population emitted (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate at a rate similar to that from females from field-collected colonies. Within each population there were highly significant correlations among the quantities of pheromone components of similar molecular weights. Correlations between components of different molecular weights were not as great, but often were significant. Similarities of blend ratios among field populations may indicate that the chemical signal in this species is conservative. The difference of the blend ratios in our laboratory population from the other populations may indicate a decrease in the intensity of selection pressure that usually would maintain these values.
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    Chemical marker from silk ofYponomeuta cagnagellus (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 2203-2216 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Yponomeuta cagnagellus ; caterpillars ; Lepidoptera ; Yponomeutidae ; trail following ; chemical marker ; trail pheromone ; stability ; pheromone secretory site
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Trail following in lepidopterous larvae is often attributed to chemical markers, but only a few clear-cut examples are found in the literature. In this paper evidence is presented for a chemical basis of the trail following behaviour ofYponomeuta cagnagellus. (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae) The marker is shown to be very persistent under laboratory conditions and is water soluble. Several possible secretory sites were investigated, and it is concluded that the marker is probably secreted together with the silk from the labial gland. Problems associated with the demonstration of trail markers in caterpillars are discussed.
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    Synthesis and field testing of enantiomers of 6Z,9Z-cis-3,4-epoxydienes as sex attractants for geometrid moths (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 2317-2339 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Geometridae ; sex pheromone ; sex attractant ; behavioral antagonist ; enantiomer ; (6Z,9Z,3S,4R)-epoxy-heptadecadiene ; (6Z,9Z,3R,4S)-epoxy-heptadecadiene ; (3Z,9Z,6S,7R)-epoxyheptadecadiene ; (6Z,9Z,3S,4R)-epoxy-nonadecadiene ; (6Z,9Z,3R,4S)-epoxy-nonadecadiene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Stereoselective syntheses of chiral C17 to C21 6Z,9Z-cis-3,4-epoxydienes were developed. Field tests of the enantiomerically enriched epoxides as components of synthetic sex attractant lures were carried out, and those with C17 and C19 chain lengths, particularly, were attractive to male moths of several species. Moths were usually specifically attracted by one of a pair of enantiomers, and the opposite enantiomer could actually be a behavioral antagonist. Males belonging to nine species of Geometridae were captured.Probole amicaria (Herrich-Schäffer) males were taken in traps baited with the mixture (6Z,9Z,3S,4R)-epoxy-nonadecadiene (6Z,9Z,3S,4R-epoxy-19∶H) + 3Z,9Z,6R,7S-epoxy-19∶H + 3Z,6Z,9Z-19∶H(9∶1∶8). Other species responding to the C19 compounds included (attractant components follow in parentheses);Sicya macularia (Harris) (6Z,9Z,3S,4R-epoxy-19∶H + 3Z,6Z,9Z-19∶H),Anavitrinella pampinaria (Guenée) (6Z,9Z-cis-3,4-epoxy-19∶H + 3Z,9Z,6S,7R-epoxy-19∶H), andLycia ursaria (Walker) (6Z,9Z-3S, 4R-epoxy-19∶H + 3Z,6Z,9Z-19∶H). Males of the following species were captured byC 17 epoxides:Itame occiduaria (Packard) (6Z,9Z,3R,4S-epoxy-17∶H + 3Z,6Z,9Z-17∶H),Itame brunneata (Thunberg) (6Z,9Z,3S,4R-epoxy-17∶H),Epelis truncataria (Walker) (both enantiomers of 6Z,9Z-cis-3,4-epoxy-17∶H),Semiothisa ulsterata (Pearsall) (3Z,9Z-6S,7R-epoxy-17∶H), andS. signaria dispuncta (Walker) (3Z,9Z-cis-6,7-epoxy-17∶H + 3Z,6Z,9Z-17∶H). The interactions among enantiomers and regioisomers are discussed as a mechanism by which cross attraction between sympatric species is limited.
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    Structure of a novel phytoecdysteroid, vitexirone, and efficient isolation of phytoecdysteroids fromVitex fisherii (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 2581-2588 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Vitex fisherii ; Verbenaceae ; phytoecdysteroid ; vitexirone ; 20-hydroxyecdysone ; ajugasterone C ; turkesterone ; pink bollworm ; Pectinophora gossypiella ; Lepidoptera ; Gelechiidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A novel phytoecdysteroid, vitexirone, has been isolated from a MeOH extract of the root bark of the East African medicinal plantVitex fisherii by recycling high-performance liquid chromatography on a semipreparative scale. In addition, three known phytoecdysteroids, 20-hydroxyecdysone, ajugasterone C, and turkesterone, also were isolated. The structure of vitexirone has been established spectroscopically. The position and stereochemistry of the 11-α-hydroxy group of ajugasterone C and vitexirone were confirmed by the1H-1H homonuclear COSY NMR data. These phytoecdysteroids disrupt the molting process of the pink bollwormPectinophora gossypiella.
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    Biochemical activity of centipedegrass against fall armyworm larvae (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 2677-2690 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Resistance ; Spodoptera frugiperda ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; antibiosis ; bioactivity ; plant biochemicals ; chlorogenic acid ; maysin ; luteolin ; fall armyworm ; centipedegrass ; Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Centipedegrass,Eremochloa ophiuroides (Munro) Hack, severely inhibits growth of the fall armyworm larva,Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith). Fresh centipedegrass extracts and extract fractions were deposited on Celufil, incorporated into meridic-based diets and bioassayed against neonate larvae of the fall armyworm in the laboratory. The methanol extract (F1) caused the greatest reduction in larval weight. When F1, was partitioned between méthylene chloride and water, the activity was transferred to the water-soluble fraction (F5), which, when further fractionated using preparative C-18 reverse-phase chromatography, yielded active F7 and F8 fractions. Gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry and high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) showed F7 to be 95% caffeoylquinic acids with chlorogenic acid as the major constituent. HPLC analysis of F8 revealed maysin [2″-O- α-L-rhamnosyl-6-C-(6-deoxy-Xylo-hexos-4-ulosyl)luteolin] and other luteolin derivatives. Chlorogenic acid and other caffeoylquinic acids, maysin, and other luteolin derivatives are the major factors responsible for the antibiotic resistance of centipedegrass to larvae of the fall armyworm.
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    Defense chemicals from abdominal glands of 13 rove beetle species of subtribe staphylinina (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae, Staphylininae) (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 2691-2711 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Staphylinidae ; Staphylinina ; chemical defense ; abdominal glands ; iridoids ; iridodial ; ketones ; cyclic compounds ; spiroacetals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Forty-one volatile constituents have been characterized from the abdominal defensive glands of 13 Staphylinina rove beetle species (Staphylinidae). The major secretion component, a rapidly polymerizing iridoid dialdehyde (in most cases iridodial), is mainly accompanied by variable amounts of some iridoid lactones, traces of actinidine, some possible monoterpene precursors, short-chain ketones, cyclic compounds, and spiroacetals. The secretion mixtures even of single Staphylinina genera are very heterogenously composed of a variety of active substances with different structures. This situation may be a typical feature of iridoid defense systems based upon a primary fixative major compound and clearly differs from other chemical defense systems (for example the quinone system) which have a toxic main component.
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    Glucosinolate levels in cotyledons of mustard,Brassica juncea L. and rape,B. napus L. do not determine feeding rates of flea beetle,Phyllotreta cruciferae (Goeze) (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 2735-2746 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Glucosinolate ; sinigrin ; glucobrassicin ; sulfur ; crucifer ; Brassica juncea ; B. napus ; flea beetle ; Phyllotreta cruciferae ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; feeding ; cotyledon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Sinigrin (allyl glucosinolate), the major glucosinolate in the cotyledons ofBrassica juncea cv. Cutlass, occurred in the highest concentration and amount at seedling emergence and declined during growth. Glucobrassicin (3-indolylmethyl glucosinolate), the major glucosinolate in the cotyledons ofB. napus cv. Westar, occurred in the lowest concentration and amount at seedling emergence. The amount of glucobrassicin per cotyledon pair increased about fourfold during 14 days of growth, but its concentration remained relatively unchanged because of “dilution” by increasing cotyledon biomass. These different glucosinolate profiles indicate a different metabolic control and different biological function for sinigrin and glucobrassicin. The flea beetle,Phyllotreta cruciferae Goeze, does not discriminate between cotyledons having sinigrin or glucobrassicin since the two crucifers were fed upon equally in choice tests. Restricting the concentration of sulfur in the nutrient medium accelerated the decline of sinigrin inB. juncea cv. Cutlass but did not alter the feeding rate ofP. cruciferae compared to controls. Sulfur restriction reduced glucobrassicin inB. napus cv. Westar to undetectable levels and somewhat reduced the feeding rate of P.Cruciferae. Nevertheless,P. cruciferae still fed actively on cotyledons ofB. napus cv. Westar depleted of glucosinolates and severely damaged many of them. Since glucosinolate type and concentration had little effect on feeding response, reduction or elimination of foliar glucosinolates alone would not seem a useful strategy for protecting seedlings of these two crucifers from flea beetle damage.
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    Developmental and environmental sources of pheromone variation inColias eurytheme butterflies (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 2771-2786 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Colias ; Lepidoptera ; Pieridae ; courtship pheromone ; pheromone variation ; pheromone production ; cuticular hydrocarbons ; n-heptacosane ; 13-methylheptacosane ; n-nonacosane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Body size, age, ambient temperature, wing wear, and flight activity were investigated as possible sources of variation in the quantities and relative proportions of the three chemical components [n-heptacosane (C27), 13-methylheptacosane (13MH), andn-nonacosane (C29)] of the male courtship pheromone ofColias eurytheme butterflies. Size of the male has very little influence on the amount of any of the pheromone components present on the wings. Most of the deposition of all three components onto the surface of the hindwing occurs between 3 and 9 hr after emergence from the pupa. 13MH is deposited more rapidly than C27 and C29, and C27 more rapidly than C29. After the first 12 hr posteclosion, the pheromone phenotype of an individual male remains relatively constant through at least 96 hr of age. Experiments showed that none of the three chemicals volatilize to any appreciable extent at temperatures likely to be experienced in the field. The pheromones of actively searching and courting males did not differ from those of less-active feeding and resting males, suggesting that volatilization induced by flight activity is not an important source of pheromone variation. Loss of scales with age does seem to affect pheromone phenotype, but not in a readily interpretable way. Although the quantity of 13MH was lower in worn males than in fresh, C27 was higher.
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    Inactivation of baculovirus by quinones formed in insect-damaged plant tissues (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 1221-1236 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Baculovirus ; nuclear polyhedrosis virus ; plant phenolics ; polyphenol oxidase ; tritrophic interactions ; Heliothis zea ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Lycopersicon esculentum ; host plant resistance ; biological control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The infectivity of the nuclear polyhedrosis virus, HzSNPV toHeliothis zea was significantly reduced when viral occlusion bodies were exposed to the plant phenolic chlorogenic acid in the presence of polyphenol oxidase. Chlorogenic acid is rapidly oxidized to the ortho-quinone, chlorogenoquinone, by foliar polyphenol oxidases of the tomato plant, Lycopersicon esculentum, when foliage is damaged during feeding by larvalH. zea. Our results indicate that chlorogenoquinone, a powerful oxidizing agent, covalently binds to the occlusion bodies of HzSNPV and significantly reduces their digestibility and solubility under alkaline conditions. This binding is proposed to interfere with the infection process by impairing the release of infective virions in the midgut.
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    Effect of trichome B exudate ofSolanum berthaultii Hawkes on consumption by the colorado potato beetle,Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 1547-1555 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Colorado potato beetle ; Leptinotarsa decemlineata ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; S. berthaultii ; S. tuberosum ; trichome ; antifeedant ; resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The leaf extract fromS. berthaultii Hawkes (PI 473340) contains exudate from trichomes (type B). Consumption ofS. tuberosum var. Norchip foliage by the Colorado potato beetleLeptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) was reduced when treated with the leaf extract. The leaf extract from a resistantS. berthaultii clone without type B trichome had no antifeedant activity. It suggests that more than one mechanism of resistance to the Colorado potato beetle exists inS. berthaultii.
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    Electrophysiological and chemical analysis of sex pheromone communication system of the mottled umber,Erannis defoliaria (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 1887-1897 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Erannis defoliaria (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-nonadecatriene ; (Z,Z)-3,9-cis-6,7-epoxy-nonadecadiene ; sex pheromone ; identification ; electroantennogram ; single sensillum ; peripheral inhibitor ; Agriopis marginaria ; Colotois pennaria ; Lepidoptera ; Geometridae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-nonadecatriene (Z3,Z6,Z9–19Hy) and (Z,Z)-3,9-cis-6,7-epoxy-nonadecadiene (Z3,Z9-cis-6,7-epo-19Hy) were identified in pheromone gland extracts from femaleErannis defoliaria. The two components were found in a 1∶3 ratio, with the main component,Z3,Z9-cis-6,7-epo-19Hy present at an amount of about 1.5 ng per female. The components were identified by means of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, gas chromatography-electroantennography and gas chromatography-single sensillum recordings. Single sensillum measurements on the male antenna showed two physiological types of sensilla. One type was characterized by a large spike amplitude cell responding toZ3,Z9-cis-6,7-epoxy-19Hy and a small spike amplitude cell responding toZ3,Z6,Z9–19Hy. A second type responded only with a large spike amplitude cell to the epoxide, and this cell was inhibited by the triene. Of the two pheromone components, the epoxide gave the higher response in the EAG tests. Preliminary field tests support the identification of the pheromone components. The epoxide was also found to be present in the extract of the pheromone gland ofColotois pennaria, and males ofC. pennaria andAgriopis marginaria were trapped by the mixture of the identified compounds.
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    Enantiomeric synthesis of dominicalure, aggregation pheromone of lesser grain borer,Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 1921-1925 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lesser grain borer ; Rhyzopertha dominica (F) ; Coleoptera ; Bostrichidae ; aggregation pheromone ; chiral synthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract (S)-(+)-1-Methylbutyl (E)-2-methyl-2-pentenoate,1, and (S)-(+)-1-methylbutyl (E)-2,4-dimethyl-2-pentenoate2, the aggregation pheromone for lesser grain borerRhyzopertha dominica (F). were synthesized from crotylaldehyde in an overall yield of 30%. The chiral intermediate6 was prepared in 90% enantiomer excess, employing the Sharpless asymmetric epoxidation.
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    Asarones fromAcorus calamus L. Oil (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 1911-1920 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Peridroma saucia ; variegated cutworm ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; feeding behavior ; growth inhibitors ; conversion efficiency ; asarones ; Acorus calamus ; antifeedants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Asarones (2, 4, 5-trimethoxypropenylbenzenes) isolated from the essential oil ofAcorus calamus L. rhizomes, are potent growth inhibitors and antifeedants to the variegated cutworm,Peridroma saucia Hubner.cis-Asarone added to artificial diet significantly inhibited growth and feeding by first-, third-, and fourth-instar larvae, whereas thetrans isomer produced an antifeedant effect alone. Gross dietary utilization (efficiency of conversion of ingested food, ECI) was decreased when the diet was supplemented withcis-asarone or when this compound was topically applied to fourth-instar larvae. Inhibition of growth occurred even at a moderate topical dose (5 μg/larva) primarily as a result of decreased efficiency of conversion of digested food (ECD), even though the approximate digestibility (AD) of the food was unchanged. Oral or topical treatment withtrans-asarone also significantly inhibited larval growth, but in this case the effect can be strictly attributed to decreased consumption, as dietary utilization (ECI) was not affected. Both isomers displayed a direct antifeedant effect based on leaf disk choice tests. Thecis isomer was 7.0 and 5.5 times more potent thant thetrans isomer against fourth- and fifth-instar larvae, respectively. Our data suggest that the two asarone isomers have different modes of action.cis-Asarone is toxic in addition to having strong antifeedant activity, whereas thetrans isomer acts only as an antifeedant with no appreciable toxicity.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01020504
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    Roles of amino acids, protein, and fiber in leaf-feeding resistance of corn to the fall armyworm (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 1977-1995 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Fall armyworm ; Spodoptera frugiperda ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; corn ; Zea mays ; plant-insect interaction ; amino acids ; herbivory ; feeding resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The free amino acids have been shown by isolational work and choice bioassays to be more important than all other factors evaluated in defining leaf-feeding resistance of corn (Zea mays L.) to fall armyworm (FAW) [(Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith)] larvae. 6-MBOA (6-methoxybenzoxazolinone) and maysin, toxins present in corn, were shown not to be significant factors for leaf-feeding resistance to first-instar FAW larvae because of their low concentrations in the whorl. Amino acid analysis showed that while the ratios of the essential amino acids in susceptible (S) and resistant (R) lines were similar, there were differences in the nonessential amino acids, particularly aspartic acid, which was higher in R lines. Also, the ratio of essential amino acids to nonessential amino acids was important, being too low in expressed whorl leaf juice (obtained from V8–V10 growth stage plants) to support larval growth, although juice was stimulatory in choice tests. The total protein content of whorls in S lines was about 15% higher than in R lines, but the significance of this difference is uncertain, because nutritional tests showed that larval growth increased with total protein only up to 12% protein. Sugars were only slightly stimulatory. Thus, the amino acids along with higher hemicellulose content of R lines, established by us earlier, appear to explain much of the basis of resistance in corn to larval leaf-feeding of the FAW.
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    An allelochemical elicits arrestment inApanteles kariyai in feces of nonhost larvaeAcantholeucania loreyi (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 2009-2017 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Apanteles kariyai ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Acantholeucania loreyi ; Pseudaletia separata ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; 2,5-dialkyltet-rahydrofuran ; arrestant ; allelochemical ; antimone ; kairomone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Females of the larval parasitoidApanteles kariyai (Watanabe) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) are arrested on fecal pellets ofAcantholeucania loreyi (Duponchel) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae. Upon subsequent antennal contact with anA. loreyi larva, females sting it with their ovipositor. However, such stinging did not result in any offspring. The allelochemical involved in feces has been identified and is identical to a kairomone of the hostPseudaletia separata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). In contrast toA. loreyi, P. separata is a suitable host forA. kariyai, and oviposition inP. separata results in offspring production. The allelochemical mediating the interaction betweenA. loreyi andA. kariyai is discussed in the context of current allelochemical terminology.
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    (3Z,6Z,9Z)-Nonadecatriene and enantiomers of (3Z,9Z)-cis-6,7-Epoxy-nonadecadiene as sex attractants for two geometrid and one noctuid moth species (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 2153-2166 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Attractant ; Geometridae ; Noctuidae ; Eufidonia convergaria ; Caripeta angustiorata ; Rivula propinqualis ; (3Z,6Z,9Z)-nonadecatriene ; (3Z,9Z)-(6R,7S)-epoxy-nonadecadiene ; (3Z,9Z)-(6S,7R)-epoxy-nonadecadiene ; (3Z,9Z)-cis-6,7-epoxy-nonadecadiene ; Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Sex attractants for the geometrid mothsEufidonia convergaria andCaripeta angustiorata, and the noctuid mothRivula propinqualis have been elucidated during field screening of a series of (3Z,6Z,9Z)-triene hydrocarbons (C17–22), and the racemic and enantiomerically enriched monoepoxydienes derived from those hydrocarbons. Biologically active compounds were identified by a combination of field testing of synthetic standards, electroantennography, and coupled gas chromatography-electroantennogram detection.E. convergaria males were optimally attracted by a 1∶1 blend of (3Z,9Z)-(6S,7R)-epoxy-nonadecadiene (3Z,9Z-6S,7R-epoxy-19∶H); other abbreviations follow the same system) with (3Z,6Z,9Z)-nonadecatriene (3Z,6Z,9Z-19∶H). The 6R,7S enantiomer of the epoxide had no apparent biological activity, either as an attractant or as a behavioral antagonist. Male moths also were attracted to blends of the C18 and C20 homologs of the triene and the epoxide. 3Z,6Z,9Z-19∶H and 3Z,6Z-cis-6,7-epoxy-19∶H were identified inE. convergaria female pheromone gland extracts. Males of the geometrid moth speciesC. angustiorata were attracted by a 1∶1 blend of 3Z,6Z,9Z-19∶H and enantiomerically enriched 3Z,9Z-6R,7S-epoxy-19∶H. Males of the noctuid mothR. propinqualis were attracted by an approximately 10∶1 blend of 3Z,6Z,9Z-19∶H and enantiomerically enriched 3Z,9Z-6S, 7R-epoxy-19∶H. The components were synergistic, with neither being attractive alone. The blend ratio was quite specific, as the attractiveness of blends decreased sharply on either side of the optimum ratio.
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    Effect of steam distillate extracts of selected resistant cultivated and wild rices on behavior of leaffolderCnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 2291-2296 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Rice leaffolder ; Cnaphalocrocis medinalis ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Oryza officinalis ; Oryza punctata ; Oryza sativa ; rice plant volatiles ; egg hatchability ; egg laying
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Rice plant volatiles extracted as steam distillates significantly affected the behavior of the rice leaffolder,Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenée). Leaffolder moths laid significantly fewer eggs on TN1 rice plants treated with extracts of resistant wild species of rice,Oryza officinalis andOryza punctata, than on TN1 plants treated with extracts of resistant cultivated rices. Extracts ofO. officinalis andO. punctata adversely affected egg hatchability.O. officinalis andO. punctata extracts were more toxic to first-instar larvae than extracts of other resistant varieties. Leaf area consumed by the larvae was reduced on TN1 plants treated withO. officinalis andO. punctata extracts compared with that on plants treated with extracts of resistant cultivated rice varieties.
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    Semiochemicals for use with parasitoids: Status and future (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 3067-3089 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Semiochemicals ; kairomones ; parasitoid behavior ; parasitoid manipulation ; foraging environment ; Heliothis zea ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Microplitis croceipes ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Allelochemicals are known to serve important roles at all steps in the host-searching sequence of parasitoids. We discuss the various roles of these allelochemics and the type of information needed to develop their use in pest control, which to date has been very limited. Rapid advancements are being made with respect to airborne chemicals and longer-range foraging behavior. Moreover, recent discoveries have shown that genetic diversity in parasitoid populations and phenotypic plasticity of individuals, together with their physiological state, often result in substantial variations in the response to chemical cues. Successful application of semiochemical-parasitoid systems will require management of these intrinsic parasitoid variables as well as management of the foraging environment. We illustrate emerging technology for such an application. For the immediate future, the development of this technology will allow us to: (1) define the genetic and phenotypic foraging profiles important to consistent and efficient parasitoid foraging, and (2) establish the proper propagation and release procedures and monitoring bioassays necessary to ensure appropriate behavioral and physiological qualities of released organisms. For the long term, we envision technology for comprehensively manipulating the pest/crop environment in ways that would provide foraging stimuli and other needs important to retention and efficiency of parasitoids.
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    Identification and field testing of female-produced sex pheromone components of the spring cankerworm,Paleacrita vernata Peck (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 3393-3409 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pheromone ; attractant ; 6(Z),9(Z)-nonadecadiene ; 3(Z),6(Z),9(Z)-nonadecatriene ; 3(Z),6(Z),9(Z)-eicosatriene ; 6(Z),9(Z)-cis-3 ; 4-epoxynonadecadiene ; Paleacrita vernata ; spring cankerworm ; Lepidoptera ; Geometridae ; trap height ; behavioral antagonist
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Two sex pheromone components, 3(Z),6(Z),9(Z)-nonadecatriene (3Z,6Z,9Z-19 ∶ H), and 3(Z),6(Z),9(Z)-eicosatriene (3Z,6Z,9Z-20∶ H), have been positively identified, and a third component, 6(Z),9(Z)-nonadecadiene (6(Z),9(Z)-19 ∶ H) has been tentatively identified from abdominal tip extracts of female spring cankerworm moths,Paleacrita vernata Peck (Lepidoptera∶ Geometridae). The pheromone components were identified by a combination of gas chromatography, electroantennography, mass spectrometry, chemical tests, comparison with standards, and field testing. Only 3Z,6Z,9Z-20 ∶ H exhibited significant attractant activity when tested alone, and it was potentiated by the other two components. The attractive blend was an 8∶2∶1 ratio of 3Z,6Z,9Z-20∶H/3Z,6Z,9Z-19∶H/6Z,9Z-19∶H. However, the two-component blend of 3Z,6Z,9Z-20 ∶ H and 6Z,9Z-19 ∶ H (8∶1 ratio) was as attractive as the three-component blend in further field tests. A series of related compounds, the diene monoepoxides available from epoxidation of C19 and C20 3Z,6Z,9Z-trienes, some of which have been found in the pheromone blends of other moth species, were tested as behavioral antagonists. The attraction of male moths to synthetic lures was suppressed by the addition of 6Z,9Z-cis-3,4-epoxy-nonadecadiene to the lures. Additional experiments were performed to determine the effects of lure dosage, trap height, and trap design on the numbers of male moths captured.
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    Courtship pheromone production and body size as correlates of larval diet in males of the arctiid moth,Utetheisa ornatrix (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 543-552 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Courtship pheromone ; Utetheisa ornatrix ; Lepidoptera ; Arctiidae ; sexual selection ; hydroxydanaidal ; pyrrolizidine alkaloid ; Crotalaria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Hydroxydanaidal, the corematal courtship pheromone of maleUtetheisa ornatrix, shows pronounced quantitative variation in natural populations of the moth. Males that, as larvae, fed on seed-bearing rather than immature food plants (Crotalaria spectabilis orC. mucronata) produce higher levels of hydroxydanaidal. Such males also have higher systemic loads of pyrrolizidine alkaloid, the known metabolic precursor of hydroxydanaidal, whichUtetheisa sequester from their larval diet and which is concentrated in the seeds ofCrotalaria. Males raised on seed-bearing plants also achieve higher adult weight. In the context of sexual selection, therefore, femaleUtetheisa could, through assessment of male hydroxydanaidal levels, gauge both the alkaloid content and body weight of their suitors.
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    Variability in pheromone composition and periodicity of pheromone titer in potato tuberworm moth,Phthorimaea operculella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 531-542 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex pheromone ; individual variation ; pheromone titer ; periodicity ; (E,Z)-4,7-tridecadien-1-yl acetate ; (E,Z,Z)-4,7,10-tridecatrien-1-yl acetate ; Lepidoptera ; Gelechiidae ; potato tuberworm moth ; Phthorimaea operculella
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The ratios and quantities of the pheromone components, (E,Z)-4,7-tridecadien-1-yl acetate (diene) and (E,Z,Z)-4,7.10-tridecatrien-1-yl acetate (triene), in the glands of individual female potato tuberworm moths (Phthorimaea operculella) originating from the United States (California) and Japan (Nagoya) were analyzed by gas chromatography. Quantities of glandextracted pheromone components of Nagoya females fluctuated in a periodic fashion during the photoperiod. Maximal titers coincided with the onset of scotophase (and calling), then gradually declined to minimal levels soon after lights-on. The average daily pheromone quantities decreased significantly as females aged. Both populations exhibited considerable variation in the ratio of the two components. The proportions of triene in the blend ranged from 27% to 88% (triene −X = 56 ± 13% SD; CV = 23%) for California females and from 16% to 71% (42 ± 13%; CV = 31%) for Nagoya females. Nagoya females also stored significantly higher amounts of pheromone in their glands (8.6 ± 3.9 ng) than did California females (2.7 ± 1.4). The differences between the populations, while substantial, would probably not be sufficient to impart a barrier to panmixis, given the wide range of component ratios favored by the males.
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    Flight and landing behavior ofTrypodendron lineatum (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in response to different semiochemicals (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 2589-2604 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Trypodendron lineatum ; ambrosia beetle ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; semiochemicals ; flight behavior ; wind tunnel ; drainpipe trap
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The responses of the striped ambrosia beetle,Trypodendron lineatum (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), to modified drainpipe traps baited with the host attractant ethanol, the aggregation pheromone lineatin, both alone and in combination, were studied in a wind tunnel. Exposure of males to ethanol increased their frequency of steady, upwind flight; however, only lineatin was effective in inducing them to land on and enter the traps. In contrast, exposure of females to either ethanol or lineatin alone resulted in an increased frequency of trap landing and entry. Both compounds released simultaneously did not significantly increase the frequency of trap landing and entry for either sex. These responses are consistent with the life history strategies used by both sexes to seek and colonize suitable host material.
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    Identification of sex pheromone of bristly cutworm,Lacinipolia renigera (Stephens) (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 2615-2621 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lacinipolia renigera ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; bristly cutworm ; insect pheromones ; (itZ)-9-tetradecenyl acetate ; (Z, E)-9 ; 12-tetradecadienyl acetate ; bolas spider ; Mastophora hutchinsoni
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The sex pheromone of the bristly cutworm moth,Lacinipolia renigera was identified as a blend of (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate (itZ9–14): Ac and (Z, E)-9,12-tetradecadienyl acetate (ZE-9,12–14: Ac). Extracts of female glands were analyzed by capillary gas chromatography on three columns of different polarities. In each analysis, peaks with retention times identical to Z9–14:Ac andZE–9, 12–14: Ac were observed. GC-MS analysis of gland extracts supported the identification of these two compounds. Volatiles emitted from female sex pheromone glands during 10-min collection periods contained 7.8 ±2.01 ng ofZ9- 14: Ac. On average the blend contained 3.8 ± 1.43%ZE-9,12–14: Ac. Blends ranging from 1% to 10%ZE- 9,12–14: Ac in Z9-14: Ac (1 mg) were effective in capturing males in the field. The number of males captured in traps baited with a 3 % blend ofZE- 9,12-14: Ac in Z9-14: Ac was not significantly different than the number caught in traps containing two virgin females.
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    Olfactory sensitivity of two sympatric species of rice leaf folders (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) to plant volatiles (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 2647-2666 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Cnaphalocrocis medinalis ; electroantennogram ; green leaf volatiles ; host-plant resistance ; Lepidoptera ; Marasmia patnalis ; olfaction ; plant volatiles ; Pyralidae ; rice leaf folder
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Electroantennograms (EAGs) were recorded from male and female moths of two sympatric leaf folder species,Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Gue-née) andMarasmia patnalis Bradley (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) to 91 volatile chemicals of plant origin. Responses of both leaf folder species were similar to all compounds except to three monoterpenes-β-myrcene, menthone, and isomenthone- and two sesquiterpenes-cis-nerolidol and isophytol. Response ofM. patnalis, an oligophagous leaf folder, to these compounds was higher compared with that of polyphagousC. medinalis. EAG responses of males to saturated and unsaturated aliphatic aldehydes were significantly higher than those of conspecific females in both species. A higher response ofC. medinalis males also was observed for 1-nonanol, 3-nonen-2-one, andtrans, trans-2,6-dimethyl-2,4,6-octatriene. In contrast, females of both species responded more to monoterpenes, borneol, isoborneol, and fenchyl alchohol. Response ofC. medinalis female was higher for terpinen-4-ol, carveol, dihydrocarveol, (−)-myrtenal, and perillaldehyde. In both species and sexes, high EAG responses were recorded for compounds of the green leaf odor complex. EAG responses to nonanal and hexanal were maximum among the aliphatic aldehydes while 1-hexanol elicited the highest response among the alcohols tested. EAG responses to terpene compounds-citronellal,α-terpineol, and (−)-myrtenal-were equal to the response to 1-hexanol. While all compounds tested elicited a negative potential, thymol and carvacrol elicited a positive EAG potential. The EAG data are discussed with regard
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    Air permeation tests with orfralure for reduction in trap catch of oriental fruit moths (1980)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 6 (1980), S. 185-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Oriental fruit moth ; orfralure ; sex pheromone ; traps ; air permeation with pheromone ; Lepidoptera ; Olethreutinae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Orfralure [93% (Z), 7% (E)-8-dodecen-1-ol acetate], the synthetic pheromone of the oriental fruit moth,Grapholitha molesta (Busck), was released into the air of orchard test plots either by hanging plastic laminated dispensers on trees or by aerial dispersal of microcapsules containing a solution of the lure. Trap catch was reduced 95% or more with the most effective formulations, but consistently higher reductions were produced by the dispensers. In tests as long as 28 weeks with dispensers, a single retreatment at midseason maintained an effective concentration.
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    Multifunctionality of douglas-fir beetle pheromone 3,2-mch confirmed with solvent dibutyl phthalate (1980)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 6 (1980), S. 193-201 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; Dendroctonus pseudotsugae ; pheromone ; multifunctionality ; 3-methylcyclohex-2-en-l-one ; diluent ; dibutyl phthalate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Previous field and laboratory tests withDendroctonus pseudotsugae showing increased attractancy and chirp evocation by very low concentrations of the pheromone 3-methylcyclohex-2-en-1-one (3,2-MCH) dissolved in ethanol with known attractants were repeated with a different diluent, dibutyl phthalate (DBP). Other workers had speculated that the solvent ethanol was actually the synergist. Beetle response was essentially identical with both solvents, confirming the concentration-dependent multifunctionality of 3,2-MCH in Douglas-fir beetle behavior. Contradictions in available data with ethanol indicate unanswered questions about its effect withDendroctonus attractants.
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    Responses of some olfactory receptors of the eastern tent caterpillar (Malacosoma americanum) to leaves (1980)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 6 (1980), S. 213-220 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Olfactory receptors ; chemoreception ; Lepidoptera ; Lasio-campidae ; plant volatiles ; tent caterpillars ; Malacosoma americanum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Volatile constituents of leaves of acceptable and unacceptable plants evoke multiunit responses from the antennal olfactory sensilla of larvae of the eastern tent caterpillar. Electrophysiological investigation of the activities of three of the sixteen antennal olfactory receptors revealed that different combinations of the three responded to the various plants. In those instances where the same combination responded to more than one species of plant, the ratios of responses measured as frequency of action potentials were often different. Thus, discrimination of different plants theoretically could be based upon the absolute number of cells responding and/or the ratios of frequencies.
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    Enantiomer-based specificity in pheromone communication by two sympatricGnathoirichus species (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) (1980)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 6 (1980), S. 445-456 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Gnathotrichus retusus ; G. sulcatus ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; ambrosia beetle ; aggregation pheromone ; 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-ol ; sulcatol ; reproductive isolation ; enantiomers ; chiral compounds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The aggregation pheromone ofGnathotrichus retusus was isolated and identified as (S)-(+)-sulcatol (6-methyl-5-hepten-2-ol). In laboratory and field experiments,G. retusus responded to (S)-(+)-sulcatol, but not to (±)-sulcatol, which was attractive to the sympatric species,G. sulcatus. G. sulcatus did not respond to optically pure (S)-(+)-sulcatol, but began to respond when ⩾ 1% (R)-(−)-sulcatol was present in an enantiomeric mixture.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01402921
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    Sex pheromone of the armyworm,Pseudaletia unipuncta (Haworth) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (1980)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 6 (1980), S. 565-572 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Armyworm ; Mythimna unipuncta ; Pseudaletia unipuncta ; Leucania unipuncta ; Cirphis unipuncta ; Lepidoptera ; sex pheromone ; sex attractant ; (Z)-11-hexadecen-1-ol acetate ; (Z)-9-hexadecen-1-ol acetate ; hexadecan-1-ol acetate ; (Z)-11-hexadecen-1-ol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract (Z)-11-Hexadecen-1-ol acetate (Z11–16∶Ac) free of theE isomer (〈1%), hexadecan-1-ol acetate (16∶ Ac), and a hexadecen-1-ol [the (Z)-11 isomer based on the retention time on a Carbowax capillary column] were identified in extracts of the sex pheromone glands of adult virgin female armyworms,Pseudaletia unipuncta. Also, gas Chromatographic retention times on polar and nonpolar columns indicated the possible presence of (Z)-9-hexadecen-1-ol acetate (Z9–16∶Ac). The ratioZ11–16∶Ac/16∶Ac/Z11–16∶OH/Z9–16∶Ac was 1∶0.15∶0.13∶0.02. Infield testsZ11–16∶ Ac was attractive alone, and the addition ofZ9–16∶Ac,Zll–16 ∶ OH, or 16 ∶ Ac singly or in combination in ratios found in the gland did not increase trap capture.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00987668
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    Estimating western pine beetle-caused tree mortality for evaluating an attractive pheromone treatment (1980)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 6 (1980), S. 853-866 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Ponderosa pine mortality ; Dendroctonus brevicomis ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; aerial photography ; detection ; estimation ; sampling ; mapping ; attractive pheromones
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Sequential aerial photography was used to detect ponderosa pine trees killed by successive generations of the western pine beetle (WPB),Dendroctonus brevicomis Lec., over a three-year period during a study to evaluate the effectiveness of attractive pheromones for the suppression and survey of WPB. The total number of WPB-killed trees were estimated for each generation, using probability-proportional-to-size sampling procedures. Infested trees at the beginning of the suppression treatment totaled 283. Attacks by three successive WPB generations in 1970 killed 90,83, and 91 trees, respectively. The first generation in 1971 killed 47 trees and the two subsequent generations combined killed a total of 49 trees. During the suppression treatment, tree mortality was concentrated into the suppression plots in comparison to the check plots and the surrounding area. By 1972, tree mortality distribution returned to its original pattern, but at one-tenth the original level, as shown by maps. Recommendations suggest ways to improve the use of aerial photography for studies of WPB-caused tree mortality and population dynamics.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00990469
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  • 88
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    Genetic analysis of clathrin function in yeast (1990)
    Springer
    The journal of membrane biology 116 (1990), S. 93-105 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: clathrin ; genetics ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; exocytosis ; endocytosis ; prohormone maturation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01868668
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  • 89
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    Fine structure of the compound eyes and interfacetal mechanoreceptors of Cicindela tranquebarica Herbst (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae) (1980)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 206 (1980), S. 123-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Sense organs ; Compound eyes ; Interfacetal mechanoreceptor ; Coleoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The structure of the compound eyes of adult Cicindela tranquebarica Herbst was examined by use of light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy. Each ommatidium of these photopic eyes is eucone and has a “subcorneal layer” situated between the corneal lens and crystalline cone. A distal rhabdomere consisting only of microvilli from retinula cell seven, a more proximal, rectangular, fused rhabdom formed from six retinula cells, and a basal, eighth retinula cell with a spherical rhabdomere comprise the light sensitive portions of the ommatidium. The “subcorneal layer” consists of lamellae of endocuticular microfibrils and, in surface view, shows 11 concave polygons. Proximal extensions of the crystalline thread form inter-retinular fibres containing microtubules between retinula cells 1/2, 3/4, 5/6, and 7/1. The primary pigment cells are devoid of pigment granules, but are rich in rough endoplasmic reticulum. Proximal to each retinula cell nucleus are two basal bodies, one perpendicular to the other. The more proximal basal body extends two fibrillar feet proximally which fuse to form a horizontally-banded ciliary rootlet extending the length of the retinula peripheral to the rhabdom. Each ommatidium is surrounded by 16 secondary pigment cells. Interfacetal mechanoreceptors between some adjacent lenses each have a single bipolar neuron, with a dendritic sheath, tubular body, cilium, outer and inner sheath cells, and an axon surrounded by a neurilemma sheath cell.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00233613
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  • 90
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    Die digitiformen Sensillen auf dem Maxillarpalpus von Coleoptera (1980)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 103 (1980), S. 55-68 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Digitiform sensilla ; Sensilla structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The digitiform sensilla on the distal segment of the maxillar palps ofAgabus bipustulatus (L.) andHydrobius fuscipes (L.) were investigated by electron microscopic methods. Each sensillum is innervated by a single bipolar sensory cell. The sensilla ofHydrobius are associated with three enveloping cells, which enclose an inner and outer receptor lymph cavity. A single enveloping cell only is found in the completely differentiated sensilla ofAgabus. These sensilla do not form an outer lymph cavity. The area beneath the hair base is filled by the distal process of the enveloping cell and by extensions of epidermal cells. Only one extra-cellular space exists, which seems to be homologous to an inner receptor lymph cavity. The outer dendritic segment surrounded by a dendritic sheath runs to the tip of the hair shaft. In the hair shaft the outer dendritic segment divides into several branches. The poreless hair shaft does not rise over the surface of the cuticle, but it is positioned in a narrow shallow groove. Special socket structures or a tubular body do not exist. The digiti-form sensilla possess neither the typical feature of mechanosensitive, nor gustatory or olfactory sensilla. The functional significance of the structural divergences in the sensilla of both species and the presumed function of the sensilla are discussed referring to hygro- and thermo-receptors.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01276741
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  • 91
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    Ty RNA levels determine the spectrum of retrotransposition events that activate gene expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1990)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 220 (1990), S. 213-221 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Ty elements ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Retrotransposon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary To learn more about the variety of Ty elements capable of activating gene expression, we characterized 206 spontaneous Ty transpositions that activate the promoterless gene his3Δ4. Most of the Ty elements appear to be full-length, although a few deleted elements were recovered. Over 95% of the insertions belong to the Ty1 family, and the rest are Ty2 elements. The excessive number of Ty1 transpositions was unexpected because there are only 2-fold more Ty1 than Ty2 elements in the yeast strains used in the selection. However, there is 20-fold more Ty1 than Ty2 RNA present in these yeast strains. This difference in RNA level explains the greater number of Ty1 verses Ty2 transpositions at his3Δ4, because Ty elements transpose through an RNA intermediate. A similar association between the Ty transcript level and transpositional activation of his3Δ4 is obtained in cells expressing GAL1-promoted Ty2-H556 or Ty2-917 elements, but only if the element does not contain a marker. Genetically marked Ty2-H556NEO and-917NEO elements transpose into and activate his3Δ4 with the same efficiency as the previously characterized Ty1H3NEO element, but are underrepresented relative to the levels of TyNEO transcript. We also found that chromosomal Ty transcripts are even more abundant than previously estimated and comprise about 1% of total cellular RNA.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00260484
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  • 92
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    Conjugative transfer and autonomous replication of a promiscuous IncQ plasmid in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC 6803 (1990)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 221 (1990), S. 129-133 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Bacterial conjugation ; Cyanobacteria ; IncQ plasmids ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; DNA methylation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The promiscuous IncQ plasmid pKT210 (Cmr, Smr) is efficiently transferred by transpecific conjugation from Escherichia coli to the facultatively heterotrophic cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC6803 when mobilized by a helper plasmid coding for IncP transfer functions. The IncQ plasmid is stably maintained in the cyanobacterium as an autonomously replicating multicopy plasmid with no detectable structural alterations and can be recovered by transformation back to E. coli when using a mcrA mcrB host. Thus, the replicative host-range of IncQ plasmids extends beyond purple bacteria to the distinct procaryotic taxon of cyanobacteria, allowing the use of these small plasmids as convenient cloning vectors in Synechocystis PCC6803 and presumably also in cyanobacteria that are not amenable to genetic transformation. In contrast, an IncQ plasmid bearing the TRP1 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae failed to replicate when transferred to that yeast by transformation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00280378
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    A GCN4 protein recognition element is not sufficient for GCN4-dependent regulation of transcription in the ARO7 promoter of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1990)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 224 (1990), S. 57-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; AR07 gene ; Chorismate mutase ; GCN4 ; Transcriptional regulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The gene AR07 encodes the monofunctional enzyme chorismate mutase, a branch point enzyme in the aromatic amino acid biosynthetic pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We investigated the transcription of the AR07 gene. Three 5′ ends at positions − 36, − 56 and − 73 and the 3′ end of the transcripts 146 bp downstream of the translational stop codon were mapped. As in the promoters of other aromatic amino acid biosynthetic genes, a recognition element for the GCN4 transcriptional activator of amino acid biosynthesis is located 425 base pairs (bp) upstream of the first transcriptional start point. This element binds GCN4 specifically in vitro. Northern analysis and determination of the specific enzyme activity reveals however, that the element is not sufficient to mediate transcriptional regulation by GCN4 in vivo. We thus suggest that in addition to a consensus sequence capable of binding the GCN4 protein other factors like, for example, chromatin structure, determine whether a recognition site for a transcription factor functions as an upstream activation sequence.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00259451
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    A yeast mutant, PRP20, altered in mRNA metabolism and maintenance of the nuclear structure, is defective in a gene homologous to the human gene RCC1 which is involved in the control of chromosome condensation (1990)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 224 (1990), S. 72-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Splicing ; Nuclear structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We report on the characterization of the yeast prp20-1 mutant. In this temperature-sensitive mutant, multiple steps of mRNA metabolism are affected. The prp20-1 mutant strain showed alterations in mRNA steady-state levels, defective mRNA splicing and changes in transcription initiation or termination when shifted from the permissive to the non-permissive temperature. In addition, a change in the structure of the nucleus in these cells became apparent. Electron microscopy revealed an altered structure of the nucleoplasm of prp20-1 mutant cells when grown at the no-permissive temperature that was not observed in cells grown at the permissive temperature or in wild-type cells. The wild-type PRP20 gene was isolated and sequenced. The putative PRP20 protein has a molecular weight of 52 kDa. We found that the PRP20 gene is identical to the yeast SRM1 gene (Clark and Sprague 1989). In addition, the PRP20 protein sequence shows significant sequence similarity to the human RCC1 protein (Ohtsubo et al. 1987). This protein has been implicated in the control of chromosome condensation. Based on the phenotype of the prp20-1 mutant and the observed sequence similarity to the human RCC1 protein, we postulate that the yeast PRP20 protein is involved in the control of nuclear organization.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00259453
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    The MSS51 gene product is required for the translation of the COX1 mRNA in yeast mitochondria (1990)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 224 (1990), S. 111-118 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Translation ; Splicing ; Paromomycin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The MSS51 gene product has been previously shown to be involved in the splicing of the mitochondrial pre-mRNA of cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COX1). We show here that it is specifically required for the translation of the COX1 mRNA. Furthermore, the paromomycin-resistance mutation (P inf454 supR ) which affects the 15 S mitoribosomal RNA, interferes, directly or indirectly, with the action of the MSS51 gene product. Possible roles of the MSS51 protein on the excision of COX1 introns are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00259457
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    Induction of “General Control” and thermotolerance in cdc mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1990)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 224 (1990), S. 257-263 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: General Control ; Thermotolerance ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In Saccharomyces cerevisiae starvation for a single amino acid activates the transcription of a set of genes belonging to different amino acid biosynthetic pathways (General Control, GC). We show that mutants affected in GC regulation are also affected in their response to thermal stress. Moreover, growth conditions that are known to induce heat shock proteins induce the GC response. However, unlike heat shock proteins, the transcriptional activator of GC, GCN4, is not induced after a short exposure to heat, and in gcn mutant strains induction of heat resistance is normal.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00271559
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  • 97
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    The UGA3 gene regulating the GABA catabolic pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae codes for a putative zinc-finger protein acting on RNA amount (1990)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 220 (1990), S. 269-276 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: GABA ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Transcription ; DNA sequence ; Zinc finger
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The UGA3 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is required for 4-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-dependent induction of the UGA1, UGA2 and UGA4 genes which encode the two GABA catabolic enzymes and a GABA-specific permease, respectively. Measurements of UGA1-specific transcripts show that induction of UGA1 correlates with accumulation of its RNA and requires a functional UGA3 gene. A 2 kb DNA fragment complementing the uga3 mutation was isolated and shown to contain the UGA3 gene. The primary structure of the UGA3 encoded protein was deduced from the DNA sequence, and contains an N-terminal, cysteine-rich motif similar in sequence to regions found in other fungal regulatory proteins and which are supposed to form zinc finger structures involved in DNA binding. Mutations were identified in the UGA3 genes isolated from uninducible and constitutive uga3 alleles. One case of intragenic complementation between two uninducible uga3 mutants is reported, indicating a possible oligomeric structure for UGA3. The role of UGA3 is discussed in relation to its genetic properties and its predicted structure.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00260493
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    Regulation of chorismate mutase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1990)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 220 (1990), S. 283-288 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Chorismate mutase ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Repression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The Saccharomyces cerevisiae ARO7 gene was cloned by screening a wild-type gene bank for complementation of an aro7 auxotrophic mutant. In vitro mutagenesis of the isolated plasmid (pJFB1) gave several transformants resistant to levels of the phenylalanine analogue 2-thienylalanine inhibitory to the wild-type transformant. Chorismate mutase assays indicated that two of the mutants (J14-26IV6 and J14-26IV9) were resistant to feedback inhibition by tyrosine displayed by wild-type strains. Analysis of the effect of other aromatic amino acids on chorismate mutase activity showed that tryptophan counteracted this inhibition. Analysis of the effect of tyrosine in the growth medium on enzyme activity indicated that the wild-type ARO7 gene was repressed by tyrosine, a phenomenon not previously reported. Two of the 2-thienylalanine resistant mutants (J14-26IV3 and J14-26IV9) appeared to be resistant to this repression. Transcriptional analysis confirmed that the level of ARO7 transcript decreased with increasing tyrosine concentration. In stain J14-26IV9 the ARO7 transcript level was not affected. J14-26IV9, therefore, appears to be a double mutant, resistant to both feedback inhibition and repression by tyrosine.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00260495
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    Differential regulation of STA genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1990)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 222 (1990), S. 87-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Glucoamylase ; Sporulation ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. diastaticus ; STA genes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The single glucoamylase gene (SGA1) of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is expressed exclusively during the sporulation phase of the life cycle. Enzymatic studies and nucleic acid sequence comparisons have shown that the SGA1 glucoamylase is closely related to the secreted enzymes of S. cerevisiae var. diastaticus. The latter are encoded by any of three unlinked STA genes, which have been proposed to derive from the ancestral SGA1 form by genomic rearrangement. We show that the regulation of SGA1 is distinct from that of the other members of the STA gene family. SGA1 expression did not respond to STA10, the primary determinant of glucoamylase expression from STA2. Unlike STA2, SGA1 was not regulated directly by the mating type locus. Expression of SGA1 depended on the function of the MAT products in supporting sporulation and not on the formation of haploid progeny spores or on the composition of the mating type locus per se. We conclude that the STA genes acquired regulation by STA10 and MAT by the genomic rearrangements that led to their formation. This regulation is thus distinct from that of the ancestral SGA1 gene.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00283028
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    Molecular basis for determining the sensitivity of eucaryotes to the antimitotic drug rhizoxin (1990)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 222 (1990), S. 169-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Aspergillus nidulans ; Schizosaccharomyces pombe ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Drug resistance ; β-tubulin mutation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Rhizoxin, an antibiotic, exhibits potent anti-mitotic activity against most eucaryotic cells including those of higher vertebrates, plants and fungi by binding to β-tubulin. ThebenA gene of three independently isolated rhizoxin-resistant (Rhir) mutants ofAspergillus nidulans was cloned, sequenced and compared with that of the wild-type, rhizoxin-sensitive (Rhis) strain. In all three Rhir mutants, the AAC codon for Asn-100 of thebenA β-tubulin gene was altered to ATC, coding for Ile. Sequence displacement experiments confirmed that the substitution of Ile for Asn-100 confers resistance to rhizoxin in this organism. The amino acid sequences of β-tubulin surrounding the 100th amino acid residue from the N-terminus including Asn-100 are highly conserved with a few exceptions. The fission yeastSchizosaccharomyces pombe and the budding yeastSaccharomyces cerevisiae are naturally occurring Rhir organisms whose β-tubulin genes encode Ile and Val respectively at the 100th amino acid residue. The Ile-100 ofS. pombe and the Val-100 ofS. cerevisiae were altered to Asn using site-directed mutagenesis and gene displacement techniques. The resultant haploid strains of these two yeasts uniquely expressing β-tubulin (Asn-100) instead of β-tubulin (Ile-100 or Val-100) were found to be Rhis. Haploid yeast expressing β-tubulin (Asn-100) is normal except for its sensitivity to rhizoxin. These results suggest that rhizoxin resistance has a common basis in both naturally occurring species and experimentally selected mutants in the substitution of Ile or Val for Asn-100 in β-tubulin.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00633814
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