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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 184 (1959), S. 1168-1169 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] We have recently studied the location of the enzymatic block in the metabolism of galactose. The strains used were, Salmonella enteritidis No. 11 (wild type), 11-1-M (M mutant derived from No. 11), ll-l-TB and ll-l-TW. The last two strains were galactose-negative, galactose-resistant mutants ...
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 183 (1959), S. 1131-1132 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] (1) 'Mutabile-type' (M) mutants form convex colonies on ordinary nutrient agar plates, but when inoculated on agar plates containing galactose (or in some cases oligosaccharides containing galactose, namely, lactose or raffinose), they give rise to very flat colonies, with somewhat concave centres, ...
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Current genetics 2 (1980), S. 223-228 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Transcriptional Units ; GAL Genes ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; UV mapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The size of the transcriptional unit of the structural genes for three galactose-metabolizing enzymes which form a cluster on chromosome II in Saccharomyces cerevisiae was studied by the ultraviolet light (UV)-mapping technique. Thus the size of the primary transcripts of GAL7 for galactose-1-phosphate uridylyl transferase, GAL10 for uridine diphosphoglucose 4-epimerase, or GAL1 for galactokinase were estimated to be 0.81 x 106, 1.1 x 106, or 1.3 x 106 respectively. In the light of these data together with the known directions of transcription of the genes, we concluded that each of three genes was transcribed from its own promoter.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Current genetics 2 (1980), S. 115-120 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Galactose fermentation ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Regulatory mutant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A novel type of regulatory mutation for galactose metabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is described. The mutation named gal11 was recessive, non-allelic to GAL4, GAL80, GAL2, or GAL3, and unlinked to the gene cluster of GAL1, GAL10, and GAL7. It caused a ‘coordinate’ reduction of galactokinase, galactose-1-P uridylyl transferase, and UDP-glucose 4-epimerase by a factor of more than 5, rendering the mutant cells galactose-nonfermenting. The effect of the mutation was manifested not only in cells grown on galactose but also in cells constitutively synthesizing the galactose-metabolizing enzymes.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 147 (1976), S. 71-78 
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have demonstrated previously by DNA-DNA hybridization that induction of λ phage with wild type O and P genes results in an increase of bacterial DNA in the chromosomal region adjacent to the left of the prophage, that is a segment between gal and att λ (gal DNA) (Imae and Fukasawa, 1970). Evidence is presented in this report that such an increase of bacterial DNA is also seen in the region to the right of the prophage; a segment between bio and att λ (bio DNA). We postulate therefore that the bidirectional replication of λ DNA extends beyond the prophage and copies the neighboring host DNA until the prophage is excised. The model is verified by making use of excision-defective λ phages. The synthesis of gal DNA (or bio DNA) slows down to a halt within 40 min after the induction in the normal lysogens. The results are attributed to the prophage excision: (1) In lysogens for λint, synthesis of the bacterial DNA continues for longer times. (2) The synthesis of the bacterial DNA slows down to a halt in lysogens for λxis or λb2 as in the control. However λ DNA synthesis also slows down in parallel so that the amount of the bacterial DNA relative to that of λ DNA synthesized by a given time stays constant from 20 min to 80 min. During that time the relative amount of the bacterial DNA rapidly decreases in the normal lysogen.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 207 (1987), S. 273-279 
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Yeast ; Galactose metabolism ; Gene fusion ; Upstream activating sequence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have suggested previously from Northern blot analysis that transcription of the negative regulatory gene GAL80 was controlled positively by another regulatory gene GALA, and negatively by GAL80 itself, in similar way to GAL1, GAL7 and GAL10 genes encoding galactosemetabolizing enzymes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. To study further the controlled expression of GAL80, we have exploited the gene fusion technique. We constructed gene fusions consisting of 5′ fragments of GAL80 and a 5′ truncated lacZ of Escherichia coli, and introduced the GAL80‘-’lacZ fusions into wild-type yeast or various GALA or GAL80 mutants using multiple-copy or single-copy plasmid vectors. We then studied β-galactosidase activity in the resultant transformants under uninduced, induced or glucose-repressed conditions. Expression of the GAL80‘-’lacZ fusions was clearly under the control of Gal4/Gal80. Next we constructed GAL7‘-’lacZ fusions, whose upstream activating sequence (UAS) from GAL7 was replaced with a GAL80 fragment containing a UAS-like sequence located in the 5′ flanking region of GAL80. Synthesis of β-galactosidase directed by the hybrid genes was inducible by galactose exactly like the original GAL7‘-’lacZ fusion with a UAS from GAL7. Finally we constructed a GAL7-GAL80 hybrid gene, in which the entire 5′ flanking region was derived from GAL7. When the chromosomal GAL80 gene in wild-type yeast was replaced with the hybrid gene, the uninduced level, but not the induced level, of the GAL10-encoded enzyme (uridine diphosphoglucose-4-epimerase) was significantly increased.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The galactose analogue 2-deoxygalactose was found to inhibit the growth of a mutant strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae constitutively producing the set of galactose utilization enzymes. Based on this fact, the yeast GAL80 gene negatively regulating the expression of the genes encoding those enzymes was isolated for its ability to confer 2-deoxygalactose resistance on a strain carrying a recessive mutation in that gene. The GAL80 gene was located within a 3.0 kb fragment in the cloned DNA. When the isolated gene was incorporated into a multi-copy plasmid, the induced level of three enzymes encoded by the gene cluster GAL7-GAL10-GAL1 in the host chromosome was lowered. Such a gene dosage effect of GAL80 was further pronounced if sucrose, a sugar causing catabolite repression, was added to the growth medium. The ratio of the enzyme activity of the yeast bearing multiple copies of GAL80 to that of the yeast bearing its single copy significantly varied with the enzyme. From these results we suggest that the intracellular inducer interacts with the GAL80 product and that GAL80 molecules directly bind the GAL cluster genes with an affinity different from one gene to another.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 159 (1978), S. 185-190 
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Recent evidence suggests that the escape synthesis of gal operon following derepression of the prophage λ in Escherichia coli K 12 involves transcription originating at the λ promoter (PL) to extend through gal under the conditions in which λ DNA replication is prevented. Whether the observed expression of gal is due to transcription initiating at PL or at the bacterial promoter for gal (Pgal) was examined in the case of λ DNA replication being normal. The experiments are based on that two types of transcription are distinguished from each other by the following properties: 1. Pgal-promoted transcription is inhibited by chloramphenicol, while PL-promoted transcription is not. 2. PL-promoted transcription suppresses the polar effect caused by nonsense mutation in a bacterial gene, while Pgal-promoted transcription does not do so. The results have suggested that gal escape synthesis in λ-induced lysogen results from transcription which initiates not only at PL but also at Pgal. The Pgal-promoted transcription may be a consequence, direct or indirect, of the concomitant replication of gal DNA.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 191 (1983), S. 31-38 
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The GAL4 gene positively regulating the expression of the gene cluster GAL7-GAL10-GAL1 in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae was isolated for its ability to suppress a recessive mutation in that gene. When the isolated gene was incorporated into a multi-copy plasmid, the GAL cluster genes in the host chromosome partially escaped the normal control; a yeast that harbors the plasmid bearing the GAL4 gene synthesized the galactose-metabolizing enzymes encoded by the GAL cluster genes at a low but significant level in the absence of galactose. If the GAL7 gene was amplified along with GAL4 on the multi-copy plasmid, the constitutive synthesis of Gal-1-P uridylyl transferase encoded by GAL7 was further pronounced and the enzyme activity reached the level of the fully induced wild-type yeast. Such an escape synthesis of the GAL enzymes was not detected if GAL4 or both GAL4 and GAL7 were carried by a single-copy plasmid. The results suggest that the escape synthesis of GAL enzymes observed in the GAL4-amplified yeast was a consequence of overproduction of the GAL4 protein. The GAL80 gene negatively regulating the GAL cluster genes was also isolated, and when amplified together with GAL4, no escape synthesis of the GAL enzymes was observed, suggesting that the balanced synthesis of two regulatory proteins was essential to maintain the repressed state of the GAL cluster genes.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Biochemistry and Function 7 (1989), S. 227-232 
    ISSN: 0263-6484
    Keywords: Placental alkaline phosphatase ; prednisolone induction ; PLAP cDMA ; Northern and Southern blotting ; in situ hybridization ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The mechanism of placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP) induction by prednisolone in a uterine cervical epidermoid cancer cell line SKG-IIIa was investigated in vitro by enzyme-cytochemistry, enzyme immunoassay, Northern and Southern blot analysis, and in situ hybridization. Enzyme-cytochemical alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining and immunoassay revealed increased levels of PLAP (heat-stable ALP) in prednisolone-treated cells. Northern blot analysis and in situ hybridization showed increased amounts of PLAP mRNA. Southern blot analysis indicated that PLAP was not a product of an amplified or rearranged gene.These findings suggest that the induction of PLAP mRNA in SKG-IIIa cells by prednisolone in turn increased the levels of PLAP.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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