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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of adult diet on the reproductive biology and survival of the western corn rootworm,Diabrotica virgifera virgifera (1990)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 56 (1990), S. 15-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; corn rootworms ; age-specific survival ; age-specific fecundity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé D. virgifera virgifera LeConte a été placé sur des régimes nutritifs mimant l'évolution des tissus du maïs disponsibles dans le champ lorsque les insectes éclosent est aux stades suivants du maïs: 1) après émergence de l'épi mâle, mais avant l'apparition des barbes et l'émission du pollen; 2) lors de la présence de barbes et de l'émission de pollen; 3) après la pollinisation et quand les barbes ont bruni. Un quatrième régime a été fourni pendant toute l'expérience comprenant des barbes vertes, du pollen et des feuilles. Les pontes moyennes des femelles pendant les 12 semaines de l'étude on été 125, 235, 179 et 441 pour les régimes 1, 2, 3 et 4. Les dates de mort de la moitié des adultes a été 7,2, 7,2, 6,7 et 8,8 semaines pour respectivement les mêmes régimes. Les femelles du régime 1 pondent à un âge plus avancé que les femelles des régimes 2 et 3. L'influence des changements de la qualité alimentaire du maïs au fur et à mesure du vieillissement des plantes et deDiabrotica, a été déterminée par la survie au bout de 48 heures d'insectes éclos depuis peu et d'autres maintenus en cage sur des lots de maïs à différents stades poussant en serre depuis des temps plus ou moins longs. Plus les plantes sont âgées, plus la survie des 2 groupes deDiabrotica diminue, mais plus vite chez les lots d'insectes âgés.
    Notes: Abstract Adult corn rootworm beetles,Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, were maintained on three dietary regimes which mimicked the progression of corn tissues that would be available in the field for beetles eclosing when corn was in the following growth stages: (A) after tassels had emerged but prior to silking and pollen shed; (B) while plants were silking and shedding pollen; and (C) after pollination was complete and silks had turned brown. A fourth regime (D) was established in which green corn silks, pollen, and leaves were provided throughout the study. The mean number of eggs laid per female over the 12-week duration of the study was 125, 235, 179, and 441 for regimes A, B, C, and D, respectively. Median length of life was 7.2, 7.2, 6.7, and 8.8 weeks for regimes A, B, C, and D respectively. Beetles in regime A laid a greater proportion of their eggs at an older age than did beetles from regimes B and C. To further investigate the influences on survival of changes in food quality of corn as plants and beetles aged, newly-eclosed beetles and beetles that had been maintained in caged plots of corn growing in a greenhouse for various lengths of time were caged on corn at different stages of growth, and the proportion of beetles surviving for 48 h was determined. Survival decreased as plants aged for both groups of beetles, but decreased at a faster rate for old than for young beetles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00579611
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  • 2
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    A COMPARISON OF THE MINERALOGICAL AND GEOCHEMICAL CHARACTER AND GEOLOGICAL SETTING OF PROTEROZOIC REE-RICH GRANITIC PEGMATITES OF THE NORTH-CENTRAL AND SOUTHWESTERN US (2013)
    Mineralogical Association of Canada
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-02-01
    Description: Pegmatites enriched in the rare-earth elements ranging in age from Mesoproterozoic through Neoproterozoic occur along a southwestern trend from Wisconsin through Colorado to Arizona. Four widely geographically spaced pegmatite districts that are temporally associated with two distinct post-orogenic tectonic events are compared and contrasted in this study. The pegmatite districts include the circa 1.5 Ga Wausau syenite complex (WSC), in Wisconsin, the 1.0 Ga South Platte (SP), in Colorado, circa 1.6 Ga Trout Creek Pass (TCP), also in Colorado, and circa 1.5 Ga Mojave (MOJ) district in northwestern Arizona. The extreme enrichment of HREE in minerals such as polycrase-(Y), euxenite-(Y), samarskite-(Y) and xenotime-(Y), the LREE enrichment in monazite-(Ce), allanite-(Ce) and bastnäsite-(Ce), the REE enrichment in fluorite (where present), enrichments in high field-strength elements (HFSE) illustrated in chondrite-normalized plots and spider diagrams, as well as the intraplate signatures demonstrated in Pearce discrimination diagrams, indicate an anorogenic character for all the granite–syenite–pegmatite systems. All of the pegmatite districts are REE- and Nb-enriched, but TCP and MOJ are less strongly enriched than SP and WSC. The SP and WSC have the typical anorogenic NYF chemical signature, but TCP and MOJ are strongly depleted in F. These pegmatite-forming melts are all inferred to be crustally derived, with differences resulting from variable source-rock composition, differing degrees of partial melting, and perhaps the extent of rifting. The older TCP pegmatite district and the MOJ pegmatite district formed from melts derived by partial melting of lower crustal rocks with a significant metasedimentary component and are associated with smaller, localized extensional events subsequent to the Mazatzal orogeny, possibly related to back-arc spreading. The SP and WSC pegmatites are related to melts formed by the anatexis of lower crust during larger-scale rifting events. The greater enrichment in incompatible elements of WSC and SP pegmatites suggests that they originated from melts derived from smaller degrees of partial melting than pegmatites of TCP and MOJ, which are less strongly enriched and require larger degrees of partial melting. The F-depletion observed in TCP and MOJ pegmatites suggests a paucity of F-bearing minerals in the source region. More subtle geochemical differences between individual pegmatites appear to relate to the degree of evolution, which differs both within and across the pegmatite districts.
    Print ISSN: 0008-4476
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Mineralogical Association of Canada
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  • 3
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    Allanite-(Nd) from the Kingman Feldspar Mine, Mojave Pegmatite District, Northwestern Arizona, USA (2012)
    Mineralogical Association of Canada
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-10-29
    Description: The Kingman pegmatite, located in the Cerbat Range in northwestern Arizona, is hosted by orogenic 1.7 Ga Paleoproterozoic granitic rocks. This post-orogenic pegmatite was intruded into these granites during the middle Proterozoic ( ca. 1.5 Ga) subsequent to the Yavapai and Mazatzal orogenies. Extreme LREE-enrichment, as well as the HREE-depletion, is exemplified by the presence of abundant large crystals of LREE-enriched allanite and a near-absence of HREE-enriched minerals. Most of the allanite is Nd-rich allanite-(Ce). However, several of the samples have domains that are Nd-dominant, and thus are allanite-(Nd). This represents the fourth world location and the first reported U.S. location for allanite-(Nd). The Nd-dominant domains, which typically occur near the rim of grains and along fractures, may be the result of alteration by highly oxidizing late-stage fluids that replaced allanite with bastnäsite-(Ce). Late-stage carbonate fluids, enriched in F from the dissolution of biotite, could have preferentially redistributed Ce into bastnäsite-(Ce), resulting in Nd-enriched recrystallized allanite near fractures and along the recrystallized rim. As the Kingman pegmatite is not associated with a parental granite and as it exhibits unusual depletions in F, Nb, Ta, and HREE and an extreme enrichment in the LREE, we favor an anatectic origin.
    Print ISSN: 0008-4476
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Mineralogical Association of Canada
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  • 4
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    Genthelvite Overgrowths On Danalite Cores From A Pegmatite Miarolitic Cavity In Cheyenne Canyon, El Paso County, Colorado (2017)
    Mineralogical Association of Canada
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-07-13
    Description: A miarolitic cavity in a pegmatite in Cheyenne Canyon, El Paso Co., Colorado has an unusual mineral assemblage that includes epitaxial genthelvite overgrowths on danalite cores. The cavity was lined with white microcline crystals with clear epitaxial albite overgrowths, small clear to slightly smoky quartz crystals, micas completely altered to sericite, and fluorite up to 10 cm in size. In addition to the genthelvite/danalite, accessory columbite-(Fe), ilmenite, and bastnäsite-(Ce) are present. Late-stage trivalent iron minerals, generally goethite, coat the feldspar, quartz, and sericite. This mineral assemblage is, in part, the result of the alkaline nature of the melt that leads to the formation of helvine-group minerals rather than beryl. The epitaxial overgrowths of genthelvite on danalite are particularly unusual because these two minerals do not coexist in equilibrium, and thus record changing conditions in the miarolitic cavity. Decreasing f S 2 from the early to late pocket forming stage resulted in the change from danalite to genthelvite crystallization. Increasing f O 2 is indicated by both the cessation of danalite crystallization as well as the change in crystallizing oxide phases, from siderite to hematite to "limonite." Compositional changes in the late stage fluid include a decrease in trace element abundances as well as an increase in Fe/Mn ratios. This increase is indicated by the change from earlier-formed red genthelvite overgrowths with Fe 〉 Mn as compared to the more Fe-depleted late stage beige genthelvite coatings on exposed danalite faces. In the final stages of mineralization, an extremely late-stage fluid may have altered the final mineral assemblage to produce an outer genthelvite rind that is enriched in trace elements. The mineral assemblage in this small pegmatite pocket in Cheyenne Canyon illustrates that variability in fluid composition in small pegmatite systems can be as complex as those in larger pegmatite systems.
    Print ISSN: 0008-4476
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Mineralogical Association of Canada
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  • 5
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    A Tectonic Evaluation of Pegmatite Parent Granites (2017)
    Mineralogical Association of Canada
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-05-27
    Description: Pegmatites containing rare elements can be grouped into families based on geochemical composition. The family classification includes pegmatites that are enriched in lithium, cesium, and tantalum (LCT pegmatites) and those that are enriched in niobium, yttrium + rare-earth-elements (REE), and fluorine (NYF pegmatites). A small number of pegmatites do not fall neatly into these categories and include (1) those that exhibit mineralogical and chemical characteristics of both groups (mixed LCT + NYF pegmatites) and (2) those that lack one of the chemical components suggested by the acronyms. The relationship between pegmatite family and granite tectonic type were re-examined using a large data set of published granite compositions as a proxy for initial pegmatite composition, with special regard to the orogenic settings of the source granite origin. Pearce trace-element discrimination diagrams for these granites suggest that LCT granite-pegmatite systems originate in orogenic and perhaps less frequently in post-collisional tectonic settings, whereas NYF pegmatites form in anorogenic and post-orogenic settings. Geochemical differences in the granite from each tectonic setting are reflected in the pegmatite mineralogy. Granite that is parental to LCT pegmatites has generally higher abundances of LILE and B, thus the pegmatites typically contain Li-bearing and Cs-bearing minerals as well as tourmaline group minerals. In contrast, granite that is parental to NYF pegmatites is typically enriched in the REE and HFSE ± F, thus typically have accessory Nb-Ta-Ti oxides, REE-bearing minerals, and in most cases fluorite. These petrogenetic differences hold for the quintessential LCT and NYF pegmatites as well as for those that have notable absences of one of the principle components. Mixed-signature pegmatites that can be attributed to a parental granite are rare. For the three locations included in this study, a post-orogenic to anorogenic origin suggests that these pegmatites may have been broadly NYF systems that were contaminated at the magmatic stage or hydrothermally altered by a fluid enriched in components representative of LCT pegmatites.
    Print ISSN: 0008-4476
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Mineralogical Association of Canada
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  • 6
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    USGS National Seismic Hazard Maps (2000)
    Sage Publications
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-02-01
    Description: The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) recently completed new probabilistic seismic hazard maps for the United States, including Alaska and Hawaii. These hazard maps form the basis of the probabilistic component of the design maps used in the 1997 edition of the NEHRP Recommended Provisions for Seismic Regulations for New Buildings and Other Structures, prepared by the Building Seismic Safety Council and published by FEMA. The hazard maps depict peak horizontal ground acceleration and spectral response at 0.2, 0.3, and 1.0 sec periods, with 10%, 5%, and 2% probabilities of exceedance in 50 years, corresponding to return times of about 500, 1000, and 2500 years, respectively. In this paper we outline the methodology used to construct the hazard maps. There are three basic components to the maps. First, we use spatially smoothed historic seismicity as one portion of the hazard calculation. In this model, we apply the general observation that moderate and large earthquakes tend to occur near areas of previous small or moderate events, with some notable exceptions. Second, we consider large background source zones based on broad geologic criteria to quantify hazard in areas with little or no historic seismicity, but with the potential for generating large events. Third, we include the hazard from specific fault sources. We use about 450 faults in the western United States (WUS) and derive recurrence times from either geologic slip rates or the dating of pre-historic earthquakes from trenching of faults or other paleoseismic methods. Recurrence estimates for large earthquakes in New Madrid and Charleston, South Carolina, were taken from recent paleoliquefaction studies. We used logic trees to incorporate different seismicity models, fault recurrence models, Cascadia great earthquake scenarios, and ground-motion attenuation relations. We present disaggregation plots showing the contribution to hazard at four cities from potential earthquakes with various magnitudes and distances.
    Print ISSN: 8755-2930
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8201
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Published by Sage Publications on behalf of Earthquake Engineering Research Institute.
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  • 7
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    Earthquake Hazard in the Eastern United States: Consequences of Alternative Seismic Source Zones (1987)
    Sage Publications
    Details
    Publication Date: 1987-05-01
    Description: The regional variability in expected ground motion associated with six different characterizations of seismic source zones for probabilistic ground motion assessment is examined for the eastern United States. Three of the seismic source zone models are based on types of geologic structure: (1) regions characterized by late-Precambrian faulting; (2) middle-to-late Paleozoic thrust tectonics; and (3) early-to-middle Mesozoic extensional features. Two other seismic source zone configurations considered are based on data related to vertical crustal movements, and the final source zone model investigated is that of Algermissen and others (1982). Maintaining the same maximum magnitude among all zones and for all source zone configurations, a comparison of results indicates a factor of 3 difference among source zone models for calculated acceleration levels in eastern Massachusetts, southeastern Maine, and the Cape Fear arch of eastern North Carolina; a factor of about 2 or greater difference for most other eastern seaboard areas; and a factor of 1.5 or less for much of the Appalachian region extending from New Brunswick to the Gulf Coast. Results show that certain source zone models based exclusively on speculative geologic hypotheses result in considerably lower ground-motion hazard than otherwise implied by accepting historical seismicity as a guide to future hazard. Significantly, variation in the seismic hazard estimates at probability levels of 1 in 500 due to uncertain earthquake causal structures or processes is considerably higher in the heavily populated northeast region than in the Charleston, South Carolina, area.
    Print ISSN: 8755-2930
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8201
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Published by Sage Publications on behalf of Earthquake Engineering Research Institute.
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  • 8
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    Proposed nomenclature for samarskite-group minerals: new data on ishikawaite and calciosamarskite (1999)
    Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-02-01
    Description: The current definition of samarskite-group minerals suggests that ishikawaite is a uranium rich variety of samarskite whereas calciosamarskite is a calcium rich variety of samarskite. Because these minerals are chemically complex, usually completely metamict, and pervasively altered, their crystal chemistry and structure are poorly understood. Warner and Ewing (1993) proposed that samarskite is an A3+B5+O4 mineral with an atomic arrangement related to α-PbO2. X-ray diffraction analyses of the recrystallized type specimen of ishikawaite and the Ca-rich samarskite reveal that they have the same structure as samarskite-(Y) recrystallized at high temperatures. Electron microprobe analyses show that the only significant difference between samarskite-(Y), ishikawaite, and calciosamarskite lies in the occupancy of the A-site. The A-site of samarskite-(Y) is dominated by Y+REE whereas the A-site of ishikawaite is dominantly U+Th and calciosamarskite is dominantly Ca. Additionally, a comparison of these data to those of Warner and Ewing (1993) show that in several cases Fe2+ or Fe3+ are dominant in the A-site. We propose that the name samarskite-(REE+Y) should be used when one of these elements is dominant and that the mineral be named with the most abundant of these elements as a suffix. The name ishikawaite should be used only when U+Th are dominant and the name calciosamarskite should only be used when Ca is the dominant cation at the A-site. Finally, because of the inability to quantify the valence state of iron in these minerals, the exact nature of the valence state of iron in these minerals could not be determined in this study.
    Print ISSN: 0026-461X
    Electronic ISSN: 1471-8022
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland
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  • 9
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    SAMARSKITE-(Yb): A NEW SPECIES OF THE SAMARSKITE GROUP FROM THE LITTLE PATSY PEGMATITE, JEFFERSON COUNTY, COLORADO (2006)
    Mineralogical Association of Canada
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-10-01
    Print ISSN: 0008-4476
    Electronic ISSN: 1499-1276
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Mineralogical Association of Canada
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  • 10
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    A COMPARISON OF THE MINERALOGICAL AND GEOCHEMICAL CHARACTER AND GEOLOGICAL SETTING OF PROTEROZOIC REE-RICH GRANITIC PEGMATITES OF THE NORTH-CENTRAL AND SOUTHWESTERN US (2012)
    Mineralogical Association of Canada
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-12-01
    Print ISSN: 0008-4476
    Electronic ISSN: 1499-1276
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Mineralogical Association of Canada
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