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  • Animals  (1,476)
  • AERODYNAMICS
  • Cell & Developmental Biology
  • Life and Medical Sciences
  • 2010-2014  (1,476)
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  • 1925-1929  (35)
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  • 1928  (35)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1928)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 45 (1928) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050450101
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  • 2
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    Electronic Resource
    The effects of certain physical and chemical factors on locomotion and others life-processes in Amoeba proteusThis investigation was suggested by Prof. S. O. Mast and carried out under his direction. He has also furnished valuable aid in the presentation of the results. For these favors, I am greatly indebted to him. (1928)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 45 (1928), S. 97-119 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Amoeba proteus was raised in a modified and diluted Ringer solution. When the pH of this culture medium became less than 6.0, the normal activities of the amoebae were interfered with; and when a still lower pH was attained, the amoebae died off. The same was true when the pH became greater than 8.0. At neutrality the activities were subnormal, very dark, and rounded. The rate of locomotion of amoebae raised in solutions with a pH less than 7.0 showed a maximum rate of locomotion at pH 6.6, which decreased as the pH changed in either direction, dropping to a very low rate at pH 7.0 and above and also below 6.0. For amoebae raised at a pH above 7.0 the rate was maximum at pH 7.6 and decreased as the pH changed in either direction; it was low at pH 7.0 and below and also above 8.0.On increasing the external osmotic pressure of the medium it was found that the effects caused varied somewhat with the hydrogen-ion concentration. Small increases in osmotic pressure decreased the rate from the normal at pH 6.0 and 8.0, increased it at pH 6.6 and 7.6, and did not affect it at pH 7.0. Osmotic pressures above that produced by M/20 lactose caused locomotion to cease in a short time at all pH values.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050450104
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The cranial musculature of the toadfish (Opsanus tau) (1928)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 45 (1928), S. 209-231 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The highly specialized cranial musculature of the toadfish is characterized by the following features: 1Absence of intermandibularis and branchiomandibularis muscles.2Presence of levator premaxillaris muscle.3Very large branchial chamber, the outer wall of which is formed by seven branchiostegal rays connected by a strong fascia provided with muscles (oblique levators and adductors).4Highly developed masticator muscles (adductor mandibularis and pterygoids).5The rectus abdominis, sternohyoid, and hyohyoid muscles are attached by a median aponeurosis to the hyoid and basibranchial elements and directly to the hypobranchial cartilages; this muscle complex depresses the buccal floor in opposition to the geniohyoid.6The pelvic fins are in the jugular position.7Two narrow muscles connect the cleithrum with the fourth ceratobranchial.8The cranial musculature is obviously adapted to a carnivorous habit and particularly for increasing respiratory capacity under asphyxial conditions.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050450107
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spiral movement in man (1928)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 45 (1928), S. 293-398 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Blindfolded persons walk, run, swim, row, and drive automobiles in clock-spring spiral paths of greater or less regularity when attempting a straightaway. The spirals turn either right or left in one and the same individual, and may do so even in one experiment. But either right or left turns predominate in the great majority of individuals, often to a high degree. The paths show marked individuality, and there is some ground for thinking there exists a correlation between temperamental differences and general character of path.The mechanism which produces the spiral path is not located in the locomotor organs, but in the central nervous system and is probably identical essentially with the spiral mechanism in other motile organisms, all of which move in spiral paths when there are no guiding senses to direct the path. The clock-spring spiral in man is interpreted as the expression in two dimensions of space of a helical spiral mechanism which seems to exist in all motile organisms moving in three dimensions of space and in amebas which move in two dimensions. In a large number of lower organisms the number of body lengths per spiral turn is almost constant, being about 4.5. The smallest regular swimming spirals in man are very close to this value, but the smallest regular walking spirals are somewhat larger. The fundamental spiral mechanism seems to be of molecular dimensions, and there seems to exist a demonstrable locomotor bilateral asymmetry in very nearly, if not quite, all organisms.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050450110
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
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    The anatomy and life-history of a freshwater mollusk of the genus sphaeriumContributions from the Zoölogical Laboratory of the University of Illinois, no. 317. (1928)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 45 (1928), S. 473-503 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A detailed study has been made of the anatomy of one of the fingernail shells, and preliminary observations on the life-history have been carried out. In its general organization Sphaerium notatum is very similar to the larger fresh-water lamellibranchs. A gastric shield, crystalline style, and style sac, very similar to those found in the stomach and intestine of Lampsilis, are present. A pair of slender muscles extending from the dorsal side of the body into the gills, and evidently not previously described, have been found. The nervous system consists of the typical three pairs of lamellibranchiate ganglia, with their connectives, accessory ganglia, and nerve fibers. Particular study was given to the statocysts and osphradia, and attention is called to the fact that the function commonly ascribed to the osphradia is incompatible with their position in the roof of the cloacal chamber.S. notatum, like all the Sphaeriidae, is hermaphroditic and viviparous. The gonads are paired racemose glands lying behind and below the stomach. The sperm-producing follicles form the anterior portion of each gonad and are somewhat smaller and more numerous than the ova-producing follicles which form the posterior portion. The young pass through the early stages of development in brood pouches in the gills and are expelled as relatively enormous individuals.Preliminary observations on the life-history indicate that reproduction reaches its height in the summer and that fertilization probably takes place during the late summer and fall.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050450204
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
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    Developmental factors in teleost hybrids. I. The early mitotic behavior in the cross between menidia menidia notata ♀ and Prionotus carolinus ♂ (1928)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 45 (1928), S. 579-597 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: When Menidia eggs are fertilized with Prionotus sperm, the Prionotus chromosomes react in the Menidia cytoplasmic medium just as they do in the cytoplasm of Fundulus eggs. There is lagging, non-disjunction, and elimination of chromosomes during the early cell divisions. The mitotic behavior of the Prionotus sperm in the Menidia egg also resembles the behavior of the sperm of Ctenolabrus in the same medium. This behavior which was expected from what was known concerning the mitotic behavior of the reciprocal crosses between Menidia and Fundulus and between Ctenolabrus and Prionotus and other intercrosses between the members of these two groups is regarded as a function of the physical state of the egg cytoplasm during the division phase of mitosis. This physical character forms the earliest differential factor in the development of these hybrids and shows no correlation with the width of the cross.A comparison of nine teleost crosses, in which both the development and the early mitotic behavior are known, with a rough numerical estimate of the width of the cross brought out the fact that development is most successful in crosses between nearly related species if mitosis is normal and in distantly related crosses if mitosis is abnormal. This indicates that nuclear relationship is also a factor in the development of hybrids.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050450208
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
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    Growth of paramecia in pure cultures of pathogenic bacteria and in the presence of soluble products of such bacteriaSubmitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the University of Missouri. (1928)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 46 (1928), S. 85-129 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Virulent hay-infusion cultures of Bacillus pyocyaneus are toxic to pure-line races of three species of paramecia, but these races may acquire a tolerance for this toxic agent. Races with acquired tolerance have been grown for long periods of time in toxic, pure cultures of B. pyocyaneus by means of the daily-isolation culture method, and here the average division rate is as high as, or higher than, in the chance-mixed bacterial cultures in which these protozoa are usually maintained in the laboratory. The tolerance is lost, however, when the paramecia are removed from the toxic cultures and grown for a number of generations in cultures of non-toxic bacteria.The toxic agent that is lethal to paramecía is probably the soluble toxin of B. pyocyaneus. The investigation shows that the agent is soluble and either thermolabile or volatile. It also shows that all deleterious substances, other than the soluble toxin, known to be produced in cultures of this bacillus, are non-lethal to paramecia.Hay-infusion cultures of Bacillus enteritidis were lethal to paramecia. All attempts to develop tolerance in paramecia for the toxic agent in these cultures failed.Under the experimental conditions that prevailed, diphtheria toxin was found to have no appreciable effect upon the division rate or death rate in three species of paramecia.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050460104
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  • 8
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    Observations on the fat-body in Hymenoptera (1928)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 45 (1928), S. 121-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: An histological and cytological study of the postembryonic history of the fat-body in Pteronidea ribesi (Scopoli) and Diphadnus appendiculata (Hartig) (both Tenthredinidae) and in Macrocentrus ancylivora Rohwer (Ichneumonidae).The two principal components of the fat-body are the urate-storing excretory cells and the fat-cells.The development and behavior of the excretory cells, especially during the metamorphosis, are described, and in Pteronidea their origin is traced to leucocytes which have become associated with the fat-cells.In the albuminoid inclusions found in the fat-cells two types of substance are distinguished: (a) a basophile material, of nuclear origin, which appears only during the metamorphosis; (b) an acidophile material which appears already during the early larval stages in Macrocentrus, but in Pteronidea is formed only during the metamorphosis and in association with the basophile material. It is thus found that albuminoids formed slowly during larval life may exist from the beginning in the form of acidophile spheres, as occurs in Macrocentrus. But those formed rapidly during the metamorphosis, in all the forms studied, are formed in association with a basophile material derived from the nucleus.The significance of intracellular changes during the metamorphosis is discussed, and the final disposition of the cell inclusions as well as of the fat-cells themselves is described.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050450105
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1928)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 45 (1928) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050450201
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  • 10
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    A study of the tonsillar developments in the lingual region of anurans (1928)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 45 (1928), S. 399-439 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In this study the problem of the tonsil is considered in anurans. The common toad (family Bufonidae) is used as the type, and representative species of the other families are compared.In each species representative stages beginning before transformation were selected, and the lingual region of each was sectioned. Some thyroid-fed toad tadpoles which had prematurely transformed were examined. The investigations led to the following conclusions: 1Accumulations of lymphocytes occur in all the families except Hylidae.2A pair of tonsils located on either side of the tongue appear before transformation in Bufo, and persist, increasing in size through old age.3This pair has its developmental origin at or near the cephalic end of pouch II. In no other species examined do the tonsils appear as early; in almost all forms the accumulations are inconstant in occurrence, as are also some in Bufo.4The cells of the ‘tonsils’ are lymphocytes of varying sizes. They arise from the mesenchyme; later their accumulations become sites of lymphopoiesis.5This type of lympho-epithelial mass is simple in structure and has a greatly thickened epithelium, due to extensive infiltration by lymphocytes. In the connective tissue the vascular supply is abundant.6The differentiation of lymphocytes may be due to a factor of strain, arising through adjustments made during metamorphosis.7Thyroid-fed toad tadpoles transform, apparently without developing tonsils.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050450202
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  • 11
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    The metabolism of amino-acids by Paramecium caudatumData taken from the thesis submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Wisconsin in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree. (1928)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 45 (1928), S. 555-577 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The object of the present study is to determine by quantitative means the rate at which a given number of paramecia can utilize the various amino-acids and to study factors influencing this rate.The method consisted in testing the rate of utilization of isolated and mixtures of amino-acids by a known number of Paramecium caudatum. The amino-acids were used in 0.1 per cent solution and were tested, by the Henriques-Sörensen formol titration method for amino-acids, at the beginning and after the paramecia had lived in these amino-acids for twelve hours. The difference between these two tests, figured in percentage, is considered as the amount utilized by the paramecia. The part played by bacteria was found to be negligible when isolated amino-acids were studied. The influence of temperature on the rate of utilization of the amino-acids has been studied, and the results show a direct relationship between the two.The rate of utilization was decreased by anaesthetics and nitroglycerin. A careful study has been made of a number of isolated amino-acids and the rate of utilization of each discussed in relationship to the others studied. An explanation of why one amino-acid was used more than another amino-acid was sought for, but not found. A detailed discussion of the above points has been presented in the body of the paper.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050450207
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
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    The significance of the asymmetry of the ovaries of the fowlThe writer wishes to express his gratitude for the constant advice and kindly interest of Prof. Frank R. Lillie, who directed this investigation. (1928)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 46 (1928), S. 1-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A chronological investigation of the histological condition of the right ovary of the domestic hen from embryos of nine days' incubation to adults of eighteen months was made. A rudiment of the right ovary is found at all times. Its composition is variable. Sixty-one per cent of the rudimentary ovaries contained medullary tissue only. Thirty-nine per cent had rudiments of cortex, in addition. The occurrence of cortical rudiments in embryonic stages is the probable basis of ovarian follicles found in the rudimentary right ovaries of adults. Primordial germ cells persist in the medullary tissue until three weeks after hatching. They subsequently appear to atrophy. The medullary cords persist through the entire period either as distended tubules or as solid cords of modified epithelial cells. Remnants of the right mesonephros persist as tubules and connect with the gonad by rete tubules. The mesonephric duct maintains a patent lumen.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050460102
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  • 13
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    The history of the germ cells in the domestic fowl (1928)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 46 (1928), S. 275-315 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Material of the domestic fowl of appropriate ages, ranging from twelve hours' incubation to the adult bird, was prepared for the purpose of studying the production and development of the germ cells.The primordial germ cells arise in the extra-embryonic region anterior to the head fold in the region of the zone of junction during the primitive-streak stage. These germ cells migrate, through the blood stream, to the region of the future gonad, where they develop into the definitive germ plasm.There is no widespread degeneration of the primordial germ cells after their arrival in the gonadal region, nor is there any widespread transformation of somatic cells into definitive germ cells.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050460109
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  • 14
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    Observations on the gross and microscopic anatomy of the sloths (Bradypus griseus griseus Gray and Choloepus hoffmanni Peters) (1928)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 46 (1928), S. 317-397 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In this study observations are reported upon the morphological differences between the three-toed and two-toed forms of sloths, as well as a comparison made of some aspects between the sloths and the other groups of the Xenarthra. Much attention has been paid to the gross, as well as the histological examination of the viscera, musculature, and the vascular and lymphatic systems.The importance of the correlation of the morphological findings with physiological studies has been emphasized. For example, the probable correlation of the vascular plexuses of the extremities with the postures and muscular activity of the different members of the Xenarthra is discussed. Much new information has been gained concerning the placentation and development of the sloths, as well as concerning the structure of the male and female reproductive tracts.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050460202
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  • 15
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    The septomaxillary of the Amphibia Anura and of the Reptilia. II (1928)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 46 (1928), S. 399-430 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The septomaxillary is described in certain anurans and in some of the reptiles in which it occurs. In urodeles and some anurans this bone arises by ossification of the nasal cartilages. Lack of embryological material has prevented the verification of this in the young stages of the reptiles. Adult reptiles have been examined, and in these the bone appears to be and has often been described as a ‘membrane bone.’ It is suggested, however, that the septomaxillary is originally a ‘cartilage bone,’ and that in the reptiles additional membrane bone layers form its main part and obscure its cartilaginous origin. The infolding of the bone in the anurans and reptiles until it lies in close contact with the nasal septum, and thereby loses contact with the external nasal structures, appears to be correlated with the loss of the external nasal muscles. This loss in its turn results from the adoption of terrestrial life and consequent changes in the respiratory mechanism.
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  • 16
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    Reactions of immature monkeys (Macacus rhesus) to injections of ovarian hormone (1928)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 46 (1928), S. 479-519 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Series of injections of ovarian hormone have been made into normal and ovariectomized immature animals. Injections were made twice daily for twenty-two days. The total dose exceeded 1000 rat units per animal.Effects noted in the living animals were the appearance of reddening and swelling of the ‘sexual skin’ and change of the cell content of the vaginal smear to the interval type of the mature animal. Measurements made at operation, before and after injections, indicated considerable enlargement of both the cervix and body of the uterus. The thymus glands of the injected animals weighed significantly less than those of the controls. Histologic study of the genital tract showed extreme thickening of the vaginal walls, considerable growth of the uterine epithelium and glands, hypertrophy of the muscle layers of the uterus, and advanced differentiation of the epithelium of the uterine tubes.The ovaries of the injected normal animal were smaller and contained fewer primordial and medium-sized follicles than those of the controls. The presence of large numbers of atretic follicles, especially large flattened scars from former relatively well-developed follicles also suggests a harmful effect of this amount of ovarian hormone upon follicular development. Several stages of elimination of ova from polyovular follicles were also observed. There was marked growth in the ducts and an increase in the number of alveoli of the mammary glands.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050460205
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  • 17
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    Prenatal growth of swinePaper from the Departments of Genetics (no. 85) and Veterinary Science, Wisconsin Agricultural Experiment Station, in cooperation with the Animal Husbandry Division of the U. S. Department of Agriculture. Published with the approval of the director of the Station and the chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry, U. S. Department of Agriculture. (1928)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 46 (1928), S. 59-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Fetuses from forty-three gravid uteruses from sows of known breeding dates, as well as from 448 uteruses with unknown breeding dates, were studied. Growth curves are given for weight and length of fetus and for weight of fetal membranes. The weight of the fetus first reaches that of the fetal membranes between the sixtieth and seventieth days of pregnancy. Degenerate fetuses were found in 3.68 per cent of the cases. They were found at all stages of gestation. Size of litter was found to decrease from 11.4 at the twentieth day to 6.8 at the 110th day. Also, the calculated per cent of ova lost up to each ten-day stage tends to increase as gestation advances. Crowding was found to be an important factor, but probably not the only factor, in causing degeneration. Genetic factors were probably responsible for part of the resorbing fetuses.In the study of the normal fetuses, significant correlations were found between fetus length and weight of fetal membranes, as well as between fetus weight and weight of fetal membranes. Lower correlations, but probably significant, were found between total distance (spacing) between fetuses in the uterus and weight of fetal membranes. Correlations between size of fetus and total distance between fetuses were very low. As in the case of the degenerates, crowding has an important relationship to size of fetus, but is probably not the only factor involved.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050460103
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  • 18
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    Masthead (1928)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 46 (1928) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050460201
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  • 19
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    Ecological studies of the seasonal distribution of protozoa in a fresh-water pondA thesis in zoölogy presented to the faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Pennsylvania in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. (1928)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 46 (1928), S. 431-478 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This study deals with the seasonal distribution of protozoa (February, 1927, to February, 1928) in correlation with seasonal fluctuations of temperature, hydrogen-ion concentration, and the relative amounts of dissolved oxygen and other gases in a small fresh-water pond. Twenty-seven species of Sarcodina, thirty-one species of Mastigophora, and 109 species of Infusoria were recorded in the surface water of the pond.As found especially for Mastigophora and Infusoria, the number of species is inversely correlated with the abundance of individuals in the seasonal distribution.Higher temperatures probably accelerated the rate of reproduction, since the seasonal maxima for most of the species were recorded in warmer weather.Colonial flagellates and Zoochlorellae-bearing ciliates seemed to be favored by higher oxygen content, with a simultaneous abundance of volatile acids, especially CO2. Although hydrogen-ion concentration was limited between 6.2 and 7.05, it was probably one of the factors influencing protozoan distribution, since several species disappeared when the lowest pH was recorded. Sunlight is one of the important factors in bringing certain heliotropic protozoa to the surface.The seasonal maxima of many of the protozoa occurred during September and October, 1927, when most of the observed physical environments seemed much more favorable than in other months.
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    The anatomy of the urinogenital organs of the male Myrmecobius fasciatus (1928)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 46 (1928), S. 563-583 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The urinogenital organs of Myrmecobius fasciatus conform to the marsupial type in both their anatomical characters and histological details. The external genitalia indicate a close relationship with the Dasyuridae.
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    A comparative study of the spermatogenesis of five species of earwigsContribution from the Zoölogical Laboratory of Indiana University, no. 214. Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree, Doctor of Philosophy. (1928)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 46 (1928), S. 241-273 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The following species of earwigs are used in this study: Labidura bidens, Labia minor, Anisolabis annulipes, Anisolabis maritima, and Forficula auricularia.1In all species the chromosomes are divisible into, a) autosomes and, b) XY-complex.2The chromosome distribution in regular in Labidura bidens and Labia minor. The male diploid number is 12 and 14, respectively. Each has an XY-complex in which the X is a single chromosome.3In both Anisolabis annulipes and Anisolabis maritima the male diploid number is 25, or 22 autosomes and an XXY-complex. The two X components remain fused during the first spermatocyte division.4The diploid number in the male of Forficula auricularia is 25 and 24. The chromosome number is constant in the individual. The irregularity is interpreted as due to the fusion of the two X components in the individuals with 24 counts and to these X components remaining separate in the earwigs with the 25 counts.5An explanation is given for some of the variable results obtained in former studies of the chromosomes of Forficula auricularia.6The discussion considers the possible origin of the variations in chromosome numbers in the earwigs.
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    Binary fission and endomixis in the Trichodina from tadpoles (Protozoa, Ciliata)A thesis in zoölogy presented to the faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Pennsylvania in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.An abstract of this paper has appeared in The Anatomical Record, vol. 34, 1926. (1928)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 46 (1928), S. 521-561 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This peritrichous ciliate lives as an ectocommensal on the skin and gills of anuran tadpoles. Its relation to described species of Trichodina is doubtful. This study was made almost exclusively on fixed and stained material. Binary fission is similar to that in other ciliates. The horseshoe-shaped macronucleus condenses, then divides amitotically. The single small micronucleus forms a spindle containing between four and six chromosomes.Endomixis is of high incidence in the free-living Trichodinae. Encystment was not observed. At the onset of endomixis, the macronucleus disintegrates into fragments which persist throughout the process. The micronucleus undergoes three rapidly succeeding mitotic divisions to form eight nuclei. There is no evidence of chromosome reduction during these divisions. Seven of the nuclei differentiate into macronuclear anlagen; the eighth becomes the functional micronucleus. Successive cell divisions - before each of which the micronucleus divides - distribute macronuclei to daughter cells. Variations from the regular process of endomixis may arise, 1) by precocious division of endomictic parents; 2) by extra divisions of the micronucleus; 3) by less than the usual number (three) of divisions of the micronucleus; 4) by hypertrophy and early differentiation of the micronucleus into macronuclei; 5) by unusual segregation of nuclei to daughters, and, 6) from miscellaneous causes.The significance of these variations is discussed in connection with the possible origin of bimicronucleate and amicronucleate races.
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    A study of the chromosomes in meiosis, fertilization, and cleavage in the grasshopper egg (orthoptera)A thesis in zoölogy presented to the faculty of the graduate school of the University of Pennsylvania in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. (1928)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 45 (1928), S. 47-96 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A technique is developed whereby the large heavily yolk-laden grasshopper egg may be sectioned for cytological study. Eggs of Chortophaga viridifasciata and Circotettix verruculatus were examined.In C. viridifasciata the structure of the late ovarian nucleus and the chromosomes in meiosis, fertilization, and early cleavage are described. In the first maturation twelve rod-shaped tetrads are found. Near the caudal end of the egg a polar body is given off, and in the second maturation division there are twelve dyads. At fertilization, twelve separated vesicles of the female pronucleus are seen scattered about a male pronucleus in which the chromosomes are in prophase.In early cleavage the chromosome numbers in the metaphase are found to differentiate the male- and female-producing eggs. In the former there are twenty-three and in the latter twenty-four chromosomes. A vesicular condition in which the chromosomes retain their boundaries in interkinesis is indicative of chromosome individuality.A comparison of the first and second maturation metaphase chromosomes of the oocyte with those of the spermatocyte shows a similar compact group on the spindle, a likeness in size seriation, and a similarity of form. They differ in that in the spermatocyte complex there are eleven tetrads and one dyad. This latter, the unpaired sex chromosome, falls among the large chromosomes.A comparison of the chromosome complex of Chortophaga viridifasciata with that of Circotettix verruculatus indicates constancy of generic differences in form, size, number, and behavior of the chromosomes.
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    Cytoplasmic constituents in the developing egg of Discoglossus pictus Otth (1928)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 45 (1928), S. 233-257 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The cytological and histochemical evidence presented in this paper shows the following facts: (1) The mitochondria are not directly transformed into yolk. They may be concerned in its synthesis in so far as they are a factor in the interacting cytoplasmic system, but there are no visible morphological expressions of this functioning. (2) The accumulations of aequeous substances in the cytoplasm in the form of droplets stainable vitally by neutral red, ‘vacuoles,’ are the forerunners of the first yolk. During the building up of the yolk the aequeous droplets become more and more dehydrated and lose their capacity for being vitally stained. (3) These aequeous vacuoles give the impregnation results commonly ascribed to the Golgi apparatus and are interpreted as such. Special emphasis is laid on the question of the identification of the Golgi apparatus. (4) The fat arises de novo in the cell independently of the mitochondria or the vacuoles. It becomes dispersed throughout the cell among the yolk plates, and the lipoidal content of the latter increases at the end of vitellogenesis, when the fatty globules are intimately pressed in among the yolk plates. (5) At a late stage in the growth of the yolk plates there is the sudden appearance of large quantities of glycogen in the perinuclear zone and throughout the cytoplasm.
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    The septomaxillary. I. In the amphibia urodelaThis paper is no. 148 of the contributions from the Department of zoölogy of Smith College. (1928)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 45 (1928), S. 441-471 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The septomaxillary bone is described in the various families of the urodeles in which it occurs. Its identity as a hitherto unrecognized cartilage bone of the skull is established and its close relationship with the nasal muscles followed through the group. Its presence or absence, which is found to be another criterion for the recent classification of the urodeles as proposed by Dunn and Higgins, is correlated with the development of the accessory dilatator muscle, since it occurs only in groups where this muscle attains an appreciable size.
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    The morphology and physiology of the invertebrate liver and hepatopancreasFrom the Division of Experimental Surgery and Pathology. (1928)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 45 (1928), S. 537-554 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Modifications of the gastro-intestinal tract of Nereis virens are two dorsolateral esophageal cecums, directed anteriorly and posteriorly from the point of attachment. The cecal and esophageal lumina are continuous. Each cecum is composed of acini, possessing a row of elongated cells, basement membrane, and intima. Fibro-elastic tissue is present. The elongated cells contain glycogen and fat.The hepatopancreas of Asterias vulgaris consists of two lobes in each ray, and the numerous acini empty into the bifurcated hepatopancreatic duct which leads into the pyloric stomach. The hepatic cells are columnar and contain glycogen and fat. Pancreatic cells lie in the midregion of the acini.The lobulate liver of Loligo pealii lies on the ventral surface of the duodenum. A capsular membrane envelops the organ. The acini possess basement membrane, columnar cells, and intima; their lumina anastomose, forming a common duct, which leads into the blind sac. The hepatic cells contain fat.The hepatopancreas of Melanoplus femur-rubrum consists of six cecums histologically continuous with the digestive epithelium of the pyloric stomach. Each cecum consists of simple and compound acini which empty into a duct leading to the pyloric stomach. Each acinus possesses basement membrane, columnar hepatic cells, pancreatic cells, and intima. The pancreatic cells occur in islets, usually adjacent to the basement membrane. The hepatic cells contain glycogen and fat.
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    Masthead (1928)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 46 (1928) 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    The breeding season of the opossum (Didelphis virginiana) and the rate of intrauterine and postnatal developmentThe work on the opossum was begun at the suggestion of Dr. J. T. Patterson, Professor of Zoölogy, the University of Texas, about 1913. It was prosecuted intensively through the generous financial aid and moral support of The Wistar Institute, Dr. M. J. Greenman, Director, and with the assistance of Dr. C. H. Heuser, then fellow of The Wistar Institute. It is to the skill of Doctor Heuser that most of the photographs presented in the four plates accompanying this article and former papers of this series are due. Some of the photographs were taken from fresh living material in January and February of 1917 at Austin, Texas. The embryological investigations soon gave way in large measure to physiological studies in which the following generously aided: Mr. H. A. Wrocbanker, and Mr. Herman Becker, merchant, Austin, Texas; the University of Texas, Department of Zoölogy; The Bache Fund of the National Academy of Science. I take this opportunity of reiterating my indebtedness to these sources of the necessary nervus rerun to carry on the work and for the spirit of helpfulness in which the grants were made. The Wistar Institute is the repository of most of the material collected and will supervise its study in the future. The present writer can primsie only two more installmetns of these ‘studies’: one on the origin of the mesoderm and the chorda dorsalis, the other on pathological ova of the primitive-streak stage and earlier. (1928)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 46 (1928), S. 143-215 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The breeding season of the opossum at Austin, Texas, begins in January, following a three months' anoestrous period. The modal point for ovulation days is reached in the third week. The rate of intra-uterine development was investigated chiefly by surgical removal of one uterus, noting the stage attained by the ova therein and allowing the surviving uterus to incubate its ova a precalculated period of time. Unique charts epitomize the results. The primitive-streak stage is completed, the medullary groove and chorda begin at seven and one-half days post coitum, seven days post ovulationem, leaving only five and one-half days' actual development of the embryo to birth. The rate of development is compared with Eutherian mammals.The curve of postnatal growth has the shape of embryonic growth curve of higher mammals. The eyes and lips open, at about fifty days (young the size of mice). At this time the young leave the teat for the first time, but are not weaned for about thirty days more. Soon after weaning, the mother may become pregnant again. At ninety to one hundred days (young size of large rats), the young may begin to shift for themselves.
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    Trends in evolution: A discussion of data bearing upon ‘orthogenesis’ (1928)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 45 (1928), S. 1-45 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Five characters-flatness, elongation, posterior pointedness, delay in division of the body, delay in completion of mitosis-are so distributed among the subdivisions of the Opalinidae as to involve either repeated fortuitous appearances of these characters, a thing not to be believed, or trends resident in the germ plasm. The Ophryoscolecidae show similar distribution of two sets of characters. In the Salpidae there is evidence of trends toward: coiling of the gut; decrease in number, size, regularity, and symmetry of body muscles; simplification and degeneration of the eyes. These qualities appear first in the phylogeny in the chain Salpas, the final phase in the life-cycle. In the course of the evolution the solitary Salpas become more and more modified in the same directions, until, in the most highly modified species, the muscles and eyes are as much modified in the solitary Salpas as in the aggregated. These changes, not disadvantageous but rather adaptive in their beginning in the colonial individuals, are harmful to the solitary Salpas, yet the degeneration is, by precocious development, thrown back onto the earlier phase of the life-cycle, the solitary stage. Precocious development is not purely utilitarian, but may be more fundamental, biological.Evolution is discussed in terms of trends resident in the germ plasm, their origin in connection with mutations, their growth, decrease, disappearance, branching; auto-evolution. Discussion is from the standpoint of the germinal stream, internal factors of evolution being emphasized.
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    A sexually mature turbellarian resembling Müller's larva (1928)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 45 (1928), S. 187-207 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This paper deals with the description of an organism, externally resembling Müller's larva among the polyclads, collected in the plankton of Monterey Bay, California, during the spring and summer months. Internally, the organization of the various systems is unique. In some respects it bears a certain resemblance to a polyclad in early stages of development; in other regards it approaches the rhabdoceles, more particularly the Acoela. Its more exact relationships are obscured by the fact that, although the larger specimens are not more than 0.7 mm. in length, the sex organs, both male and female, are fully developed and functional. Furthermore, the plan of these systems is unlike that of any turbellarian hitherto described. Whether this organism represents a case of paedogenesis or is a fully developed adult is unknown at present, but in any event the various systems are described and an attempt is made to give it a fairly definite systematic position.
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    The digital pads of the tree frogs. A study of the phylogenesis of an adaptive structure (1928)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 45 (1928), S. 259-292 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The digital disks of the tree frogs are covered ventrally with a superficial layer of vertically elongated, fibrous, and distally free cells between which there empty a series of convoluted mucous glands. The latter are surrounded and, in the larger-disked species, divided into blocks by sheets of collagenous fibers. The glands are emptied by the squeezing together of the collagenous fibers when the body weight exerts a pull on the terminal phalanges. The disks function by friction, cohesion, and adhesion.The digital-disk apparatus was fully established before certain groups of frogs became arboreal. It is retained in others which have reverted to the terrestrial habit. The intercalary cartilage increases the efficiency of the apparatus. It did not arise in phylogeny until after the apparatus was developed.As the digital disks vary in extent in both arboreal and terrestrial species, arborealism seems to have resulted from a chance occurrence of large disks in the smaller-bodied forms; at least, there is no progressive modification of the digits toward particular habitat requirements.The subarticular tubercles of many Salientia develop typical climbing apparatus. This may or may not be correlated with an arboreal habit. In the species with the largest subarticular tubercles no apparatus is present. Arboreal salamanders exhibit no special climbing mechanism, but adhere by pressing their moist integument against the substratum.
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    The morphology and physiology of the hepatopancreas of Cambarus virilisFrom the Division of Experimental Surgery and Pathology. (1928)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 45 (1928), S. 505-535 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The relation of the hepatopancreas to the pyloric stomach and its physiologic histology were studied. The organ consists of two lobes, united ventrally, which lie along the cardiac and pyloric stomachs and the intestine. Primary and secondary lobulations (acini) are present, and the entire organ is a system of anastomosing tubules (lumina). The tubules progressively converge and form a duct in each lobe which leads ventrolaterally into the pyloric stomach.Each acinus consists of a single layer of hepatic and pancreatic cells supported by a basement membrane, and the interacinar spaces are the seat of fibro-elastic tissue and phagocytic cells. The supporting tissue is laminar with that of the stomach. The arterial capillaries, composed of endothelial cells, lie in the interacinar spaces. The blood supply is by way of the basement membrane to the cells.The hepatic cells of specimens collected in September bear little fat; cells of June specimens are laden with fat. Glycogen is deposited in the hepatic cells; there is no difference between the quantity found in September and in June. The hepatic cells probably contain biliverdin. Chemical analysis indicates the presence of trypsin, amylase, and lipase.A review of the literature and a discussion of homologies with reference to the vertebrate liver are given.
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    Variations in chromosome number in the spermatogenesis of Philosamia cynthia (1928)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 45 (1928), S. 599-613 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A study of spermatogenesis was made on four groups of a pedigreed strain of the moth Philosamia cynthia, and the results were compared with spermatogenesis in the wild material.Deviations from the normal number of chromosomes were observed in two groups. In some individuals the haploid number was 12 instead of 13. Giant spermatocytes were also observed with twenty-four chromosomes. In other individuals, two haploid numbers, 13 and 14, occurred in the same testis.The twelve-chromosome condition is due to linkage of two chromosomes during the late prophase of the primary spermatocyte. The double chromosomes thus formed appeared to divide equally in both divisions. The origin of the fourteenth chromosome was not determined.Correlation of the genetic and cytological data indicates the restriction of aberrant chromosome complexes to two of the four groups and the regularity of the twelve-chromosome complex in certain families, suggesting the conclusion that a new strain arose in the pedigreed material with regard to chromosome variability and that the twelve-chromosome condition is a well-defined characteristic, partly established in some families and probably fully established in others.
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    The chromosomes of the guinea-pigContribution no. 208 from the Department of Zoölogy, University of Texas. The writer has been aided in this work by grants from the Committee for Research on Sex Problems of the National Research Council. The work has been done under the direction of Prof. T. S. Painter. (1928)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 46 (1928), S. 131-141 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Notes: The spermatogenesis of five guinea-pigs was studied. The spermatogonial chromosome number is approximately sixty-two plus or minus two. The primary spermatocyte number is approximately thirty-one. The spermatogonial number in the early prophase is lower than it is in later stages. This condition is due to late fragmentation of the large chromosomes found in the earlier stage. A possible sex chromosome of the X-Y type may be identified. Its components segregate during the first maturation division.
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    Spermatogenesis of Bruchus quadrimaculatus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) (1928)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 46 (1928), S. 217-239 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Notwithstanding the fact that several species of Bruchidae have been used by geneticists for several years, no cytological studies have as yet been made on any member of this family of the Coleoptera. The present paper gives a general account of the spermatogenesis of Bruchus quadrimaculatus Fabr.The spermatogonia undergo two mitotic divisions. After the second division, the nuclei remain small and very dense for some time before the beginning of the growth phase. During this interval the nuclei do not assume again the characteristics of the interkinesis stages. In the primary spermatocytes typical tetrads are formed. The chromosomes are asymmetrically V-shaped. The end of one arm of the ‘V’ fuses with the end of the corresponding arm of its synaptic mate. Disjunction takes place in the primary spermatocyte division. After the division of the secondary spermatocytes, the chromosomes become vesicular and form a reticular nucleus in the spermatid, after which the chromatin becomes deposited as a chromatin rim around the nuclear periphery. The diploid number of chromosomes is nineteen in spermatogonia and in male somatic cells, and twenty in female somatic cells. An unpaired X chromosome is present in the spermatogonia, which fails to divide in the primary spermatocyte division, but passes as a whole to one pole in advance of the autosomes. The X chromosome divides normally in the secondary spermatocyte division with the autosomes.In the method of sex determination, Bruchus does not follow the method of the majority of beetles, since most of those studied adhere to the X-Y type.
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    Conservation concerns in the deep (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2012-05-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hartmann, Aaron C -- Levin, Lisa A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 May 11;336(6082):668-9. doi: 10.1126/science.336.6082.668-a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22582242" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Aquatic Organisms ; *Ecosystem ; *Seawater
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Rocket launcher mechanism of collaborative actin assembly defined by single-molecule imaging (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-06-02
    Description: Interacting sets of actin assembly factors work together in cells, but the underlying mechanisms have remained obscure. We used triple-color single-molecule fluorescence microscopy to image the tumor suppressor adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) and the formin mDia1 during filament assembly. Complexes consisting of APC, mDia1, and actin monomers initiated actin filament formation, overcoming inhibition by capping protein and profilin. Upon filament polymerization, the complexes separated, with mDia1 moving processively on growing barbed ends while APC remained at the site of nucleation. Thus, the two assembly factors directly interact to initiate filament assembly and then separate but retain independent associations with either end of the growing filament.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3613992/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3613992/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Breitsprecher, Dennis -- Jaiswal, Richa -- Bombardier, Jeffrey P -- Gould, Christopher J -- Gelles, Jeff -- Goode, Bruce L -- GM083137/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM43369/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM81648/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM063691/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM081648/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM083137/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM098143/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R37 GM043369/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- T32 EB009419/EB/NIBIB NIH HHS/ -- T32 GM007596/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Jun 1;336(6085):1164-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1218062.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22654058" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Actin Cytoskeleton/*metabolism ; Actins/chemistry/*metabolism ; Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/chemistry/*metabolism ; Adenomatous Polyposis Coli Protein/chemistry/*metabolism ; Animals ; Microscopy, Fluorescence ; Peptide Fragments/chemistry/metabolism ; Profilins/metabolism ; Protein Binding ; Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs ; Protein Multimerization ; Rabbits
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Climate change. Winds of change (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-11-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Qiu, Jane -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Nov 16;338(6109):879-81. doi: 10.1126/science.338.6109.879.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23161970" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antarctic Regions ; *Climate Change ; Global Warming ; *Ice Cover ; Spheniscidae/*physiology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Regulatory science. Amid Europe's food fights, EFSA keeps its eyes on the evidence (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-12-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kupferschmidt, Kai -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Nov 30;338(6111):1146-7. doi: 10.1126/science.338.6111.1146.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23197512" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Animals, Genetically Modified ; Consumer Advocacy/standards/*trends ; Consumer Organizations/standards/*trends ; *European Union ; Food Labeling/*standards ; *Food Safety ; *Food, Genetically Modified ; Guidelines as Topic/standards ; Italy ; Plants, Genetically Modified
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Molecular biology. A new start for protein synthesis (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-06-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dever, Thomas E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Jun 29;336(6089):1645-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1224439.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Development, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. tdever@nih.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22745408" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antigen Presentation/*genetics ; *Codon, Initiator ; Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/*genetics/*immunology ; Humans ; Protein Biosynthesis/*genetics ; *RNA, Transfer, Leu
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    Natural enemies drive geographic variation in plant defenses (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-10-09
    Description: Plants defend themselves against attack by natural enemies, and these defenses vary widely across populations. However, whether communities of natural enemies are a sufficiently potent force to maintain polymorphisms in defensive traits is largely unknown. Here, we exploit the genetic resources of Arabidopsis thaliana, coupled with 39 years of field data on aphid abundance, to (i) demonstrate that geographic patterns in a polymorphic defense locus (GS-ELONG) are strongly correlated with changes in the relative abundance of two specialist aphids; and (ii) demonstrate differential selection by the two aphids on GS-ELONG, using a multigeneration selection experiment. We thereby show a causal link between variation in abundance of the two specialist aphids and the geographic pattern at GS-ELONG, which highlights the potency of natural enemies as selective forces.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zust, Tobias -- Heichinger, Christian -- Grossniklaus, Ueli -- Harrington, Richard -- Kliebenstein, Daniel J -- Turnbull, Lindsay A -- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Oct 5;338(6103):116-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1226397.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies and Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich CH-8057, Switzerland. tobias.zuest@cornell.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23042895" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Biological/*genetics ; Animals ; Aphids/*physiology ; Arabidopsis/*genetics ; *Genetic Loci ; Geography ; Herbivory/*physiology ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; *Selection, Genetic ; Species Specificity
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Mice lacking a Myc enhancer that includes human SNP rs6983267 are resistant to intestinal tumors (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-11-03
    Description: Multiple cancer-associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been mapped to conserved sequences within a 500-kilobase region upstream of the MYC oncogene on human chromosome 8q24. These SNPs may affect cancer development through altered regulation of MYC expression, but this hypothesis has been difficult to confirm. We generated mice deficient in Myc-335, a putative MYC regulatory element that contains rs6983267, a SNP accounting for more human cancer-related morbidity than any other genetic variant or mutation. In Myc-335 null mice, Myc transcripts were expressed in the intestinal crypts in a pattern similar to that in wild-type mice but at modestly reduced levels. The mutant mice displayed no overt phenotype but were markedly resistant to intestinal tumorigenesis induced by the APCmin mutation. These results establish that a cancer-associated SNP identified in human genome-wide association studies has a functional effect in vivo.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sur, Inderpreet Kaur -- Hallikas, Outi -- Vaharautio, Anna -- Yan, Jian -- Turunen, Mikko -- Enge, Martin -- Taipale, Minna -- Karhu, Auli -- Aaltonen, Lauri A -- Taipale, Jussi -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Dec 7;338(6112):1360-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1228606. Epub 2012 Nov 1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Science for Life Center, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23118011" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenomatous Polyposis Coli/genetics/pathology ; Animals ; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/*genetics ; Colon/metabolism/pathology ; Enhancer Elements, Genetic/*genetics ; Humans ; Ileum/metabolism/pathology ; Intestinal Neoplasms/*genetics/pathology ; Mice ; Mice, Mutant Strains ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc/*genetics
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Conservation. Citizen involvement in the U.S. Endangered Species Act (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-08-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Brosi, Berry J -- Biber, Eric G N -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Aug 17;337(6096):802-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1220660.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Environmental Studies, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA. bbrosi@emory.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22903999" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Databases, Factual ; Endangered Species/*legislation & jurisprudence/*statistics & numerical data ; Population ; Regression Analysis ; Turtles ; United States
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    Behavior. Origins of cumulative culture (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-03-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kurzban, Robert -- Barrett, H Clark -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Mar 2;335(6072):1056-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1219232.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. kurzban@psych.upenn.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22383839" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Cultural Evolution ; Female ; Humans ; *Mental Processes ; *Problem Solving ; *Social Behavior
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    Cell biology. A mitochondrial mystery, solved (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-07-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Divakaruni, Ajit S -- Murphy, Anne N -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Jul 6;337(6090):41-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1225601.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Pharmacology Department, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0636, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22767917" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anion Transport Proteins/*metabolism ; Drosophila Proteins/*metabolism ; Drosophila melanogaster/*metabolism ; Humans ; Mitochondria/*metabolism ; Mitochondrial Membrane Transport Proteins/*metabolism ; Mitochondrial Membranes/*metabolism ; Mitochondrial Proteins/*metabolism ; Pyruvic Acid/*metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/*metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    A high-coverage genome sequence from an archaic Denisovan individual (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-09-01
    Description: We present a DNA library preparation method that has allowed us to reconstruct a high-coverage (30x) genome sequence of a Denisovan, an extinct relative of Neandertals. The quality of this genome allows a direct estimation of Denisovan heterozygosity indicating that genetic diversity in these archaic hominins was extremely low. It also allows tentative dating of the specimen on the basis of "missing evolution" in its genome, detailed measurements of Denisovan and Neandertal admixture into present-day human populations, and the generation of a near-complete catalog of genetic changes that swept to high frequency in modern humans since their divergence from Denisovans.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3617501/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3617501/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Meyer, Matthias -- Kircher, Martin -- Gansauge, Marie-Theres -- Li, Heng -- Racimo, Fernando -- Mallick, Swapan -- Schraiber, Joshua G -- Jay, Flora -- Prufer, Kay -- de Filippo, Cesare -- Sudmant, Peter H -- Alkan, Can -- Fu, Qiaomei -- Do, Ron -- Rohland, Nadin -- Tandon, Arti -- Siebauer, Michael -- Green, Richard E -- Bryc, Katarzyna -- Briggs, Adrian W -- Stenzel, Udo -- Dabney, Jesse -- Shendure, Jay -- Kitzman, Jacob -- Hammer, Michael F -- Shunkov, Michael V -- Derevianko, Anatoli P -- Patterson, Nick -- Andres, Aida M -- Eichler, Evan E -- Slatkin, Montgomery -- Reich, David -- Kelso, Janet -- Paabo, Svante -- GM100233/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM040282/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM100233/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01-GM40282/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Oct 12;338(6104):222-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1224344. Epub 2012 Aug 30.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany. mmeyer@eva.mpg.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22936568" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Fossils ; Gene Flow ; Gene Library ; *Genetic Variation ; Genome, Human/*genetics ; *Heterozygote ; Humans ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Neanderthals/*genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA
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    Development. Esophageal stem cells, where art thou? (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-09-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3762587/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3762587/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kushner, Jake A -- 1R01AG040110/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- 1R01DK064101/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- P30DK079638/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 AG040110/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK081469/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Aug 31;337(6098):1051-2. doi: 10.1126/science.1227506.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉McNair Medical Institute, Pediatric Diabetes and Endocrinology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA. kushner@bcm.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22936766" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Epithelial Cells/*physiology ; Epithelium/*physiology ; Esophagus/*cytology/*physiology ; *Regeneration ; Stem Cells/*physiology
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    Anthropology. Absolute dating of cave art (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-06-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hellstrom, John -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Jun 15;336(6087):1387-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1224185.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Earth Sciences, The University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia. j.hellstrom@unimelb.edu.au〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22700907" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Caves ; Engraving and Engravings/*history ; Humans ; Paintings/*history ; *Radiometric Dating
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    Antarctic Treaty System ready for a challenge (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-11-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Haward, Marcus -- Jabour, Julia -- Press, A J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Nov 2;338(6107):603. doi: 10.1126/science.338.6107.603.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23118165" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Humans
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Invasive species. Researchers set course to blockade ballast invaders (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-05-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Strain, Daniel -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 May 11;336(6082):664-5. doi: 10.1126/science.336.6082.664.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22582239" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; *Lakes ; *Seawater ; *Ships ; United States
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Mycology. Attack of the clones (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-08-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kupferschmidt, Kai -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Aug 10;337(6095):636-8. doi: 10.1126/science.337.6095.636.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22879478" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biodiversity ; Body Temperature ; Crops, Agricultural/microbiology ; Food Microbiology ; *Fungi/classification/pathogenicity/physiology ; Fungicides, Industrial ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Humans ; Mycoses/epidemiology/*microbiology/transmission/veterinary ; Plant Diseases/microbiology ; Reproduction ; Reproduction, Asexual
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    Comment on "Late Mousterian persistence near the Arctic Circle" (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-01-17
    Description: Slimak et al. (Reports, 13 May 2011, p. 841) reanalyzed the lithic assemblage from the northern site of Byzovaya (Russia) and concluded that it was Mousterian and produced by Neandertals. The previous interpretation of this assemblage as falling within Early Upper Paleolithic variability remains the most parsimonious explanation; pending additional fossil discoveries, there is no evidence supporting the occurrence of Neandertals at these high latitudes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zwyns, Nicolas -- Roebroeks, Wil -- McPherron, Shannon P -- Jagich, Adam -- Hublin, Jean-Jacques -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Jan 13;335(6065):167; author reply 167. doi: 10.1126/science.1209908.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz, 04103, Leipzig, Germany. nicolas_zwyns@eva.mpg.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22246757" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Archaeology ; *Hominidae ; Humans
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    Medicine. Old drug, new hope for Alzheimer's disease (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-03-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Strittmatter, Warren J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Mar 23;335(6075):1447-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1220725.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA. warren@neuro.duke.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22442467" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alzheimer Disease/*drug therapy/*metabolism ; Amyloid beta-Peptides/*metabolism ; Animals ; Apolipoproteins E/*metabolism ; Brain/*metabolism ; Male ; Tetrahydronaphthalenes/*pharmacology/*therapeutic use
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Fear of predation slows plant-litter decomposition (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-06-16
    Description: Aboveground consumers are believed to affect ecosystem functioning by regulating the quantity and quality of plant litter entering the soil. We uncovered a pathway whereby terrestrial predators regulate ecosystem processes via indirect control over soil community function. Grasshopper herbivores stressed by spider predators have a higher body carbon-to-nitrogen ratio than do grasshoppers raised without spiders. This change in elemental content does not slow grasshopper decomposition but perturbs belowground community function, decelerating the subsequent decomposition of plant litter. This legacy effect of predation on soil community function appears to be regulated by the amount of herbivore protein entering the soil.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hawlena, Dror -- Strickland, Michael S -- Bradford, Mark A -- Schmitz, Oswald J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Jun 15;336(6087):1434-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1220097.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, 370 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA. dror.hawlena@mail.huji.ac.il〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22700928" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bacteria/metabolism ; Biomass ; Carbon/analysis/metabolism ; Ecosystem ; Energy Metabolism ; Fear ; *Food Chain ; Grasshoppers/chemistry/*physiology ; Herbivory/physiology ; Insect Proteins/analysis/metabolism ; Nitrogen/analysis/metabolism ; *Plants ; *Predatory Behavior ; Soil/chemistry ; *Soil Microbiology ; Spiders/*physiology ; *Stress, Physiological
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Trim28 is required for epigenetic stability during mouse oocyte to embryo transition (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-03-24
    Description: Phenotypic variability in genetic disease is usually attributed to genetic background variation or environmental influence. Here, we show that deletion of a single gene, Trim28 (Kap1 or Tif1beta), from the maternal germ line alone, on an otherwise identical genetic background, results in severe phenotypic and epigenetic variability that leads to embryonic lethality. We identify early and minute epigenetic variations in blastomeres of the preimplantation embryo of these animals, suggesting that the embryonic lethality may result from the misregulation of genomic imprinting in mice lacking maternal Trim28. Our results reveal the long-range effects of a maternal gene deletion on epigenetic memory and illustrate the delicate equilibrium of maternal and zygotic factors during nuclear reprogramming.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Messerschmidt, Daniel M -- de Vries, Wilhelmine -- Ito, Mitsuteru -- Solter, Davor -- Ferguson-Smith, Anne -- Knowles, Barbara B -- 079249/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 095606/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- MR/J001597/1/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Mar 23;335(6075):1499-502. doi: 10.1126/science.1216154.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Mammalian Development Group, Institute of Medical Biology, Singapore.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22442485" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Blastocyst/physiology ; DNA Methylation ; Down-Regulation ; *Embryo Loss ; Embryo, Mammalian/*physiology ; Embryonic Development ; *Epigenesis, Genetic ; Female ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; *Genomic Imprinting ; Insulin-Like Growth Factor II/genetics/metabolism ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Nuclear Proteins/*genetics/*physiology ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; Oocytes/*physiology ; Phenotype ; RNA, Long Noncoding ; RNA, Untranslated/genetics/metabolism ; Repressor Proteins/*genetics/*physiology
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    Ancestral developmental potential facilitates parallel evolution in ants (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-01-10
    Description: Complex worker caste systems have contributed to the evolutionary success of advanced ant societies; however, little is known about the developmental processes underlying their origin and evolution. We combined hormonal manipulation, gene expression, and phylogenetic analyses with field observations to understand how novel worker subcastes evolve. We uncovered an ancestral developmental potential to produce a "supersoldier" subcaste that has been actualized at least two times independently in the hyperdiverse ant genus Pheidole. This potential has been retained and can be environmentally induced throughout the genus. Therefore, the retention and induction of this potential have facilitated the parallel evolution of supersoldiers through a process known as genetic accommodation. The recurrent induction of ancestral developmental potential may facilitate the adaptive and parallel evolution of phenotypes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rajakumar, Rajendhran -- San Mauro, Diego -- Dijkstra, Michiel B -- Huang, Ming H -- Wheeler, Diana E -- Hiou-Tim, Francois -- Khila, Abderrahman -- Cournoyea, Michael -- Abouheif, Ehab -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Jan 6;335(6064):79-82. doi: 10.1126/science.1211451.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, McGill University, 1205 Avenue Dr. Penfield, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3A 1B1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22223805" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Ants/*genetics/growth & development/physiology ; *Biological Evolution ; Environment ; Female ; Genes, Insect ; Larva/growth & development ; Male ; Methoprene/pharmacology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phenotype ; Phylogeny ; Selection, Genetic ; Social Behavior ; Wings, Animal/growth & development
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    Ecology. Amazonian extinction debts (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-07-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rangel, Thiago F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Jul 13;337(6091):162-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1224819.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology, Federal University of Goias, CxP. 131, Goiania, Goias, Brazil 74970-001. thiagorangel@icb.ufg.br〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22798589" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Extinction, Biological ; *Trees ; *Vertebrates
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    MARF1 regulates essential oogenic processes in mice (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-03-24
    Description: Development of fertilization-competent oocytes depends on integrated processes controlling meiosis, cytoplasmic development, and maintenance of genomic integrity. We show that meiosis arrest female 1 (MARF1) is required for these processes in mammalian oocytes. Mutations of Marf1 cause female infertility characterized by up-regulation of a cohort of transcripts, increased retrotransposon expression, defective cytoplasmic maturation, and meiotic arrest. Up-regulation of protein phosphatase 2 catalytic subunit (PPP2CB) is key to the meiotic arrest phenotype. Moreover, Iap and Line1 retrotransposon messenger RNAs are also up-regulated, and, concomitantly, DNA double-strand breaks are elevated in mutant oocytes. Therefore MARF1, by suppressing levels of specific transcripts, is an essential regulator of important oogenic processes leading to female fertility and the development of healthy offspring.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3612990/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3612990/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Su, You-Qiang -- Sugiura, Koji -- Sun, Fengyun -- Pendola, Janice K -- Cox, Gregory A -- Handel, Mary Ann -- Schimenti, John C -- Eppig, John J -- CA34196/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- HD42137/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- P01 HD042137/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- P30 CA034196/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Mar 23;335(6075):1496-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1214680.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22442484" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Cell Cycle Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; DNA Breaks, Double-Stranded ; Embryonic Development ; Female ; *Fertility ; Meiosis ; Mice ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Oocytes/*physiology ; *Oogenesis ; Phenotype ; Protein Phosphatase 2/genetics/metabolism ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism ; Retroelements ; Transcription, Genetic ; Transcriptome ; Up-Regulation
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    The ancient drug salicylate directly activates AMP-activated protein kinase (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-04-21
    Description: Salicylate, a plant product, has been in medicinal use since ancient times. More recently, it has been replaced by synthetic derivatives such as aspirin and salsalate, both of which are rapidly broken down to salicylate in vivo. At concentrations reached in plasma after administration of salsalate or of aspirin at high doses, salicylate activates adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a central regulator of cell growth and metabolism. Salicylate binds at the same site as the synthetic activator A-769662 to cause allosteric activation and inhibition of dephosphorylation of the activating phosphorylation site, threonine-172. In AMPK knockout mice, effects of salicylate to increase fat utilization and to lower plasma fatty acids in vivo were lost. Our results suggest that AMPK activation could explain some beneficial effects of salsalate and aspirin in humans.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3399766/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3399766/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hawley, Simon A -- Fullerton, Morgan D -- Ross, Fiona A -- Schertzer, Jonathan D -- Chevtzoff, Cyrille -- Walker, Katherine J -- Peggie, Mark W -- Zibrova, Darya -- Green, Kevin A -- Mustard, Kirsty J -- Kemp, Bruce E -- Sakamoto, Kei -- Steinberg, Gregory R -- Hardie, D Grahame -- 080982/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 097726/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- MC_U127088492/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- Canadian Institutes of Health Research/Canada -- Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 May 18;336(6083):918-22. doi: 10.1126/science.1215327. Epub 2012 Apr 19.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22517326" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: AMP-Activated Protein Kinases/genetics/*metabolism ; Amino Acid Substitution ; Animals ; Aspirin/pharmacology ; Binding Sites ; Carbohydrate Metabolism/drug effects ; Cell Line ; Enzyme Activation ; Enzyme Activators/pharmacology ; HEK293 Cells ; Humans ; Lipid Metabolism/drug effects ; Liver/drug effects/metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Mutation ; Oxygen Consumption/drug effects ; Phosphorylation ; Pyrones/pharmacology ; Rats ; Salicylates/blood/*metabolism/*pharmacology ; Thiophenes/pharmacology
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    Ecology. Insecticide resistance after Silent spring (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-09-29
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Heckel, David G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Sep 28;337(6102):1612-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany. heckel@ice.mpg.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23019637" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/genetics ; Aedes/drug effects/genetics ; Animals ; Aphids/drug effects/genetics ; Bacterial Toxins/genetics ; Carboxylesterase/genetics ; Crops, Agricultural/genetics/parasitology ; Culex/drug effects/genetics ; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/genetics ; Insect Control/*methods ; Insecticide Resistance/*genetics ; Insecticides/*pharmacology ; Plants, Genetically Modified/genetics/parasitology ; Protein Precursors/genetics ; Tetranychidae/drug effects
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Airborne transmission of influenza A/H5N1 virus between ferrets (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-06-23
    Description: Highly pathogenic avian influenza A/H5N1 virus can cause morbidity and mortality in humans but thus far has not acquired the ability to be transmitted by aerosol or respiratory droplet ("airborne transmission") between humans. To address the concern that the virus could acquire this ability under natural conditions, we genetically modified A/H5N1 virus by site-directed mutagenesis and subsequent serial passage in ferrets. The genetically modified A/H5N1 virus acquired mutations during passage in ferrets, ultimately becoming airborne transmissible in ferrets. None of the recipient ferrets died after airborne infection with the mutant A/H5N1 viruses. Four amino acid substitutions in the host receptor-binding protein hemagglutinin, and one in the polymerase complex protein basic polymerase 2, were consistently present in airborne-transmitted viruses. The transmissible viruses were sensitive to the antiviral drug oseltamivir and reacted well with antisera raised against H5 influenza vaccine strains. Thus, avian A/H5N1 influenza viruses can acquire the capacity for airborne transmission between mammals without recombination in an intermediate host and therefore constitute a risk for human pandemic influenza.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Herfst, Sander -- Schrauwen, Eefje J A -- Linster, Martin -- Chutinimitkul, Salin -- de Wit, Emmie -- Munster, Vincent J -- Sorrell, Erin M -- Bestebroer, Theo M -- Burke, David F -- Smith, Derek J -- Rimmelzwaan, Guus F -- Osterhaus, Albert D M E -- Fouchier, Ron A M -- DP1-OD000490-01/OD/NIH HHS/ -- HHSN266200700010C/PHS HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Jun 22;336(6088):1534-41. doi: 10.1126/science.1213362.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22723413" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Air Microbiology ; Amino Acid Substitution ; Animals ; Antiviral Agents/pharmacology ; Containment of Biohazards ; Disease Models, Animal ; Female ; *Ferrets ; Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza ; Virus/chemistry/genetics/immunology/metabolism ; Humans ; Immune Sera ; Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/drug effects/*genetics/*pathogenicity/physiology ; Influenza in Birds/epidemiology/virology ; Influenza, Human/epidemiology/transmission/*virology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutagenesis, Site-Directed ; Mutation ; Orthomyxoviridae Infections/transmission/*virology ; Oseltamivir/pharmacology ; Pandemics ; Poultry ; RNA Replicase/chemistry/genetics ; Reassortant Viruses/pathogenicity ; Receptors, Virus/metabolism ; Respiratory System/*virology ; Reverse Genetics ; Serial Passage ; Sialic Acids/metabolism ; Viral Proteins/chemistry/genetics ; Virulence ; Virus Replication ; Virus Shedding
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    Elfn1 regulates target-specific release probability at CA1-interneuron synapses (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-10-09
    Description: Although synaptic transmission may be unidirectional, the establishment of synaptic connections with specific properties can involve bidirectional signaling. Pyramidal neurons in the hippocampus form functionally distinct synapses onto two types of interneurons. Excitatory synapses onto oriens-lacunosum moleculare (O-LM) interneurons are facilitating and have a low release probability, whereas synapses onto parvalbumin interneurons are depressing and have a high release probability. Here, we show that the extracellular leucine-rich repeat fibronectin containing 1 (Elfn1) protein is selectively expressed by O-LM interneurons and regulates presynaptic release probability to direct the formation of highly facilitating pyramidal-O-LM synapses. Thus, postsynaptic expression of Elfn1 in O-LM interneurons regulates presynaptic release probability, which confers target-specific synaptic properties to pyramidal cell axons.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sylwestrak, Emily L -- Ghosh, Anirvan -- R01 NS067216/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01NS067216/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Oct 26;338(6106):536-40. doi: 10.1126/science.1222482. Epub 2012 Oct 4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Neurobiology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0366, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23042292" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Axons/metabolism ; CA1 Region, Hippocampal/*metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Gene Knockdown Techniques ; Green Fluorescent Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; HEK293 Cells ; Humans ; Interneurons/*metabolism ; Mice ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Inbred LEC ; Synapses/genetics/*metabolism ; Synaptic Transmission
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    Rapamycin-induced insulin resistance is mediated by mTORC2 loss and uncoupled from longevity (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2012-03-31
    Description: Rapamycin, an inhibitor of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), extends the life spans of yeast, flies, and mice. Calorie restriction, which increases life span and insulin sensitivity, is proposed to function by inhibition of mTORC1, yet paradoxically, chronic administration of rapamycin substantially impairs glucose tolerance and insulin action. We demonstrate that rapamycin disrupted a second mTOR complex, mTORC2, in vivo and that mTORC2 was required for the insulin-mediated suppression of hepatic gluconeogenesis. Further, decreased mTORC1 signaling was sufficient to extend life span independently from changes in glucose homeostasis, as female mice heterozygous for both mTOR and mLST8 exhibited decreased mTORC1 activity and extended life span but had normal glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. Thus, mTORC2 disruption is an important mediator of the effects of rapamycin in vivo.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3324089/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3324089/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lamming, Dudley W -- Ye, Lan -- Katajisto, Pekka -- Goncalves, Marcus D -- Saitoh, Maki -- Stevens, Deanna M -- Davis, James G -- Salmon, Adam B -- Richardson, Arlan -- Ahima, Rexford S -- Guertin, David A -- Sabatini, David M -- Baur, Joseph A -- 1F32AG032833-01A1/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- CA129105/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- F32 AG032833/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- P30DK19525/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA129105/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA129105-05/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Mar 30;335(6076):1638-43. doi: 10.1126/science.1215135.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22461615" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adipose Tissue, White/metabolism ; Animals ; Carrier Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Female ; Gluconeogenesis ; Glucose/metabolism ; Glucose Clamp Technique ; Homeostasis ; Insulin/administration & dosage/blood ; *Insulin Resistance ; Liver/metabolism ; *Longevity ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Multiprotein Complexes ; Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Sirolimus/*pharmacology ; TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics/metabolism
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    A logic-gated nanorobot for targeted transport of molecular payloads (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-02-22
    Description: We describe an autonomous DNA nanorobot capable of transporting molecular payloads to cells, sensing cell surface inputs for conditional, triggered activation, and reconfiguring its structure for payload delivery. The device can be loaded with a variety of materials in a highly organized fashion and is controlled by an aptamer-encoded logic gate, enabling it to respond to a wide array of cues. We implemented several different logical AND gates and demonstrate their efficacy in selective regulation of nanorobot function. As a proof of principle, nanorobots loaded with combinations of antibody fragments were used in two different types of cell-signaling stimulation in tissue culture. Our prototype could inspire new designs with different selectivities and biologically active payloads for cell-targeting tasks.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Douglas, Shawn M -- Bachelet, Ido -- Church, George M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Feb 17;335(6070):831-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1214081.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22344439" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antigens, CD/immunology ; Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/immunology ; Cell Line, Tumor ; *DNA/chemistry ; Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/immunology ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin Fragments/immunology ; Metal Nanoparticles ; Mice ; Molecular Conformation ; *Nanostructures ; *Robotics ; Sialic Acid Binding Ig-like Lectin 3 ; *Signal Transduction
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Mysteries of the brain. How are memories retrieved? (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-10-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Miller, Greg -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Oct 5;338(6103):30-1. doi: 10.1126/science.338.6103.30-b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23042864" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Brain/*physiology ; Hippocampus/physiology ; Humans ; *Mental Recall ; Neuronal Plasticity ; Rats
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Secreted kinase phosphorylates extracellular proteins that regulate biomineralization (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-05-15
    Description: Protein phosphorylation is a fundamental mechanism regulating nearly every aspect of cellular life. Several secreted proteins are phosphorylated, but the kinases responsible are unknown. We identified a family of atypical protein kinases that localize within the Golgi apparatus and are secreted. Fam20C appears to be the Golgi casein kinase that phosphorylates secretory pathway proteins within S-x-E motifs. Fam20C phosphorylates the caseins and several secreted proteins implicated in biomineralization, including the small integrin-binding ligand, N-linked glycoproteins (SIBLINGs). Consequently, mutations in Fam20C cause an osteosclerotic bone dysplasia in humans known as Raine syndrome. Fam20C is thus a protein kinase dedicated to the phosphorylation of extracellular proteins.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3754843/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3754843/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tagliabracci, Vincent S -- Engel, James L -- Wen, Jianzhong -- Wiley, Sandra E -- Worby, Carolyn A -- Kinch, Lisa N -- Xiao, Junyu -- Grishin, Nick V -- Dixon, Jack E -- DK018024-37/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DK018849-36/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- GM094575/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK018849/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R37 DK018024/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- T32 CA009523/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Jun 1;336(6085):1150-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1217817. Epub 2012 May 10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0721, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22582013" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Abnormalities, Multiple/genetics/metabolism ; Amino Acid Motifs ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Calcification, Physiologic ; Casein Kinase I ; Casein Kinases/metabolism ; Caseins/*metabolism ; Cattle ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cleft Palate/genetics/metabolism ; Exophthalmos/genetics/metabolism ; Extracellular Matrix Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism/secretion ; Glycoproteins/metabolism ; Golgi Apparatus/*enzymology ; HEK293 Cells ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; Microcephaly/genetics/metabolism ; Milk/enzymology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Osteopontin ; Osteosclerosis/genetics/metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Sorting Signals ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/chemistry/metabolism/secretion ; *Secretory Pathway ; Substrate Specificity
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    Cell biology. Heart brakes (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-09-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Burghardt, Thomas P -- Ajtai, Katalin -- R01 AR049277/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL095572/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Sep 7;337(6099):1182-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1227943.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN 55905, USA. burghardt@mayo.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22955824" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Actin Cytoskeleton/*physiology ; Animals ; Carrier Proteins/*metabolism ; *Myocardial Contraction ; Myocardium/*metabolism ; Myofibrils/*metabolism ; Myosins/*metabolism
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    Materials science. Small but extremely tough (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-06-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tanner, K Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Jun 8;336(6086):1237-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1222642.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK. elizabeth.tanner@glasgow.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22679085" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animal Structures/*anatomy & histology ; Animals ; Crustacea/*anatomy & histology/*physiology
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    A single progenitor population switches behavior to maintain and repair esophageal epithelium (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-07-24
    Description: Diseases of the esophageal epithelium (EE), such as reflux esophagitis and cancer, are rising in incidence. Despite this, the cellular behaviors underlying EE homeostasis and repair remain controversial. Here, we show that in mice, EE is maintained by a single population of cells that divide stochastically to generate proliferating and differentiating daughters with equal probability. In response to challenge with all-trans retinoic acid (atRA), the balance of daughter cell fate is unaltered, but the rate of cell division increases. However, after wounding, cells reversibly switch to producing an excess of proliferating daughters until the wound has closed. Such fate-switching enables a single progenitor population to both maintain and repair tissue without the need for a "reserve" slow-cycling stem cell pool.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3527005/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3527005/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Doupe, David P -- Alcolea, Maria P -- Roshan, Amit -- Zhang, Gen -- Klein, Allon M -- Simons, Benjamin D -- Jones, Philip H -- 079249/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 092096/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- G0601740/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G0700600/1/National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research/United Kingdom -- G0800784/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- MC_U105370181/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- U.1053.00.010(70181)/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Aug 31;337(6098):1091-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1218835. Epub 2012 Jul 19.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Medical Research Council (MRC) Cancer Cell Unit, Hutchison-MRC Research Centre, Cambridge, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22821983" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biomarkers/analysis ; Cell Differentiation/drug effects ; Cell Division/drug effects ; Cell Proliferation/drug effects ; Cells, Cultured ; Doxycycline/pharmacology ; Epithelial Cells/*physiology ; Epithelium/drug effects/metabolism/*physiology ; Esophagus/*cytology/*physiology ; Green Fluorescent Proteins/biosynthesis ; Histones/biosynthesis ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/biosynthesis ; *Regeneration ; Stem Cells/metabolism/*physiology
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    Locally synchronized synaptic inputs (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-01-24
    Description: Synaptic inputs on dendrites are nonlinearly converted to action potential outputs, yet the spatiotemporal patterns of dendritic activation remain to be elucidated at single-synapse resolution. In rodents, we optically imaged synaptic activities from hundreds of dendritic spines in hippocampal and neocortical pyramidal neurons ex vivo and in vivo. Adjacent spines were frequently synchronized in spontaneously active networks, thereby forming dendritic foci that received locally convergent inputs from presynaptic cell assemblies. This precise subcellular geometry manifested itself during N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-dependent circuit remodeling. Thus, clustered synaptic plasticity is innately programmed to compartmentalize correlated inputs along dendrites and may reify nonlinear synaptic integration.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Takahashi, Naoya -- Kitamura, Kazuo -- Matsuo, Naoki -- Mayford, Mark -- Kano, Masanobu -- Matsuki, Norio -- Ikegaya, Yuji -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Jan 20;335(6066):353-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1210362.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22267814" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials ; Animals ; CA3 Region, Hippocampal/cytology/physiology ; Calcium/metabolism ; Dendritic Spines/*physiology/ultrastructure ; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Transgenic ; Nerve Net/*physiology ; Neuronal Plasticity ; Organ Culture Techniques ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Pyramidal Cells/*physiology ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Somatosensory Cortex/cytology/physiology ; Synapses/*physiology
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    Mutations in the neverland gene turned Drosophila pachea into an obligate specialist species (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-09-29
    Description: Most living species exploit a limited range of resources. However, little is known about how tight associations build up during evolution between such specialist species and the hosts they use. We examined the dependence of Drosophila pachea on its single host, the senita cactus. Several amino acid changes in the Neverland oxygenase rendered D. pachea unable to transform cholesterol into 7-dehydrocholesterol (the first reaction in the steroid hormone biosynthetic pathway in insects) and thus made D. pachea dependent on the uncommon sterols of its host plant. The neverland mutations increase survival on the cactus's unusual sterols and are in a genomic region that faced recent positive selection. This study illustrates how relatively few genetic changes in a single gene may restrict the ecological niche of a species.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4729188/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4729188/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lang, Michael -- Murat, Sophie -- Clark, Andrew G -- Gouppil, Geraldine -- Blais, Catherine -- Matzkin, Luciano M -- Guittard, Emilie -- Yoshiyama-Yanagawa, Takuji -- Kataoka, Hiroshi -- Niwa, Ryusuke -- Lafont, Rene -- Dauphin-Villemant, Chantal -- Orgogozo, Virginie -- AI064950/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI064950/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 HG003229/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Sep 28;337(6102):1658-61.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉CNRS UMR7592, Universite Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23019649" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Cactaceae/*metabolism ; Cholesterol/metabolism ; Conserved Sequence ; Dehydrocholesterols/metabolism ; Drosophila/genetics/*physiology ; Drosophila Proteins/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; *Food Chain ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Mutation ; Oxygenases/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; Protein Conformation ; RNA Interference ; Selection, Genetic ; Species Specificity
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    Comment on "A diverse assemblage of Late Cretaceous dinosaur and bird feathers from Canadian amber" (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2012-02-22
    Description: McKellar et al. (Reports, 16 September 2011, p. 1619) analyzed Late Cretaceous amber specimens from Canada and identified some filaments as dinosaurian protofeathers. We argue that their analysis and data do not provide sufficient evidence to conclude that such filaments are feather-like structures. Further investigation, including destructive sampling, must be carried out for more convincing conclusions.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dove, Carla J -- Straker, Lorian C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Feb 17;335(6070):796; author reply 796. doi: 10.1126/science.1216208.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Division of Birds, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA. dovec@si.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22344430" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Birds/*anatomy & histology ; Dinosaurs/*anatomy & histology ; Feathers/*anatomy & histology ; *Fossils ; *Pigmentation
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    Ecology. Integrating the captive and the wild (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2012-12-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Redford, Kent H -- Jensen, Deborah B -- Breheny, James J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Nov 30;338(6111):1157-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1228899.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Archipelago Consulting, Irvington, NY 10533, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23197520" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Animals, Wild ; *Animals, Zoo ; Climate Change ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Endangered Species ; *Extinction, Biological
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    Membrane fusion intermediates via directional and full assembly of the SNARE complex (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2012-06-02
    Description: Cellular membrane fusion is thought to proceed through intermediates including docking of apposed lipid bilayers, merging of proximal leaflets to form a hemifusion diaphragm, and fusion pore opening. A membrane-bridging four-helix complex of soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNAREs) mediates fusion. However, how assembly of the SNARE complex generates docking and other fusion intermediates is unknown. Using a cell-free reaction, we identified intermediates visually and then arrested the SNARE fusion machinery when fusion was about to begin. Partial and directional assembly of SNAREs tightly docked bilayers, but efficient fusion and an extended form of hemifusion required assembly beyond the core complex to the membrane-connecting linkers. We propose that straining of lipids at the edges of an extended docking zone initiates fusion.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3677693/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3677693/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hernandez, Javier M -- Stein, Alexander -- Behrmann, Elmar -- Riedel, Dietmar -- Cypionka, Anna -- Farsi, Zohreh -- Walla, Peter J -- Raunser, Stefan -- Jahn, Reinhard -- 3P01GM072694-05S1/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P01 GM072694/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Jun 22;336(6088):1581-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1221976. Epub 2012 May 31.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Gottingen, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22653732" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Lipid Bilayers/chemistry/*metabolism ; *Liposomes/chemistry/metabolism ; *Membrane Fusion ; Protein Binding ; Protein Conformation ; Rats ; SNARE Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism ; Vesicle-Associated Membrane Protein 2/metabolism
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    Neuroscience. Revitalizing remyelination--the answer is circulating (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2012-04-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Redmond, Stephanie A -- Chan, Jonah R -- R01 NS062796/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Apr 13;336(6078):161-2. doi: 10.1126/science.1221689.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22499927" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aging ; Animals ; Demyelinating Diseases/*physiopathology/therapy ; Macrophages/*physiology ; Mice ; Myelin Sheath/*physiology ; Oligodendroglia/*physiology ; Parabiosis ; Phagocytosis ; Spinal Cord Diseases/*physiopathology/therapy
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    Biochemistry. Visualizing the influenza genome (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2012-11-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tao, Yitzhi Jane -- Zheng, Wenjie -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Dec 21;338(6114):1545-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1231588. Epub 2012 Nov 22.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA. ytao@rice.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23180772" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/*chemistry/*ultrastructure ; RNA Replicase/*chemistry ; RNA, Viral/*chemistry ; Ribonucleoproteins/*chemistry ; Viral Proteins/*chemistry ; Virion/*chemistry ; *Virus Replication
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    Hepcidin and the iron-infection axis (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-11-10
    Description: Iron lies at the center of a battle for nutritional resource between higher organisms and their microbial pathogens. The iron status of the human host affects the pathogenicity of numerous infections including malaria, HIV-1, and tuberculosis. Hepcidin, an antimicrobial-like peptide hormone, has emerged as the master regulator of iron metabolism. Hepcidin controls the absorption of dietary iron and the distribution of iron among cell types in the body, and its synthesis is regulated by both iron and innate immunity. We describe how hepcidin integrates signals from diverse physiological inputs, forming a key molecular bridge between iron trafficking and response to infection.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Drakesmith, Hal -- Prentice, Andrew M -- G0700844/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G0901149/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- MC-A760-5QX00/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- MC_U123292699/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- MC_U123292700/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- MC_U123292701/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Nov 9;338(6108):768-72. doi: 10.1126/science.1224577.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Molecular Immunology Group and Medical Research Council (MRC) Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK. alexander.drakesmith@ndm.ox.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23139325" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides/*metabolism ; Bacteria/metabolism/pathogenicity ; Hepcidins ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Humans ; *Immunity, Innate ; Infection/*immunology/*metabolism/microbiology ; Inflammation/metabolism ; Iron/*metabolism ; Iron, Dietary/metabolism ; Leukocytes/metabolism ; Liver/metabolism ; Macrophages/metabolism ; Signal Transduction
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Identification and functional expression of the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-05-26
    Description: The transport of pyruvate, the end product of glycolysis, into mitochondria is an essential process that provides the organelle with a major oxidative fuel. Although the existence of a specific mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC) has been anticipated, its molecular identity remained unknown. We report that MPC is a heterocomplex formed by two members of a family of previously uncharacterized membrane proteins that are conserved from yeast to mammals. Members of the MPC family were found in the inner mitochondrial membrane, and yeast mutants lacking MPC proteins showed severe defects in mitochondrial pyruvate uptake. Coexpression of mouse MPC1 and MPC2 in Lactococcus lactis promoted transport of pyruvate across the membrane. These observations firmly establish these proteins as essential components of the MPC.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Herzig, Sebastien -- Raemy, Etienne -- Montessuit, Sylvie -- Veuthey, Jean-Luc -- Zamboni, Nicola -- Westermann, Benedikt -- Kunji, Edmund R S -- Martinou, Jean-Claude -- MC_U105663139/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Jul 6;337(6090):93-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1218530. Epub 2012 May 24.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cell Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22628554" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Anion Transport Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Biological Transport ; Biosynthetic Pathways ; Culture Media ; Lactococcus lactis/genetics/metabolism ; Leucine/metabolism ; Mice ; Mitochondria/*metabolism ; Mitochondrial Membrane Transport Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Mitochondrial Membranes/*metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Proprotein Convertase 1/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Proprotein Convertase 2 ; Pyruvic Acid/*metabolism ; Recombinant Proteins/metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genetics/growth & development/metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Thioctic Acid/biosynthesis/metabolism ; Valine/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 79
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    Erasure of a spinal memory trace of pain by a brief, high-dose opioid administration (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-01-17
    Description: Painful stimuli activate nociceptive C fibers and induce synaptic long-term potentiation (LTP) at their spinal terminals. LTP at C-fiber synapses represents a cellular model for pain amplification (hyperalgesia) and for a memory trace of pain. mu-Opioid receptor agonists exert a powerful but reversible depression at C-fiber synapses that renders the continuous application of low opioid doses the gold standard in pain therapy. We discovered that brief application of a high opioid dose reversed various forms of activity-dependent LTP at C-fiber synapses. Depotentiation involved Ca(2+)-dependent signaling and normalization of the phosphorylation state of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors. This also reversed hyperalgesia in behaving animals. Opioids thus not only temporarily dampen pain but may also erase a spinal memory trace of pain.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Drdla-Schutting, Ruth -- Benrath, Justus -- Wunderbaldinger, Gabriele -- Sandkuhler, Jurgen -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Jan 13;335(6065):235-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1211726.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurophysiology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22246779" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Analgesics, Opioid/*administration & dosage ; Animals ; Calcium Signaling ; Evoked Potentials ; Hyperalgesia/chemically induced/drug therapy ; Long-Term Potentiation/*drug effects ; Male ; Naloxone/administration & dosage ; Nerve Fibers, Unmyelinated/*drug effects/physiology ; Nociceptive Pain/*drug therapy/physiopathology ; Phosphorylation ; Piperidines/*administration & dosage ; Protein Kinase C/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Protein Phosphatase 1/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptors, AMPA/metabolism ; Receptors, Opioid, mu/agonists/metabolism ; Sciatic Nerve/*drug effects/physiology ; Somatostatin/administration & dosage/analogs & derivatives ; Spinal Cord/physiology ; Synapses/*drug effects/physiology
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    Broadly neutralizing antibodies present new prospects to counter highly antigenically diverse viruses (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-07-17
    Description: Certain human pathogens avoid elimination by our immune system by rapidly mutating the surface protein sites targeted by antibody responses, and consequently they tend to be problematic for vaccine development. The behavior described is prominent for a subset of viruses--the highly antigenically diverse viruses--which include HIV, influenza, and hepatitis C viruses. However, these viruses do harbor highly conserved exposed sites, usually associated with function, which can be targeted by broadly neutralizing antibodies. Until recently, not many such antibodies were known, but advances in the field have enabled increasing numbers to be identified. Molecular characterizations of the antibodies and, most importantly, of the sites of vulnerability that they recognize give hope for the discovery of new vaccines and drugs.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3600854/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3600854/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Burton, Dennis R -- Poignard, Pascal -- Stanfield, Robyn L -- Wilson, Ian A -- P01 AI082362/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI084817/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Jul 13;337(6091):183-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1225416.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Immunology and Microbial Science and International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. burton@scripps.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22798606" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: AIDS Vaccines/immunology ; Animals ; Antibodies, Neutralizing/*immunology ; Antibodies, Viral/*immunology ; *Antigenic Variation ; Drug Discovery ; HIV Antibodies/chemistry/*immunology ; HIV Infections/immunology/prevention & control ; HIV-1/*immunology/pathogenicity ; Hepacivirus/*immunology ; Hepatitis C/immunology/prevention & control ; Humans ; Influenza Vaccines ; Influenza, Human/immunology/prevention & control ; Models, Molecular ; Orthomyxoviridae/*immunology ; env Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/chemistry/immunology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Neuropathology. Blast injuries linked to neurodegeneration in veterans (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-05-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Miller, Greg -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 May 18;336(6083):790-1. doi: 10.1126/science.336.6083.790.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22605724" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Animals ; Axons/pathology ; Blast Injuries/metabolism/*pathology ; Brain/*pathology ; Brain Chemistry ; Brain Injury, Chronic/metabolism/*pathology ; Humans ; Male ; Mice ; Middle Aged ; *Military Personnel ; *Veterans ; Young Adult ; tau Proteins/analysis
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 82
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    Breakthrough of the year. Scorecard: rating last year's areas to watch (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-12-22
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Dec 21;338(6114):1532. doi: 10.1126/science.338.6114.1532.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23258868" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Elementary Particles ; Genome, Bacterial ; Humans ; Intellectual Disability/drug therapy ; Mars ; Molecular Epidemiology ; *Science ; Spacecraft ; Stem Cells/metabolism
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  • 83
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    Bateman in nature: predation on offspring reduces the potential for sexual selection (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-11-10
    Description: Sexual selection is driven by competition for mates, and the advantage of a competitor is determined by the number of offspring it produces. Early experiments by Angus Bateman characterized this interaction, and the quantitative relationship between a male's number of mates and number of offspring is known as the Bateman slope. Sexual dimorphism, one of the most obvious results of sexual selection, largely requires a positive Bateman relationship, and the slope provides an estimate of the potential for sexual selection. However, natural selection from the environment can also influence male success, as can random effects, and some have argued for inclusion of the latter in calculations of mate success. Data from pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) reveal the presence of a positive Bateman slope in each year of a 10-year study. We found no evidence that random effects skewed male mating success; however, substantial yearly variation in the Bateman slope due to predation on fawns was evident. These results support the validity of the Bateman relationship, yet they also demonstrate that environmental or extrinsic influences can limit the potential for sexual selection.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Byers, John -- Dunn, Stacey -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Nov 9;338(6108):802-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1224660.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844-3051, USA. jbyers@uidaho.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23139332" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antelopes/*physiology ; Biological Evolution ; Coyotes ; Female ; Linear Models ; Male ; *Mating Preference, Animal ; Montana ; *Predatory Behavior ; Reproduction ; Selection, Genetic ; Sex Characteristics ; Sex Ratio ; *Sexual Behavior, Animal
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  • 84
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    Immunology. A decorated virus cannot hide (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-11-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Herzog, Roland W -- Ostrov, David A -- R01 AI051390/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Nov 9;338(6108):748-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1230342.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pediatrics University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA. rherzog@ufl .edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23139318" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenoviridae Infections/*immunology ; Adenoviruses, Human/*immunology/*metabolism ; Animals ; Factor X/*metabolism ; Humans ; *Immunity, Innate
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    U.S. basic research: delayed drug development (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-09-29
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Reidenberg, Marcus M -- Erle, Henry -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Sep 28;337(6102):1605.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23019629" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biomedical Research/*economics ; Humans ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/*economics
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  • 86
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    Highly conserved protective epitopes on influenza B viruses (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-08-11
    Description: Identification of broadly neutralizing antibodies against influenza A viruses has raised hopes for the development of monoclonal antibody-based immunotherapy and "universal" vaccines for influenza. However, a substantial part of the annual flu burden is caused by two cocirculating, antigenically distinct lineages of influenza B viruses. Here, we report human monoclonal antibodies, CR8033, CR8071, and CR9114, that protect mice against lethal challenge from both lineages. Antibodies CR8033 and CR8071 recognize distinct conserved epitopes in the head region of the influenza B hemagglutinin (HA), whereas CR9114 binds a conserved epitope in the HA stem and protects against lethal challenge with influenza A and B viruses. These antibodies may inform on development of monoclonal antibody-based treatments and a universal flu vaccine for all influenza A and B viruses.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3538841/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3538841/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dreyfus, Cyrille -- Laursen, Nick S -- Kwaks, Ted -- Zuijdgeest, David -- Khayat, Reza -- Ekiert, Damian C -- Lee, Jeong Hyun -- Metlagel, Zoltan -- Bujny, Miriam V -- Jongeneelen, Mandy -- van der Vlugt, Remko -- Lamrani, Mohammed -- Korse, Hans J W M -- Geelen, Eric -- Sahin, Ozcan -- Sieuwerts, Martijn -- Brakenhoff, Just P J -- Vogels, Ronald -- Li, Olive T W -- Poon, Leo L M -- Peiris, Malik -- Koudstaal, Wouter -- Ward, Andrew B -- Wilson, Ian A -- Goudsmit, Jaap -- Friesen, Robert H E -- GM080209/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P41RR001209/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- RR017573/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- T32 GM080209/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- U54 GM094586/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- Y1-CO-1020/CO/NCI NIH HHS/ -- Y1-GM-1104/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Sep 14;337(6100):1343-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1222908. Epub 2012 Aug 9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22878502" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Antibodies, Monoclonal/chemistry/*immunology ; Antibodies, Neutralizing/chemistry/immunology ; Conserved Sequence ; Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/*immunology ; Humans ; Immunodominant Epitopes/chemistry/*immunology ; Influenza B virus/*immunology ; Influenza Vaccines/*immunology ; Mice ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Neutralization Tests ; Orthomyxoviridae Infections/*prevention & control ; Protein Conformation
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    Cancer. California weighs tobacco tax hike to fund research (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-04-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Miller, Greg -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Apr 27;336(6080):399-400. doi: 10.1126/science.336.6080.399.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22539688" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biomedical Research/*economics ; California ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; Financing, Government ; *Neoplasms ; *Research Support as Topic ; *Smoking/adverse effects/economics/legislation & jurisprudence ; Smoking Cessation ; State Government ; Taxes/*legislation & jurisprudence ; *Tobacco/adverse effects ; Tobacco Industry
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  • 88
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    Dam threatens Mekong ecology (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-12-22
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lanza, Guy R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Dec 21;338(6114):1537. doi: 10.1126/science.338.6114.1537-a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23258871" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*economics ; *Endangered Species ; *Environment ; *Investments ; *Trees
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  • 89
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    Cancer research. Cancer prevention with a diabetes pill? (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-01-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Taubes, Gary -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Jan 6;335(6064):29. doi: 10.1126/science.335.6064.29.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22223788" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: AMP-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism ; Animals ; Anticarcinogenic Agents/*therapeutic use ; Blood Glucose/metabolism ; Clinical Trials as Topic ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy ; Humans ; Hypoglycemic Agents/pharmacology/*therapeutic use ; Insulin/blood/metabolism ; Metformin/pharmacology/*therapeutic use ; Mice ; Neoplasms/epidemiology/*prevention & control ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism ; Somatomedins/metabolism
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  • 90
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    Cancer research. Unraveling the obesity-cancer connection (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-01-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Taubes, Gary -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Jan 6;335(6064):28, 30-2. doi: 10.1126/science.335.6064.28.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22223787" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Proliferation ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications/*metabolism ; Diet ; Glucose/metabolism ; Humans ; Insulin/blood/*metabolism ; Mutation ; Neoplasms/*etiology/genetics/metabolism/pathology ; Obesity/complications/*metabolism ; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/metabolism ; Receptor, Insulin/metabolism ; Receptors, Somatomedin/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Somatomedins/*metabolism
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  • 91
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    Immunology. Select inflammasome assembly (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-04-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Caffrey, Daniel R -- Fitzgerald, Katherine A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Apr 27;336(6080):420-1. doi: 10.1126/science.1222362.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22539706" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Carrier Proteins/*metabolism ; GTP-Binding Proteins/*metabolism ; Humans ; Inflammasomes/*metabolism ; Macrophages/*metabolism
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 92
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    Breakthrough of the year. The runners-up (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-12-22
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Dec 21;338(6114):1525-32. doi: 10.1126/science.338.6114.1525.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23258865" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Brain-Computer Interfaces ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Elementary Particles ; Embryonic Stem Cells ; Fossils ; Genetic Engineering ; Genome, Human ; Genomics ; Hominidae/genetics ; Humans ; Lasers ; Mars ; Oocytes/cytology ; Protein Conformation ; Protozoan Proteins/chemistry ; *Science ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Spacecraft ; Trypanosoma brucei brucei/enzymology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 93
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    Paleontology. Old and groovy (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-06-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Droser, Mary L -- Gehling, James G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Jun 29;336(6089):1646-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1223848.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA. mary.droser@ucr.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22745409" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Fossils
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 94
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    Biomedicine. Nanoparticle treatment reverses cerebral palsy in rabbits (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-04-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Miller, Greg -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Apr 20;336(6079):286. doi: 10.1126/science.336.6079.286.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22517832" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acetylcysteine/*administration & dosage/therapeutic use ; Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; Astrocytes/drug effects ; Brain/*drug effects ; Cerebral Palsy/*drug therapy ; Dendrimers/*administration & dosage/therapeutic use ; Disease Models, Animal ; Microglia/drug effects ; Neuroprotective Agents/administration & dosage/therapeutic use ; Rabbits
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 95
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    Anthropology. Did australopiths climb trees? (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-11-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Larson, Susan -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Oct 26;338(6106):478-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1230128.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA. susan.larson@stonybrook.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23112319" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Hominidae/*anatomy & histology ; Humans ; *Locomotion ; Scapula/*anatomy & histology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 96
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    Turbulence, cleavage, and the naked embryo: a case for coral clones (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-03-03
    Description: After mass spawning events, coral embryos, lacking the protective capsule of other metazoans, are directly exposed to the environment at the ocean surface. Here, we present evidence that modest turbulence disrupts the integrity of these embryos, which fragment into totipotent cells that develop into proportionately smaller functional larvae. The level of turbulence required to fragment coral embryos can be generated from small wind-generated waves, which occur frequently during coral spawning on the Great Barrier Reef. The formation of planktonic coral clones, through natural embryo fragmentation of broadcast spawn, is a previously unknown mode of reproduction in the animal kingdom.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Heyward, A J -- Negri, A P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Mar 2;335(6072):1064. doi: 10.1126/science.1216055.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS), The University of Western Australia Oceans Institute, WA, Australia. a.heyward@aims.gov.au〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22383841" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anthozoa/*embryology/*physiology ; Blastomeres/physiology ; *Coral Reefs ; Embryo, Nonmammalian/*physiology ; Embryonic Development ; Larva/growth & development ; Reproduction ; *Seawater ; *Water Movements ; Wind
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 97
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    Actin network architecture can determine myosin motor activity (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-06-09
    Description: The organization of actin filaments into higher-ordered structures governs eukaryotic cell shape and movement. Global actin network size and architecture are maintained in a dynamic steady state through regulated assembly and disassembly. Here, we used experimentally defined actin structures in vitro to investigate how the activity of myosin motors depends on network architecture. Direct visualization of filaments revealed myosin-induced actin network deformation. During this reorganization, myosins selectively contracted and disassembled antiparallel actin structures, while parallel actin bundles remained unaffected. The local distribution of nucleation sites and the resulting orientation of actin filaments appeared to regulate the scalability of the contraction process. This "orientation selection" mechanism for selective contraction and disassembly suggests how the dynamics of the cellular actin cytoskeleton can be spatially controlled by actomyosin contractility.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3649007/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3649007/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Reymann, Anne-Cecile -- Boujemaa-Paterski, Rajaa -- Martiel, Jean-Louis -- Guerin, Christophe -- Cao, Wenxiang -- Chin, Harvey F -- De La Cruz, Enrique M -- Thery, Manuel -- Blanchoin, Laurent -- GM097348/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM097348/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Jun 8;336(6086):1310-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1221708.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant (iRTSV), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Grenoble, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22679097" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Actin Cytoskeleton/*metabolism/*ultrastructure ; Actins/chemistry/*metabolism ; Actomyosin/chemistry/metabolism ; Animals ; Myosin Heavy Chains/chemistry/*metabolism ; Myosin Type II/chemistry/*metabolism ; Rabbits ; Swine
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 98
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    IBI series winner. A mutant search--Caenorhabditis elegans and gene discovery (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-11-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉LaRue, Candace C -- Padilla, Pamela A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Oct 26;338(6106):487-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1215229.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton TX 76203, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23112325" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Caenorhabditis elegans/*genetics ; Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins/*genetics ; DNA Mutational Analysis ; *Genetic Association Studies ; Genetic Research ; *Genetic Testing ; Genetics/*education ; Mutation ; Texas ; Universities
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 99
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    Profile: Kit Parker. Engineering a new line of attack on a signature war injury (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-01-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Miller, Greg -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Jan 6;335(6064):33-5. doi: 10.1126/science.335.6064.33.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22223790" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Afghan Campaign 2001- ; Animals ; Axons/pathology ; Blast Injuries/pathology/*physiopathology ; Brain Injuries/epidemiology/pathology/*physiopathology ; Cells, Cultured ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Integrins/metabolism ; Iraq War, 2003-2011 ; Neurons/physiology ; Tissue Engineering ; Vasospasm, Intracranial/pathology/physiopathology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 100
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    Neuroscience. Ode to the mushroom bodies (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-02-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dubnau, Josh -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Feb 10;335(6069):664-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1218171.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA. dubnau@cshl.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22323806" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Drosophila/*physiology ; Drosophila Proteins/*biosynthesis ; Memory, Long-Term/*physiology ; Mushroom Bodies/*physiology ; Neurons/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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