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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 62.65 ; 42.80
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The S/N ratio of the beat note obtained from the frequency mixing between a 32 THz CO2 laser, a 10.7 THz H2O laser and a 22 GHz klystron is measured as a function of incident power of both lasers and the klystron on the W-Ni point contact diode. A maximum S/N ratio of 36 dB is obtained. It is found that the S/N ratio arises from the product of the contributions due to the incident power and the fifth coefficient of the current-voltage characteristic of the W-Ni diode. These characteristics are discussed qualitatively.
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  • 2
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    Applied physics 34 (1984), S. 171-173 
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.65 ; 42.80
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Interference of resonant ninth-order and nonresonant seventh-order nonlinear polarizations in Hg atoms has been studied, and direct conversion of fundamental ir radiation into the vuv has been obtained. The interference has been observed in the form of a Fano-Boitler contour. The efficiency of generation by ninth-order processes appears to be higher than that by seventh-order.
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  • 3
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    Applied physics 35 (1984), S. 113-118 
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.80
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract An acoustooptic (AO) deflector/modulator using a single-mode crossed-channel waveguide of 2Δn type and an interdigital transducer is fabricated in aY-Z LiNbO3 substrate. This module has shown a high diffraction efficiency. A 50% diffraction efficiency and a bandwidth of 13.4 MHz were obtained with 0.13 W of surface-acoustic wave power centered at 320MHz. Since the cross section of the channel waveguide and that of the optical fiber are comparable, the interfacting of the resultant acoustooptic devices with fiber optical systems would greatly simplified. In addition, the frequency-shifted optical beam can be conveniently used as a reference signal or local oscillator in heterodyne detection. Consequently, this cross-channel acoustooptic device should find a variety of applications in realizing an integrated-optics module with a 50–50% power slit, optical communication, and an optical fiber system. One of those applications, optical gyroscopes, is proposed by using this kind of crossed-channel AO device.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 32 ; 42.80 ; 33 ; 82 ; 34
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    Topics: Physics
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  • 5
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    Applied physics 28 (1982), S. 373-381 
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.55 ; 42.80 ; 52
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We investigated noise and fluctuations of the output power of cataphoretic HeSe+ lasers in positive column plasma. Direct coupling of laser output power noise and fluctuations of the local population inversion was found. An investigation of the positive column plasma showed moving striations being responsible for the gain fluctuations. Whereas the local plasma properties are dominated by high frequency striations in the 100 kHz range, integrated quantities such as laser gain per pass are most strongly influenced by low-frequency waves with a continuous noise spectrum below 200 kHz. External modulation of the discharge voltage or current at a frequency near thehf striations reduces laser noise and increases laser output power.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.10 ; 42.80
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The validity of 2-D coupled-wave theory is investigated for the case of Bragg diffraction of a Gaussian beam by a thick unslanted phase grating in transmission mode. Fourier plane wave decomposition theory, as presented in a companion article, is used to test 2-D coupled-wave theory under circumstances when its validity is in question, namely when the incident distribution is very narrow or fast-varying, or when the parameterv o, due to Kogelnik (1969), which is proportional to the product of coupling rate and grating thickness, is very large. Numerical evaluations of the field patterns at output from the grating, obtained using plane-wave decomposition, are used to explore the effect of the gradual violation of the conditions (from the previous article) under which 2-D coupled-wave theory is valid.
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  • 7
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    Applied physics 29 (1982), S. 263-267 
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.55 ; 42.65 ; 42.80
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The duration, shape, and background intensity level of pulses of a passively modelocked Nd-glass laser are determined by noncollinear phase-matched four-photon frequency mixing of time-separated fundamental and second-harmonic pulses in a KI crystal. The pulse shape is found to be slightly asymmetric with slower trailing than rising parts. The background intensity level before and behind the main pulse is about 5¢10−6 the peak pulse intensity.
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  • 8
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    Applied physics 33 (1984), S. 103-113 
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.68 ; 42.80 ; 42.60
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A long-path absorption procedure for the determination of tropospheric OH concentrations is described in detail. Initial measurements using this method were carried out in Frankfurt a. M. By including in the evaluation the visible radiation of a frequencydoubled dye laser used in the measurements, it was possible to mathematically reduce the signal fluctuations caused by the scattering and density fluctuations of tropospheric air. The resulting detection limit was 3×106 OH per cm3. SO2 concentrations which had to be simultaneously determined in order to eliminate an interference effect, could be detected in the range of 1–40 ppb on the absorption path.
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  • 9
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    Applied physics 26 (1981), S. 89-98 
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.80 ; 42.82 ; 42.10
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The two-dimensional analysis of a recently reported thick grating Bragg diffraction focussing device is carried out using Solymar's coupled-wave approach. It is shown that the device is capable of operating as a non-divergent lens with beam contraction ratios of better than 100:1, and conversion efficiencies of nearly 100%. It is also shown that it can operate as a novel kind of Fourier spectrum analyser, the focussed diffracted intensity being proportional (as a function of Bragg condition violation) to the modulus squared of the Fourier transform of the incident finite beam. The focussing properties are studied as functions of incident beam profile, width and position, grating strength and Bragg condition violation. Poynting vector optics is used successfully to predict (in conjunction with the dispersion surfaces of x-ray dynamical theory) the off-Bragg behaviour in the focal plane. It is likely that the device could be used as avariable ratio beam contractor in integrated optics, where the grating strength could be controlled (interdigital electrode system) electrooptically.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 85.60 ; 42.80 ; 42.55 ; 33
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    Topics: Physics
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  • 11
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    Applied physics 29 (1982), S. 43-54 
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.80 ; 32
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract This paper analyses the slight change undergone by the polarization of a laser beam performing a multipass between two spherical mirrors facing each other. We replace the general 16-parameter Mueller formalism by an approximate 7-parameter one, and we give a quantitative experimental criterion for the validity of this approximation. Then we apply this formalism to the analysis of our experimental data. The results evidence:i) intrinsic birefringence in the mirror coatings (typical value per reflexion ∼2 to 4×10−4 rad);ii) birefringence due to off-normal incidence (typically 3.6×10−5 rad per reflexion for an incidence of 2×10−2 rad);iii) optical rotation, of purely geometrical origin (typically 14° for a multipass with revolution symmetry and 100 forward-backward passes under constant incidencei=2°);iv) no observable circular dichroism (≲10−6). Finally these results are discussed in connection with possible associated systematics in a parity violation experiment which motivated this work.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 33 ; 34 ; 36 ; 42.80
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    Topics: Physics
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  • 13
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    Applied physics 35 (1984), S. 119-122 
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.72 ; 42.80 ; 42.60
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The output of a CO2 laser, operating on theP I(18) transition of13C16O2 at 26941 GHz (11.128 μm) was phase-locked to a 5 MHz signal from a primary Cs frequency standard by means of a frequency chain having only CO2 lasers as infrared sources. Simultaneously, four other CO2 lasers in the chain were phase-locked to the 26941 GHz output. This provided CO2 laser frequencies at 26 450 305, 26 940 815, 28 694 625, 29 442 480, and 33 185 715 MHz having zero long-term-average frequency error relative to the Cs standard, and the ±10−13 (≃3 Hz) long-term absolute uncertainty of the standard.
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  • 14
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    Applied physics 34 (1984), S. 139-143 
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.80 ; 78.20L
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The optical and magnetooptical properties of thin film multilayer systems including a ferromagnetic absorbing layer were measured by ellipsometry. These were compared to calculations, using the ellipsometric data of each individual layer and measuring their thicknesses by FECO to determine the refractive indices and magnetooptical parameters of each layer for the calculation of the whole stack. Agreement between calculated and measured properties of the stack showed to be strongly dependent on the precision in measuring film thickness.
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  • 15
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    Applied physics 27 (1982), S. 153-156 
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 33 ; 42.80 ; 07.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A sub-Doppler spectroscopic technique involving the detection of vibrational energy transfer in excited molecules with selected velocity components at a microphone diaphragm is demonstrated. The technique is applied to the investigation of thev 3 R(16) transition in HCN and the results compared with a previously derived theoretical model.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 68 ; 42.70 ; 42.60 ; 61.70 ; 61.50 ; 42.80 ; 29
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    Topics: Physics
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  • 17
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    Applied physics 28 (1982), S. 349-353 
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.80 ; 42.82
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Various methods for the recording of blazed holographic diffraction gratings are presented and the regions in the wavelength-groove density plane for which they can be used are shown. The gratings are made in the positive photoresist Shipley AZ-1350. The diffraction efficiency for s and p polarization was measured as a function of wavelength and angle of incidence. An absolute efficiency of 80% was achieved.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.80 ; 42.60
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The values of the chopping disc slot and mark space widths relative to the radius of the Gaussian beam are found, which achieve optimum harmonic-like and efficient amplitude modulation of the cw laser beam. The simple approximation for the waveform of the modulated laser power valid for these optimum or near optimum values of the chopping disc parameters is presented.
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  • 19
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    Applied physics 28 (1982), S. 359-366 
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.30 ; 42.80
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, the general formulations of the apparent transfer function for the partially coherent optical processor will be derived. Although these formulas show that the apparent transfer function is dependent upon the degree of spatial and temporal coherence, there is actually more variability in the spatial coherence. We note that the obtained formulas may also be used as a criterion in the selection of source size and spectral bandwidth of an incoherent light source. Thus a specific optical information processing operation can be carried out with an incoherent source.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.60 ; 42.80
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A time standard based on the use of an optical oscillation period of a frequencystable He−Ne laser as a time scale is first described. We obtained highly frequency-stable oscillations in the SHF range that were locked to the oscillations of a He−Ne laser stabilized to an absorption resonance in methane at 3.39 μm. A direct comparison of frequency stabilities of a rubidium standard and He−Ne/CH4 laser has been made. The absolute measurement of the frequency of the He−Ne/CH4 laser we performed gave a new value of frequency.
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  • 21
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    Applied physics 29 (1982), S. 73-77 
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 82 ; 78.60 ; 42.80
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The mechanism of intramolecular energy transfer in two bifluorophoric laser dyes has been investigated by measurements of laser parameters, excited state absorption and phosphorescence spectra. The new value found for the dimethyl-POPOP triplet energy (48.0 kcal/mole) accounts for the different behaviour of the two classes of bifluorophoric dyes used in this investigation.
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  • 22
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.80 ; 42.55
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    Topics: Physics
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  • 23
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.80 ; 42.65
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    Topics: Physics
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  • 24
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    Applied physics 29 (1982), S. 227-233 
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 86 ; 70L ; 07.60 ; 42.80
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we report on a differential absorption technique using a CO2 waveguide laser. The method is based on the measurement of the differential absorption between two different frequencies of the same selected CO2 laser line. The sensitivity of the technique depends strongly on the total pressure and has been estimated to be about a few tens of ppb or better over a 1 km path length in C2H4 diluted with air to a total pressure of a few tens of torrs. Its relative simplicity and high sensitivity at low total pressure enable this technique to be applied to gas detection either at high altitude or to local monitoring of a low pressure sample.
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  • 25
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    Applied physics 29 (1982), S. 279-285 
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 07.65 ; 42.80
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The minimum absorption detectable by a tunable diode laser spectrometer utilising harmonic techniques is often limited by interference fringes generated by scattered light. The sensitivity of the spectrometer to absorption can be increased by applying a jitter modulation. In this paper, the theory of harmonic response for single- and two-tone modulation over optical fringes and Lorentzian absorption lines is developed and compared to experimental measurements. A simple analytic expression for the two-tone harmonic line shape is derived. This expression provides a physical understanding of the effects of the second modulation, and a means to unravel the effects of the second modulation on the linewidth and line shape. For a specific choice of the jitter frequency and phase, it is possible to simultaneously minimise the fringe signal and increase the harmonic absorption signal. The results of this investigation are applicable to trace gas detection using tunable diode lasers, and to other areas of spectroscopy and magnetic resonance where harmonic techniques are used.
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  • 26
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    Applied physics 35 (1984), S. 23-30 
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.80 ; 41
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract I intend to investigate the effects of different kinds of partially reflecting metal film (plasma layer) on the wave characteristics of a stratified titanium-diffused LiNbO3 optical waveguide. The mode number, the equivalent indices, the extinction coefficients, the field distributions and the powers carried in each layer are given as a function of the free-space wavelength, of the diffusion parameters, and of the opticc-axis orientation. Of course, the power of TM-like hybrid waves flows in opposite directions in the plasma and the other regions. For ac-axis varying in the transverse plane, the ith-order hybrid mode is rather complicated in the guide with an aluminum layer. There, in fact, the field mapping can be seen as an overlap of a TE i with a TM i+1, mode because of a sudden transformation of the TM0 mode into a superficial plasma wave (SPW). On the contrary, with a silver layer, the hybrid field is a simple combination of a TE i with a TM i mode with no SPW growing. The guide losses assume the lowest values (1 dB/cm) for an Ag layer which is the prime candidate for making electro-optical or acoustic-optical devices. On the other hand, the nickel film causes the highest losses (≧66 dB/cm).
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  • 27
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    Applied physics 35 (1984), S. 45-48 
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.80 ; 06.60Jn
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A simple autocorrelation scheme for measurement of single ultrashort light pulses in the 1–500 ps range is proposed. Only a diffraction grating and a mirror are utilized to obtain a variable time delay between two collinear beams. The advantages of the proposed method and the effect of the grating dispersion on the autocorrelator performance are discussed.
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  • 28
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    Applied physics 29 (1982), S. 79-87 
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.50 ; 42.65 ; 42.80
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract By use of circularly polarized light we have exploited optical pumping within the Zeeman sublevels of the ground state to obtain optical bistability in sodium vapours with low threshold power (around 1 mW) and a wide tuning range (〉12 GHz). Experimental results are presented for different conditions of operation and compared to computer calculations, that include propagation effects and inhomogeneous broadening, based on a three-level atomic model that accounts for optical pumping.
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  • 29
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    Applied physics 29 (1982), S. 135-138 
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 06 ; 42.80
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The effect of fluctuations in the pulse duration of synchronously pumped modelocked pulse trains on excite and probe measurements is discussed. Relaxation times comparable with the pulse durations can be measured even when large pulse-to-pulse fluctuations in duration exist. The pump and probe pulse durations are assumed to be correlated. When the probe pulses are the second harmonic of the pump, or vice versa, the third harmonic must also be generated to permit deconvolution of experimental excite and probe data. When the pump and probe pulses have the same time dependence, the excite and probe curves consist of the desired response function convolved with the time-averaged second harmonic autocorrelation function which is easily measured. Deconvolution yields the relaxation time but fluctuations in pulse duration increase the root-mean-square voltage fluctuation at the output of the detector system and limit the accuracy with which the relaxation time can be calculated.
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  • 30
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 36 ; 42.80 ; 52
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    Topics: Physics
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  • 31
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    Applied physics 35 (1984), S. 17-21 
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.70 ; 42.65 ; 42.80
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Anisotropic selfdiffraction in BaTiO3 crystals utilizing the large electrooptic coefficientr 42 is described. In the absence of an external electric field the generated space charge field is determined by diffusion processes. The theory is in agreement with the experimental results. The angles between extraordinary and ordinary beams, the intensity and time dependence of transmitted and diffracted beams, and phase conjugation effects are measured and evaluated.
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  • 32
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    Applied physics 9 (1976), S. 343-345 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.80 ; 42.50
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract It is shown that propagation in an unstable resonator can be expressed in a form similar to that applicable to a plane-mirror resonator, but with the magnification appearing as a scaling parameter.
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  • 33
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    Applied physics 26 (1981), S. 213-216 
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    Keywords: 06 ; 42.80
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Fluctuating pulse durations considerably influence the time resolution of probing experiments. The commonly used arithmetic averaging the experimental data changes the shape of the signal curves and gives longer decay times in the wings. Methods are presented to reduce the effect of fluctuating pulse durations.
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  • 34
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    Applied physics 27 (1982), S. 211-213 
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    Keywords: 06 ; 42.80
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The use of the depth discriminination property of the confocal scanning microscope for surface profiling has been adapted to provide a method of high-resolution three-dimensional surface profilometry. Measurements on a semiconductor specimen demonstrate the technique; depth variations of the order of 0.1 μm are clearly resolved.
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  • 35
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    Applied physics 26 (1981), S. 203-210 
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    Keywords: 07.65 ; 42.80
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A series of experiments are carried out by current modulating a tunable diode laser, and slowly ramping the wavelength to scan weak absorption lines in gases at pressures ranging from 2 to 60 Torr. A lock-in amplifier detects the second harmonic (2f) of the modulation frequency, and the experimental 2f signals are compared with theory. Detailed measurements are made on Lorentzian, Voigt, and Gaussian line profiles, over a wide range of modulation amplitudes. Excellent agreement between experiment and calculation is obtained in all cases. This quantitative understanding enables one to derive true lineshapes and linewidths of very weak absorption lines from measurements of 2f lineshapes only. Results are applicable to trace gas detection using tunable diode lasers, and to other areas of spectroscopy and magnetic resonance where harmonic detection techniques are routinely employed to monitor weak signals.
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  • 36
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    Applied physics 27 (1982), S. 99-104 
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.30 ; 42.80
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A relation between spatial coherence function and source encoding intensity transmittance function is presented. Since the spatial coherence is depending upon the information processing operation, a strictly broad spatial coherence function may not be required for the processing. The advantage of the source encoding is to relax the constraints of strict coherence requirement, so that the processing operation can be carried out with an extended incoherent source. Emphasis of the source encodings and experimental demonstrations are given. The constraint of temperal coherence requirement is also discussed.
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  • 37
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    Applied physics 28 (1982), S. 63-72 
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.10 ; 42.80
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Two rival techniques used in the analysis of Bragg diffraction of two-dimensional light beams by thick unslanted phase gratings, namely Fourier plane wave decomposition and 2-D coupled-wave theory, are compared. The advantages and regions of applicability of each are discussed, and the conditions found under which they yield identical results. In particular, the results of plane-wave decomposition are used to provide quantitative conditions for validity of 2-D coupled-wave theory. These conditions are not easily derived using any other technique, and set quantitative limits to how narrow or fast-varying the incident distribution may be before 2-D coupled-wave theory fails. It is also shown that 2-D coupled-wave theory is inadequate when the parameterv 0, due to Kogelnik (1969), which is proportional to the product of coupling rate and grating thickness, is very large.
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  • 38
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    Keywords: 42.80 ; 42.65 ; 34 ; 42.55 ; 42.70 ; 78
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  • 39
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    Keywords: 42.55 ; 36.20 ; 36.10 ; 02 ; 36 ; 42.80
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  • 40
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  • 41
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    Applied physics 26 (1981), S. 37-42 
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    Keywords: 42.80 ; 42.82 ; 42.10
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    Notes: Abstract Novel thick grating focussing and de-focussing devices are described which employ uniform phase gratings with special boundary shapes. The analysis used is based upon an eigenmodal approach to Kogelnik's coupled-wave equations, akin to the dynamical theory of x-ray diffraction. The relationship between the direction of phase progression of the coupled-waves at Bragg incidence, and the direction of the Poynting vector is carefully delineated. As a consequence, a new technique-Poynting Vector Optics — is suggested as potentially an important means of designing thick gratings to fulfil certain beam processing roles, especially in integrated optics applications. The two-dimensional coupled-wave equations are briefly employed to illustrate the effectiveness of a particular focussing device.
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  • 42
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    Applied physics 35 (1984), S. 135-140 
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    Keywords: 07.60 ; 42.80 ; 87
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    Notes: Abstract A new technique is presented to incorporate exogeneous gene materials (DNA) into cells with a microbeam irradiation from an uv pulsed laser. A frequency-multiplied Nd:YAG laser, 355 m wavelength, 5 ns pulse duration, punches a self-healing hole of submicrometer aperture in cell membrane under selected irradiation conditions. It takes a fraction of a second for the aperture to close, long enough to allow the foreign DNA, contained in the medium, to slip into the cell. The method offers a clear advantage over existing methods: increases the success rate of DNA transfection as well as the efficiency of cell modification by orders of magnitude.
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  • 43
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    Applied physics 35 (1984), S. 145-148 
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    Keywords: 42.80 ; 42.10
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    Notes: Abstract Faraday rotation within a polarization non-conserving single-mode optical fiber is used for ac magnetic field measurement. For that purpose the intrinsic fiber birefringence on the path to and from the Faraday rotation section is controlled. As control devices externally applied stress birefringence and phase retarder plates were used. With respect to magnetic field measurements on high electric potentials all control devices are placed at fiber input and output only.
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  • 44
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.70 ; 42.55 ; 42.80
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  • 45
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    Keywords: 52 ; 42.55 ; 42.80 ; 51
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  • 46
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    Applied physics 13 (1977), S. 211-223 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.80 ; 85.30 ; 85.60
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    Notes: Abstract Both low attenuation silica optical fibers with peak transmission in the wavelength regions of 0.85 μm, and 1.05 μm, and improved lasers at both wavelengths are now available. In this review paper, the principal components for emission, modulation and detection are described. The characteristics of both semiconductor lasers, made of GaAs and related compounds, emitting at 0.85 μm or 1.05 μm and high neodymium-content lasers are discussed. For modulation, current modulation of GaAs lasers and external electro-optic modulation are considered. Concerning detection, the realisation of Si photodetectors suitable at 0.85 μm and the new photodetectors at 1.05 μm from Ga1−x In x As are reviewed.
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  • 47
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    Applied physics 19 (1979), S. 47-51 
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    Keywords: 42.55 ; 42.80
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    Notes: Abstract The possibility of building free-electron lasers and masers with quasi-circular undulators is considered. The two-mirror cavity is replaced by a suitable waveguide. The magnetic field along the orbit has a continuous component superimposed on the alternating one. Besides allowing large freedom for electron guiding and focusing, the structure allows effective negative mass conditions, which may enhance the electron beam modulation when space charge effect are important. Furthermore the radiation frequency can be higher than that in a linear undulator with the same electron energy, and long interaction times are possible in a compact structure.
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  • 48
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    Applied physics 24 (1981), S. 55-59 
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    Keywords: 78.20 ; 42.80 ; 85.60
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    Notes: Abstract The fundamental absorption edge of evaporated WO3 films is investigated. The optical gap of the virgin film is estimated to be 3.41 eV at room temperature and it decreases with increase of annealing temperature up to 200°C. Annealing at 300°C leads to change in the spectral shape, which is caused by crystallization. For the films annealed at 200°C, temperature coefficient of the optical gap is estimated to be −2×10−4 eV/K and the slope of Urbach's tail is found to be independent of measuring temperature up to 200°C. With electrolytic coloration, shift of the optical gap toward higher energy is observed. Magnitude of this shift is estimated to be 0.05 eV at the color center concentration of 7.5×1021 cm−3 when H+ electrolyte is used. If Li+ electrolyte is used, the magnitude of this shift is about three times larger than in the case of H+ electrolyte. This fact is interpreted by a small change in the host matrix structure owing to the injection of proton or Li+ during coloration.
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  • 49
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    Applied physics 19 (1979), S. 265-268 
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    Keywords: 84.60 ; 42.80
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    Notes: Abstract A focusing collector for air heater, the concentrator being Fresnel lenses, is here examined. The sunlight is focalized on black-body metallic sheets, contained in an insulated box, through which the energy is transferred to the fluid (dry air). The sheets, having the same height, are arranged at a distance one from another increasing from the center to the edges in order to trap all the incident energy. The energy reflected by the sheets is also trapped. A thermotechnical analysis of the system in order to determine the optimal conditions for the heat transfer is reported.
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  • 50
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 61.80 ; 42.80 ; 85.30
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    Notes: Abstract An analytical treatment of the thermal phenomena during free-running ruby laser annealing of boron implanted silicon is presented. The heat equation was solved for a simplified shape of the pulse train consisting of a uniform succession of triangular spikes, identical in energy. During one spike the optical and thermal parameters of the sample were taken constant, but for each new spike, new values of these parameters were calculated taking into account their temperature dependence. Such a model predicts the melting of the top surface before the laser pulse has ended, for energy densities higher than 9×104 J/m2. RHEED confirms the presence of recristallization at about the same value of the laser-pulse energy densities.
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  • 51
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    Applied physics 33 (1984), S. 181-182 
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    Notes: Abstract Time delays of typically 15–17μ have been measured directly for PbS1−xSex, Pb1−xSnxSe and Pb1−xSnxTe diode lasers at injection levels just above threshold in each case. The corresponding minority carrier lifetimes, as determined using the one-carrier injection model, were typically 2–4μ.
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  • 52
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    Notes: Abstract The dielectric constant of a PbTe epitaxial layer has been measured by surface wave spectroscopy using an optically pumped far-infrared laser and the technique of attenuated total reflection.
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  • 53
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    Applied physics 11 (1976), S. 241-246 
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    Keywords: 42.30 ; 42.80
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    Notes: Abstract The diffraction theory of image construction has been used, in the case of a differential interferometer employing a Wollaston prism, to derive the position of the interference fringes in dependence upon the phase object and the prism position. This procedure is not only more correct, but proves also to be simpler than the corresponding geometric-optical treatment. An example is presented in which the fringe shift resulting from a symmetrical gas flow has been used to evaluate the gradient of the optical path perpendicular to the rotational axis of symmetry.
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  • 54
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    Applied physics 12 (1977), S. 293-296 
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    Keywords: 42.82 ; 42.80 ; 78.20
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    Notes: Abstract An improved method for the reconstruction of diffused waveguide index profiles from experimental mode spectra is proposed. The method uses a parabolic approximation between successive points. It is tested on the example of an exponential profile, and applied to the reconstruction of index profiles in Ag+ ion-exchanged waveguides from measured mode spectra. This method appears to work well also in the cases of very few mode wave-guides.
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  • 55
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    Applied physics 13 (1977), S. 137-140 
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    Notes: Abstract The spectral excess attenuation caused by coupling between the guided HE11 mode and radiation modes is calculated with the aid of the formula derived by Marcuse for the radiation loss of a monomode optical fiber with step-index profile and sinusoidally perturbed core radius. The pronounced minima and maxima of the spectral excess attenuation curve converge as the spatial frequency of the perturbation of the core radius increases. Even perturbation amplitudes as small as 0.01 μm may lead to excess attenuations of the order of 10 dB/km if the radiation wavelength does not coincide with an attenuation minimum. The spectral behavior of the excess attenuation can be utilized to design fibers which act as optical filters.
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  • 56
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    Applied physics 13 (1977), S. 383-385 
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    Keywords: 42.55 ; 42.80
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    Notes: Abstract An optically pumped FIR laser was operated with a copper mesh Fabr-Perot output coupler. With this device a Gaussian output beam was obtained andthe degree of coupling could be varied continuously, thus allowing optimum coupling. From the measured properties of the wire mesches grains of two FIR laser lines are calculated and the saturation intensities estimated.
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  • 57
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    Applied physics 14 (1977), S. 25-28 
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    Keywords: 42.55 ; 42.80
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    Notes: Abstract A new device for magnetically displacing the output mirror of a laser resonator and synchronously tilting an etalon in order to obtain single-mode tuning of a dye laser over a tuning range of at least 10 GHz is described. Comparatively large displacements with good linearity of a coil mounted on a membrane and placed inside the strong magnetic field of a ring magnet are obtained for currents in the order of several hundred milliamperes. Together with etalon flats of appropriate thickness and reflection mounted in the resonator of the laser a versatile instrument for application in intra and extra cavity spectroscopy has been developed.
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  • 58
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    Applied physics 13 (1977), S. 307-309 
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    Keywords: 42.80 ; 85.60 ; 78.20
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    Notes: Abstract The Faraday rotation associated with the Zeeman effect in gases is used to rotate the plane or polarization of plane polarized light with low loss of intensity. Advantage is taken of the rapid decrease of absorption relative to Faraday rotation between the split Zeeman components. Calculations of this Faraday rotation are applied to obtain design parameters for an isolator for 5.26 μm which show a significant improvement over conventional designs.
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  • 59
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    Applied physics 14 (1977), S. 255-268 
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    Notes: Abstract GaAs double heterostructure semiconductor injection lasers which now exhibit more than 25000 h cw room temperature lifetime are of great interest for future use as directly modulated transmitters for high bit-rate fiber optical communications. The effects limiting this application are modulation distortions, spectral width and additional spectral broadening in the case of modulation and spontaneous fluctuations of the output power. The dynamic and spectral behavior of injection lasers, the methods of high bit-rate modulation and the improvement of the high bit-rate modulation capability by coupling two lasers are discussed.
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  • 60
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    Applied physics 16 (1978), S. 309-311 
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    Keywords: 42.80 ; 77.80 ; 78.20
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    Notes: Abstract Birefringent properties of PLZT ceramics (Pb83La17)(Zr30Ti70)O3 were investigated by measuring the transverse electrooptic effect in a 0.2 mm-thick wafer at various speeds of external voltage changes. At least two types of internal polarized microregions of different physical nature in charge of the electrooptical properties are observed.
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  • 61
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    Applied physics 18 (1979), S. 39-52 
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    Keywords: 42.80 ; 78.20 ; 41
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    Notes: Abstract We introduce a rigorous formulation for the problem of the diffraction by a finitely-conducting, bi-periodic surface. The formationon is based on a coordinate transformation which maps the grating surface onto a plane. The transformed Maxwell equations are resolved using an iterative technique. The numerical implementation is tested against a number of criteria, including a comparison with two recently developed formalisms. As well, it is shown to give results in agreement with the Reciprocity Theorem, which is derived for efficiencies of crossed gratings in unpolarized light. The method has been shown to work throughout the whole range of values of surface conductivity. We investigate the effect of a surface-corrugation on the solar absorptance of a metallic mirror. We discuss a useful equivalence property linking the behaviour of crossed gratings with that of classical gratings. We exhibit for the first time a grating in a highly-reflecting metal capable of totally absorbing unpolarized incident light.
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  • 62
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    Applied physics 15 (1978), S. 213-218 
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    Keywords: 42.65 ; 42.80 ; 32
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    Notes: Abstract The Wiener functional expansion method for the analysis of nonlinear systems is applied to identify and analyze both nonlinear and linear molecular systems by spectroscopic methods. As the sampling filter (monochromator) of any spectroscopic apparatus may be defined by a Weber-Hermite polynomial, an analysis of the refracted or scattered light by orthogonal polynomials is easily achieved. Time averaging obtains the Weber-Hermite coefficients which permit the characterization of the molecular system with respect to the polarization of the incident and scattered light. In the case of two series of measurements made with incident and emerging light polarized in different directions: the identification of the JonesM matrices for the molecular system irradiated is possible. In the case of three series of measurements made, for example, with incident and emerging light (a) circularly polarized corotating, (b) circularly polarized contrarotating, and (c) plane polarized perpendicular: the identification of the molecular system's McClain invariants related to the vibrational symmetry group for Raman inelastic light scattering is possible. The analysis presents a unified picture of elastic and inelastic light scattering and one-photon and two-photon processes. The apparatus described would detect those instances in molecular systems for which Beer's law does not apply.
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  • 63
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    Applied physics 18 (1979), S. 307-309 
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    Notes: Abstract The optical shape of the heater's surface of solar energy concentrating collectors is here examined. Multi reflection effect, through a macrocavity analysis is introduced. The optical design of the cavity is accomplished and the cavity effect determined. Thermotechnical analysis of the system, in order to determine the optimal conditions for the heat transfer and for the maximization of the energy radiative balance, is introduced.
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  • 64
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    Notes: Abstract The noise characteristic of available laser sources limits the sensitivity of many types of nonlinear spectroscopy. We show how to maximize the sensitivity by optimizing the strength of a local oscillator wave in a heterodyne detection scheme without altering the amplitude of the wave being detected. The intensity profile of the optimum local oscillator closely matches that of the incident probe wave, but the optimum intensity is much less than that of the probe under realistic conditions. A general signal-to-noise analysis applicable to all nonlinear spectroscopy techniques is presented along with specific applications to coherent Raman spectroscopy, two-photon absorption, saturation spectroscopy, and optical coherent transient techniques. A simple optimization procedure employing polarization selection rules is described. Detailed calculations are performed for the case of TEM00 waves interacting via a third-order nonlinear susceptibility and for the case where the sample is simultaneously probed at many different frequency combinations.
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    Applied physics 24 (1981), S. 331-340 
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    Keywords: 06.60 ; 42.60 ; 42.80
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    Notes: Abstract A full-automatic wavelength controled pulsed dye laser has been developed. With the control system, dye laser oscillations of nanosecond pulses are tuned to any wavelength in the visible or scanned in any sweep mode keeping the nearly transform-limited bandwidth of 0.45 GHz. A mechanical tuning of the wavelength is employed, such that the motion of three wavelength selectors is synchronized to give a smooth and precise wavelength control. The basic principle underlying the tuning scheme, various requirements to be met in system construction, and the practical performance of automatic wavelength control are described in this paper.
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    Applied physics 25 (1981), S. 311-316 
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    Keywords: 07.40 ; 07.60 ; 42.60 ; 42.80
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    Notes: Abstract A high precision wavelength meter in the visible is described, which is based on a Fabry-Perot interferometer with several etalons of different resolution. The interference fringe pattern projected on a photo-diode array detector is computationally processed to give a stepwise refinement of the wavelength value to any adjusted accuracy. The present model intends to provide digital and real-time values of high precision wavelength for dye-laser spectroscopy, and to serve as a monitor or as a pilot for wavelength control of a dye-laser source of nanosecond pulses. The model is, therefore, designed with particular emphasis on its short-pulse capability and on-line mode of operation as well as on its high sensitivity and resolution. Some arrangements of essential necessity are involved therein, such as to avoid an errorneous wavelength readout for a noisy incidence of pulsed field. The ultimate accuracy of wavelength measurement is prescribed by the resolving power of the thickest etalon employed. As applied to the pulsed source, the model determines the wavelength to the accuracy of ±one part in 107 for even a single shot nanosecond incidence of a fraction of μJ energy. The design and performance are described in connection to pulsed dye-laser incidence.
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    Applied physics 10 (1976), S. 203-217 
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    Keywords: 42.30 ; 42.80
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    Notes: Abstract The use of laser light to perform linear and nonlinear computational operations is reviewed. On linear operations, we discuss schemes involving gratings, computer holograms and optical feedback for addition, subtraction, differentiation, generalized orthogonal transformations and feedback operations. The important methods for implementing the spatial filters and for real-time processing are then briefly described. On nonlinear operations, we discuss technique involving ϕ-modulation, half-tone-screen processes, and nonlinear optical elements with and without coherent feedback for logarithm and thresholding operations. The state-of-the-art of optical processing research and its application areas are then considered at the end.
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    Applied physics 13 (1977), S. 87-95 
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    Notes: Abstract For several years the Max-Planck-Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics has performed experiments with artificial barium clouds in space by means of research rockets and satellites in order to investigate electric fields and currents in the ionosphere and in the magnetosphere. The processes which lead to the formation of these artificial clouds were simulated in laboratory in order to optimize the barium vapor yield and to obtain a better insight into the initial phase of the clouds. In these experiments the combustion of excess barium with copper oxide, the two-phase flow of the combustion products through a nozzle and their expansion into a 20 m3 vacuum chamber were investigated in detail. Purpose of this work is to measure through detection techniques of scattered laser light and thermal radiation: 1) the density of small metall particles on the particle jet axis, 2) the particle velocity, 3) the thermal radiation of larger particles, and 4) the position of the Mach disk which limits the free nozzle jet downstream.
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    Applied physics 14 (1977), S. 229-230 
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    Notes: Abstract Taking advantage of the different cut-off thickness of the two fundamental modes in an optical waveguide, a polarizing structure has been realized. It consists of a narrow stripe (∼100 μm) of reduced diffusion depth in an ion-exchanged waveguide. The TE0-mode passes the polarizer with negligible losses, whereas the TM0-mode is forced to couple out into the substrate. The extinction ratio is better than −16 dB.
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    Applied physics 14 (1977), S. 1-20 
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    Notes: Abstract A brief description is given of the rigorous formulism of Chen, which describes the diffraction by perfectly-conducting inductive grids. The formulism is used to prove several general properties of grids, including the relevant form of the Reciprocity Theorem. The theory is used to investigate the equivalent circuit model proposed by other authors for thin grids, and also to derive a monomodal model of the type first proposed by Chen. The latter model is shown to be useful even in the region where more than one spectral order propagates. The accuracy of the formulism is established by the comparison of calculated results with a number of far-infrared measurements on grids. The use of grids as solar-selective elements is investigated. They are shown to be capable of providinga/e ratios of the order of 30–40, provided that they are always pointed towards the sun, and that the diffuse content of the illumination is low.
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    Applied physics 15 (1978), S. 113-114 
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    Notes: Abstract The electroluminescence spectrum of Zn-doped GaN is independent of uniaxial pressure up to kbars and of temperature in the range 100–300 K.
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    Applied physics 15 (1978), S. 371-375 
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    Notes: Abstract A single-mode dye laser is described in which a “double Michelson” mode selector is used instead of intracavity Fabry-Perot systems. This simple device gives a lower threshold, a high single-mode power (≳250 mW), and a good geometrical quality of the laser beam. Synchronous pressure scanning of the cavity and the mode selector frequencies makes it possible to continuously sweep the optical frequency over 40 GHz without any difficulty. Another version, in which one mirror of the “double Michelson” has been replaced by a retroreflecting optical grating, is also reported. In this case, no selective element (Lyot filter, wedge, ...) has to be inserted in the laser cavity.
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    Applied physics 16 (1978), S. 279-287 
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    Notes: Abstract Optical projection of masks is a very troublesome task if dimensions are in the submicron range. It is difficult to get an undistorted image in the resist. This problem can be overcome by introducing corrections in the penultimate mask. Till now this has been done by a trial and error method in which an acceptable pattern is made only after a time consuming iterative process. In this paper a description will be given of the image forming process in which diffraction at the penultimate mask and at the aperture of the lens are the critical features. Based upon this theory correction formulas are derived for the direct design of penultimate masks. Rules for maximum edge sharpness are given, so that the tolerance demands on the production process can be relaxed. Extensive experimental measurements are in good agreement with theory. It will be shown theoretically as well as practically that by asymmetrical arrangement of the optical system images of gratings with 0.2–0.3 μm linewidth can be obtained.
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  • 74
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    Notes: Abstract A new interferometric method is proposed, using white light fringes of equal chromatic order to determine simultaneously the following paramcters: a) The refractive index of a thin dielectric film, and hence its dispersion. b) The film thickness. c) The correct value of the order of interference. d) The phase shift occuring due to reflection at the dielectric/metal interface. In the present work, doubly silvered zinc sulphide (ZnS) thin dielectric film was used as an example in applying the proposed method.
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  • 75
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    Applied physics 19 (1979), S. 59-61 
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    Keywords: 42.80
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    Notes: Abstract Piezoelectrically generated acoustic transients in longitudinal KDP modulator crystals were investigated, using a photographic method developed for visualizing the acoustic waves. The method gives the possiblity of following the processes of acoustic wave propagation, the reflections of waves at the side faces of the crystal and the wave diffusion caused by crystal imperfections.
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  • 76
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    Applied physics 18 (1979), S. 53-62 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.82 ; 42.10 ; 42.80 ; 85.60
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The characteristics of slab waveguide tapers with finite-thickness cladding are investigated by approximating the tapered section as a series of uniform five-layer waveguides with successive changes in the core and cladding thickness. The behaviour of multimode coupling and transmission characteristics for typical tapers are studied in detail by computer simulation, employing parameter values appropriate for practical systems. Strong coupling and efficient conversion between core and cladding modes are demonstrated. In addition, it is shown that for tapers of moderate slopes, the nearest-neighbour coupling approximation is quite adequate for the calculation of the individual mode amplitudes. For steeper tapers, however, additional neighbouring modes have to be taken into account, and the modal energy tends to spread further towards the higher-order modes. It is also demonstrated that relatively large step-size can be used in the iterative numerical calculations. This, in conjunction with the choice of an appropriate coupling scheme (e.g., the nearest-neighbour approximation for mild tapers), makes it possible to reduce the cost of computer simulation. The relevance of the present analysis to fiber tapers is also discussed.
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  • 77
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    Applied physics 26 (1981), S. 143-149 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.80 ; 42.82
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The exposure-development process for the fabrication of holographic diffraction gratings for integrated optics in the positive photoresist Shipley AZ-1350 is theoretically and experimentally investigated. An analysis of the light intensity distribution is carried out, taking into account the reflectivity at the photoresist-substrate interface and the attenuation in the photoresist for two holographic exposure arrangements. The influence of the exposure energy, the development time for a fixed concentration of the developer and the initial photoresist thickness are described. Various grating profiles are calculated for photoresist films, coated on matched and reflective substrates. Scanning electron micrographs demonstrate very good agreement between the actual and calculated gratings profiles.
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  • 78
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    Applied physics 27 (1982), S. 35-38 
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    Keywords: 42.80 ; 72.40 ; 78.20
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract Undoped tellurium single crystals show at low temperatures (2.2 K) strong photoeffect under submillimeter irradiation. Therefore, tellurium was used as a FIR-detector. For a comparison with other detectors signal-to-noise ratio, response time, and noise equivalent power were determined. Tests were carried out with HCN-laser radiation (λ = 337 μm,≈ν = 30 cm- t). The sensitivity of the Tc-photoconductor is comparable to that of a TGS-bolometer but lower than that of a Ge-bolometer. The Te-detector is much faster than the bolometers.
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  • 79
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    Applied physics 13 (1977), S. 25-28 
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    Keywords: 42.80
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    Notes: Abstract A lead-zirconate-titanate ceramic is used in an electrically controllable diffraction (ECD) grating for reflection of parallel polarized light. The ECD grating used consists of a PZT ceramic with ten pairs of interdigital electrodes having 400 μm period on its surface. The characteristics of the grating and its application to an optical modulator are demonstrated experimentllly with a He−Ne 0.63 μm laser, obtaining a modulation of 60% with the applied peak voltage of 60 V at 24 kHz signal for the incident angle of 60°.
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  • 80
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    Applied physics 14 (1977), S. 313-317 
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    Keywords: 42.80 ; 78.20 ; 78.30
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    Notes: Abstract Commercially available plastic films have been examined, in the spectral range up to 1200 cm−1, for use as a beam splitter in far-infrared Michelson interferometers. The materials reported include polyethylene terephthalate, polycarbonate, polyvinylchloride, polypropylene, cellulose and polyethylene.
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  • 81
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    Applied physics 17 (1978), S. 131-136 
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    Keywords: 42.10 ; 42.60 ; 42.80
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Basic properties are given of the prism anamorphic expander of a Gaussian beam composed of a couple of prisms in tandem. Its shorter overall length for a given expansion, relative ease of optical adjustment, a sharp selection of polarization component, and rather small inclusive dispersion make it an excellent beam expander in a specific laser cavity. The design principle is presented of the prism system with a grating for an anastigmatic optical resonator for a dye laser of narrow linewidth and of short pulse duration.
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  • 82
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    Applied physics 17 (1978), S. 423-424 
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    Keywords: 42.65 ; 42.80
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    Notes: Abstract An optical arrangement for studying two-photon absorption in liquids is presented. The main feature of this new arrangement is fuller utilization of fluorescence light. This makes possible application of very low power cw laser in such experiments.
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  • 83
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    Applied physics 17 (1978), S. 287-293 
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    Keywords: 42.30 ; 42.80
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    Notes: Abstract A method of image enhancement and real-time input of 3-D, microscopic phase objects into a coherent optical pattern recognition system is described. The method consists of directing a low-power laser beam into a microscope objective to produce a real, magnified, coherent image of the specimen under test. The image plane is followed by two successive Fourier transform (FT) planes. In the first FT plane, low and high frequency spatial filters, one of which is photographically produced, are used as pre-processing filters to enhance the image quality. The enhanced signal is imaged from the first FT plane to the second FT plane which contains a matched spatial filter used for specimen identification. The system does not require an expensive incoherent-to-coherent light transducer and in addition, is capable of utilizing both phase and amplitude information from 3-D objects. Examples of results are given.
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  • 84
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    Applied physics 17 (1978), S. 343-347 
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    Keywords: 42.80
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    Notes: Abstract We describe a piezoelectrically tuned and electronically stabilized Michelson Interferometer. The use of a compensation method together with an appropriate modulation technique enables us to measure optical phase modulation Δϕ in light beams interferometrically with a resolution of Δϕ≈3·10−9 rad, where Δϕ stands for the rms value. The sensitivity of the instrument is limited only by shot noise
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  • 85
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    Applied physics 18 (1979), S. 123-130 
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    Keywords: 82.65 ; 42.80 ; 07
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Ellipsometric spectroscopy has been performed on nonpolar ZnO $$(1\bar 100)$$ surfaces in the spectral range 1.5 eV〈ħω〈4.0 eV. Absolute measurements with two different crystal orientations in air allow the determination of the optical constantsn ∥,k ∥ andn ⊥,k ⊥ for light polarized parallel and perpendicular to thec-axis. The ellipsometric angles Δ and ψ are changed remarkably on ultrahigh vacuum cleaved surfaces near the band gap energy of ∼3.4eV when oxygen or atomic hydrogen is adsorbed or when the crystal is annealed. This observation is interpreted in terms of a field effect on the optical constants in the space charge layer.
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  • 86
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    Applied physics 18 (1979), S. 311-319 
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    Keywords: 42.30 ; 42.80
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    Notes: Abstract The use of feedback techniques in optical information processing systems is growing rapidly. This review describes methods by which feedback has been produced, and discusses their applications to processing problems. The methods are classified according to the coherence length of the light source used, ranging from long (single axial mode lasers) through medium (multimode lasers) to short (incoherent light sources). Particular attention is paid to their potential for complex feedback, and for nonlinear and space-variant processing. The temporal characteristics of the systems and the means by which gain can be introduced into the feedback loop are considered. A current bibliography is given.
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  • 87
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    Applied physics 18 (1979), S. 363-373 
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    Keywords: 42.30 ; 42.80 ; 85
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    Notes: Abstract The capabilities of a one-dimensional filtering method for the detection of defects in periodic structures are derived by a detailed theoretical analysis. The signal-to-noise ratio is evaluated as a function of system parameters and a way is described to overcome the disturbing effect of phase defects. Finally, an extremely simple system is described which demonstrated the detection of defects below 2 μm. This demonstrated detection capability was limited by the available test mask and not by the detection system.
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  • 88
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    Applied physics 17 (1978), S. 211-232 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.55 ; 42.65 ; 42.80
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Physical principles, new ways and means of creation, schemes, characteristics and features of efficient high-power tunable pulse Raman lasers, operating in the near and middle ir are reviewed. The paper includes: tunable dye and Nd lasers as pump sources; promising active media and their optimal excitation methods; optical systems for producing spatially homogeneous pumping; the physics of Raman oscillators and their practical schemes, efficient high pulse energy liquid N2 and compressed H2 Raman oscillators, covering several bands in the range between 1.4 and 9.2 μm; the physics and construction of efficient tunable Raman amplifiers-convertors, amplifying in the saturation regime of spontaneously scattered or beforehand produced and collimated external Stokes signals, obtained in the spectral range between 0.83 μm and 18 μm. Raman laser using a, so-called, broadband pump where the linewidth of pumping light is broader than the spontaneous scattering linewidth, are also discussed. Features of both amplification and oscillation regimes of such broadband pumped Raman lasers are reported, and conditions for the efficient frequency conversion are determined.
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  • 89
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    Applied physics 20 (1979), S. 51-54 
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    Keywords: 42.80 ; 62
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The amplitude response of acoustic surface wave (SAW) devices up to the highest frequencies can be determined in an optical way without electric shielding. This makes it possible to use the method for fast nondestructive testing and control in SAW-device production as well.
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  • 90
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    Keywords: 42.80 ; 78.20
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract A new angle of incidence of significance, when considering the reflection of electromagnetic waves at interfaces between transparent media, is defined. At this angle, denoted by φe, the reflection coefficient of parallel-polarized radiation is equal in magnitude and opposite in sign to the reflection coefficient at normal incidence. No similar angle exists for the perpendicular polarization. If ε is the relative dielectric constant, i.e., the ratio of the dielectric constant of the medium of refraction to that of the medium of incidence, we find that tan φe=(ε2+ε)1/2. Measurement of φe, by equalization of the absolute (intensity) reflectances at normal and oblique incidence, allows ε to be determined using the inverse relation ε=(tan2φe+1/4)1/2−1/2.
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  • 91
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    Applied physics 20 (1979), S. 319-323 
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    Keywords: 33 ; 42.65 ; 42.80
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    Notes: Abstract The suitability of a singly resonant optical parametric oscillator pumped by a one-mode field and oscillating simultaneously in several signal and idler modes, for intracavity absorption spectroscopic measurements is studied theoretically. For steadystate operation, the enhancement factor ξ indicating the increased detection sensitivity, is shown to be mainly determined by the ratio of the intensity in one of the signal modes to the intensity (per mode) due to parametric fluorescence. Hence, rather high values of ξ, say of order 108 or more, might be attainable, at least in principle. For pulsed operation, on the other hand, a numerical analysis leads to the result that for realistic pulse durations only moderate values of ξ (smaller than some 103) will be found.
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  • 92
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    Applied physics 24 (1981), S. 201-203 
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    Notes: Abstract A laser signal propagating in an optical fiber is amplified by the evanescent field interacting with the excited Rhodamine 6 G solution surrounding the fiber. A small signal gain of 430 at 600 nm has been measured in a long fiber with a 2 cm long fiber optic amplifier.
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  • 93
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    Applied physics 27 (1982), S. 95-97 
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    Keywords: 42.80 ; 62
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    Notes: Abstract The coupling constant of common or thin-layered-piezoelectric interdigital transducers for surface acoustic waves up to the highest frequencies can be determined in an optical way with reproducibility better than 3%. Being a nondestructive and noncontact method one can apply it in the technological process for fabricating uniform piezoelectric layered transducers.
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  • 94
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    Notes: Abstract The changes in reflectivity of a silicon surface, irradiated by a green picosecond pulse, are probed during and following that pulse with a spatial resolution of 10 μm. The data indicate the development of a liquid phase, and a resolidification either into a single crystal or an amorphous phase. The latter has a characteristic ring-type pattern, and occurs only at locations where the incident picosecond laser fluence lies between 0.2 and 0.26 J/cm2. The reflectivity data appear to be in good quantitative agreement with a “simple heating” model, in which the electrons and phonons maintain a local thermodynamic equilibrium on a picosecond time scale.
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    Applied physics 28 (1982), S. 45-51 
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    Keywords: 42.10 ; 42.80 ; 78.20
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    Notes: Abstract Radiation induced losses and the recovery behavior of several optical fibers have been determined by in situ steady state and by pulse measurements in a nuclear reactor. Agreement with the literature was found for Suprasil and Fibropsil core fibers in ionizing radiation, but our results on Suprasil-W core fibers show an appreciably higher radiation hardness of this material than reported elsewhere. Additionally, increased long term losses were observed, when the mixed radiation flux contained a noticeable content of neutrons.
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