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  • Elsevier  (5,804,765)
  • Nature Publishing Group  (363,433)
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)  (241,959)
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  • 101
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    Space Weather Impact on Radio Communication and Navigation (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: It is well known that space weather can cause significant disruptions to modern communications and navigation systems, leading to increased safety risks, economic losses, and reduced quality of life. Operators of critical infrastructures (both national and international) are also increasingly aware that extreme space-weather events can have severe impacts on their systems. For example, strong ionospheric disturbances can degrade, and sometimes deny access to satellite positioning, navigation, and timing services, central to the operation of many infrastructures. The mitigation of the effects of space weather on technical systems on the ground and in space, and the development of possible protective measures, are therefore of essential importance. We discuss how space weather drives a wide variety of ionospheric phenomena that can disrupt communications and navigation systems and how scientific understanding can help us to mitigate those effects. We also provide recommendations on further research and collaboration with industrial and governmental partners, which are essential for the development and operation of space weather services.
    Description: In press
    Description: OSA3: Climatologia e meteorologia spaziale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Radio communication ; navigation ; satellite positioning ; broadcast ; ionosphere ; radio propagation ; 01.02. Ionosphere
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 102
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    Laboratory simulation of fault reactivation by fluid injection and implications for induced seismicity at the BedrettoLab, Swiss Alps (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: Fluid induced fault reactivation experiments will take place as part of the “Fault Activation and Earthquake Rupture” project (FEAR) at the BedrettoLab, an underground laboratory for geosciences and geo-energy excavated within the Rotondo massif (Swiss Alps). The aim of this publication is to characterize frictional properties and permeability of the main segment of the fault zone selected for limited fluid-induced fault reactivation experiments. Firstly, we characterized fault zone microstructures in the field and in thin sections. Secondly, we assessed fault gouge mineralogy by X-ray powder diffraction analysis, yielding a composition in agreement with similar fault gouges in the same area. Finally, we performed a detailed frictional and permeability characterization in laboratory, using BRAVA (Brittle Rock deformAtion Versatile Apparatus). We performed five frictional experiments, run at the actual in-situ conditions: four experiments for frictional properties characterization; and one further experiment where we stimulated the experimental fault by fluid pressurization applying a similar injection protocol designed for the in-situ hydraulic stimulation experiment. Additionally, we performed microstructural analysis on experimental samples to link frictional and permeability properties with fault fabric evolution. The integration of experimental results with field investigations suggests that the selected fault is potentially seismogenic and can be dynamically reactivated and controlled with hydraulic stimulation. This study highlights the importance of bridging the gap between laboratory and in-situ fault characterization, where experimental results become instrumental for the correct design of injection protocols such as those of FEAR project.
    Description: Published
    Description: 229987
    Description: OST3 Vicino alla faglia
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 103
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    Unveiling high concentrations of small microplastics (11–500 μm) in surface water samples from the southern Weddell Sea off Antarctica (2024)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3The Science of The Total Environment, Elsevier, pp. 172124-172124, ISSN: 0048-9697
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-17
    Description: Recent studies have highlighted the prevalence of microplastic (MP) pollution in the global marine environment and these pollutants have been found to contaminate even remote regions, including the Southern Ocean south of the polar front. Previous studies in this region have mostly focused on MPs larger than 300 μm, potentially underestimating the extent of MP pollution. This study is the first to investigate MPs in marine surface waters south of the polar front, with a focus on small MPs 500–11 μm in size. Seventeen surface water samples were collected in the southern Weddell Sea using an in-house-designed sampling system. The analysis of the entire sample using micro-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (μFTIR) with focal plane array (FPA) detection revealed the presence of MPs in all samples, with the vast majority of the MPs detected being smaller than 300 μm (98.3 %). The mean concentration reached 43.5 (± 83.8) MPs m−3, with a wide range from 0.5 to 267.2 MPs m−3. The samples with the highest concentrations differed from the other samples in that they were collected north of the continental slope and the Antarctic Slope Current. Sea ice conditions possibly also influenced these varying concentrations. This study reports high concentrations of MPs compared to other studies in the region. It emphasizes the need to analyze small MPs, down to a size of 11 μm or even smaller, in the Antarctic Treaty Area to gain a more comprehensive understanding of MP pollution and its potential ecological impacts.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 104
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    Volcanism in Antarctica: An assessment of the present state of research and future directions (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-17
    Description: Over the past decades, significant efforts have been made to understand the nature, dynamics and evolution of volcanic systems. In parallel, the continuous demographic expansion and extensive urbanization of volcanic areas have increased the exposure of our society to these natural phenomena. This increases the need to improve our capacities to accurately assess projected volcanic hazards and their potential socioeconomic and environmental impact, and Antarctica and the sub-Antarctic islands are no exception. More than a hundred volcanoes have been identified in Antarctica, some of which are entirely buried beneath the ice sheet and others as submarine volcanoes. Of these, at least eight large (basal diameters 〉 c. 20-30 km) volcanoes are known to be active and pose a considerable threat to scientific and ever-increasing tourism activities being carried out in the region. Despite the scientific and socioeconomic interest, many aspects of the past volcanic activity and magmatic processes in Antarctica, and current volcanic hazards and risks, remain unknown. Moreover, many of Antarctica’s volcanoes preserve a remarkable history of the eruptive environment, from which multiple parameters of past configurations of the Antarctic ice sheet (AIS) can be deduced. Given the critical role that the AIS plays in regulating Earth’s climate, Antarctica’s volcanoes therefore can be regarded as the ground truth for current models of past climates derived from modelling and studies of marine sediments. Here, we provide a succinct overview of the evolution of volcanism and magmatism in Antarctica and the sub-Antarctic region over the past 200 million years. Then, we briefly review the current state of knowledge of the most crucial aspects regarding Antarctica’s volcanic and magmatic processes, and the contributions volcanic studies have made to our understanding of ice sheet history and evolution, geothermal heat flow, as well as present-day and future volcanic hazard and risk. A principal objective is to highlight the problems and critical limitations of the current state of knowledge and to provide suggestions for future potential directions of volcanic-driven investigations in Antarctica. Finally, we also discuss and assess the importance and scope of education and outreach activities specifically relating to Antarctic volcanism, and within the context of broader polar sciences.
    Description: Published
    Description: 107941
    Description: OSV2: Complessità dei processi vulcanici: approcci multidisciplinari e multiparametrici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 105
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    Cryptotephras in the marine sediment record of the Edisto Inlet, Ross Sea: Implications for the volcanology and tephrochronology of northern Victoria Land, Antarctica (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-17
    Description: We present the results of the tephrochronology study of a 14.49 m long marine sediment core (TR 17–08) collected in the Edisto Inlet, Ross Sea (Antarctica). The core contains four cryptotephra layers at 55–56, 512–513, 517–518, and 524–525 cm of depth, which have been characterised by a detailed description of the texture, mineral assemblage, and single glass shards major and trace element geochemistry. The age model of the investigated sedimentary sequence, based on radiocarbon dating, indicates that the topmost cryptotephra correlates with the widespread 1254 CE tephra erupted by a historical eruption (696 ± 2 cal yrs BP) of Mount Rittmann, in northern Victoria Land. Deeper cryptotephra layers were derived from previously unknown explosive eruptions of Mount Melbourne volcano and were emplaced between 1615 cal yrs BP and 1677 cal yrs BP, e.g. between the 3rd and 4th centuries CE. This discovery demonstrates that the Mount Melbourne volcanic complex has been highly active in historical times allowing significant progress in the current understanding of regional eruptive history. Moreover, from a tephrochronological point of view, the detected cryptotephra provide new regional isochron markers to facilitate high-precision correlations and help stratigraphically constrain changes in environmental and climatic conditions that are identified by multidisciplinary studies.
    Description: Published
    Description: 100079
    Description: OSA3: Climatologia e meteorologia spaziale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 106
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    Preface: Recent advances in equatorial, low- and mid-latitude mesosphere, thermosphere and ionosphere studies (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-23
    Description: Preface of a special issue.
    Description: Published
    Description: 3365-3366
    Description: OSA3: Climatologia e meteorologia spaziale
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 107
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    Testate amoebae (Protozoa) in lakes of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau: Biodiversity, community structures, and protozoic biosilicification in relation to environmental properties and climate warming (2024)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3The Science of The Total Environment, Elsevier, 913, pp. 169661-169661, ISSN: 0048-9697
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-19
    Description: The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) is characterized by a vast number of frozen and unfrozen freshwater reservoirs, which is why it is also called “the third pole” of the Earth or “Asian Water Tower”. We analyzed testate amoeba (TA) biodiversity and corresponding protozoic biosilicification in lake sediments of the QTP in relation to environmental properties (freshwater conditions, elevation, and climate). As TA are known as excellent bio-indicators, our results allowed us to derive conclusions about the influence of climate warming on TA communities and microbial biogeochemical silicon (Si) cycling. We found a total of 113 TA taxa including some rare and one unknown species in the analyzed lake sediments of the QTP highlighting the potential of this remote region for TA biodiversity. 〉1/3 of the identified TA taxa were relatively small (〈30 μm) reflecting the relatively harsh environmental conditions in the examined lakes. TA communities were strongly affected by physico-chemical properties of the lakes, especially water temperature and pH, but also elevation and climate conditions (temperature, precipitation). Our study reveals climate-related changes in TA biodiversity with consequences for protozoic biosilicification. As the warming trend in the QTP is two to three times faster compared to the global average, our results provide not only deeper insights into the relations between TA biodiversity and environmental properties, but also predictions of future developments in other regions of the world. Moreover, our results provide fundamental data for paleolimnological reconstructions. Thus, examining the QTP is helpful to understand microbial biogeochemical Si cycling in the past, present, and future.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 108
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    EPMA maps unveil the actual chemical variations and crystallisation sequence of pyroxene and plagioclase solidified from a basaltic liquid at variable cooling rates (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-13
    Description: Crystal-chemical variations of pyroxene (px) and plagioclase (plg) have been analysed by X-ray electron-microprobe (EPMA) mapping to quantify their actual chemical dispersions. These phases were experimentally crystallised from a basaltic liquid (B100, MORB from Iceland) at cooling rates of 1, 7, 60 and 180 °C/h from 1300 °C down to 800 °C. Experiments were run at ambient conditions applying defined temperature paths mirroring characteristic cooling rates from innermost to outermost portions of metre- to centimetre-thick lavas, dikes and bombs emplaced under submarine to subaerial conditions. As the cooling rate increases from 1 to 180 °C/h, the run-products become progressively enriched in pyroxene and depleted in plagioclase, while spinel is invariably low (few area%) and glass is significant only at 180 °C/h. An increase of cooling rate generally leads to enrichment of Al2O3 and depletion of MgO in px, while the opposite behaviour is observed for plg; these trends are mirrored by calculated cations (apfu: atom per formula unit) and components. Average variations as a function of cooling rate are similar to those already observed through classical analysis performed by single point EPMA. However, the actual chemical distributions of CaO versus MgO, Al2O3 and FeOtot oxides unveil the presence of a wider range in pyroxene chemistry. In particular, one px (px-1, CaO-rich, diopsidic type) is present at all the applied cooling rates; a very low CaO-px (px-2, pigeonite or orthopyroxene type) is detected at 1 °C/h; and, finally, once more population of px (px-3, CaO-poor diopsidic type) appears at 60 and 180 °C/h. By contrast, plg analyses yield invariably identical compositions. Textural variations as a function of cooling rate and geothermometric estimations indicate that px-1 crystallised at high-T (or low ΔT), while plg mainly grew in the residual melt produced by the saturation of px. If only textures were evaluated, this order of segregation would like remain unrecognised since px at low cooling rates is smaller than plg. The abundance of phases, their crystal-chemical features, and their order of segregation can be regarded through a theoretical framework of a time-temperature-transformation (TTT) diagram. The most significant chemical variations are displayed by MgO and Al2O3 for both px and plg, which faithfully capture the evolution of cooling conditions. The chemical compositions of px-1 is close to the thermodynamic equilibrium only at 1 °C/h. As the cooling rates increase, the px chemistry indicates disequilibrium conditions. Finally, this study shows that as ΔT/Δt increases, the most abundant px (px-1) and plg are forced towards compositions that become progressively closer to those of the parental liquid.
    Description: Published
    Description: 121752
    Description: OSV2: Complessità dei processi vulcanici: approcci multidisciplinari e multiparametrici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 109
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    Kinetic partitioning of trace cations between zoned clinopyroxene and a variably cooled-decompressed alkali basalt: Thermodynamic considerations on lattice strain and electrostatic energies of substitution (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-13
    Description: We present kinetic partitioning data for trace cations measured in zoned clinopyroxene crystals obtained from a variably cooled and decompressed olivine basalt erupted at Mt. Etna volcano in Italy. Supersaturation effects and compositional heterogeneities at the interface melt lead to the development of sector zoning, concentric zoning, and patchy zoning in clinopyroxene crystals. Apparent partition coefficients between compositionally different growth layers and adjacent melts (Di) for isovalent groups of trace elements are tested for internal consistency on the thermodynamic basis of lattice strain (ΔGstrain) and electrostatic (ΔGelec) energies of substitutions. The excess energy of partitioning (ΔGpartitioning) for trace cations in zoned crystals accounts for a kinetic incorporation control leading to large enthalpic effects through distortion of the lattice and changes in the electrostatic forces. ΔGpartitioning depends upon the complementary relationship between ΔGstrain and ΔGelec, which is the most appropriate thermodynamic description for the accommodation of rare earth elements and high field strength elements in the lattice site of zoned crystals. Polyhedral sectors, skeletal forms, and overgrowth zones have Di values settled by the number of charge-balanced and -imbalanced configurations taking place in the lattice site as a function of aluminium in tetrahedral coordination, and crystal structural changes produced by heterovalent cation substitutions. In an energetically unstable macroscopic system ruled by cooling and decompression, thermodynamic requirements for the crystallochemical control of Di encompass the attainment of local equilibrium at the crystal-melt interface via the establishment of small-volume reaction kinetics. The requisite of local interface equilibrium is however susceptible to the anisotropic growth velocity of each specific clinopyroxene surface, thereby giving reason to different energetic properties of the crystallographic site. This axiomatic control requires that transition metal cations partition also in consideration of electronic effects related to the crystal field stabilization energy. The overriding implication is that Di values for trace cations having different size, charge, and electronic configuration serve as sensitive probes of the different crystal growth mechanisms, surface incorporation sites, and arrangements of atoms at the lattice-scale. In this perspective, fractional crystallization modeling of 2011–2013 bulk rock data from lava fountains indicates that the compositional evolution of magmas erupted at Mt. Etna cannot be described by a unique equilibrium value of Di for a given clinopyroxene-melt interface. The leverage of interface kinetics is distinctively dominant along the subvolcanic plumbing system, thereby requiring that values of Di differ for structurally and compositionally distinct zones in clinopyroxene phenocrysts. To successfully interpret the trace element signature of Etnean magmas, the archetypal constancy of partition coefficient at bulk thermodynamic equilibrium must be in some measure reappraised in favor of the establishment of a local interface equilibrium upon highly dynamic crystallization and growth conditions.
    Description: Published
    Description: 40-66
    Description: OSV2: Complessità dei processi vulcanici: approcci multidisciplinari e multiparametrici
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 110
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    A ticket to where? Dwindling snow cover impacts the winter tourism sector as a consequence of climate change (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-13
    Description: Climate change affects human activities, including tourism across various sectors and time frames. The winter tourism industry, dependent on low temperatures, faces significant impacts. This paper reviews the implications of climate change on winter tourism, emphasising challenges for activities like skiing and snowboarding, which rely on consistent snowfall and low temperatures. As the climate changes, these once taken-for-granted conditions are no longer as commonplace. Through a comprehensive review supported by up-to-date satellite imagery, this paper presents evidence suggesting that the reliability of winter snow is decreasing, with findings revealing a progressive reduction in snow levels associated with temperature and precipitation changes in some regions. The analysis underscores the need for concerted efforts by stakeholders who must recognize the reality of diminishing snow availability and work towards understanding the specific changes in snow patterns. This should involve multi-risk and multi-instrument assessments, including ongoing satellite data monitoring to track snow cover changes. The practical implications for sports activities and the tourism industry reliant on snow involve addressing challenges by diversifying offerings. This includes developing alternative winter tourism activities less dependent on snow, such as winter hiking, nature walks, or cultural experiences.
    Description: In press
    Description: OSA2: Evoluzione climatica: effetti e loro mitigazione
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Climate change ; Adaptation ; Tourism losses ; Winter sport ; Multi-date satellite imagery ; 05.09. Miscellaneous
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  • 111
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    Low-cost MEMS accelerometers for earthquake early warning systems: A dataset collected during seismic events in central Italy (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-13
    Description: This article describes a dataset of acceleration signals acquired from a low-cost Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) during seismic events that occurred in Central Italy. The WSN consists of 5 low-cost sensor nodes, each embedding an ADXL355 tri-axial MEMS accelerometer with a fixed sampling frequency of 250 Hz. The data was acquired from February 2023 to the end of June 2023. During this period, several earthquake sequences affected the area where the sensor network was installed. Continuous data was acquired from the WSN and then trimmed around the origin time of seismic events that occurred near the installation site, close to the city of Pollenza (MC), Italy. A total of 67 events were selected, whose data is available at the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) Seismology data center. The traces acquired from the WSN were then manually annotated by analysts from INGV. Annotations include picking time for P and S phases, when distinguishable from the background noise, alongside an associated uncertainty level for the manual annotations. The resulting dataset consists of 328 3 × 25,001 arrays, each associated with its metadata. The metadata includes event data (hypocenter position, origin time, magnitude, magnitude type, etc.), trace-related data (mean, median, maximum, and minimum amplitudes, manual picks, and picks uncertainty), and sensor-specific data (sensor name, sensitivity, and orientation). Furthermore, a small dataset consisting of non-seismic traces is included, with the goal of providing records of noise-only traces, relative to both electronic and environmental/anthropic noise sources. The dataset holds potential for training and developing Machine Learning or signal processing algorithms for seismic data with low signal-to-noise ratios. Additionally, it is valuable for research about earthquakes, structural health monitoring, and MEMS accelerometer performance in civil and seismic engineering applications.
    Description: Published
    Description: 110174
    Description: OST5 Verso un nuovo Monitoraggio
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Earthquake early warning; Internet of things; MEMS accelerometers; Structural health monitoring; Wireless sensor network ; 05.04. Instrumentation and techniques of general interest ; 05.02. Data dissemination ; 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 112
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    Plagioclase crystal size distribution parameterization: A tool for tracking magma dynamics at Stromboli (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-14
    Description: In this study we parameterize the textural attributes of plagioclase phenocrysts and microlites from nineteen pyroclasts ejected during mild to violent explosions at Stromboli over a timespan of ∼18 years, from 2003 to 2021. By allying kinetic and crystal size distribution principles, we document that the morphological stability of large-sized, euhedral phenocrysts is superimposed on an internal textural heterogeneity due to growth-dissolution phenomena associated with the input rate of hot, H2O-rich recharge magmas rising from depth. As a result, the volumetric plagioclase proportion, dominant size, and number of phenocrysts per unit volume decrease from mild to violent explosions responding to a more efficient magma mixing process via sustained injections of mafic magmas into the shallow reservoir. On the other hand, the crystallization of anhedral plagioclase microlites is controlled by fast growth kinetics taking place in the uppermost part of the conduit during magma acceleration towards the surface. Under such highly dynamic crystallization conditions, the microlite number density closely depends on the increase of melt liquidus temperature via magma decompression and H2O exsolution. This mutualism allows to model the degassing rate and ascent velocity of magma under open-conduit flow regimes for the different eruptive styles, thereby supporting the idea that violent explosions at Stromboli are driven by sustained influxes of recharge magmas favoring strong acceleration (∼12–27 m/s), decompression (∼0.25–0.49 MPa/s), and H2O exsolution (∼0.005–0.01 wt%/s) before magma discharge at the vent.
    Description: Published
    Description: 107143
    Description: OSV2: Complessità dei processi vulcanici: approcci multidisciplinari e multiparametrici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 113
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    Scenario-based probabilistic hazard assessment for explosive events at the San Salvador volcanic complex, El Salvador (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-14
    Description: We present a scenario-based, probabilistic hazard assessment for the San Salvador volcanic complex (SSVC), a volcanic field located in the vicinity of San Salvador that includes the El Boquer´on stratovolcano and 25 monogenetic vents. We define a set of likely eruption scenarios for tephra fallout and pyroclastic density currents (PDCs). The eruption scenarios range from violent Strombolian eruptions with a significant uncertainty in source position to sub-Plinian and Plinian activity fed from the central cone. The adopted methodology is mainly based on numerical modeling using Tephra2 (adopting the software TephraProb) to study tephra fallout and the branching box model and the branching energy cone model (adopting the programs BoxMapProb 2.0 and ECMapProb 2.0) to describe inertial and frictional PDCs, respectively. Despite the dominant W-WSW-trending winds, numerical results show that Plinian eruptions at El Boquer´on volcano are able to deposit thick tephra layers in the metropolitan area of San Salvador city, likely reaching mass loads of the order of 100 kg/m2 (conditional probability of 50%). The simulated sub-Plinian events highlight the seasonal influence of wind patterns. In fact, the conditional probability of significant tephra sedimentation in San Salvador city is strongly reduced when eruptions occur during the rainy season. Numerical modeling of violent Strombolian eruptions is performed considering uncertainty in vent position. Results show that the conditional probability of depositing tephra mass loads higher than 10 kg/m2 at a given point reaches a maximum value of ~7% on the NW flank of the volcano, at about 8 km from the central crater. On the other hand, very low conditional probabilities (〈1%) are obtained for San Salvador city for any relevant threshold (10 kg/m2 or more) of tephra mass load during violent Strombolian events. Regarding PDCs, results show that those produced during large-scale Plinian eruptions are able to invade significant areas of the volcano surroundings, including San Salvador city. PDCs generated from the partial collapse of a sub-Plinian eruption column exhibit maximum inundation probabilities on the N, W and S flanks of the volcano. Cerro El Picacho exerts a significant shield effect on the propagation of these PDCs, with low inundation probabilities for San Salvador city (〈3%). Finally, coupling published vent opening probability maps and numerical modeling of small-scale PDCs yields maximum inundation probabilities on the NW flank of the volcano, reaching maximum conditional probabilities of the order of ~10% and values of about 5% near the village of Nuevo Sitio del Nino.
    Description: Published
    Description: 107809
    Description: OSV1: Verso la previsione dei fenomeni vulcanici pericolosi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 114
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    Vertical seismic ground shaking in the volcanic areas of Italy: prediction equations and PSHA examples (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-15
    Description: This work introduces a new Ground Motion Model (GMM) to predict the horizontal and vertical components of PGA, PGV and acceleration response spectra up to 5s for the volcanic events in Italy. The model updates the GMM for the horizontal components, recently developed by Lanzano & Luzi [1], and shows relevant amplitudes in near-source and a frequency content richer in intermediate-to-low frequencies. The comparison with an event not used for the calibration and belonging to another volcanic district in Italy is promising for the extension of the model to other areas. Finally, we present a case study of a site, in the proximity of Mount Etna in eastern Sicily region, which allows us to evaluate the impact of these models in the framework of a Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis (PSHA).
    Description: Published
    Description: 108228
    Description: OST2 Deformazione e Hazard sismico e da maremoto
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 115
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    Enhancing detection of volcanic ash clouds from space with convolutional neural networks (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-15
    Description: Volcanic ash cloud detection is a crucial component of volcano monitoring and a valuable tool for investigating ash cloud dispersion, which is paramount for enhancing the safety of human settlements and air traffic. The latest generation of high-resolution satellite sensors (e.g., EUMETSAT MSG Spinning Enhanced Visible and InfraRed Imager, SEVIRI) provides radiometric estimates for monitoring volcanic clouds on a global scale efficiently and timely. However, these radiometric intensities are not always discriminative enough to detect volcanic ash clouds due to the spectral limitations of these instruments and the complex nature of some volcanic clouds, such as low concentration resulting in an averaged detected radiometric estimate comparable to the background. Here, we evaluate the ability of a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) to detect and track the dispersion of volcanic ash clouds into the atmosphere, exploiting a variety of spatial and spectral intensity information mainly coming from SEVIRI Ash RGB images. We train a deep CNN model through transfer learning, and demonstrate that the trained models overcome the limitations of algorithms based solely on pixel intensity, whether traditional or machine learning, resulting in increased performance compared to other methods. We illustrate the operation of this model using the paroxysmal explosive events that occurred at Mt. Etna between 2020 and 2022.
    Description: Published
    Description: 108046
    Description: OSV3: Sviluppo di nuovi sistemi osservazionali e di analisi ad alta sensibilità
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Volcano explosive eruptions ; satellite remote sensing ; volcanic ash clouds ; machine learning ; deep learning ; Etna volcano ; 04.08. Volcanology
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  • 116
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    Policy documents considering biodiversity, land use, and climate in the European Arctic reveal visible, hidden, and imagined nexus approaches (2024)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3One Earth, Elsevier, 7(2), pp. 265-279, ISSN: 2590-3330
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-14
    Description: The Arctic is experiencing rapid and interlinked socio-environmental changes. Therefore, governance approaches that take the complex interactions between climate change, biodiversity loss, increasing land use pressures, and local livelihoods into account are needed: nexus approaches. However, an overview of whether and to what extent Arctic policies address these nexus elements in concert has been missing. Here we analyzed a large sample of publicly available assessment reports and policy documents from the terrestrial European Arctic. Our results show that, although nexus approaches are widely adopted in Arctic policy reporting, the emphasis varies among the governance levels, and documents underestimate certain interactions: local communities and traditional livelihoods are seldom seen as actors with agency and impact. Practical implementations were identified as potential advancements in Arctic governance: ecosystem-specific, technological, and authoritative solutions; co-production of knowledge; and adaptive co-management. Implementation of nexus approaches can promote more holistic environmental governance and guide cross-sectoral policies.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 117
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    Mid-to Late Holocene East Antarctic ice-core tephrochronology: Implications for reconstructing volcanic eruptions and assessing their climatic impacts over the last 5,500 years (2024)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Quaternary Science Reviews, Elsevier, 329, pp. 108544-108544, ISSN: 0277-3791
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-14
    Description: Ice cores are powerful archives for reconstructing volcanism as they contain both soluble (i.e. aerosols) and insoluble (i.e. tephra) products of volcanic eruptions and for more recent periods have high-precision annually resolved chronologies. The identification and geochemical analysis of cryptotephra in these cores can provide their volcanic source and latitude of injection, complementing records of sulphur injections from volcanic eruptions developed using continuous flow ice-core analysis. Here, we aim to improve the volcanic record for the Southern Hemisphere using a sampling strategy for cryptotephra identification based on coeval deposition of sulphate and microparticles in ice cores from the interior of East Antarctica covering the Mid-to Late Holocene. In total, 15 cryptotephras and one visible horizon were identified and geochemically characterised. Through comparisons to proximal deposits a range of possible sources were isolated for these horizons including the South Sandwich Islands, South Shetland Islands, Victoria Land (Antarctica) and South America. This new tephra framework contributes to the volcanic history of the region by extending the known geographical range of tephra deposition for previously identified events and providing a potential indication of phases of eruptive activity from key sources. Using the tephra-based source attributions and comparison of the timing of the events to a database of sulphur injections from Holocene volcanic eruptions it is possible to refine injection latitudes for some events, which can lead to improved estimates of their radiative forcing potential. The relatively low magnitude of the volcanic stratospheric sulphur injections related to the events in the tephra framework indicates they would have had a limited impact on Southern Hemisphere climate. Further work is required to improve source attributions for some events and/or to determine the magnitude of sulphur injections for individual events during years when coeval eruptions occurred. One limitation of the framework is the dominance of cryptotephra from regional volcanic sources and a lack of tephra from tropical sources, which hampers the refinement of eruption parameters for these large magnitude and often climate-impacting eruptions. This issue could be explored further through increased sampling of these events and/or development of additional analytical techniques for the identification and robust geochemical analysis of glass tephra shards less than 5 μm in diameter. Such investigations could be coupled with model experiments to determine the likelihood that past tropical eruptions deposited glass tephra shards over Antarctica and the potential size range and geographical spread of deposition.
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  • 118
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    High CO2 in the mantle source of ocean island basanites (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-14
    Description: Some of the most CO2-rich magmas on Earth are erupted by intraplate ocean island volcanoes. Here, we characterise olivine-hosted melt inclusions from recent (〈10 ky) basanitic tephra erupted by Fogo, the only active volcano of the Cape Verde Archipelago in the eastern Atlantic Ocean. We determine H2O, S, Cl, F in glassy melt inclusions and recalculate the total (glass + shrinkage bubbles) CO2 budget by three independent methodologies. We find that the Fogo parental basanite, entrapped as melt inclusion in forsterite-rich (Fo80-85) olivines, contains up to ~2.1 wt% CO2, 3–47 % of which is partitioned in the shrinkage bubbles. This CO2 content is among the highest ever measured in melt inclusions in OIBs. In combination with ~2 wt% H2O content, our data constrain an entrapment pressure range for the most CO2-rich melt inclusion of 648–1430 MPa, with a most conservative estimate at 773–1020 MPa. Our results therefore suggest the parental Fogo melt is stored in the lithospheric mantle at minimum depths of ~27 to ~36 km, and then injected into a vertically stacked magma ponding system. Overall, our results corroborate previous indications for a CO2-rich nature of alkaline ocean island volcanism. We propose that the Fogo basanitic melt forms by low degrees of melting (F = 0.06–0.07) of a carbonenriched mantle source, containing up to 355–414 ppm C. If global OIB melts are dominantly as carbon-rich as our Fogo results suggest, then OIB volcanism may cumulatively outgas
    Description: Published
    Description: 93-111
    Description: OSV2: Complessità dei processi vulcanici: approcci multidisciplinari e multiparametrici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Alkaline ocean islands ; Intraplate volcanism ; Fogo volcano ; Melt inclusions ; Cape Verde
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    Tectonic-Sedimentary evolution of the Tuscan shelf (Italy): Seismic-stratigraphic/structural analysis of Neogenic succession in the Tyrrhenian Sea between Elba Island and Monte Argentario promontory (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-09
    Description: between Elba Island and Monte Argentario promontory, was performed to reappraise the Tuscan shelf tectonic evolution. Despite the almost flat geometry of the seafloor, seismic profiles show a corrugated morphology of the pre-neogenic deformed acoustic basement, organized in structural highs and narrow, mostly N-S and NNW-SSE basins. We identified an intimate relationship between the thrust-related structural highs and the position of the basins, principally located at the forelimb and backlimb of major antiforms, a legacy of a primarily Miocene compressional stage. During the middle Miocene, the Tyrrhenian Sea opening set up, and the extensional front migrated from west to east, progressively activating and deactivating the observed high-angle faults, blandly controlling the sedimentation within the basins. After the late Messinian, a regional collapse stage led to the deepening and widening of the basins. A progressive deactivation of all the normal faults is recorded from the lower Pliocene. After the Late Pliocene/early Pleistocene, the area turned into a passive and widespread sinking stage without any frank tectonic activity. Results show that regional thrusts shaped the main architecture of the Tuscan Shelf shallow crust, while the neogenic depocenters started to develop as thrust-top basins along the flanks of the inherited antiforms. Intriguingly and partially in contrast with previous works, no evidence of lowangle normal fault was observed. We propose an innovative model that poses new questions on the crustal-scale mechanisms responsible for Tyrrhenian extensional process-related features, also establishing a new and unique starting point for fully unraveling the tectonic evolution of this portion of central Italy's offshore domain.
    Description: Published
    Description: 230211
    Description: OST1 Alla ricerca dei Motori Geodinamici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Tyrrhenian Sea ; Tuscan shelf ; Neogenic basins ; Extensional tectonics ; Inherited structures
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  • 120
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    Long-term analysis of microseism during extreme weather events: Medicanes and common storms in the Mediterranean Sea (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-13
    Description: In this work, we analyze 12 meteorological events that occurred in the Mediterranean Sea during the period November 2011-November 2021 from a seismic point of view. In particular, we consider 8 Medicanes and 4 more common storms. Each of these events, in spite of the marked differences between them, caused heavy rainfall, strong wind gusts and violent storm surge with significant wave heights usually 〉3 m. We deal with the relationships between these meteorological events and the features of microseism (the most continuous and widespread seismic signal on Earth) in terms of spectral content, space-time variation of the amplitude and source locations tracked employing two different methods (amplitude decay-based grid search and array techniques). By comparing the positions of the microseism sources with the areas of significant storm surges, we observe that the microseism locations align with the actual locations of the storm surges for 10 out of 12 events analyzed (two Medicanes present very low intensity in terms of meteorological parameters and the microseism amplitude does not show significant variations during these two events). We also perform two analyses that allowed us to obtain both the seismic signature of these events, by using a method that exploits the coherence of continuous seismic noise, and their strength from a seismic point of view, called Microseism Reduced Amplitude. In addition, by integrating the results obtained from these two methods, we are able to "seismically" distinguish Medicanes and common storms. Consequently, we demonstrate the possibility of creating a novel monitoring system for Mediterranean meteorological events by incorporating microseism information alongside with other commonly employed techniques for studying meteorological phenomena. The integration of microseism with the data provided by routinely used techniques in sea state monitoring (e.g., wave buoy and HF radar) has the potential to offer valuable insights into the examination of historical extreme weather events within the context of climate change.
    Description: Published
    Description: 169989
    Description: OSA4: Ambiente marino, fascia costiera ed Oceanografia operativa
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Climate change ; Common storms ; Hindcast maps ; Medicanes ; Mediterranean Sea ; Microseism ; Monitoring sea state ; Wave buoys
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    Spatio-temporal evolution of rift volcanism controlled top-down by a deepening graben (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-27
    Description: Volcanism in continental rifts is generally observed to shift over time from the inside of the basin to its flanks and vice versa, but the controls on these switches are still unclear. Here we use numerical simulations of dike propagation to test the hypothesis that the spatio-temporal evolution of rift volcanism is controlled by the crustal stresses produced during the development of the rift basin. We find that the progressive deepening of a rift rotates the direction of the principal stresses under the basin, deflecting ascending dikes. This causes an early shift of volcanism from the inside of the graben to its flanks. The intensification of this stress pattern, due to further deepening of the basin, promotes the formation of lower crustal sill-like intrusions that can stack under the rift, shallowing the depth at which dikes nucleate, eventually causing a late stage of in-rift axial volcanism. Given the agreement between our model results and observations, we conclude that the temporal shifts in the location of rift volcanism are controlled to first order by the elastic stresses developing in the crust as the rift matures. We thereby suggest that geodynamic models should account for elasticity and the redistribution of surface loads in order to effectively reproduce rift-related magmatism.
    Description: Published
    Description: 118593
    Description: OSV1: Verso la previsione dei fenomeni vulcanici pericolosi
    Description: JCR Journal
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    At second glance: The importance of strict quality control – A case study on microplastic in the Southern Ocean key species Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba (2024)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3The Science of The Total Environment, Elsevier, 918, pp. 170618-170618, ISSN: 0048-9697
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-28
    Description: The stomach content of 60 krill specimens from the Southern Ocean were analyzed for the presence of micro-plastic (MP), by testing different sample volumes, extraction approaches, and applying hyperspectral imaging Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (μFTIR). Strict quality control was applied on the generated results. A high load of residual materials in pooled samples hampered the analysis and avoided a reliable determination of putative MP particles. Individual krill stomachs displayed reliable results, however, only after re-treating the samples with hydrogen peroxide. Before this treatment, lipid rich residues of krill resulted in false assignments of polymer categories and hence, false high MP particle numbers. Finally, MP was identified in 4 stomachs out of 60, with only one MP particle per stomach. Our study highlights the importance of strict quality control to verify results before coming to a final decision on MP contamination in the environment to aid the establishment of suitable internationally standardized protocols for sampling and analysis of MP in organisms including their habitats in Southern Ocean and worldwide.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Warming increases the compositional and functional variability of a temperate protist community (2024)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3The Science of The Total Environment, Elsevier, 926, pp. 171971-171971, ISSN: 0048-9697
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-16
    Description: Phototrophic protists are a fundamental component of the world's oceans by serving as the primary source of energy, oxygen, and organic nutrients for the entire ecosystem. Due to the high thermal seasonality of their habitat, temperate protists could harbour many well-adapted species that tolerate ocean warming. However, these species may not sustain ecosystem functions equally well. To address these uncertainties, we conducted a 30-day mesocosm experiment to investigate how moderate (12C) and substantial (18C) warming compared to ambient conditions (6C) affect the composition (18S rRNA metabarcoding) and ecosystem functions (biomass, gross oxygen productivity, nutritional quality – C:N and C:P ratio) of a North Sea spring bloom community. Our results revealed warming-driven shifts in dominant protist groups, with haptophytes thriving at 12 C and diatoms at 18 C. Species responses primarily depended on the species' thermal traits, with indirect temperature effects on grazing being less relevant and phosphorus acting as a critical modulator. The species Phaeocystis globosa showed highest biomass on low phosphate concentrations and relatively increased in some replicates of both warming treatments. In line with this, the C:P ratio varied more with the presence of P. globosa than with temperature. Examining further ecosystem responses under warming, our study revealed lowered gross oxygen productivity but increased biomass accumulation whereas the C:N ratio remained unaltered. Although North Sea species exhibited resilience to elevated temperatures, a diminished functional similarity and heightened compositional variability indicate potential ecosystem repercussions for higher trophic levels. In conclusion, our research stresses the multifaceted nature of temperature effects on protist communities, emphasising the need for a holistic understanding that encompasses trait-based responses, indirect effects, and functional dynamics in the face of exacerbating temperature changes.
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    Dataset from RNAseq analysis of differential gene expression among developmental stages of two non-marine ostracodes (2024)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Data in Brief, Elsevier, 53, pp. 110070-110070, ISSN: 2352-3409
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-09
    Description: We contribute transcriptomic data for two species of Ostracoda, an early-diverged group of small-sized pancrustaceans. Data include new reference transcriptomes for two asexual non-marine species (Dolerocypris sinensis and Heterocypris aff. salina), as well as single-specimen transcriptomic data that served to analyse gene expression across four developmental stages in D. sinensis. Data are evaluated by computing gene expression profiles of the different developmental stages which consistently placed eggs and small larvae (at the stage of instar A-8) similar to each other, and apart from adults which were distinct from all other developmental stages but closest to large larvae (instar A-4). We further evaluated the transcriptomic data with two newly sequenced low-coverage genomes of the target species. The new data thus document the feasibility of obtaining reliable transcriptomic data from single specimens – even eggs – of these small metazoans.
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  • 125
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    The formation and growth mechanisms of young back-arc spreading ridges from high-resolution bathymetry: The Marsili Seamount (Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy) (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-08
    Description: The formation and growth mechanisms of Mid-Ocean Ridges (MOR) are relatively well known, whereas those of back-arc spreading ridges are comparatively less known because geophysical, geochemical, and morphological data are scarce and of low density. Here we present a high-resolution bathymetry of the Marsili Seamount (MS; 1Ma 3 ka), which represents the inflated spreading ridge of the 2Ma old Marsili back-arc basin associated to the subduction of the Ionian Sea below the Calabrian Arc and Tyrrhenian Sea. MS is 70 km long, 30 km wide, and its height reaches about 3000 m from surrounding seafloor. Our new digital bathymetric model has a 5 m grid cell size resolution and covers the MS bathymetry from 1670 mbsl to the top at 491 mbsl. We conduct morphometric and morphological analyses of the bathymetry and recognize landforms due to volcanic, tectonic, hydrothermal and gravity processes. MS consists of volcanoes related to fissural and central-type activity, this latter located at the northern and southern tips of the main dike swarms. Dike swarms represent the surface expression of different ridge segments whose strikes are controlled by the larger scale back-arc spreading processes and by the local occurrence of an active hydrothermal field. This latter develops in a flat area between two partly overlapping ridge segments where historical volcanism and extensional processes concentrate. Such ridges represent the embryonic stage of the formation of transform-like faults. Central volcanoes, the northern of which is characterized by a caldera, form at the tips of MS because the decrease in width of the major volcanic fissures promotes vent localization associated with the formation of sill-like reservoirs from which central-type vents may develop. Gravity processes affecting the MS flanks are due to shallow seafloor sliding. Caldera collapses affecting the northernmost central-type polygenic volcano must be included in the evaluation of the hazard related to potential tsunami. Inward dipping faults characterize the MS eastern flank suggesting a moderately asymmetric growth of the spreading ridge possibly associated with the eastward opening of the Marsili back-arc. The Marsili back-arc spreading rate is similar to those of MOR slow spreading ridges. However, the MS morphology resembles that of fast spreading ridges. These two features also characterize more extended back-arc spreading ridges (e.g. the Mariana in Western Pacific). We conclude that, independently from the spatial scale, the increase in the ridge accretion rate is related to the progressive addition of a subduction-related component to a pure spreading mantle source.
    Description: Published
    Description: 101723
    Description: OSV2: Complessità dei processi vulcanici: approcci multidisciplinari e multiparametrici
    Description: JCR Journal
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    A geostatistical modelling of empirical amplification functions and related site proxies for shaking scenarios in central Italy (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-08
    Description: This work aims at identifying and modelling statistical dependencies between empirical amplification functions of sites in central Italy and the main geological and geophysical characteristics of the region, within a geostatistical analysis framework. The empirical functions, named δS2S, are estimated by decomposing the re siduals of the median predictions of a non-ergodic ground motion model of elastic acceleration response spectra developed for the reference region. To select the model that best describes the spatial variability of the data, the performance of stationary and non-stationary spatial models is compared, the latter being able to constrain the prediction of the empirical functions to physical quantities available in the region and descriptive of the geology, topography and geographical location of the site. Finally, we obtain optimal models of δS2S, for each spectral ordinate, parameterised as a function of geographical coordinates and an input map of shear wave velocity in the upper 30 m (Vs30) constructed ad hoc by combining information gathered from two high-resolution maps available for the region. The methodology allows the development of a new practice-oriented framework for the empirical estimation of site amplification, which can be adopted for the gen eration of shaking scenarios in the context of regional hazard and seismic risk assessment.
    Description: Published
    Description: 108496
    Description: OST2 Deformazione e Hazard sismico e da maremoto
    Description: JCR Journal
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    New insights on bedrock morphology and local seismic amplification of the Castelnuovo village (L'Aquila Basin, Central Italy) (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-08
    Description: The Castelnuovo village is placed on a small NW-SE trending ridge, approximately 60 m higher than the valley floor, occupying a portion of the larger continental L'Aquila Basin (Central Italy). During the April 6, 2009 L'Aquila earthquake (Mw 6.3), the village suffered heavy damage. Several studies investigated the local seismic amplification of the Castelnuovo area employing geotechnical, geophysical, and geological surveys, together with 1D, 2D and 3D numerical models. However, all these studies relied on shallow geotechnical and geophysical surveys, which do not reach the engineering bedrock and do not constrain the presence of an impedance contrast at depth. To date, no detailed study has been carried out to assess the depth of the engineering bedrock. In this work, we fill this gap by executing two deep boreholes reaching the engineering bedrock, tied with an extensive campaign of microtremor measurements all over the Castelnuovo ridge and the surrounding plain. The interpretation of such new data, together with analytical, numerical, and geostatistical techniques, demonstrates that local seismic amplification is linked to a strong impedance contrast at more than 200-m depth beneath the Castelnuovo village associated with the lithological transition between clayey silts and breccias. Such results differ from those provided by previous studies, where such impedance contrast was considered shallower, and represent a milestone for assessing the local seismic hazard of the area.
    Description: Published
    Description: 106506
    Description: OST4 Descrizione in tempo reale del terremoto, del maremoto, loro predicibilità e impatto
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 128
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    Multi-source data analysis to assess the past and present kinematics of the Pisciotta Deep-Seated Gravitational Slope Deformation (southern Italy) (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-08
    Description: Although Deep-Seated Gravitational Slope Deformations are well-known in the literature, their evolution and kinematics are still poorly understood. Their behavior is often complex and characterized by small movements associated with steady-state creep, alternating with periods of stasis, or accelerating downslope movements that, in some cases, could result in sudden and catastrophic failure events. Therefore, a multidisciplinary approach is often required. In this work, we shed light on the complex geometry and kinematics of the Pisciotta DSGSD, a deep-seated roto-translational sliding involving structurally complex turbiditic rock mass and interacting with man-made infrastructures. To reveal the geometrical features and the spatial and temporal behavior of the analyzed phenomenon, a multidisciplinary investigation was performed. Typical DSGSD landforms were mapped employing in-situ surveys, aided by stereoscopic analysis of historical aerial images and high-resolution drone-based mapping. Structural data and ancillary ground-based surveys revealed the presence of a highly weathered and folded turbiditic sequence, with competent sandstone and calcarenite units alternated by tectonically disrupted, weak argillite and mudrock layers. Remote sensing measurements from optical imagery and Synthetic Aperture Radar satellite data assessed the DSGSD's past and current kinematics, allowing to distinguish a pre-failure period with accelerating displacement rates, a failure period with maximum displacement rates, and a current post-failure period with decelerating displacement rates. Analytical modeling established the deep reach (up to 85 m) of the studied DSGSD as it allowed the estimation of its bottom surface and volume, as verified by available boreholes and inclinometric measurements. Furthermore, numerical modeling outcomes highlighted how the progressive weakening and alteration of the DSGSD material, in conjunction with changes in groundwater dynamics, serve as the primary mechanisms driving the observed kinematics. The models also revealed the intricate interaction between the DSGSD and the neighboring infrastructures.
    Description: Published
    Description: 113751
    Description: OST5 Verso un nuovo Monitoraggio
    Description: JCR Journal
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    The Cretaceous volcanism of the Songliao Basin: Mantle sources, magma evolution processes and implications for the NE China geodynamics - A review (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-08
    Description: Continental rifts result from the simultaneous action of shallow processes such as the thinning of the lithosphere, and deeper processes related to the dynamics of the mantle. The role of these deeper processes may change over time as a function of the type of rifting, e.g., subduction-related rift vs plume-related rifts, and the pre-rift geodynamics. During the Cretaceous, the Songliao Basin (NE China) was affected by continental rifting accompanied by discontinuous stages of volcanism. The relative role of the asthenospheric and lithospheric mantle associated with the Songliao Basin rift volcanism, its evolution with time, and the origin of the felsic rocks are still debated problems due to the lack of comprehensive studies. Here, we present a critical review of the available geochronological and geochemical data (major, trace elements, and Sr-Nd isotopes) and show that the Songliao rift Cretaceous volcanism developed between 133 Ma and 102 Ma in five main stages: Stage I (133–129 Ma), Stage II (124–118 Ma), Stage III (117–113 Ma), Stage IV (115–106 Ma), and Stage V (105–102 Ma). While magmas with an alkaline, intraplate affinity characterize all the Stages, magmas with a subalkaline (calc-alkaline) signature erupted in Stages II and III. Mafic and intermediate rocks are always present, whereas felsic magmas have been found in the last three Stages. Based on the major, trace elements and Nd-Sr isotopic compositions, the general evolution of volcanism is dominated by crystal fractionation processes. Evidence of assimilation of upper crust material is restricted to the more evolved rocks (SiO2 〉 57 wt%). The alkaline mafic rocks derived from a veined asthenospheric mantle modified by melts deriving from the sediments of the Paleo- Pacific slab or associated with pre-rifting, Jurassic, collisional subduction processes related to the closing of the Mongol–Okhotsk Ocean. The source of the Songliao rift subalkaline rocks is the sub-continental lithospheric mantle metasomatized by fluids released from the dehydration of the subducting Paleo-Pacific slab. The release of fluids from the sediments subducted during the Jurassic Mongol–Okhotsk collision may also have played a role. The Songliao Basin Cretaceous rift may be classified as a subduction-related rift caused by the eastward rollback of the west-dipping Paleo-Pacific slab, a process initiated after the Jurassic collisional phase in NE China. Within the wider geodynamic frame of the eastern Asian block, the 133–102 Ma volcanism of the Songliao rift suggests a transition from a lithospheric mantle responsible for the pre-140 Ma NE China, Mongolia, and Russia volcanism to an asthenospheric mantle source of the post-107 Ma magmatism. This is also suggested by the fact that the Songliao rift magmatism shows compositional features consistent with the contribution of both the lithospheric and asthenospheric mantle. The Songliao rift volcanism would be therefore associated with a passive rifting process, where the progressive removal of the lithosphere below East Asia, which is due to eastward rollback of the Pacific oceanic plate, caused an upwelling of asthenospheric material, finally involved in the post- 102 Ma magmatism in the NE China block.
    Description: Published
    Description: 104294
    Description: OSV2: Complessità dei processi vulcanici: approcci multidisciplinari e multiparametrici
    Description: JCR Journal
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    Reply to the comment by Bolognesi (2024)
    Elsevier
    In:  Comment to “Shallow portion of an active geothermal system revealed by multidisciplinary studies: The case of Le Biancane (Larderello, Italy)” by Granieri D., Mazzarini F., Cerminara M., Calusi B., Scozzari A., Menichini M., and Lelli M. (2023) Luca Bolognesi Geothermics 113 (2023) 102753 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2023.102753
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-09
    Description: Reply to the comment by Luca Bolognesi
    Description: Reply to the comment by Luca Bolognesi
    Description: Published
    Description: 102754
    Description: OSA5: Energia e georisorse
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: 04. Solid Earth
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    Shallow portion of an active geothermal system revealed by multidisciplinary studies: The case of Le Biancane (Larderello, Italy) (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-09
    Description: The natural park of Le Biancane is located in the southern sector of the Larderello-Travale geothermal field (LTGF). It extends over an approximately 100,000 m2 area where the impermeable caprock is locally absent and deep fluids may directly reach the surface. Through a multidisciplinary approach including measurements of soil CO2 flux (total output of 11.5 t day􀀀 1), soil temperature (average 34.4 ◦C), stable isotope and chemical data on fluids from fumaroles (dominated by a mixture of geothermal gases and air or gases from air-saturated meteoric water), and structural analysis of the formation outcropping, we found that anomalous CO2 emissions are positively correlated with shallow temperature anomalies. These are in restricted locations adjacent to vents and fumaroles, where a network of well-connected fractures (preferentially NW-SE and NE-SW orientated and with steep dips) drains efficiently allowing upward migration of the deep fluids and the energy toward the surface.
    Description: INGV Project RL 2021 - AGEREMUS
    Description: Published
    Description: 102616
    Description: OSA5: Energia e georisorse
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Larderello geothermal field ; Fracture network connectivity ; Diffuse CO2 soil degassing ; Thermal infrared images ; Hydrothermal gas ; 04. Solid Earth
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 132
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    Sources and distribution of dissolved organic matter and inorganic nitrogen in waters of the southern Patagonian shelf and northern Drake Passage (51–56°S, 64–69°W) (2024)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Journal of Marine Systems, Elsevier, 241, pp. 103893-103893, ISSN: 0924-7963
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-08
    Description: Dissolved organic matter (DOM) plays a crucial role in the biogeochemistry of coastal ecosystems, particularly nutrient cycling and distribution. Little is known about these processes in the highly productive Southern Patagonian shelf. This study was conducted to better understand the sources, composition, and behavior of DOM and inorganic nutrients in the sector between 51 and 56°S and 64–69°W with particular emphasis on inorganic nitrogen and DOM fractions. Surface water samples taken during late austral summer from the Beagle Channel (BCW), Subantarctic (SAW), Subantarctic Shelf (SASW), Grande Bay (GBW) and Tierra del Fuego Waters (TFW) and were analyzed for properties of fluorescent DOM (FDOM), dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and inorganic nutrients. Data were related to hydrographic and plankton conditions. Highest values of ammonium, DOC, humic-like FDOM (FDOMC and FDOMM peaks) and humification index (HIX) were found in BCW, and the lowest in SAW, suggesting that terrigenous input is a main source of ammonium and refractory carbon in this region, which is supported by a highly significant inverse correlation of these parameters with salinity. In contrast, nitrate, phosphate, silicate and the fluorescence index (FI) were positively correlated with salinity, pointing to the contribution of autochthonous FDOM from the saltier and nutrient-rich Antarctic Circumpolar Current to the Southern Patagonian shelf. In TFW and GBW, high nitrite concentrations, accompanied by elevated values of BIX (biological activity index of DOM), circulation patterns and high particle residence times computed from model results suggest the occurrence of regeneration processes that deserve further investigation of the poorly known dynamics of the nitrogen-rich water in this region.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 133
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    Coupled surface to deep Earth processes: Perspectives from TOPO-EUROPE with an emphasis on climate- and energy-related societal challenges (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Understanding the interactions between surface and deep Earth processes is important for research in many diverse scientific areas including climate, environment, energy, georesources and biosphere. The TOPO-EUROPE initiative of the International Lithosphere Program serves as a pan-European platform for integrated surface and deep Earth sciences, synergizing observational studies of the Earth structure and fluxes on all spatial and temporal scales with modelling of Earth processes. This review provides a survey of scientific developments in our quantitative understanding of coupled surface-deep Earth processes achieved through TOPO-EUROPE. The most notable innovations include (1) a process-based understanding of the connection of upper mantle dynamics and absolute plate motion frames; (2) integrated models for sediment source-to-sink dynamics, demonstrating the importance of mass transfer from mountains to basins and from basin to basin; (3) demonstration of the key role of polyphase evolution of sedimentary basins, the impact of pre-rift and pre-orogenic structures, and the evolution of subsequent lithosphere and landscape dynamics; (4) improved conceptual understanding of the temporal evolution from back-arc extension to tectonic inversion and onset of subduction; (5) models to explain the integrated strength of Europe's lithosphere; (6) concepts governing the interplay between thermal upper mantle processes and stress-induced intraplate deformation; (7) constraints on the record of vertical motions from high-resolution data sets obtained from geo-thermochronology for Europe's topographic evolution; (8) recognition and quantifications of the forcing by erosional and/or glacial-interglacial surface mass transfer on the regional magmatism, with major implications for our understanding of the carbon cycle on geological timescales and the emerging field of biogeodynamics; and (9) the transfer of insights obtained on the coupling of deep Earth and surface processes to the domain of geothermal energy exploration. Concerning the future research agenda of TOPO-EUROPE, we also discuss the rich potential for further advances, multidisciplinary research and community building across many scientific frontiers, including research on the biosphere, climate and energy. These will focus on obtaining a better insight into the initiation and evolution of subduction systems, the role of mantle plumes in continental rifting and (super)continent break-up, and the deformation and tectonic reactivation of cratons; the interaction between geodynamic, surface and climate processes, such as interactions between glaciation, sea level change and deep Earth processes; the sensitivity, tipping points, and spatio-temporal evolution of the interactions between climate and tectonics as well as the role of rock melting and outgassing in affecting such interactions; the emerging field of biogeodynamics, that is the impact of coupled deep Earth – surface processes on the evolution of life on Earth; and tightening the connection between societal challenges regarding renewable georesources, climate change, natural geohazards, and novel process-understanding of the Earth system.
    Description: Published
    Description: 104140
    Description: OST1 Alla ricerca dei Motori Geodinamici
    Description: OSA5: Energia e georisorse
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 134
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    Soil CO2 emission and stable isotopes (δ13C, δ18O) of CO2 and calcites reveal the fluid origin and thermal energy in the supercritical geothermal system of Krafla, Iceland (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: The Krafla geothermal system is located within a volcanic center that periodically erupts basaltic lavas, and has recently attracted an economic interest due to supercritical fluids forming near a shallow magma intrusion (~ 2 km depth). Here, we discuss new soil CO2 flux and stable isotope data of the CO2 efflux (δ13C) and hydrothermal calcites (δ13C, δ18O) of drill cuttings to estimate both the current magmatic outgassing from soils and the thermal flows in the geothermal system. Soil CO2 emission is controlled by tectonics, following the NNE-SSW fissure swarm direction and a WSW-ENE trend, and accounts for ~62.5 t/d. While the δ18O of the H2O in equilibrium with deep calcites is predominantly meteoric, both the δ13C of the soil CO2 efflux and of the fluids from which calcite precipitated have a clear magmatic origin, overlapping the δ13C estimated for the Icelandic mantle (–2.5 ± 1.1 ‰). Estimates based on the soil CO2 emission from the southern part of the system show that these fluxes might be sustained by the ascent and depressurization of supercritical fluids with a thermal energy of ~800 MW. Such significant amount of energy might reach 1.5 GW if supercritical conditions extended below the whole investigated area. Finally, we report an increase in the soil CO2 emission of about 3 times with respect to 14 years ago, likely due to recent changes in the fluid extracted for power production or magmatic activity. Pairing the soil CO2 emission with stable isotopes of the efflux and calcite samples has important implications for both volcano monitoring and geothermal exploration, as it can help us to track magmatic fluid upflows and the associated thermal energy.
    Description: Published
    Description: 108032
    Description: OSA5: Energia e georisorse
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 135
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    Modelling CO2 dispersion in the air during potential limnic eruption at the lake Pavin (France) (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Risk mitigation in long-dormant volcanic provinces is a challenge due to the absence of collective memory of past disasters as well as the scarcity, and subtlety, of unrest signals that can be monitored. In this study, the impact of a potential limnic eruption is assessed at the 92-m-deep lake Pavin (French Massif Central). The lake is hosted in a maar crater formed during the last eruptive event in metropolitan France (∼7 ka) and contains dissolved CO2 in the deepest water layer, below 60 m. Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions measured at the lake surface (0.44 km2) reach up to 10.1 tons/day during the winter. Beyond this (limited) continuous degassing of the lake, the current CO2 budget in the monimolimnion layer (at a depth of 60 m to 92 m) was estimated at 1750 tons, of which about 450 tons are available for release in case of overturn of the lake. Scenarios for CO2 dispersion in the lower atmosphere were simulated with the DISGAS and TWODEE-2 models by varying (i) meteorological conditions, (ii) the amount of CO2 released, (iii) and the mechanisms of degassing during a potential limnic eruption. The simulations allowed identification and delimitation of areas potentially impacted by hazardous CO2 levels in the air down-valley from the lake and directly around the lake. The spatio-temporal evolution of the potential CO2 cloud raises issues regarding the impacts of such a hypothetical event in the close vicinity of the lake and, given the area is populated and highly visited, needs to be considered in future risk mitigation strategies.
    Description: Published
    Description: 108024
    Description: OSV1: Verso la previsione dei fenomeni vulcanici pericolosi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 136
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    The structure of sedimentary basins of Antarctica and a new three-layer sediment model (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: We use geophysical data together with a recent subglacial bedrock map (BEDMACHINE model) to obtain and investigate a new three-layer sediment model for Antarctica that locally improves the global sediment model. We provide a combined, continuous, sediment model for Antarctica and surrounding oceans by joining such improved continental sedimentary model with an existing global one (GlobSed). Our results reveal large differences between sedimentary basins for Antarctica due to their age and origin. The maximum thickness of sediments is reached under Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf and off the Weddell Sea coast (10–12 km); further offshore, towards the ocean, the thickness of sediments drops to 4–5 km. We divide the sediment cover into three layers to distinguish material with different velocities. The lower sediment layer (deeper than 7 km) with high P-wave velocities (4.0–4.9 km/s) is found only for Lambert Rift and Filchner-Ronne basin. The middle layer (2–7 km) has large variations for different sedimentary basins: 3.5–3.7 km/s for Lambert Basin; 4.0–4.3 km/s for Ross, Byrd and Bentley basins; 3.3–4.0 km/s for Filchner-Ronne Basin. The upper sediment layer (0–2 km) has large velocity variations, from 2.0 km/s for Ross and Lambert basins (young sediments) to 4.7 km/s for Dronning Maud Land basins. We suggest that P-wave velocities larger than 4 km/s represent old, compacted sediments which belong to the Beacon Supergroup; about 3 km/s refer to Mesozoic (rifted?) sediments; and less than 3 km/s relate to young Cenozoic sediments. According to this criterion, Dronning Maud Land, Bentley and Byrd basins belong to the Beacon Supergroup, while more complex and thicker Ross, Lambert and Filchner-Ronne basins contain sediments from Beacon Supergroup in the middle or lower layer, respectively. Other sedimentary basins with more moderate velocities possibly belong to the East Antarctic Rift System which formed later during Gondwana breakup.
    Description: Published
    Description: 229662
    Description: OST1 Alla ricerca dei Motori Geodinamici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: 04.06. Seismology
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  • 137
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    High-resolution spatial analysis of temperature influence on the rainfall regime and extreme precipitation events in north-central Italy (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-08
    Description: In the last few years, several works have analyzed rainfall regime changes with the increase of temperature as a result of global warming. These changes, documented mainly in northern Europe, still need to be clarified in the Mediterranean area. Many studies have identified sometimes contradictory trends according to the type of data used, the methodology, and the daily or subdaily types of events. Therefore, an in-depth investigation of the Mediterranean area is required for the definition of more certain future scenarios. In this study, we examined a very large database including 〉1000 raingauges and thermometers in northern and central Italy to analyze the relationship between temperature and rainfall using the relation Clausius-Clapeyron. Furthermore, we analyzed the relationship between temperature and extreme precipitation events (EPEs, defined as the events higher than the 95th percentile) calculating the temperature anomalies occurred during these events. This large database covers a low rainfall accumulation period (RAP) that allowed us to study the relationship between temperature and rainfall and to distinguish rapid from long events related to rainfall intensity. The results show different relationships between rainfall and temperature in relation to seasons, RAPs, rainfall intensity, and geographical factors. The high spatial density of the database made it possible to identify spatial clusters with homogenous characteristics mainly influenced by geographical factors. With an increase in temperature, the wet season is characterized by a general increase in rainfall with a higher surge for intense and fast events. Instead, the dry season shows a general rainfall decrease for less intense and longer events, but an increase in rapid and more intensive rainfall events. This outcome has further implications involving a future decrease in water availability and an increase of the EPEs, causing an extremization of the climate during the dry season for northern and central Italy.
    Description: Published
    Description: 163368
    Description: OSA2: Evoluzione climatica: effetti e loro mitigazione
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Current global warming; Extreme precipitation events; Italy; Mediterranean; Temperature increase
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  • 138
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    Dynamics of the 2021 unrest at Changbaishan Tianchi volcano from ALOS-2/PALSAR-2 and seismic data (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-10
    Description: The Changbaishan Tianchi intraplate volcano is one of the most active and hazardous volcanoes of NE Asia, characterized by a summit caldera formed after the 946 CE ‘Millennium’ Plinian eruption. From December 2020 to June 2021, the frequency and magnitude of earthquakes at Tianchi were significantly higher than during background periods, with hundreds of earthquakes (46 events per month in average) and reaching a local magnitude of ML 3.1. This study reports a comprehensive deformation analysis and geophysical inversion scheme aimed to unveil the dynamics of this period. Multi-temporal InSAR analysis results of 32 ALOS-2 images from 2018 to 2022 show that the surface deformation is a combination of seasonal fluctuations (± 25 mm in average, with a maximum ± 45 mm) and a long-term positive component. The least squares linear regression of the deformation time series and temperature data, isolates the seasonal fluctuations, revealing a clear upliftsubsidence process from June 2020 to July 2021 in the caldera area. To constrain the Tianchi plumbing system dynamics, a combined inversion scheme consisting of three deformation sources is designed. The inversion results and the seismic records indicate that Tianchi volcano has experienced a low-level unrest episode from December 2020 to June 2021. The shallower plumbing system, located at about 5–9 km depth and modelled by pressurized spheroids, underwent a cumulative volume increase of 26 × 106 m3 from November 2018 to April 2021, followed by a volume decrease of 9 × 106 m3 from April to July 2021. This suggests magma uprising from the 14 km deep storage zone to the shallower plumbing system, followed by depressurization of the plumbing system due to the escape of fluids. This research provides a comprehensive understanding of the magma and fluid migration dynamics within the Tianchi multi-level plumbing system for the first time.
    Description: Published
    Description: 103775
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 139
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    A global lithospheric magnetic field model between ± 65° latitude derived from CSES satellite scalar data (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-16
    Description: The China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite (CSES) was launched successfully in February 2018. It is China's first satellite to measure geophysical fields with scientific goals in both space and solid earth physics. In this work, we used CSES scalar magnetic data to derive a global lithospheric magnetic field model between ±65° geographic latitudes. The nightside data from March 2018 to November 2022 under quiet space weather conditions were selected. Then, the core and external fields were removed with the CHAOS-7 model. After further data quality control, the data were used to build a lithospheric magnetic field model using a spherical harmonic analysis. The obtained CSES model was compared with the CHAOS-7, CM6, and MF7 models in terms of power spectra and anomaly details, which confirmed that the CSES scalar data had good quality and could provide a reliable lithospheric magnetic field model up to degree 42.
    Description: Published
    Description: 107036
    Description: OSA1: Variazioni del campo magnetico terrestre, imaging crostale e sicurezza del territorio
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 140
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    Hydrogeochemistry of trace and rare earth elements in the Caviahue-Copahue Volcanic Complex (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-16
    Description: The Caviahue-Copahue Volcanic Complex is one of the most studied active volcanic systems in the South American Andean range, and yet little research has focused on trace and rare-earth elements of waters, especially during an eruptive cycle. In this study, we sampled and investigated natural waters from 23 sites (involving the crater lake, hot springs, streams, rivers, and bubbling pools) in two campaigns in 2017 and 2018, using physi cochemical parameters, major, trace and rare-earth elements concentrations. With this novel dataset, it was possible to identify, characterize and compare three groups of waters with distinctive hydrofacies. Indeed, the normalization of water compositions against host rock concentrations showed a particular trace element pattern for each group of waters. Although the absolute concentrations of the elements in each sampling site changed from 2017 to 2018, the normalized patterns did not. Boron, As, Cd, Tl, Se, and Te, commonly recognized as volatile, are the main trace elements that magmatic gases supply to the system headwaters, whereas elements such as Ca, K, and Ba are affected by precipitation of secondary minerals (gypsum, anhydrite, barite, jarosite, and alunite). Furthermore, the main river draining the summit volcano shows a steep decrease in As, Cr, and V concentrations correlated to the precipitation of Fe and Al hydroxysulfates (schwertmannite and basaluminite, respectively). Moreover, it is the first time that a comparison between the different water groups is made using the patterns of the rare-earth elements, allowing us to identify and separate depletion patterns due to dilution processes from those due to precipitation processes.
    Description: Published
    Description: 121602
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Copahue volcano ; Hydrological system ; Geothermal ; Trace elements ; Rare earth elements
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 141
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    New biostratigraphic and paleoecologic data on the Pliocene-Pleistocene paleogeographic evolution of the northeastern coastal area of the central Tyrrhenian sea (Italy) (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-16
    Description: In this work, we present new biostratigraphic and paleoecological data from the Mignone River valley, located in the central sector of the Tyrrhenian Sea margin and part of the wider Tarquinia basin, and cores in the area of Rome. By combining the new paleontological information with a review of the extant literature, we re-examine the stratigraphic architecture of the Pliocene succession in the central sector of the northwestern Tyrrhenian Sea margin, spanning the Zanclean (MPl1; 5.33–5.08 Ma) through the early Piacenzian (MPl4b; 3.57–3.31 Ma), and of the following Pleistocene transgressive-regressive sequence, comprising the Gelasian (MPl6; 2.59–1.81 Ma) through the Santernian (MPl1; 1.81–1.5 Ma). We propose a revision of the paleogeographic evolution of the central Tyrrhenian Sea basins throughout the Pliocene-Lower Pleistocene interval, by coherently framing it within the chronology of the volcanic phases that occurred in this region. In particular, our reconstruction points toward the presence of a single Transgressive- Regressive (T-R) sequence starting with the Zanclean reflooding of the Mediterranean after the Messinian Salinity Crisis and ending in the Piacenzian, as opposed to the previously proposed occurrence of two depositional T-R sequences separated by an erosional phase affecting part of the Globorotalia puncticulata biozone.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-20
    Description: OST2 Deformazione e Hazard sismico e da maremoto
    Description: OSA2: Evoluzione climatica: effetti e loro mitigazione
    Description: OSA4: Ambiente marino, fascia costiera ed Oceanografia operativa
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Pliocene ; Pleistocene ; Biostratigraphy ; Tyrrhenian sea margin ; Paleoenvironments ; Depositional T-R sequence
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  • 142
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    Particle classification in the LAGO water Cherenkov detectors using clustering algorithms (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-16
    Description: The Latin American Giant Observatory (LAGO) is a ground-based observatory studying solar or high-energy astrophysics transient events. LAGO takes advantage of its distributed network of Water Cherenkov Detectors (WCDs) in Latin America as a tool to measure the secondary particle flux reaching the ground. These secondary particles are produced during the interaction between the modulated cosmic rays flux and the atmosphere. The LAGO WCDs are sensitive to secondary charged particles, high energy photons through pair creation and Compton scattering, and even neutrons thanks to, e.g., the deuteration of protons in the water volume. The pulse shape generated by these particles depends on several factors, such as the detector geometry, the water purity, the sensor response, or the reflectivity and diffusivity of the inner coating. Due to the decentralized nature of LAGO, these properties are different for each node. Additionally, the pulse shape depends on the convolution between the response of the central photomultiplier (PMT) to individual photons and the time distribution of the Cherenkov photons reaching the PMT. Typically, a WCD gives pulses with a sharp rise time ( 10 ns) and a longer decay time ( 70 ns). In this work, the WCD data used is acquired using the original LAGO data-acquisition system that digitizes pulses at a sampling rate of 40 MHz and 10 bits resolution on time windows of 400 ns. Here, we apply unsupervised machine learning techniques to find patterns in the WCDs data and subsequently create groups, through clustering, that can be used to provide particle separation. We use data acquired from an individual WCD, showing that density-based clustering algorithms are suitable for automatic particle separation producing good candidate groups. Improved separation would help LAGO to reconstruct in situ the properties of primary cosmic rays flux. These results open the possibility to deploy machine learning-based models in our distributed detection network for onboard data analysis as an operative prototype, allowing detectors to be installed at very remote sites.
    Description: Published
    Description: 168557
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: 05.07. Space and Planetary sciences
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  • 143
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    Physical and chemical characterization of the Pomici di Avellino ashes (3.9 ka) from Somma-Vesuvius volcano for future health hazard assessment (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-17
    Description: Volcanic ashes can threaten the human respiratory system through inhalation. In this study we investigated the physical and chemical characteristics of volcanic ashes from the Pomici di Avellino (PdA) eruption, an Early Bronze Age (ca. 3.9 ka) Plinian event from Somma-Vesuvius volcano, southern Italy, whose wide dispersal affected most of the Italian peninsula. In particular, we analysed particle size, shape, composition, and surface reactivity of samples from both proximal and distal locations. Our results indicate that some tephra layers north of Rome have a phonolitic composition and match that of PdA eruption; they reach grain-sizes 〈2 μm (~13.5%), thus having the potential to enter the deep respiratory system. Furthermore, the reactivity in free radical generation makes these products potentially able to cause oxidative stress within cells. While commonly no volcanic hazard assessment is made in areas far from active volcanoes, this study highlights that fine ashes from future similar large eruptions, producing high amount of highly fragmented material, can pose a health hazard even in remote, non-volcanic areas, hundreds of km away from the vent, suggesting that further studies on ash toxicity (e.g., in vitro toxicity studies) are required.
    Description: Published
    Description: 107826
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 144
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    Statistical retrieval of volcanic activity in long time series orbital data: Implications for forecasting future activity (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-17
    Description: Several high spatial resolution thermal infrared (TIR) missions are planned for the coming decade and their data will be crucial to constrain volcanic activity patterns throughout pre- and post-eruption phases. Foundational to these patterns is the subtle (1−2 K) thermal behavior, which is easily overlooked using lower spatial resolution data. In preparation for these new data, we conducted the first study using the entire twenty-two-year archive of higher spatial, lower temporal resolution TIR data from the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) sensor. This archive presents a unique opportunity to quantify low-magnitude temperature anomalies and small plumes over long time periods. We developed a new statistical algorithm to automatically detect the full range of thermal activity and applied it to 〉5000 ASTER scenes of five volcanoes with well-documented eruptions. Unique to this algorithm is its ability to use both day and night data, account for clouds, quantify accurate background temperatures, and dynamically scale depending on the anomaly size. Results improve upon those from the more commonly used lower spatial resolution data, despite the less frequent temporal coverage of ASTER, and show that high spatial resolution TIR data are equally as effective. Significantly, the smaller, subtle thermal detections served as precursory signals in ∼81% of eruptions, and the algorithm's results create a framework for classifying future eruptive styles.
    Description: Published
    Description: 113704
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 145
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    Tectonically-determined distribution of monogenetic volcanoes in a compressive tectonic regime: An example from the Pannonian continental back-arc system (Central Europe) (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-17
    Description: This paper presents the results from a geographic information systems (GIS) workflow, which was used to analyze the spatial distribution and temporal evolution of volcanoes in the Mio-Pleistocene monogenetic Bakony- Balaton Highland Volcanic Field (BBHVF), located in the Pannonian Basin, Hungary. Volcanism occurred during the tectonic inversion in a back-arc setting and a compressive/transpressive tectonic regime on the hottest and thinnest lithosphere of continental Europe. The main goal of this study is to clarify the effect of the pre-existing structure of the upper lithosphere in the distribution of the volcanic centers across the volcanic field using an innovative GIS methodology. Orientation of the volcanic field was compared to the orientation of the faults in the BBHVF, and in its larger vicinity, which resulted in correspondence, suggesting the dominance of the SW-NE direction. The directions of the volcanic lineaments fit well to the two main fault directions. The fault-volcano proximity analysis suggests that the fault plane of a thrust fault was an important structural feature during the lifespan of the volcanism. All results suggest that the fault plane of a regionally significant Cretaceous thrust fault (Lit ́er Fault) might have served as a temporary pathway for the ascending magma, whereby (similarly to other, smaller faults) redirecting the magmas causing clustering of the volcanoes. This highlights the importance of major upper crustal structural heterogeneities for magma transport in a compressive tectonic system, espe- cially in the case of active, monogenetic volcanic fields from a volcanic hazard perspective. The present GIS workflow can be effective in analyzing the spatial patterns of the volcanism and its connection with crustal structures at monogenetic volcanic fields worldwide.
    Description: Published
    Description: 107940
    Description: OSV2: Complessità dei processi vulcanici: approcci multidisciplinari e multiparametrici
    Description: JCR Journal
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    Equatorial plasma bubble intensities across longitudinal sectors of the globe using GNSS observations (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-17
    Description: We present the first investigation of Equatorial Plasma Bubble (EPB) intensities across longitudinal sectors of the globe using observations from global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receivers. GNSS data from a total of 93 receiver stations located within ±20 degrees of the geomagnetic equator across the globe were used. The data covered periods of years 2014 and 2019 which are respectively years of high and low solar activity in solar cycle 24. We define a parameter known as the Standard deviation of Residual TEC (SRT) to characterize the EPB intensities. The EPB occurrence was defined by day-night differences of the rate of change of TEC index (ROTI). We observed a high correlation (r ∼ 0.80) between the magnitudes of the SRT and ROTI during the EPB occurrence, but the correlation is low (r ∼ 0.37) during non occurrence of EPB. The EPB intensities are greater during seasons with high occurrence rates. The EPB intensities and occurrence rates are also greater during the high solar activity. We found that the post-sunset intensities are greatest in the Atlantic region, followed by the African region, then the American, Australian, Asian, and Pacific regions in that order. The post-midnight intensities are greatest in the African region, followed by the Atlantic, American, Australian, Asian, and Pacific regions in that order.
    Description: Published
    Description: 106097
    Description: OSA3: Climatologia e meteorologia spaziale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: 01.02. Ionosphere
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 147
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    Evaluation of light traps for sampling lobster larvae in the German Bight, North Sea (2024)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Journal of Sea Research, Elsevier, 199, pp. 102497-102497, ISSN: 1385-1101
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-03
    Description: Biological monitoring of planktonic animals is greatly dependent on the deployment of traps. A variety of specialized traps have been designed for surface plankton and vertebrates. However, certain groups, such as planktonic larvae of benthic marine invertebrates remain underrepresented in sampling efforts. Catching them has proven to be more challenging because of their size, swimming ability, location, and abundance. In the present study a successful light trap for sampling American lobster larvae in New Brunswick, Canada, is evaluated on the island of Helgoland (German Bight, North Sea). Our results showed the traps were successful in catching larvae in laboratory experiments but were unable to catch European lobster larvae in the field. Traps deployed in the field were successful in capturing other benthic and pelagic zooplankton predominantly consisting of crustaceans from the orders: Cumacea, Amphipoda, Mysida and Isopoda. The low density of lobster larvae, the island's topography, and their unique photactic response possibly limited the success rate of the light traps. Future research is needed to construct a specialized trap to sample Helgoland's lobster larvae and provide information on the current larval fitness and population numbers.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 148
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    Seasonal variations of a coastal fish community in relation to environmental parameters - A case study of the Sylt-Rømø Bight, southeastern North Sea (2024)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science, Elsevier, 300, pp. 108723-108723, ISSN: 0272-7714
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-03
    Description: The Wadden Sea is a transition area between land, rivers, and the North Sea. It is of great ecological importance for a wide range of fish species that use it in the course of their life cycle for various purposes. It is a highly dynamic environment and is subject to strong seasonal patterns and annual variations in abiotic conditions. The Sylt-Rømø Bight (SRB) is a semi-enclosed tidal basin in the northern Wadden Sea between the islands of Sylt (Germany) and Rømø (Denmark). Monthly monitoring data of juvenile fish taken in the SRB from 2007 to 2019 were analyzed to determine the changes in species composition in comparison to previous monitoring programs (1989–1995). The long-term trends, common patterns, and potential effects of environmental parameters (sea surface temperature (SST), salinity, chlorophyll a, and the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) winter indices) were determined. In total, 55 species were recorded and only 22 of these together accounted for more than 95% of the total abundance for the entire monitoring. Results showed a changed species composition as we did not find two boreal, one Lusitanian, and one circum-temperate species recorded in the previous programs. Instead, one boreal, six Lusitanian, and one Atlantic species were observed for the first time. The fish community was dominated by high seasonal fluctuations of abundance with either dome-shaped, increasing, or decreasing trends. Dynamic Factor Analysis (DFA) partitioned the fish community into three seasonal assemblages based on SST preferences. Redundancy Analysis (RDA) revealed that environmental parameters explained 29 % of the variations in the fish community. These variances were partly a result of the spring immigration of Lusitanian species and the emigration of boreal species and vice versa in autumn. The absence of four previously reported species and the addition of eight new species support the hypothesis that warm-adapted species are increasing in the Wadden Sea. The inclusion of these seasonal variations into conservation and management practices is critical to the sustainable management of marine and coastal ecosystems covering spawning, nursery, and feeding grounds.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 149
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    One or two frequencies? The Iterative Filtering answers (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-30
    Description: The Iterative Filtering method is a technique aimed at the decomposition of non-stationary and non-linear signals into simple oscillatory components. This method, proposed a decade ago as an alternative technique to the Empirical Mode Decomposition, has been used extensively in many applied fields of research and studied, from a mathematical point of view, in several papers published in the last few years. However, even if its convergence and stability are now established both in the continuous and discrete setting, it is still an open problem to understand up to what extent this approach can separate two close-by frequencies contained in a signal. In this paper, first we recall previously discovered theoretical results about Iterative Filtering. Afterward, we prove a few new theorems regarding the ability of this method in separating two nearby frequencies both in the case of continuously and discrete sampled signals. Among them, we prove a theorem which allows to construct filters which captures, up to machine precision, a specific frequency. We run numerical tests to confirm our findings and to compare the performance of Iterative Filtering with the one of Empirical Mode Decomposition and Synchrosqueezing methods. All the results presented confirm the ability of the technique under investigation in addressing the fundamental “one or two frequencies” question.
    Description: Published
    Description: 128322
    Description: OSA3: Climatologia e meteorologia spaziale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 150
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    Micro-meteoroids impact vaporization as source for Ca and CaO exosphere along Mercury's orbit (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-30
    Description: The study of the micro-meteoroid environment is relevant to planetary science and space weathering of airless bodies, as the Moon or Mercury. In fact, the meteoroids hit directly the surfaces producing impact debris and vapor, thus contributing to shape the exosphere of the planet. This work is focused on the study and modelling of the Mercury's Ca exosphere formation through the process of Micro-Meteoroids Impact Vaporization (MMIV). The MESSENGER/NASA mission provided measurements of Mercury's Ca exosphere, allowing the study of its configuration and its seasonal variations. The observed Ca exhibited very high energies, with a scale height consistent with a temperature 〉 50,000 K, originated mainly on the dawn-side of the planet. It was suggested that the originating process is due to MMIV, but previous estimations were not able to justify the observed intensity and energy. We investigate the possible pathways to produce the high energy observed in the Ca exosphere and discuss about the generating mechanism. The most likely origin may be a combination of different processes involving the release of atomic and molecular surface particles. We use the exospheric Monte Carlo model by Mura et al. (2007) to simulate the 3-D spatial distribution of the Ca-bearing molecule and atomic Ca exospheres generated through the MMIV process, and we show that their morphology and intensity are consistent with the available MESSENGER observations if we consider a cloud quenching temperature 〈 3750 K. The results presented in this paper can be useful in the exospheric studies and in the interpretation of active surface release processes, as well as in the exosphere observations planning for the ESA-JAXA BepiColombo mission that will start its nominal mission phase in 2026.
    Description: Published
    Description: 115616
    Description: OSA3: Climatologia e meteorologia spaziale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 151
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    Orogen-parallel discontinuity of the Apennines subduction zone in Southern Italy as seen from mantle wedge seismic structure (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-30
    Description: We investigate the seismic structure of the mantle wedge of the Apennines subduction zone (Central Mediterranean) using teleseismic receiver function (RF). We inverted RF for both isotropic and anisotropic properties of the mantle wedge, from below the overriding Moho to the “plate boundary”, i.e. the interface that separate the slab from the mantle wedge. Given the distribution of the seismic network, we are able to map out the change in the elastic properties at the transition between southern apennines and the Calabrian arc, given by the change in the subduction style (i.e from the subduction of continental materials to oceanic plate). We found that the anisotropy in the mantle wedge is similar between all seismic stations, generally highly anisotropic (〉 10%), with a direction of the symmetry axis that rotates clockwise from North to South, following the Calabrian arc geometry and likely indicating the mantle flow driven by the slab retreat. The elastic properties of the subducted crust are more heterogeneous. To the North, the subducted crust shows a highly anisotropic (〉 10%) behavior, and it occurs at larger depth (around 70 km depth), where to the South anisotropy is less intense (around 7%) and the subducted crust is shallower (around 60 km depth). These results point out a change in the subduction style that can be given by either a change in the metamorphic phase (more evolved blueschist facies stage to the North, initial greenschist facies stage to the South) or a different origin for the subducted materials (continental to the North and oceanic to the South). The differences in the anisotropic behavior of the subducted crust are reflected in the topography of the plate boundary, which becomes shallower from North to South, suggesting the existence of either a step in the slab topography or a more gentle ramp.
    Description: Published
    Description: 102004
    Description: OST1 Alla ricerca dei Motori Geodinamici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 152
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    Tracking air quality trends and vehicle traffic dynamics at urban scale using satellite and ground data before and after the COVID-19 outbreak (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-30
    Description: The implications of the COVID-19 outbreak are subjected to an increasing number of studies. So far, air quality trends related to the lockdown due to the pandemic have been analysed in large cities or entire regions. In this work, the region studied is the metropolitan area of Cagliari, which is the main city on the island of Sardinia (Italy) and can be representative of a coastal city that includes industrial settlements. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the effect of restrictions related to the COVID-19 outbreak on air quality levels and the traffic dynamics in this type of urban area. Nitrogen Dioxide (NO₂) levels before, during and after COVID-19 lockdown have been investigated using data acquired from the Sentinel-5P/TROPOMI satellite combined with on-site measurements. Both TROPOMI detected and ground-based data have revealed higher levels of NO₂ before and after the lockdown, compared to those during the period of COVID-related restrictions, in particular in the urban area of Cagliari. On the other hand, NO2 registered in the oil refinery area did not show significant differences associated with lockdown. The correlation of TROPOMI NO₂ tropospheric column with ground data (surface NO2) on a monthly mean basis showed different values based on the background and the highest Pearson's coefficient was of about 0.78 near to the city centre, where traffic can be considered a significant source of emission. In addition, a comparison of the air pollution level with the dynamics of vehicle traffic was investigated. The study highlighted a remarkable correlation between the reduction of the number of vehicles and the corresponding tropospheric NO₂ values that decreased on a weekly mean basis.
    Description: Published
    Description: 165464
    Description: OSA2: Evoluzione climatica: effetti e loro mitigazione
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Atmospheric pollution; Nitrogen dioxide (NO₂); Pandemic; Sentinel-5P; TROPOspheric monitoring instrument (TROPOMI); Transportation
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  • 153
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    Extremely deuterium depleted methane revealed in high-temperature volcanic gases (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-07
    Description: Active volcanoes often discharge hot (T ≫ 100 °C) magmatic gases whose original composition has been modified through partial interaction with an externally fed hydrothermal system. The study of methane (CH4) in these volcanic discharges may provide useful information on the interplay between deep magmatic gases and shallow circulation of hydrothermal fluids. However, the origin of CH4 in high-temperature volcanic gases and the factors exerting control on its abundance and stable isotope composition are still largely unknown. Here, we present the abundances and stable isotopic composition of CH4 in hot (99–387 °C) volcanic gases from the La Fossa volcanic crater of Vulcano Island (Southern Italy). Our investigation revealed low (〈1.5 μmol/mol) CH4 concentrations and an extraordinarily large variability in CH4 stable isotopic composition, with δ13C and δ2H values being positively correlated and varying from −35 to −9.2 ‰ and −670 to −102 ‰, respectively. Notably, CH4 isotopes measured at Vulcano almost encompasses the global-scale variability observed in natural fluids, with δ2H values ≤ −500 ‰ being the first ever reported in nature. Gases showing extremely negative δ13C-CH4 and δ2H-CH4 values systematically display higher CH4 abundances. We propose two possible scenarios in order to explain the observed huge variation in δ13C and δ2H: (1) mixing of 13C- and 2H-depleted CH4 with 13C- and 2H-enriched CH4 of thermogenic origin formed under hydrothermal conditions; (2) post-genetic removal and isotopic alteration of 13C- and 2H-depleted CH4 occurring during the ascent of volcanic gases. Comparing our dataset with available isotopic data from naturally occurring and artificially produced CH4, a thermogenic origin for the isotopically light CH4 seems unlikely. We postulate that the 13C- and 2H-depleted CH4 may have formed via kinetically-controlled abiotic synthesis through CO (or CO2) hydrogenation reactions in the hot ascending gas phase, possibly at temperatures intermediate between those typical of magmatic and hydrothermal conditions. Further investigations of methane in high-temperature volcanic gases are necessary to test this hypothesis.
    Description: Published
    Description: 148-165
    Description: OSV2: Complessità dei processi vulcanici: approcci multidisciplinari e multiparametrici
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 154
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    The noble gas signature of the 2021 Tajogaite eruption (La Palma, Canary Islands) (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-06
    Description: Here, we characterize the temporal evolution of volatiles during the Tajogaite eruption by analyzing the elemental (He-Ar-CO2-N2) and isotopic (He-Ar-Ne) composition of fluid inclusions (FI) in phenocrysts (olivine+ pyroxene) identified in erupted lavas. Our 2021 lava samples identify substantial temporal variations in volatile composition. We show that, during the 2021 Tajogaite eruption, the He-CO2-N2 concentrations in FI increased since October 15th; this increase was accompanied by increasing 40Ar/36Ar ratios (from ~300 to 〉500), and paralleled a major shift in bulk lava chemistry, with increasing Mg contents (Mg#, from 47 to 52 to 55–59), CaO/Al2O3 (from 0.65 to 0.74 to 0.75–0.90), Ni and Cr, and decreasing TiO2, P2O5 and incompatible elements. The olivine core composition also became more forsteritic (from Mg# = 80–81 to Mg# = 84–86). Mineral thermobarometry and FI barometry results indicate that the eruption was sustained by magmas previously stored in at least two magma accumulation zones, at respectively ~6–12 km and 15–30 km, corroborating previous seismic and FI evidence. We therefore propose that the compositional changes seen throughout the eruption can be explained by an increased contribution - since early/mid-October - of more primitive, less degassed magma from the deeper (mantle) reservoir. Conversely, Rc/Ra values (3He/4He ratios corrected for atmospheric contamination) remained constant throughout the whole eruption at MORB-like values (7.38 ± 0.22 Ra, 1σ), suggesting an isotopically homogeneous magma feeding source. The Tajogaite He isotope signature is within the range of values observed for the 1677 San Antonio lavas (7.37 ± 0.17Ra, 1σ), but is more radiogenic than the 3He/4He values (〉9 Rc/Ra) observed in the Caldera de Taburiente to the north. The 3He/4He ratios (6.75 ± 0.20 Ra, 1σ) measured in mantle xenoliths from the San Antonio volcano indicate a relatively radiogenic nature of the mantle beneath the Cumbre Vieja ridge. Based on these results and mixing modeling calculations, we propose that the homogeneous He isotopic signatures observed in volatiles from the Tajogaite/San Antonio lavas reflect three component mixing between a MORB-like source, a radiogenic component and small additions (6–15%) of a high 3He/4He reservoir-derived (〉9Ra) fluid components. The simultaneous occurrence of high 3He/4He (〉9Ra)- and MORB-like He signatures in northern and southern La Palma is interpreted to reflect small-scale heterogeneities in the local mantle, arising from spatially variable proportions of MORB, radiogenic, and high 3He/4He components.
    Description: Published
    Description: 107928
    Description: OSV2: Complessità dei processi vulcanici: approcci multidisciplinari e multiparametrici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: La Palma ; 2021 Tajogaite eruption ; Fluid inclusions ; Noble gas ; Magma feeding system ; Mantle source heterogeneity ; 04.08. Volcanology ; 04.01. Earth Interior
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  • 155
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    Deep magma degassing and volatile fluxes through volcanic hydrothermal systems: Insights from the Askja and Kverkfjöll volcanoes, Iceland (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-06
    Description: Mantle volatiles are transported to Earth’s crust and surface by basaltic volcanism. During subaerial eruptions, vast amounts of carbon, sulfur and halogens can be released to the atmosphere during a short time-interval, with impacts ranging in scale from the local environment to the global climate. By contrast, passive volatile release at the surface originating from magmatic intrusions is characterized by much lower flux, yet may outsize eruptive volatile quantities over long timescales. Volcanic hydrothermal systems (VHSs) act as conduits for such volatile release from degassing intrusions and can be used to gauge the contribution of intrusive magmatism to global volatile cycles. Here, we present new compositional and isotopic (δD and δ18O-H2O, 3He/4He, δ13C-CO2, Δ33S- δ34S-H2S and SO4) data for thermal waters and fumarole gases from the Askja and Kverkfj¨oll volcanoes in central Iceland. We use the data together with magma degassing modelling and mass balance calculations to constrain the sources of volatiles in VHSs and to assess the role of intrusive magmatism to the volcanic volatile emission budgets in Iceland. The CO2/ΣS (10􀀀 30), 3He/4He (8.3–10.5 RA; 3He/4He relative to air), δ13C-CO2 (􀀀 4.1 to 􀀀 0.2 ‰) and Δ33S- δ34S-H2S (􀀀 0.031 to 0.003 ‰ and 􀀀 1.5 to +3.6‰) values in high-gas flux fumaroles (CO2 〉 10 mmol/mol) are consistent with an intrusive magmatic origin for CO2 and S at Askja and Kverkfj¨oll. We demonstrate that deep (0.5–5 kbar, equivalent to ~2–18 km crustal depth) decompression degassing of basaltic intrusions in Iceland results in CO2 and S fluxes of 330–5060 and 6–210 kt/yr, respectively, which is sufficient to account for the estimated CO2 flux of Icelandic VHSs (3365–6730 kt/yr), but not the VHS S flux (220–440 kt/yr). Secondary, crystallization-driven degassing from maturing intrusions and leaching of crustal rocks are suggested as additional sources of S. Only a minor proportion of the mantle flux of Cl is channeled via VHSs whereas the H2O flux remains poorly constrained, because magmatic signals in Icelandic VHSs are masked by a dominant shallow groundwater component of meteoric water origin. These results suggest that the bulk of the mantle CO2 and S flux to the atmosphere in Iceland is supplied by intrusive, not eruptive magmatism, and is largely vented via hydrothermal fields.
    Description: Published
    Description: 107776
    Description: OSV2: Complessità dei processi vulcanici: approcci multidisciplinari e multiparametrici
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 156
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    Aseismic creep and gravitational sliding on the lower eastern flank of Mt. Etna: Insights from the 2002 and 2022 fault rupture events between Santa Venerina and Santa Tecla (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-29
    Description: Fault creep along the lower eastern flank of Mt. Etna volcano has been documented since the end of the 19th century and significantly contributes to the surface faulting hazard in the area. On 29 October 2002, during a seismic swarm related to dyke intrusions, two earthquakes caused extensive damage and surface faulting in an area between the Santa Venerina and Santa Tecla villages. On the same day after the two earthquakes, an episodic aseismic creep occurred along the Scalo Pennisi Fault close to the Santa Tecla coastline. On 8 February 2022, during another aseismic creep event along the Scalo Pennisi Fault, we observed the reopening of the pre existing 2002 ground ruptures mostly as pure dilational fractures. We mapped the 2002 and 2022 surface ruptures, and collected data on displacement, length, and pattern of ground breaks. Ground ruptures affected structures located along the activated fault segments, including roads, walls and buildings. The 2002 surface faulting propagation can be ascribed to a sliding of the Mt. Etna eastern flank toward the SE, as also suggested by the related shallow seismicity, and InSAR and geodetic data between 2002 and 2005. For the 2022 event, dif ferential InSAR data, acquired in both descending and ascending views, allowed us to decompose Line of Sight (LOS) displacement into horizontal and vertical components. We detect a ~ 700 m long and ~ 500 m wide deformation zone with a downward and eastward motion (max displacement ~1,5 cm) consistent with a normal fault. We inverted the InSAR–detected surface deformation using a uniform-slip fault model and obtained a shallow detachment for the causative fault, located at ~300 m depth, within the volcanic pile. This is the first in depth study along the Scalo Pennisi Fault to suggest a shallow faulting that accommodates Mt. Etna E flank gravitational sliding.
    Description: Published
    Description: 229829
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Etna ; Aseismic creep ; Earthquake ; Surface faulting ; Volcano-tectonic deformation ; InSAR
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  • 157
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    Sound velocities and single-crystal elasticity of hydrous Fo90 olivine to 12 GPa (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-28
    Description: Nominally anhydrous minerals (NAMs) may contain significant amounts of water and constitute an important reservoir for mantle hydrogen. The colloquial term ‘water’ in NAMs is related to the presence of hydroxyl-bearing (OH􀀀 ) point defects in their crystal structure, where hydrogen is bonded to lattice oxygen and is charge-balanced by cation vacancies. This hydrous component may therefore have substantial effects on the thermoelastic parameters of NAMs, comparable to other major crystal-chemical substitutions (e.g., Fe, Al). Assessment of water concentrations in natural minerals from mantle xenoliths indicates that olivine commonly stores ~0–200 ppm of water. However, the lack of samples originating from depths exceeding ~250 km coupled with the rapid diffusion of hydrogen in olivine at magmatic temperatures makes the determination of the olivine water content in the upper mantle challenging. On the other hand, numerous experimental data show that, at pressures and temperatures corresponding to deep upper mantle conditions, the water storage capacity of olivine increases to 0.2–0.5 wt%. Therefore, determining the elastic properties of olivine samples with more realistic water contents for deep upper mantle conditions may help in interpreting both seismic velocity anomalies in potentially hydrous regions of Earth’s mantle as well as the observed seismic velocity and density contrasts across the 410-km discontinuity. Here, we report simultaneous single-crystal X-ray diffraction and Brillouin scattering experiments at room temperature up to 11.96(2) GPa on hydrous [0.20(3) wt% H2O] Fo90 olivine to assess its full elastic tensor, and complement these results with a careful re-analysis of all the available single-crystal elasticity data from the literature for anhydrous Fo90 olivine. While the bulk (K) and shear (G) moduli of hydrous Fo90 olivine are virtually identical to those of the corresponding anhydrous phase, their pressure derivatives K′ and G′ are slightly larger, although consistent within mutual uncertainties. We then defined linear relations between the water concentration in Fo90 olivine, the elastic moduli and their pressure derivatives, which were then used to compute the sound velocities of Fo90 olivine with higher degrees of hydration. Even for water concentrations as high as 0.5 wt%, the sound wave velocities of hydrous and anhydrous olivines were found to be identical within uncertainties at pressures corresponding to the base of the upper mantle. Contrary to previous claims, our data suggest that water in olivine is not seismically detectable, at least for contents consistent with deep upper mantle conditions. In addition to that, our data reveal that the hydration of olivine is unlikely to be a key factor in reconciling seismic velocity and density contrasts across the 410-km discontinuity with a pyrolitic mantle.
    Description: Published
    Description: 107011
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 158
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    A multi-step approach to evaluate the sustainable use of groundwater resources for human consumption and agriculture (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-28
    Description: The rapid decline in both quality and availability of freshwater resources on our planet necessitates their thorough assessment to ensure sustainable usage. The growing demand for water in industrial, agricultural, and domestic sectors poses significant challenges to managing both surface and groundwater resources. This study tests and proposes a hybrid evaluation approach to determine Groundwater Quality Indices (GQIs) for irrigation (IRRI), seawater intrusion (SWI), and potability (POT), finalized to the spatial distribution of groundwater suitability involving water quality indicator along with hydrogeological and socio-economic factors. Mean Decrease Accuracy (MDA) and Information Gain Ratio (IGR) were used to state the importance of chosen factors such as level of groundwater above the sea, thickness of the aquifer, land cover, distance from coastline, silt soil content, recharge, distance from river and lagoons, depth to water table from ground, distance from agricultural wells, hydraulic conductivity, and lithology for each quality index, separately. The results of both methods showed that recharge is the most important parameter for GQIIRRI and GQIPOT, while the distance from the coastline and the rivers, are the most important for GQISWI. The spatial modelling of GQIIRRI and GQIPOT in the study area has been achieved applying three machine learning (ML) algorithms: the Boosted Regression Tree (BRT), the Random Forest (RF), and the Support Vector Machine (SVM). Validation results showed that RF has the highest prediction for GQIIRRI, while the SVM model has the highest prediction for the GQIPOT index. It is worth to mention that the future utilization and testing of new algorithms could produce even better results. Finally, GQIIRRI and GQIPOT were combined and compared using two combine and overlay methods to prepare a hybrid map of multi-GQIs. The results showed that 69% of the study area is suitable for irrigation and potable use, due to both geogenic and anthropogenic activities which contribute to make some water resources unsuitable for either use. Specifically, the northern, western, and eastern portions of the study area are in the "very high and high quality" classes while the southern portion shows "very low and low quality" classes. In conclusion, the developed map and approach can serve as a practical guide for enhancing groundwater management, identifying suitable areas for various uses and pinpointing regions requiring improved management practices.
    Description: Published
    Description: 119041
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Artificial intelligence ; Groundwater suitability ; Quality index ; Vulnerability map
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  • 159
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    Gravimetry and hydrologic data to constrain the hydrodynamics of a karstic area: The Škocjan Caves study case (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-27
    Description: In this paper we employ a combination of gravity and hydrologic data to constrain a hydraulic model of the Škocjan Caves, an allogenic dominated karstic system in Slovenia. The gravity time-series recorded by a spring-based gravimeter, are carefully analyzed to remove tidal and non-tidal effects and unveil the local hydrologic contribution, which is influenced by the temporary accumulation of water in the cave system during the flood events of the Reka river. We make use of a combined analysis of three large flood events with peak river discharge of about 200, 230 and 300 m3/s, that caused significant water level and gravity variations sensed by the pressure transducer and by the gravimeter. By the integration of hydraulic modelling we study the different coupled gravimetric-hydrologic responses to these flood events: we show that, depending on the peak discharge and duration of the event, different flow conditions are present in the cave system. In addition to the information provided by the pressure transducer, the gravimeter is sensitive to the flow dynamics in a different sector of the cave due to the choice of its location; this configuration helps to better constrain the hydraulic model. Moreover, we find that the autogenic recharge by percolating water can significantly affect the gravity time-series and must be considered in related models. By inclusion of both the hydraulic model outcomes and of the modelling of the autogenic recharge, we are able to better explain the gravity transients during the two smaller magnitude events. In particular, during such events the autogenic contribution produces a transient gravity signal, which is about 4 times larger than the allogenic one, while during the largest flood the allogenic contribution drastically overcomes the autogenic effect by a factor 20. By discussing this case, we prove the potential of terrestrial gravity observation to depict the hydro-dynamics of these complex karstic systems as well as the potential of gravimetry to remotely monitor these storage units.
    Description: Published
    Description: 130453
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 160
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    28th September 2018 Mw 7.5 Sulawesi Supershear Earthquake, Indonesia: Ground effects and macroseismic intensity estimation using ESI-2007 scale (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-27
    Description: The 28th September 2018 Sulawesi Supershear earthquake (MW 7.5) was one of the deadliest earthquakes in the recent history of Indonesia causing ∼4000 causalities. The earthquake caused a ∼ 177 km long surface rupture along the Palu-Karo fault. Apart from surface rupture, the earthquake caused extensive earthquake environmental effects (EEEs) around the Palu-Donggala area of Central Sulawesi, Indonesia, which includes tsunami, coastal landslide, liquefaction, ground cracks and more than 7300 landslides in hilly areas. Initial post-event analysis and reports assigned a Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) of VII to VIII in Palu City and the surrounding area. Building damage and ground effects caused by the earthquake suggested that seismic intensity was understated. Here we applied the EEEs information from field survey data, published reports, and remote sensing tools to determine macroseismic intensity using the Environmental Seismic Intensity (ESI-07) Scale. The ESI-07 intensity derived from the ground effects suggests the maximum intensity of X-XI, which is 3–4° higher than the traditional intensity estimated by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) and the Indonesian Agency for Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysics (BMKG). ShakeMaps were generated considering the ESI-07 values. The ShakeMap was compared with the instrumentally derived ShakeMap for the Palu earthquake, which proves that the ShakeMap prepared from the instrumental data or structural damage data is underrated. We argue that proper documentation of the EEEs is necessary for such damaging earthquakes for future earthquake hazard mapping and planning in the study area and other earthquakes in Indonesia. In addition, this will help in defining the on-fault and off-fault damage zone towards reducing the seismic risk of the Palu Donggala area.
    Description: Published
    Description: 107054
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Sulawesi Earthquake ; Indonesia ; EEEs ; ESI-07 ; ShakeMap ; Seismic Hazard
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 161
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    Yedoma: Late Pleistocene ice-rich syngenetic permafrost of Beringia (2024)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Elsevier, 16 p., ISBN: 9780124095489
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-04
    Description: Yedoma is a permafrost deposit widely distributed across the Arctic and found exclusively within the unglaciated regions in northern Siberia, Alaska, and the Yukon, which are the core regions of Beringia. Yedoma deposits accumulated during the late Pleistocene Stage and are characterized by their predominantly fine-grained texture and association with syngenetic perma-frost formation. The very high ground ice content is most commonly present as pore ice and wedge ice that formed contemporaneously with sediment deposition. In the last decade, research has transitioned from debates about the origin of the Yedoma deposits towards increasing attention on the large carbon and nitrogen pools in Yedoma, their vulnerability to thaw, and increasing mobilization as the climate has warmed across the Arctic. In addition to classical cryolithological and sedimentological research, new methods such as stable isotope paleoclimate reconstruction and ancient sedimentary DNA studies have been more widely applied to better understand the characteristics of Yedoma deposits and helped emphasize their value as archives of Quaternary climate and paleoecological conditions during Ice Age Beringia.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Inbook , peerRev
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  • 162
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    On the fractal pattern of the current structure at ion scales in turbulent space plasmas (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-02
    Description: The recent ability to investigate the features of magnetic field fluctuations at ion/sub-ion scales employing both measurements and simulations has clearly demonstrated how, at these scales, the current has a filamentary structure, i.e., it is not a compact structure. This points toward the idea that the current and the dissipation field may have a fractal structure. An intriguing question immediately arises: is there a relationship between the fractal topology of currents at ion/sub-ion scales and the observed spectral features at the same scales? The goal of this work is to investigate the fractal topology of currents at the Low-end of MHD inertial domain and at ion scales using Hall-MagnetoHydroDynamics and Hybrid Vlasov-Maxwell simulations. The results show a clear relationship between the fractal dimension of the current pattern and the spectral features at ion scales. The relevance of this link is discussed in connection with the dynamics of coherent plasma structures at these scales.
    Description: Published
    Description: 114253
    Description: OSA3: Climatologia e meteorologia spaziale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 163
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    Thermal transient PDC behavior induced by topographic drops: A test case at Mt. St. Helens, USA (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-02
    Description: Topography plays an important yet uncertain role in modulating the temporal and spatial evolution of the in- ternal structure of pyroclastic density currents (PDCs). Understanding such changes is critical to characterize PDC transport regimes and their hazard. Here we combine paleomagnetic data from PDC deposits of the 18 May 1980 Mt. St. Helens eruption with numerical outcomes to capture spatio-temporal temperature variations induced by topography. We show that emplacement temperatures along the northwest flank of the volcano are ≃ 100◦C colder than those recorded along the northeast flank in response to proximal topographic drops. We further report that such vertical drops lead to an initial transient regime where the PDC internal temperature, velocity, and concentration stratification is altered for periods of time that are proportional to the ratio between the drop height and the square root of the current thickness. The topographic control on PDC dynamics is attenuated moving away from the drops or when a stationary phase is attained. Collectively, our results highlight that topographic regions promoting the flow separation/reattachment process are associated with vigorous entrainment of ambient air in the lower portion of PDCs. Low temperature variability is observed in the absence of such topographic irregularities. Based on our findings, we propose a local sedimentation rate of ≃ 150 ± 100 mm s−1 for PDC deposits in a proximal reattachment region. This investigation demonstrates the importance of transient processes in PDC dynamics, introducing a new methodology to measure sedimentation rates, and highlighting that flow-topography feedbacks should be considered to assess hazards.
    Description: Published
    Description: 118441
    Description: OSV2: Complessità dei processi vulcanici: approcci multidisciplinari e multiparametrici
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 164
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    Automatic seismic source modeling of InSAR displacements (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-02
    Description: In this work we describe the implementation of a processing chain for a fully automatic modeling of the seismic source parameters and its slip distribution through the inversion of the InSAR displacements generated from the EPOSAR service. This processing chain consists of a suite of procedures and algorithms handling a sequence of steps: selection of the highest quality InSAR datasets, definition of the area of interest, image sampling, nonlinear and linear inversions to get, respectively, the source geometry and its slip distribution. A set of side procedures and interfaces also allows an interactive refinement and the publication of results, consisting of scientific data and graphical outputs. The whole procedure has been developed, tested and validated by considering 100 events with magnitudes between 5.5 and 8.2, worldwide distributed and covering an exhaustive range of mechanisms and tectonic contexts. Main aim of this work is describing the implementation of the automatic modeling procedures, used to produce solutions in real time, already during the emergency phase. These sources, validated by experts before their publication, can be a reference for operational purposes and initial scientific analyses. The creation of this repository sets also the framework to store, out of the emergency time, more sophisticated solutions, manually revised and/or with peer-review quality.
    Description: Published
    Description: 103445
    Description: OST3 Vicino alla faglia
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 165
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    Crustal root shapes the plumbing system of a monogenetic volcanic field as revealed by magnetotelluric data (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-02
    Description: The plumbing systems of subduction-zone volcanoes consist of magma reservoirs with different degrees of evolution at multiple depths. The geometries of plumbing system of intraplate monogenetic volcanic fields are generally characterized by basaltic magma ascending from the mantle and/or a shallower reservoir along dikes. However, the shape and vertical extent of these plumbing systems are largely unknown due to the rareness of robust geophysical data. The possible role of faults and mountain chains in controlling the geometry of magma reservoirs is also poorly understood. To address these limitations, we present a three-dimensional resistivity structure beneath the Holocene Jingpohu Monogenetic Volcanic Field (JMVF) in the Zhangguangcai Range (ZGC), northeastern China. The resistivity model was derived from the magnetotelluric data in a dense net-like array. We identified an inverted cone-shaped high-resistivity (~10,000 Ω m) anomaly below the ZGC. This anomaly traverses almost the entire crust. We interpret this high-resistivity anomaly to be the stiff basement of the ZGC. At the base of the resistive volume, we resolved a sill-like, low-resistivity anomaly that occurs at the top of the lithospheric mantle. Sheet-like low-resistivity anomalies surrounding the high-resistivity body depart from the lithospheric mantle. We interpret these sill- and sheet-like anomalies as a trans-crustal saucer-shaped magma plumbing system beneath the JMVF. This system involves multi-level magma reservoirs, including basaltic magma at its base, basaltic dikes/sills swarms in the middle and sill intrusions in the upper crust. We propose that the stiff crustal root and the topographic loading of the ZGC work together to deflect the upward magma propagation towards the edges of the ZGC. The magma ascent to the surface is probably controlled by preexisting, lithospheric faults. Our data show how mountain chains, together with the crustal structure, play a key role in controlling the geometry of multi-level plumbing systems of intraplate monogenetic volcanic fields.
    Description: Published
    Description: 118523
    Description: OSV2: Complessità dei processi vulcanici: approcci multidisciplinari e multiparametrici
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 166
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    A lithostratigraphic reappraisal of a Permian-Triassic fluvial succession at Allan Hills (Antarctica) and implications for the terrestrial end-Permian extinction event (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-02
    Description: Between Permian to Triassic, the Earth experienced climatic and biotic crises, included the greatest mass extinction at the Permian-Triassic boundary. These climatic and biological changes are reflected in both marine and terrestrial depositional systems. Over this time span, the Gondwana supercontinent hosted numerous large basins that may preserve the paleoenvironment response to global changes in the sedimentary record. This study provides a lithostratigraphic reappraisal of the latest Paleozoic-Mesozoic alluvial Beacon Supergroup at Allan Hills (Convoy Range), which is one of the most complete sedimentary sequences in Antarctica. Fieldwork stratigraphic-lithological observation, facies analysis, and petrographic characterization of sedimentary rocks allow the identification of six depositional units. The investigations point out for a conformable relationship between depositional and lithostratigraphic units, characterized by changes in the fluvial style. The reconnaissance of a “transitional interval” showing intermediate features between the Permian Weller Coal Measures and the Triassic Feather Conglomerate strengthen the conformable nature of the sequence across the Permian-Triassic boundary in this region. The lithological features of such interval strongly resemble those observed in the coeval deeply studied Eastern Australia successions crossing the Permian-Triassic boundary as well as the end-Permian extinction. More precisely, the uppermost coal occurrence, just above a glossopterid macroflora-bearing carbonaceous mudstone within the “transitional interval”, marks the disappearance of coal-peat forming Permian vegetation which corresponds with the terrestrial end-Permian extinction, thus representing one of the few end- Permian extinction records in Antarctica.
    Description: Published
    Description: 111741
    Description: OSA2: Evoluzione climatica: effetti e loro mitigazione
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Gondwana ; Southern Victoria ; Land Stratigraphy ; Permian-Triassic boundary ; Beacon ; Supergroup ; Allan Hills
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 167
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    On floating point precision in computational fluid dynamics using OpenFOAM (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-02
    Description: Thanks to the computational power of modern cluster machines, numerical simulations can provide, with an unprecedented level of details, new insights into fluid mechanics. However, taking full advantage of this hardware remains challenging since data communication remains a significant bottleneck to reaching peak performances. Reducing floating point precision is a simple and effective way to reduce data movement and improve the computational speed of most applications. Nevertheless, special care needs to be taken to ensure the quality and convergence of computed solutions, especially when dealing with complex fluid simulations. In this work, we analyse the impact of reduced (single and mixed compared to double) precision on computational performance and accuracy for computational fluid dynamics. Using the open source library OpenFOAM, we consider incompressible, compressible, and multiphase fluid solvers for testing on relevant benchmarks for flows in the laminar and turbulent regime and in the presence of shock waves. Computational gain and changes in the scalability of applications in reduced precision are also discussed. In particular, an ad hoc theoretical model for the strong scaling allows us to interpret and understand the observed behaviours, as a function of floating point precision and hardware specifics. Finally, we show how reduced precision can significantly speed up a hybrid CPU–GPU implementation, made available to OpenFOAM end-users recently, that simply relies on a GPU linear algebra solver developed by hardware vendors.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-16
    Description: OSV1: Verso la previsione dei fenomeni vulcanici pericolosi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 168
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    Along-strike variations of strain partitioning within the Apennines determined from large-scale multi-temporal InSAR analysis (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-02
    Description: In the Apennine Mountains of the Italian Peninsula, GPS data display 3–4 mm/yr of divergent motion oriented N50°E between the Adriatic and Tyrrhenian coastlines. However, the mechanisms driving this extension remain debated and along-strike variations of extension within the actively deforming belt remain poorly constrained. Here, we derived the first large-scale extensional and vertical velocity field for the Apennines by multi-temporal InSAR analysis of 7 years of Sentinel-1 data at the scale of the entire range, improving the spatial resolution and vertical accuracy of existing GPS measurements. The results reveal along-strike variations of extensional rates and gradients, with extension concentrated on single fault systems in the north, consistent with the loci of seismicity and recent moderate earthquakes, and distributed throughout the central Apennines, where the range is widening. Vertical surface displacements do not resolve any active long-wavelength uplift of the orogenic belt and, on average, show more subsidence than uplift relative to the Tyrrhenian and Adriatic coasts. This work provides the first InSAR-based geodetic map of differential extension and uplift within the Italian Peninsula. Our results are compatible with a pure shear extensional model of the crust, driven by both boundary and gravitational forces.
    Description: Published
    Description: 230076
    Description: OST1 Alla ricerca dei Motori Geodinamici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: 04.07. Tectonophysics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 169
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    Deterministic and stochastic chaos characterize laboratory earthquakes (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-02
    Description: We analyze frictional motion for a laboratory fault as it passes through the stability transition from stable sliding to unstable motion. We study frictional stick-slip events, which are the lab equivalent of earthquakes, via dynamical system tools in order to retrieve information on the underlying dynamics and to assess whether there are dynamical changes associated with the transition from stable to unstable motion. We find that the lab seismic cycles characteristics of a low-dimensional system with average dimension similar to that of natural slow earthquakes ($〈$5). We also investigate local properties of the attractor and find maximum instantaneous dimension $\gtrsim$10, indicating that some regions of the phase space require a high number of degrees of freedom (dofs). Our analysis does not preclude deterministic chaos, but the lab seismic cycle is best explained by a random attractor based on rate- and state-dependent friction whose dynamics is stochastically perturbed. We find that minimal variations of 0.05\% of the shear and normal stresses applied to the experimental fault influence the large-scale dynamics and the recurrence time of labquakes. While complicated motion including period doubling is observed near the stability transition, even in the fully unstable regime we do not observe truly periodic behavior. Friction's nonlinear nature amplifies small scale perturbations, reducing the predictability of the otherwise periodic macroscopic dynamics. As applied to tectonic faults, our results imply that even small stress field fluctuations ($\lesssim$150 kPa) can induce coefficient of variations in earthquake repeat time of a few percent. Moreover, these perturbations can drive an otherwise fast-slipping fault, close to the critical stability condition, into a mixed behavior involving slow and fast ruptures.
    Description: Published
    Description: 117995
    Description: OST4 Descrizione in tempo reale del terremoto, del maremoto, loro predicibilità e impatto
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 170
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    Determination of the oxidation state of primary melts using two proxies (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-03
    Description: Although many studies have demonstrated that arc magmas are more oxidized than mid-ocean ridge (MORB) and oceanic island basalts (OIB), the oxidation state of their mantle source is still debated. This ongoing debate is mainly due to contradictory fO2 values obtained from different proxies (e.g., Fe3+/ΣFe of olivine-hosted melt inclusions and glasses; Zn/ΣFe, V/Sc, V/Ga of lavas). On the one hand, some studies using V/Sc, V/Ga and Zn/ ΣFe of lavas tend to show that the oxidation state of the mantle beneath arcs cannot be distinguished from that of the MORB mantle. On the other, Fe3+/ΣFe of glasses and olivine-hosted melt inclusions suggest that the sub-arc mantle is more oxidized than the mantle beneath ridges. Here, we estimate the oxygen fugacity of high-Mg olivine-hosted melt inclusions from various mid-ocean ridges and arcs, from one hot spot (Reunion Island) and Mount Etna using two fO2 proxies: the Fe3+/ΣFe of melts and the partition coefficient of V between olivine and melt (Dv Ol/Melt). After assessing the role of secondary processes such as volatile degassing and fractional crystallization on the fO2 of melts and reconstructing primary melt compositions, we show that (1) fO2 values derived from Fe3+/ΣFe and Dv Ol/Melt are comparable and (2) arc and Mount Etna primary melts are more oxidized than mid-ocean ridge and Reunion Island primary melts. We then demonstrate, from Zr/Nb, that the observed variability in primary melt fO2 is not due to chemical variability of the mantle source. Finally, the correlations between incompatible trace element ratios such as Th/La, Ba/La, Ba/Th and La/Yb and the fO2 of primary melts reveal a link between the oxidized nature of arc and Mount Etna primary magmas to slab fluid and/or sediment melt influence. Our arc dataset displays a variety of subduction influences, from fluid-dominated (Aoba and Mount Meager) to sediment melt-dominated (La Sommata) influences. The origin of the oxidation of Mount Etna magmas is more complicated to identify and the nature of the oxidized metasomatic fluids that likely percolated through the mantle source before magma generation is yet to be determined. 1.
    Description: Published
    Description: 121701
    Description: OSV2: Complessità dei processi vulcanici: approcci multidisciplinari e multiparametrici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: 04.08. Volcanology
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  • 171
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    A new perspective in radon risk assessment: Mapping the geological hazard as a first step to define the collective radon risk exposure (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-03
    Description: Radon is a radioactive gas and a major source of ionizing radiation exposure for humans. Consequently, it can pose serious health threats when it accumulates in confined environments. In Europe, recent legislation has been adopted to address radon exposure in dwellings; this law establishes national reference levels and guidelines for defining Radon Priority Areas (RPAs). This study focuses on mapping the Geogenic Radon Potential (GRP) as a foundation for identifying RPAs and, consequently, assessing radon risk in indoor environments. Here, GRP is proposed as a hazard indicator, indicating the potential for radon to enter buildings from geological sources. Various approaches, including multivariate geospatial analysis and the application of artificial intelligence algorithms, have been utilised to generate continuous spatial maps of GRP based on point measurements. In this study, we employed a robust multivariate machine learning algorithm (Random Forest) to create the GRP map of the central sector of the Pusteria Valley, incorporating other variables from census tracts such as land use as a vulnerability factor, and population as an exposure factor to create the risk map. The Pusteria Valley in northern Italy was chosen as the pilot site due to its well-known geological, structural, and geochemical features. The results indicate that high Rn risk areas are associated with high GRP values, as well as residential areas and high population density. Starting with the GRP map (e.g., Rn hazard), a new geological-based definition of the RPAs is proposed as fundamental tool for mapping Collective Radon Risk Areas in line with the main objective of European regulations, which is to differentiate them from Individual Risk Areas.
    Description: Published
    Description: 169569
    Description: OSA5: Energia e georisorse
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Collective Radon Risk Areas; Geogenic Radon Potential; Machine learning; Pusteria Valley; Radon risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 172
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    Spatial migration of temporal earthquake clusters driven by the transfer of differential stress between neighbouring fault/shear-zone structures (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-03
    Description: Uncertainty concerning the processes responsible for slip-rate fluctuations associated with temporal clustering of surface faulting earthquakes is a fundamental, unresolved issue in tectonics, because strain-rates accommodated by fault/shear-zone structures are the key to understanding the viscosity structure of the crust and seismic hazard. We constrain the timing and amplitude of slip-rate fluctuations that occurred on three active normal faults in central Italy over a time period of 20–30 kyrs, using in situ 36Cl cosmogenic dating of fault planes. We identify five periods of rapid slip on individual faults lasting a few millennia, separated time periods of up to 10 millennia with low or zero slip-rate. The rapid slip pulses migrated across the strike between the faults in two waves from SW to NE. We replicate this migration with a model where rapid slip induces changes in differential stress that drive changes in strain-rate on viscous shear zones that drive slip-rate variability on overlying brittle faults. Earthquakes increase the differential stress and strain-rate on underlying shear zones, which in turn accumulate strain, re-loading stress onto the overlying brittle fault. This positive feedback produces high strain-rate episodes containing several large magnitude surface faulting earthquakes (earthquake clusters), but also reduce the differential stress on the viscous portions of neighbouring fault/shear-zones slowing the occurrence of large-magnitude surface faulting earthquakes (earthquake anticlusters). Shear-zones on faults experiencing anticlusters continue to accumulate viscous strain at a lowered rate, and eventually this loads the overlying brittle fault to failure, initiating a period of rapid slip through the positive feedback process described above, and inducing lowered strain-rates onto neighbouring fault/shear-zones. We show that these patterns of differential stress change can replicate the measured earthquake clustering implied by the 36Cl data. The stress changes are related to the fault geometry in terms of distance and azimuth from the slipping structure, implying that (a) strain-rate and viscosity fluctuations for studies of continental rheology, and (b) slip-rates for seismic hazard purposes are to an extent predictable given knowledge of the fault system geometry.
    Description: Published
    Description: 105096
    Description: OST2 Deformazione e Hazard sismico e da maremoto
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Active Faults ; Central Apennines ; Fault interaction
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 173
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    Potential dust sources for loess deposits in Central Italy: A geochemical case study from the Loess-Paleosol-Sequence of Ponte Crispiero (Marche) (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-03
    Description: Identifying potential dust sources of Loess-Paleosol-Sequences (LPS) is important to understand past climatic and environmental conditions. For loess deposits of Central Italy different hypothesis on particle sources have been proposed, but none of them has been tested using a comprehensive geochemical approach yet. Here we present geochemical, mineralogical and grain-size data from selected deposits of a LPS situated at Ponte Crispiero (Marche, Central Italy) to obtain first insights on the provenance of particles deposited here. Loess deposits within the Ponte Crispiero succession are rather coarse (mostly coarse silt and fine sand) indicating a dominance of proximal dust sources. Applied geochemical indices suggest the alluvial plains of the Po River (Northern Italy) and its discharging area as major particle sources. According to these findings, the so-called “Great Po Plain” hypothesis, that claims the presence of a vast alluvial landscape related to the sea-level drop of the Adriatic Sea during the Pleniglacial (i.e. Marine Isotope Stage MIS 4–2), may be considered as a realistic scenario. Such a considerable alluvial plain would have the potential as major source for silt and sand particles not only for the Ponte Crispiero LPS, but also for the loess on the Adriatic side of Central Italy. The main geochemical characteristics of Ponte Crispiero loess are the low concentrations of Zr and Hf and the high contents of carbonate and transition elements compared to the Upper Continental Crust and other European loess sections. Overall, this study contributes towards a better understanding of the provenance and origin of Italian loess. However, for further testing the “Great Po Plain” hypothesis, more (geochemical) investigations need to be conducted, especially in the surrounding areas of the Po plain.
    Description: Published
    Description: 107064
    Description: OSA2: Evoluzione climatica: effetti e loro mitigazione
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 174
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    Basin-scale interaction between post-LGM faulting and morpho-sedimentary processes in the S. Eufemia Gulf (Southern Tyrrhenian Sea) (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-09
    Description: The integrated interpretation of high-resolution multibeam bathymetry, seismic profiles and backscatter data in the S. Eufemia Gulf (SEG; Calabro-Tyrrhenian continental margin, south-eastern Tyrrhenian Sea) documents the relationship between postglacial fault activity and morpho-sedimentary processes. Three systems of active normal faults that affect the seafloor or the shallow subsurface, have been identified: 1) the S. Eufemia fault system located on the continental shelf with fault planes mainly oriented N26E-N40E; 2) the offshore fault system that lies on the continental slope off Capo Suvero with fault planes mainly oriented N28E-N60E; 3) the Angitola Canyon fault system located on the seafloor adjacent to the canyon having fault planes oriented N60E- N85E. The faults produce a belt of linear escarpments with vertical displacement varying from a few decimeters to about 12 m. One of the most prominent active structures is the fault F1 with the highest fault length (about 9.5 km). Two main segments of this fault are identified: a segment characterised by seafloor deformation with metric slip affecting Holocene deposits; a segment characterised by folding of the seafloor. A combined tectono- stratigraphic model of an extensional fault propagation fold is proposed here to explain such different deformation. In addition to the seabed escarpments produced by fault deformation, in the SEG, a strong control of fault activity on recent sedimentary processes is clearly observed. For example, canyons and channels frequently change their course in response to their interaction with main tectonic structures. Moreover, the upper branch of the Angitola Canyon shows straight flanks determined by fault scarps. Tectonics also determined different sediment accumulation rates and types of sedimentation (e.g., the accumulation of hanging wall turbidite deposits and the development of contourite deposits around the Maida Ridge). Furthermore, the distribution of landslides is often connected to main fault scarps and fluids are locally confined in the hanging wall side of faults and can escape at the seabed, generating pockmarks aligned along their footwall.
    Description: Published
    Description: 108775
    Description: OST2 Deformazione e Hazard sismico e da maremoto
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: High-resolution mapping ; Active faults ; Submarine landslides ; Tectonic geomorphology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 175
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    Faulting, sediment loading, and flow of underlying ductile units: A case study from the Western Ionian Basin Offshore Eastern Sicily (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-09
    Description: Tectono-stratigraphic analysis coupled with digital 3D surface modelling derived from high-resolution seismic profiles is performed along a narrow turbidite basin offshore E-Sicily in order to increase understanding on the processes that contributed to the shaping of the Western Ionian Basin. Seismic-reflector patterns of the identified Pliocene-Quaternary sequence point to syn-depositional deformation during the Pliocene associated with the simultaneous activity of regional faults and underlying ductile units. Long-wavelength sediment fanning results from the extensional activity of the Malta Escarpment faults. Conversely, internal reflector architecture and lateral terminations indicate localized subsidence associated with the growth of uprising structures in the easternmost part of the basin. Lateral shifting of basin depocenters is in line with withdrawal effects observed in basins floored by ductile units (salt or shale). 3D modelling of time-reference surfaces highlights sub-circular depressions associated with nearby structural culminations. This pattern is similar to salt-withdrawal mini- basins commonly reported in evaporite-floored basins. Accordingly, salt migration/flow triggered by sediment loading, locally enhanced by fault activity, is proposed as the process controlling basin evolution during the Pliocene in the Western Ionian Domain. Nevertheless, the possibility of shale/mud tectonics as the ductile source of deformation cannot be discounted
    Description: Published
    Description: 104932
    Description: OST2 Deformazione e Hazard sismico e da maremoto
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Syn-depositional deformation ; Ductile flow ; Turbidite basin ; Western Ionian Basin
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 176
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    Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from diffuse degassing areas: Interstitial soil gases as message bearers from deep hydrothermal reservoirs (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-09
    Description: The chemical composition of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in interstitial soil gases from hydrothermal areas is commonly shaped by both deep hydrothermal conditions (e.g., temperature, redox, sulfur fugacity) and shallow secondary processes occurring near the soil-atmosphere interface. Caldara di Manziana and Solfatara di Nepi, i.e., two hydrothermal systems characterized by diverse physicochemical conditions located in the Sabatini Volcanic District and Vicano-Cimino Volcanic District, respectively (Central Italy), were investigated to evaluate the capability of VOCs in soil gases to preserve information from the respective feeding deep fluid reservoirs. Hierarchical cluster analyses and robust principal component analyses allowed recognition of distinct groups of chemical parameters of soil gases collected from the two study areas. The compositional dissimilarities from the free-gas discharges were indeed reflected by the chemical features of soil gases collected from each site, despite the occurrence of shallow processes, e.g., air mixing and microbial degradation processes, affecting VOCs. Four distinct groups of VOCs were recognized suggesting similar sources and/or geochemical behaviors, as follows: (i) S-bearing compounds, whose abundance (in particular that of thiophenes) was strictly dependent on the sulfur fugacity in the feeding system; (ii) C4,5,7+ alkanes, n-hexane, cyclics and alkylated aromatics, related to relatively low-temperature conditions at the gas source; (iii) C2,3 alkanes, benzene, benzaldehyde and phenol, i.e., stable compounds and thermal degradation products; and (iv) aliphatic O-bearing compounds, largely influenced by shallow processes within the soil. However, they maintain a chemical speciation that preserves a signature derived from the supplying deep-fluids, with aldehydes and ketones becoming more enriched after intense interaction of the hypogenic fluids with shallow aquifers. Accordingly, the empirical results of this study suggest that the chemical composition of VOCs in soil gases from hydrothermal areas provides insights into both deep source conditions and fluid circulation dynamics, identifying VOCs as promising geochemical tracers for geothermal exploration.
    Description: Published
    Description: 169047
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Central Italy; Geochemical tracers; Hydrothermal reservoirs; Soil gases; VOCs
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 177
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    On the length and intensity of the West African summer monsoon during the last interglacial African humid period (2024)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Quaternary Science Reviews, Elsevier, 328, pp. 108542-108542, ISSN: 0277-3791
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-21
    Description: The increase in summer monsoon precipitation over western Africa during the last interglacial (LIG) relative to the pre-industrial (PI) is well documented, but it is uncertain whether this increase is due to larger rainfall rate alone, an extension of the summer monsoon season or a combination of the two. Due to different orbital config- uration, the boreal summer of the LIG was warmer but shorter than the PI, potentially influencing the summer monsoon duration. In this study, we employ a newly developed isotope-enabled climate model, AWI-ESM-wiso to investigate the intensity and length of the West African Summer Monsoon (WASM) for both LIG and PI time periods. Our model results indicate that, despite an intensification in summer insolation and an enhanced hydro-logical cycle, WASM season in the LIG is 9 days shorter compared to the PI. During the LIG, increased insolation in late spring and early summer strengthens the Saharan heat low (SHL) and its associated sub-systems, facilitating a faster accumulation of potential instability and an earlier WASM onset. However, a substantial earlier withdrawal of the WASM is also detected, driven by an earlier southward shift of insolation maximum. More- over, our findings are further supported by models participating in the 4th phase of the Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project (PMIP4).
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 178
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    Mapping hydrothermal and supergene alteration zones associated with carbonate-hosted Zn-Pb deposits by using PRISMA satellite imagery supported by field-based hyperspectral data, mineralogical and geochemical analysis (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-22
    Description: Delineating hydrothermal alteration and supergene caps is fundamental for mineral exploration of sulfide ores. The aim of this study is to apply a multi-scale workflow based on hyperspectral remote and proximal sensing data in order to delineate hydrothermal dolomitization and supergene alteration associated with the Mississippi Valley-Type Zn-Pb(-Ag) deposit of Jabali (Western Yemen). The area was investigated through hyperspectral images derived from the new launched Italian Space Agency’s PRISMA satellite, which has a higher spectral resolution compared to multispectral sensors and covers the mineral-diagnostic wavelength regions (such as the 2100 nm to 2300 nm range) with a Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) ≥ 100. Spectral mineral maps were produced through the band ratios method using specific feature extraction indices applied to the hyperspectral satellite data. The results were validated by using Visible Near InfraRed (VNIR) to Short Wave InfraRed (SWIR) reflectance spectra, mineralogical (XRPD) and geochemical (ICP-ES/MS) analyses on rock samples collected in the Jabali area. The dolomites footprint was mapped using a PRISMA Level 2C image, by enhancing the spectral differences between limestones and dolomites in the SWIR-2 region (major features centered at 2340 nm and 2320 nm, respectively). Gossans were detected due to the Fe3+ absorption band in the VNIR region at 900 nm. The Zn-Pb mineralized area, extended for approximately 25 km2, was thus identified by recognizing gossan occurrences in dolomites. The study demonstrates that the PRISMA satellite is effective in identifying Zn-Pb mineralized outcrops in sedimentary basins.
    Description: Published
    Description: 105244
    Description: OSA5: Energia e georisorse
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 179
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    Double dare: Climate change and volcanic activity threatens local populations of Meta menardi (Araneae, Tetragnathidae) in Sicily (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-20
    Description: Meta menardi (Latreille, 1804) and M. bourneti Simon, 1922 (Araneae: Tetragnathidae) are ubiquitous inhabitants of the twilight zone of most hypogean sites across Europe. The two species are broadly distributed in Italy, including Sicily, where they show a remarkable segregation along the altitudinal gradient of Mount Etna. Thanks to our recent sampling activities in this area, we create a georeferenced dataset allowing the application of Species Distribution Modelling aiming at evaluating the current and the future habitat in light of the impacts caused by climate change on the local populations. We predicted a relatively wide suitable area for M bourneti, ranging from the sea level up to 1100 m a.sl., whereas for M. menardi the suitable area encompasses a narrow mid altitude strip, extending halfway between the areas suitable for M. bourneti, and the highly unsuitable volcanic uplands, heavily disturbed by the volcanic activity. The averaged future predictions for 2070 under RCP 8.5 scenario, show that M. bourneti will expand its range upwards, in areas that are now suitable for M. menardi. In turn, predictions for M. menardi indicate an extreme reduction of the current strip of suitable habitat, likely determining its local extinction. Our findings are further corroborated by the analysis of the bioclimatic niche of the two species assessed via multidimensional Hutchinsonian hypervolume, being much smaller in M. menardi compared to of M. bourneti. In light of our results, it seems likely that having wider climatic preference, M. bourneti will substitute M. menardi in most of its current range in Sicily. Future interventions aiming at the conservation of M. menardi on Mount Etna are strongly advised.
    Description: Published
    Description: e02699
    Description: OSA2: Evoluzione climatica: effetti e loro mitigazione
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Cave-dwelling spiders ; Mount Etna ; Lava caves ; Climate change ; Niche segregation ; Species distribution modelling
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 180
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    Exploring the tidal responses of ocean worlds with PyALMA (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-20
    Description: Observations of the tidal response of celestial bodies quantified by the Love numbers are highly relevant in planetary geophysical investigations because they provide unique insight into the interior structures. For example, the high sensitivity of tidal deformations to the properties of the oceans detected beneath the icy surfaces of some moons is of paramount importance for investigations of their habitability. We present here PyALMA3, a software framework developed in Python devoted to the computation of planetary Love numbers. PyALMA3 is based on ALMA3, a previous version developed in Fortran. Conversion to Python significantly improves the accessibility and portability of the software. We tested PyALMA3 by applying it to the exploration of the tidal responses of Europa and the other Galilean moons. We show that accurate modeling of effects such as the viscoelastic deformations of ice and the water density gradient in the ocean (variations of 2–3% on the real part of k2) will be important in the context of geophysical investigations that will be conducted by future missions targeting icy moons, such as Europa Clipper and JUICE.
    Description: Published
    Description: 116120
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Galilean satellites ; Tides ; Planetary interior ; Ocean planets
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 181
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    Spectral and norm estimates for matrix-sequences arising from a finite difference approximation of elliptic operators (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-20
    Description: When approximating elliptic problems by using specialized approximation techniques, we obtain large structured matrices whose analysis provides information on the stability of the method. Here we provide spectral and norm estimates for matrix-sequences arising from the approximation of the Laplacian via ad hoc finite differences. The analysis involves several tools from matrix theory and in particular from the setting of Toeplitz operators and Generalized Locally Toeplitz matrix-sequences. Several numerical experiments are conducted, which confirm the correctness of the theoretical findings.
    Description: Published
    Description: 10-43
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Toeplitz matrix ; Generating function and spectral symbol ; Approximation of differential operators
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 182
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    Need for harmonized long-term multi-lake monitoring of African Great Lakes (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-20
    Description: To ensure the long-term sustainable use of African Great Lakes (AGL), and to better understand the functioning of these ecosystems, authorities, managers and scientists need regularly collected scientific data and information of key environmental indicators over multi-years to make informed decisions. Monitoring is regularly conducted at some sites across AGL; while at others sites, it is rare or conducted irregularly in response to sporadic funding or short-term projects/studies. Managers and scientists working on the AGL thus often lack critical long-term data to evaluate and gauge ongoing changes. Hence, we propose a multi-lake approach to harmonize data collection modalities for better understanding of regional and global environmental impacts on AGL. Climate variability has had strong impacts on all AGL in the recent past. Although these lakes have specific characteristics, their limnological cycles show many similarities. Because different anthropogenic pressures take place at the different AGL, harmonized multilake monitoring will provide comparable data to address the main drivers of concern (climate versus regional anthropogenic impact). To realize harmonized long-term multi-lake monitoring, the approach will need: (1) support of a wide community of researchers and managers; (2) political goodwill towards a common goal for such monitoring; and (3) sufficient capacity (e.g., institutional, financial, human and logistic resources) for its implementation. This paper presents an assessment of the state of monitoring the AGL and possible approaches to realize a long-term, multi-lake harmonized monitoring strategy. Key parameters are proposed. The support of national and regional authorities is necessary as each AGL crosses international boundaries.
    Description: Published
    Description: 101988
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Limnology ; Pollution ; Biodiversity ; Climate change ; Erosion
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 183
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    Geochemical characteristics of natural springs within the Lenglongling fault zone related to the Menyuan Ms 6.9 earthquake on January 8, 2022, NW China (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-23
    Description: Geofluids from natural springs connect with the crust and/or mantle in many cases, and their geochemical anomalies could be significant for the study on faults activity and even earthquakes. Several natural springs are distributed along the Lenglongling fault zone (LLLFZ) in the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau, where the Ms 6.9 Menyuan earthquake occurred on January 8th, 2022. Based on chemical and isotopic compositions (δD, δ18O, δ13C, and 3He/4He) of water and gas samples, the origin of geofluids and their potential correlation with fault activity even including earthquakes are preliminarily assessed in this paper. The δ13CCO2 values and 3He/4He ratios showed that the gas originating from the crust was associated with the metamorphism of carbonate rocks, whereas the δ18O and δD values of water samples indicated that the natural springs were predominantly infiltrated with precipitations from local mountains ranging 3.7 - 5.5 km in height. Obvious changes of Ca2+ and HCO3􀀀 concentrations in SZK spring waters in the surface rupture zones were observed in a short period (about three months) after the main shock, in contrast to those of the GSK springs far from the surface rupture zones. Such variations might be correlated with the stress increase prior to the 2022 Menyuan Ms 6.9 earthquake. The mechanical fracturing of surrounding limestone rocks during the slipping movement of LLLF could facilitate the water-rock interactions. Compared to three-month observations after the main shock, relatively higher concentrations of HCO3􀀀 and heavier δ18OH2O values of the LHG springs were also observed in the short-term period. The shallow stored formation water might be squeezed along the cracks and rose to the surface during earthquake tremors, causing a sandblasting water phenomenon.
    Description: Published
    Description: 105767
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Menyuan earthquake ; Natural spring ; Fluid geochemistry ; Lenglongling fault ; Tibetan plateau
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 184
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    The effects of hot and pressurized fluid flow across a brittle layer on the recent seismicity and deformation in the Campi Flegrei caldera (Italy) (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-23
    Description: The influence of the hydrothermal circulation on seismicity and uplift observed at the Campi Flegrei caldera (Italy) is a topic of great interest to the scientific community. Recently, Thermo-Poro-Elastic (TPE) inclusions were proposed as likely deformation sources. They are suitable to explain the mechanical effects induced by hot and pressurized hydrothermal fluids, possibly exsolved from underlying magma, and pervading an overlying brittle layer. Recent works show that a TPE inclusion located at approximately 2 km depth below the Campi Flegrei caldera significantly contributed to the large and rapid soil uplift observed during the ‘82-’84 unrest phase. In the present work we demonstrate that such a source of deformation is likely playing a role even in the current unrest phase, which is characterized by a much lower uplift-rate with respect to the one occurred in the previous unrest phase. We will show that the time-series of soil uplift observed in the last 18 years can be reproduced by assuming the reactivation of the same deformation source responsible of the ‘82-’84 unrest located within a shallow brittle layer at about 2 km depth. The presence of a brittle layer has been evidenced in the past by tomographic studies and is confirmed by a sharp variation of the b-value at the corresponding depth.We believe that our results provide very important insights and evidences, supporting the existence and the importance of an active thermo-poro-elastic deformation source, which can be useful for understanding the unrest of the Campi Flegrei caldera, from both a scientific and geohazard perspective.
    Description: Published
    Description: 107930
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Campi Flegrei ; Hydrothermal fluids ; Caldera ; Uplift ; Induced seismicity ; Deformation source
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 185
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    The Mekong River Basin : Ecohydrological Complexity from Catchment to Coast (2024)
    Elsevier
    In:  Ecohydrological Complexity from Catchment to Coast
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-17
    Description: The Mekong River Basin: Ecohydrological Complexity from Catchment to Coast, Volume Three presents real facts, data and predictions for quantifying human-induced changes throughout the Mekong watershed, including its estuaries and coasts, and proposes solutions to decrease or mitigate the negative effect and enable sustainable development. This is the first work to link socio–ecological interaction study over the whole Mekong River basin through the lens of ecohydrology. Each chapter is written by a leading expert, with coverage on climate change, groundwater, land use, flooding drought, biodiversity and anthropological issues. Human activities are enormous in the whole watershed and are still increasing throughout the catchment, with severe negative impacts on natural resources are emerging. Among these activities, hydropower dams, especially a series of 11 dams in China, are the most critical as they generate massive changes throughout the system, including in the delta and to the livelihoods of millions of people and they threaten sustainability.
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  • 186
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    The forcings of the Mediterranean Sea and the physical properties of its water masses (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-12-22
    Description: This chapter aims at introducing the reader to general concepts about the main forcings of the Mediterranean Sea, in terms of exchanges through the Strait of Gibraltar, and air-sea exchanges of heat, freshwater, and momentum. These forcings are also responsible for the peculiar characteristics of Mediterranean water masses. Therefore, the chapter continues with giving a general explanation on water mass analysis, and then it describes the properties and vertical and horizontal distributions of the main Mediterranean water masses. To conclude, the reader is introduced to the use of other (biogeochemical, and chemical) tracers of water masses, with a focus on the Mediterranean Sea.
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  • 187
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    Mediterranean Sea general biogeochemistry (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-01
    Description: This chapter gives an overview of the general biogeochemistry in the Mediterranean Sea explaining the particularities of the main biogeochemical variables and the physical, biological, and geochemical processes driving their distribution in the main basins of this marginal sea. Each subsection focuses on one essential variable, starting from dissolved oxygen and following inorganic nutrients, dissolved organic carbon and the CO2 system. A brief overview on the utility of those biogeochemical variables to identify water masses is also given. The chapter concludes with a summary of the projections and threats on biogeochemistry in the Mediterranean Sea under different future climate change scenarios.
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  • 188
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    Directed evolution of a β-N-acetylhexosaminidase from Haloferula sp. for lacto-N-triose II and lacto-N-neotetraose synthesis from chitin (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: In our previous study, a β-N-acetylhexosaminidase (HaHex74) from Haloferula sp. showing high human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) synthesis ability was identified and characterized. In this study, HaHex74 was further engineered by directed evolution and site-saturation mutagenesis to improve its transglycosylation activity for HMOs synthesis. A mutant (mHaHex74) with improved transglycosylation activity (HaHex74-Asn401Ile/His394Leu) was obtained and characterized. mHaHex74 exhibited maximal activity at pH 5.5 and 35 °C, respectively, which were distinct from that of HaHex74 (pH 6.5 and 45 °C). Moreover, mHaHex74 showed the highest LNT2 conversion ratio of 28.2% from N,N’-diacetyl chitobiose (GlcNAc2), which is 2.2 folds higher than that of HaHex74. A three-enzyme cascade reaction for the synthesis of LNT2 and LNnT from chitin was performed in a 5–L reactor, and the contents of LNT2 and LNnT reached up to 15.0 g Lsingle bond1 and 4.9 g Lsingle bond1, respectively. Therefore, mHaHex74 maybe a good candidate for enzymatic synthesis of HMOs.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 189
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    Searching pathogenic bacteria in the rare biosphere of the ocean (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: Harmful marine bacteria, such as Vibrio or Aeromonas species, typically exist at low abundance in ocean environments but represent a reservoir from which epidemics can arise. Particularly, Vibrio strains and their associated infections are on the rise globally due to increasing sea surface temperature representing an emergent threat for human and animal health also being responsible for large economic losses in the aquaculture industry worldwide. New technological approaches are needed to improve strategies targeting these pathogens. This review discusses new approaches based on improved sampling strategies and novel analytical methods offering increased accuracy, high throughput, and informativeness to study and detect microbial pathogens in the marine environment. Detecting and characterizing ultra-low-abundance pathogenic strains can serve as a critical tool in risk management and outbreak prevention of diseases caused by emerging marine pathogens.
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  • 190
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    Combined effects of temperature and burial on seed germination and seedling growth rates of the tropical seagrass Enhalus acoroides (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: As tropical seagrass meadows decline throughout the tropics, propagule transplantation is being used as an effective restoration method. This technique promotes genetic diversity in the restored seagrass meadows. Although many environmental factors, especially temperature and burial, can influence the success of seed/seedling transplantation success, little is known about these effects on transplanted tropical seagrass propagules. To address this knowledge gap, we conducted a 92-day laboratory incubation experiment to test the effects of representive temperatures (20 °C and 30 °C) and burial status (with and without burial) on germination and seedling growth of the tropical seagrass Enhalus acoroides. Results showed that germination rate was 3-fold higher in the treatment without burial (75%) than in the treatment with burial (25%). The germination success rate in the 30 °C treatment was about two times higher than that of the 20 °C treatment. When burial and temperature were tested in combination, germination success was highest in the 30 °C without burial treatment while the lowest rates were obtained in the 20 °C and burial treatment. Further, the temperature of 30 °C benefited leaf and root growth as well. These results illustrate that burial decreased E. acoroides germination, while high temperature enhanced both germination and seedling growth. Thus, transplantation of E. acoroides propagules for tropical seagrass restoration should be conducted when seawater temperature is warm, and the seeds should be fixed on the sediment surface rather than buried.
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  • 191
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    Antarctica Slope Front bifurcation eddy : stationary feature influencing CO2 dynamics in the northern Antarctic Peninsula (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: The Southern Ocean is a key region for analyzing environmental drivers that regulate sea-air CO2 exchanges. These CO2 fluxes are influenced by several mesoscale structures, such as meanders, eddies and other mechanisms responsible for energy dissipation. Aiming to better understand sea-air CO2 dynamics in the northern Antarctica Peninsula, we investigated an anticyclonic stationary eddy located south of Clarence Island, in the eastern basin of Bransfield Strait – named the Antarctica Slope Front bifurcation (ASFb) eddy. Physical, chemical and biological data were sampled, and remote sensing measurements taken, in the region during late summer conditions in February 2020. The eddy’s core consisted of cold (0.31 °C), salty (34.38) and carbon-rich (2247 μmol kg−1) waters with dissolved oxygen depletion (337 μmol kg−1). The core retains a mixture of local surface waters with waters derived from Circumpolar Deep Water (i.e., Warm Deep Water from the Weddell Sea and modified Circumpolar Deep Water from the Bransfield Strait) and Dense Shelf Water. The ASFb eddy acts as a CO2 outgassing structure that reaches a CO2 emission to the atmosphere of ∼1.5 mmol m−2 d–1 in the eddy’s core, mostly due to enhanced dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC). The results suggest that surface variation in DIC in the eddy’s core is modulated by (i) the entrainment of CO2-rich intermediate waters at ∼500 m, (ii) low primary productivity, associated with small phytoplankton cells such as cryptophytes and green flagellates, and (iii) respiration processes caused by heterotrophic organisms (i.e., zooplankton community). By providing a comprehensive view of these physical and biogeochemical properties of this stationary eddy, our results are key to adding new insights to a better understanding of the behavior of mesoscale features influencing sea-air CO2 exchanges in polar environments.
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    Using an integrated feature-based molecular network and lipidomics approach to reveal the differential lipids in yak shanks and flanks (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: Yak shanks and flanks are often used as food ingredients, but the lipid composition of these two parts may differ significantly. These meat parts were subjected to a lipidomics analysis using UHPLC-Q-Obitrap. Several computational tools, including feature-based molecular networks, ms-dial, and lipidone, were used to perform deep mining on the entire dataset. The analysis annotated 355 lipid species from 20 subclasses. Lipid chains have a length distribution of 16 to 20 carbons, with unsaturation ranging from 0 to 5. The results revealed that 71 lipids were significantly different in these muscles, including phosphatidylethanolamines (PEs) (16:0/20:4), PEs (18:0/19:1), PEs (18:1/22:5), sphingomyelins (SMs) (36:2; 3O), and carnitines (CARs) (22:0). Furthermore, the metabolic pathways of glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids act as important roles in the differences of these lipid components. This study obtained a comprehensive lipid profile, which is critical for understanding the precise nutritional differences in different yak meat sections.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 193
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    Recent progress and challenges in CRISPR-Cas9 engineered algae and cyanobacteria (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: Photosynthetic microorganisms like microalgae and cyanobacteria are quickly gaining recognition for their financial potential and have recently been subjected to research into metabolic manipulation to produce biofuels and different bio-based chemicals from CO2 and sunlight. CRISPR-Cas systems are presently the centre of attraction in synthetic biology research. Various cyanobacteria and algae species have been successfully edited using CRISPR-Cas9. However, many technical difficulties, such as chassis-organism-specific Cas9 toxicity, have delayed the progress of this tool for editing the genomes of diverse species of microalgae and cyanobacteria. CRISPR-Cas9 technology has enormous promises, and it has been employed to alter the metabolism of many algae and cyanobacteria. Advances in CRISPR-Cas9 technology and applications, as well as progress in CRISPR-based multiplex genome editing, the importance of traditional molecular tools in CRISPR biology, challenges in developing high-throughput mutant screening, and further improvements in genome-editing methods, have all been thoroughly discussed in order to make the genome engineering of algae and cyanobacteria more feasible. This review identifies important issues, suggests solutions, and highlights recent advances in genome editing in algae and cyanobacteria with the CRISPR-Cas9 system.
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  • 194
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    Untargeted phytochemical profiling and biological activity of small yellow onion (Allium flavum L.) from different regions of Romania (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: This study examined the phytochemical profiles (mainly phenolics, carotenoids, and organosulfur compounds) and biological effects of hydroalcoholic extracts of Allium flavum (AF), a species of the Allium genus commonly known as small yellow onion. Unsupervised and supervised statistical approaches revealed clear differences between extracts prepared with samples collected from different areas of Romania. Overall, the AFFF (AF flowers collected from Făget) extract was the best source of polyphenols, also showing the highest antioxidant capacity evaluated through both in vitro DPPH, FRAP, and TEAC anti-radical scavenging assays and cell-based OxHLIA and TBARS assays. All the tested extracts exhibited α-glucosidase inhibition potential, while only the AFFF extract exhibited anti-lipase inhibitory activity. The phenolic subclasses annotated were positively correlated with the assessed antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities. Our findings suggested that A. flavum has bioactive properties worth exploring further, being a potential edible flower with health-promoting implications.
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  • 195
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    ROV localization based on umbilical angle measurement (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: If the umbilical of Remote Operated Vehicle (ROV) allows the transmission of information in real time or the supply of energy to the robot, it also has many disadvantages such as entanglement or the difficulty of predicting its shape, which raises the question of being able to do without it. In order to turn these constraints into advantages, this paper proposes a method to estimate the position of an ROV by observing the shape of its umbilical. The umbilical is equipped with moving ballasts and buoys to give it a predictable shape with straight lines: simple mathematical models of the umbilical can thus be defined. Using these models and measuring the angles at the ends of the cable, the position of the ROV can be found. Three umbilical models with different equipment are proposed. The methods were tested in a pool and the estimated position of the ROV was compared with its actual position measured using a motion capture system.
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  • 196
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    Identification, classification, and functional characterization of novel sponge-associated acidimicrobiial species (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: Sponges are known to harbour an exceptional diversity of uncultured microorganisms, including members of the phylum Actinobacteriota. While members of the actinobacteriotal class Actinomycetia have been studied intensively due to their potential for secondary metabolite production, the sister class of Acidimicrobiia is often more abundant in sponges. However, the taxonomy, functions, and ecological roles of sponge-associated Acidimicrobiia are largely unknown. Here, we reconstructed and characterized 22 metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) of Acidimicrobiia from three sponge species. These MAGs represented six novel species, belonging to five genera, four families, and two orders, which are all uncharacterized (except the order Acidimicrobiales) and for which we propose nomenclature. These six uncultured species have either only been found in sponges and/or corals and have varying degrees of specificity to their host species. Functional gene profiling indicated that these six species shared a similar potential to non-symbiotic Acidimicrobiia with respect to amino acid biosynthesis and utilization of sulfur compounds. However, sponge-associated Acidimicrobiia differed from their non-symbiotic counterparts by relying predominantly on organic rather than inorganic sources of energy, and their predicted capacity to synthesise bioactive compounds or their precursors implicated in host defence. Additionally, the species possess the genetic capacity to degrade aromatic compounds that are frequently found in sponges. The novel Acidimicrobiia may also potentially mediate host development by modulating Hedgehog signalling and by the production of serotonin, which can affect host body contractions and digestion. These results highlight unique genomic and metabolic features of six new acidimicrobiial species that potentially support a sponge-associated lifestyle.
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  • 197
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    Functional characterization and taxonomic classification of novel gammaproteobacterial diversity in sponges (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: Sponges harbour exceptionally diverse microbial communities, whose members are largely uncultured. The class Gammaproteobacteria often dominates the microbial communities of various sponge species, but most of its diversity remains functional and taxonomically uncharacterised. Here we reconstructed and characterised 32 metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) derived from three sponge species. These MAGs represent ten novel species and belong to seven orders, of which one is new. We propose nomenclature for all these taxa. These new species comprise sponge-specific bacteria with varying levels of host specificity. Functional gene profiling highlights significant differences in metabolic capabilities across the ten species, though each also often exhibited a large degree of metabolic diversity involving various nitrogen- and sulfur-based compounds. The genomic features of the ten species suggest they have evolved to form symbiotic interaction with their hosts or are well-adapted to survive within the sponge environment. These Gammaproteobacteria are proposed to scavenge substrates from the host environment, including metabolites or cellular components of the sponge. Their diverse metabolic capabilities may allow for efficient cycling of organic matter in the sponge environment, potentially to the benefit of the host and other symbionts.
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  • 198
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    Regulation and integration of membrane transport in marine diatoms (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: Diatoms represent one of the most successful groups of marine phytoplankton and are major contributors to ocean biogeochemical cycling. They have colonized marine, freshwater and ice environments and inhabit all regions of the World’s oceans, from poles to tropics. Their success is underpinned by a remarkable ability to regulate their growth and metabolism during nutrient limitation and to respond rapidly when nutrients are available. This requires precise regulation of membrane transport and nutrient acquisition mechanisms, integration of nutrient sensing mechanisms and coordination of different transport pathways. This review outlines transport mechanisms involved in acquisition of key nutrients (N, C, P, Si, Fe) by marine diatoms, illustrating their complexity, sophistication and multiple levels of control.
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  • 199
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    Mysterious increases of whiting events in the Bahama Banks (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: “Whiting” events in the Bahama Banks, due to high concentrations of carbonate-rich particles suspended in the water, have been reported and discussed widely in the past 80 years. However, little is known about their distributions and particularly about their long-term changes. Here, using a deep learning (DL) model, we objectively delineate and quantify whiting features from Aqua MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) satellite images (250-m resolution) and establish an 18-year data record (2003−2020) of whiting occurrences in the Bahama Banks. Both the Great Bahama Bank (GBB) and the Little Bahama Bank (LBB) show clear seasonality in whiting areas, where a primary peak in spring and a secondary peak in winter are found in the GBB but only one peak in winter is found in the LBB. Such a seasonality may be explained using a hydrodynamic hypothesis on calcium carbonate precipitation. The mean size of individual whiting patches in the GBB is about 2.4 ± 6.1 km2 (∼0.1 to 226 km2), while in the LBB is 1.4 ± 2.7 km2 (∼0.1 to 95 km2). The total whiting coverage in a typical cloud-free image is 87.1 km2 in the GBB and 32.0 km2 in the LBB, representing 0.14% and 0.76% of the entire GBB and LBB, respectively. Significant increases in the mean coverage have been found in the GBB since 2011, with peak coverage (∼200 km2) in 2013–2015 being at least 4 times higher than before (20–70 km2). Although the whiting area started to decrease after 2015, it did not reach the pre-2011 level until 2020. On the other hand, correlation analysis and principal component analysis of several environmental factors (pH, light, salinity, carbonate, aragonite, winds, currents) provided some hints on which factors may have contributed. From these, we infer a potential ‘Goldilocks’ scenario, whereby decreases in pH and carbonate concentration, concomitant with increases in Sea Surface Temperature (SST) and current speeds, created conditions increasingly favorable for whitings from 2011 to 2015. Continuation of these environmental trends after 2015, however, resulted in conditions increasingly unfavorable for whiting formation, yet without field-based measurements it is difficult to conclude the potential reasons for increases and decreases of whiting formation in the GBB.
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  • 200
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    Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for the production of an antifouling agent zosteric acid (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: Zosteric acid (ZA) is a Zostera species-derived, sulfated phenolic acid compound with antifouling activity and has gained much attention due to its nontoxic and biodegradable characteristics. However, the yield of Zostera species available for ZA extraction is limited by natural factors, such as season, latitude, light, and temperature. Here we report the development of metabolically engineered Escherichia coli strains capable of producing ZA from glucose and glycerol. First, intracellular availability of the sulfur donor 3′-phosphoadenosine-5′-phosphosulfate (PAPS) was enhanced by knocking out the cysH gene responsible for PAPS consumption and overexpressing the genes required for PAPS biosynthesis. Co-overexpression of the genes encoding tyrosine ammonia-lyase, sulfotransferase 1A1, ATP sulfurylase, and adenosine 5′-phosphosulfate kinase constructed ZA producing strain with enhanced PAPS supply. Second, the feedback-resistant forms of aroG and tyrA genes (encoding 3-deoxy-d-arabinoheptulosonate 7-phosphate synthase and chorismate mutase, respectively) were overexpressed to relieve the feedback regulation of L-tyrosine biosynthesis. Third, the pykA gene involved in phosphoenolpyruvate-consuming reaction, the regulator gene tyrR, the competing pathway gene pheA, and the ptsHIcrr genes essential for the PEP:carbohydrate phosphotransferase system were deleted. Moreover, all genes involved in the shikimate pathway and the talA, tktA, and tktB genes in the pentose phosphate pathway were examined for ZA production. The PTS-independent glucose uptake system, the expression vector system, and the carbon source were also optimized. As a result, the best-performing strain successfully produced 1.52 g L−1 ZA and 1.30 g L−1 p-hydroxycinnamic acid from glucose and glycerol in a 700 mL fed-batch bioreactor.
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