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  • Articles  (219)
  • nitrogen  (140)
  • kinetics
  • Springer  (219)
  • Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
  • 1985-1989  (219)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 51 (1989), S. 175-187 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Anticarsia ; compensatory feeding behavior ; diet dilution ; food utilization ; lipid ; nitrogen ; nutritional ecology ; water
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Peu de travaux ont examiné l'aptitude des insectes à modifier leur consommation et l'utilisation des aliments en fonction des variations qualitatives et quantitatives connues de l'aliment. On a rarement examiné si ces modifications sont adaptatives, si elles maintiennent le taux de croissance et le niveau des ressources, ou si elles limitent au moins les effets nuisibles du changement d'aliment. En utilisant une technique gravimétrique, nous avons mesuré le gain des poids, l'aliment consommé et les excréments produits par des chenilles de A. gemmatalis Hübn. (Lep, Noctuidea), important ravageur du soja aux USA. La consommation en poids frais (fw) a augmenté presque 2 fois quand le régime artificiel a été dilué progressivement avec de l'eau (65, 79, 86 ou 89% d'eau); le poids sec (dw) et le taux de consommation relative (RCR) ont diminué néanmoins avec la dilution. L'efficacité de digestion et d'assimilation de l'aliment consommé (digestibilité approchée, AD) a augmenté pour les trois dilutions, l'efficacité de conversion en biomasse de l'aliment digéré (ECD) a augmenté dans les dilutions à 79 et 85%, mais a diminué pour les régimes plus dilués. Par conséquent, le gain dw et le RGR, — produit de RCR x AD x ECD-, étaient identiques avec le régime à 79% fw à ceux de 65% fw, mais ont diminué pour les régimes plus dilués. Le taux relatif d'efficacité de consommation d'azote a diminué aussi avec la dilution, mais il a été compensé par un accroissement de l'efficacité de l'utilisation de l'azole tel, que le produit,-taux relatif d'accumulation de l'azote-, était le même pour les quatre régimes. La teneur en lipides des insectes a diminué, de 32% pour le régime sans dilution, à 13% pour le régime le plus dilué; elle a été le principal responsable de la diminution de RGR. L'accroissement de la consommation fw et de AD, tout en n'empêchant pas la diminution de RGR pour les deux régimes les plus dilués, a limité l'effet de la dilution (sans ces accroissements, le RGR du régime le plus dilué n'aurait été que 43% du RGR obtenu). Ces résultats indiquent que la consommation et l'utilisation d'aliments constituent un processus dynamique, et que les chenilles de A. gemmatalis comme beaucoup d'autres insectes, présentent des réactions compensatrices au changement de qualité de l'aliment. De telles variations dans la consommation d'aliments ont des conséquences écologiques (consommation accrue de substances allélochimiques potentiellement toxiques et exposition accrue aux causes biologiques de mortalité pendant l'alimentation), et intéressent l'organisation de la protection contre les insectes:-en permettant la manipulation de l'alimentation des insectes pour augmenter la consommation à court terme d'agents bioactifs, et, par ce moyen, réduire la consommation totale,-en permettant d'améliorer la modélisation des dégâts alimentaires prévisibles, qui, pour être efficace, devrait inclure les variations de l'alimentation en fonction de la qualité alimentaire de la plante cultiveé.
    Notes: Abstract Fresh weight (fw) food consumption by caterpillars of Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) increased almost 2-fold as the nutrients in an artificial diet were increasingly diluted with water (diets contained 65, 79, 86 or 89% fw water). Nonetheless, dry weight (dw) relative consumption rate (RCR) declined with diet dilution. The efficiency at which the consumed food is digested and assimilated (approximate digestibility, AD) increased on the 3 diluted diets, and the efficiency at which digested food is converted to biomass (ECD) increased on the 79 and 86% fw diets. As a consequence, dw gained and relative growth rate (RGR), which is the product of RCR x AD x ECD, on the 79% fw diet were similar to those on the 65% fw diet, but they declined on the more diluted diets. Relative nitrogen consumption rate also declined with dietary dilution, but this was compensated by an increase in nitrogen utilization efficiency such that the product of these, relative nitrogen accumulation rate, was similar on all four diets. Insect lipid content declined from 32% on the undiluted diet to 13% dw on the most diluted diet, and was primarily responsible for the decline in RGR. The increases in fw consumption and AD, while not preventing a decline in RGR on the two most diluted diets, mitigated the impact of dietary dilution (e.g., without these increases, RGR on the most diluted diet would have been only 43% of that attained). These results indicate that the consumption and utilization of food are dynamic processes, and that caterpillars of A. gemmatalis, like many other insects, exhibit compensatory responses to changes in dietary quality.
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  • 2
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    European biophysics journal 16 (1989), S. 321-325 
    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Keywords: Sodium currents ; inactivation ; kinetics ; channel gating
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The time constant of the process producing the delay in Na inactivation development as determined by the two pulse method (τdelay) was extracted and compared to that of the slowest Na activation process τ3 for the I Na during the conditioning pulse of that same determination. τdelay and two pulse inactivation τc values were computer generated using a nonlinear least squares algorithm. τh and single pulse inactivation τh values were independently generated for each determination also with the aid of the computer using the same non-linear least squares algorithm. In one determination at 2 mV, τc was 4.68 and τdelay 0.494 ms while τh was 4.70 and τ3 0.491 ms for a τc/τh of 0.996 and a τdelay/τ3 of 1.006. Mean τdelay/τ3 from five determinations in four axons, both Cs and K perfused, and spanning a potential range of-27 to 2mV was 1.068. The precursor process to inactivation is channel opening. Some fraction of channels presumably inactivate via another route where prior channel opening is not required.
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  • 3
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    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 86 (1989), S. 65-70 
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: Hex A ; Hex B ; N-acetyl-glucosaminidases ; kinetics ; thermodynamic transitions ; ion-exchangers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The kinetic and thermodynamic properties of N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase A (Hex A) and N-acetyl-β-D-D-glucosaminidase β (Hex B) from goat testes were investigated in free and bound (after binding them on ion-exchangers such as DEAE- or CM-cellulose respectively) forms. The optimum pH of free Hex A and Hex B was at 4.2 and 5.4, whereas the bound forms showed the optimum pH at 4.0 and 5.2 respectively. While apparent Km of free and bound Hex A (0.8 and 1.0 mM respectively) did not differ, the Km of Hex B increased when bound on CM-cellulose (Km of free Hex B = 0.96 mM versus bound Hex B = 1.6 mM). Though the free Hex A was more thermo-labile than the free Hex B, both isozymes, on insoluble matrices decayed at faster rates on heating. Activation analysis revealed that the energy of activation (E infa supo ) for transition state of free Hex B (81 Kcal deg−1 mole−1) did not differ from E infa supo of bound Hex B. On the other hand, E infa supo of free Hex A declined from 77.2 to 71.1 Kcal deg−1 mole−1 when heat transitions were carried out in free and bound state respectively. Thermodynamic analysis suggested a change in entropy of activation (ΔS*) of free Hex A and Hex B as 200 and 211 eu respectively. While ΔS* of Hex B did not change after heat transitions, ΔS* of Hex A was 182.5 eu.
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  • 4
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    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 86 (1989), S. 171-179 
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: porcine glucokinase ; purification ; kinetics ; sulfhydryl-related states
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Porcine hepatic glucokinase (ATP: D-hexose 6-phosphotransferase EC 2.7.1.1) has been purified by a modification of the procedure for its purification from rats. However, difficulties were encountered with endogenous proteases and the reliability of a source for porcine livers. The molecular weight has been determined to be 60 400 ± 1400 by sodium dodecyl sulfate, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The enzyme has been characterized kinetically. The parameter values, S 0.5 (glucose) and Hill coefficient (nH) are 2.4 mM and 1.9 respectively under sulfhydryl-reducing conditions. The enzyme undergoes the two sulfhydryl-related decays of its activity previously observed in the enzyme isolated from rat (Tippett PS, Neet KE: Arch Biochem Biophys 222:285–298, 1983). The enzyme is inhibited by palmitoyl-CoA, K i (apparent) = 1.0 µM, nH = 1.8; this concentration of inhibitor is significantly below its critical micelle concentration. Physically and kinetically glucokinase isolated from pig is similar to the enzyme isolated from rat. The porcine system provides a second source for isolation and further characterization of this important and unusual enzyme.
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  • 5
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    Oxidation of metals 32 (1989), S. 225-240 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Hot corrosion ; nickel ; TGA ; kinetics ; mechanism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The accelerated oxidation of pure nickel in the presence of a molten carbonate mixture has been studied in O2 and CO2-containing atmospheres. The oxidation rate of nickel with carbonate coatings was at least four orders of magnitude faster than that without salt coatings. The extent of oxidation, in terms of unit area weight gain, depended on both the amount of carbonate mixture coatings and the gas atmosphere. The unit area weight gain due to oxidation increased with increasing amounts of salt coatings up to a certain value. These observations suggest that the termination of nickel oxidation results from the exhaustion of either the salt coatings or metallic nickel. Porous and particulate oxide products were observed from scanning electron microscopic (SEM) examinations. The energy-dispersive analysis of x-rays (EDAX) shows that no salt remains on the specimen surface after the oxidation experiment.
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  • 6
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    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 2379-2390 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Acidic fog ; Phaseolus lunatus ; Trichoplusia ni ; cabbage looper ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; nitrogen ; free amino acid ; soluble protein ; plantinsect interactions ; air pollution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Phaseolus lunatus L. (Henderson Bush lima beans) were exposed to 2 hr acidic fogs with 2.5∶1.0 (v/v) nitrogen-sulfur ratio typical of the west coast of the United States. Fogs with pH values of 2.0 (P 〈 0.01,t tests), 2.5 (P 〈 0.05), or 3.0 (P 〈 0.01) increased percent total nitrogen (dry weight) of foliage as compared to plants subjected to control fogs with a pH of 6.3–6.5. Fresh weight concentrations of soluble protein and certain free amino acid concentrations were increased by plant exposure to acidic fogs with a pH of 2.5 (t tests,P 〈 0.05). Concentrations of free amino acids considered essential for insect growth, as well as nonessential and total free amino acids were not significantly affected by any treatment (P 〉 0.05,t test). Water content (%) of foliage was not changed significantly (P 〉 0.05,t test) by exposure to any of the fogs.Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae ate significantly more foliage and gained significantly more weight on plants treated with 3.0 pH fogs (P 〈 0.01,t test). Several potential explanations are offered for the lack of significant weight gain by larvae on plants in which soluble protein levels, free amino acid concentrations, or percent total nitrogen contents were enhanced by acidic fogs with a pH of 2.5 and 2.0. No larval feeding preference was detected for foliage exposed to acidic versus control fogs, and no significant differences were detected in percent survival ofT. ni eggs exposed to acidic or control fogs. Some implications of acidic fogs for population dynamics ofT. ni are discussed.
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  • 7
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    The protein journal 8 (1989), S. 529-548 
    ISSN: 1573-4943
    Keywords: carmin ; association-dissociation ; denaturation ; reaggregation ; kinetics ; reversibility ; hydrophobic interaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of a decrease inpH on the structural integrity of carmin has been monitored by a variety of biophysical techniques. The protein undergoes initial dissociation up topH 3.5–4.0 without any significant denaturation. Below thispH the process of dissociation and denaturation appears to be simultaneous. Further, in thepH range of 2.5–1.6 the protein reassociates to probably a different polymer resulting from possibly, an entropically driven hydrophobic interaction. The process of dissociation appears to be reversible to a large extent. The process of denaturation appears to be governed by the kinetic path that the denatured protein molecule follows either by a sudden decrease inpH or through a gradual decrease inpH. These results are interpreted while keeping in view the oligomeric and globular structure of carmin at neutralpH. The results would help in understanding of structure-function relationship of the protein and its role in hydrogen ion bindingin vivo.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: sodium ; pyruvate ; transport ; proximal tubule ; kinetics ; kidney
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The experiments reported in this paper aim at characterizing the carboxylic acid transport, the interactions of pyruvate and citrate with their transport sites and specificity. The study of these carriers was performed using isotopic solutes for the influx measurements in brush-border membrane vesicles under zerotrans conditions where the membrane potential was abolished with KCl preloading with valinomycin or equilibrium exchange conditions and Δψ=0. Under zerotrans condition and Δψ=0, the influence of pyruvate concentrations on its initial rates of transport revealed the existence of two families of pyruvate transport sites, one with a high affinity for pyruvate (K t =88 μm) and a low affinity for sodium (K t =57.7mm) (site I), the second one with a low affinity for pyruvate (K t =6.1mm) and a high affinity for sodium (K t =23.9mm) (site II). The coupling factor [Na]/[pyruvate] stoichiometry were determined at 0.25mm and 8mm pyruvate and estimated at 1.8 for site I, and 3 when the first and the second sites transport simultaneously. Under chemical equilibrium (Δψ≅0) single isotopic labeling, transport kinetics of pyruvate carrier systems have shown a double interaction of pyruvate with the transporter; the sodium/pyruvate stoichiometry also expressed according to a Hill plot representation wasn=1.7. The direct method of measuring Na+/pyruvate stoichiometry from double labeling kinetics and isotopic exchange, for a time course, gives an=1.67. Studies of transport specificity, indicate that the absence of inhibition of lactate transport by citrate and the existence of competitive inhibition of lactate and citrate transports by pyruvate leads to the conclusion that the low pyruvate affinity site can be attributed to the citrate carrier (tricarboxylate) and the high pyruvate affinity site to the lactate carrier (monocarboxylate).
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  • 9
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    The journal of membrane biology 108 (1989), S. 253-261 
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: Chara ; Cl− ; cotransport ; reaction kinetic model ; pH ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary H+-coupled transport in plant and fungal cells is relatively insensitive to external pH (pH o ). H+-coupled Cl− transport at the plasma membrane ofChara corallina was studied to explore the phenomena responsible for this insensitivity. Raising pH o from a control value of 7.5 to 9.0 results in a modest (2.5-fold) decline inJ max and increase inK m . Further increase in pH o results in a selective increase inJ max, in accordance with predictions from a reaction kinetic model of the transport system (Sanders, D., Hansen, U.-P., 1981.J. Membrane Biol. 58:139–153). Increase in cytosolic Cl− concentration ([Cl−] c ) also results in a selective decrease inJ max at pH o =7.5. Quantitative kinetic modeling of the results is not possible if it is assumed that the sole effect of pH o isvia mass action on the binding of external H+ to a transport site. If, instead, the dependence of cytosolic pH (pH c ) on pH o (Smith, F.A., 1984,J. Exp. Bot. 35:1525–1536) is taken into account along with the dependence of Cl− influx on pH c (Sanders, D., 1980,J. Membrane Biol. 53:129–141), then the observed modest changes in Michaelis parameters can be accommodated by a reaction kinetic model. The quantitative parameters of the model yield respective pK a s of the internal and external H+-binding sites=7.85 and 7.2, respective dissociation constants of the internal and external Cl−-binding sites=160 and 40 μm, and an additional, kinetically transparent, H+-binding site with a pK a 〉8.0. The quantitative model independently predicts the response ofJ max andK m to acidic conditions. The results are discussed in terms of the general physiological requirement that fluxes through H+-coupled transport systems are relatively insensitive to environmental variation in pH o . It is proposed that (i) the weak (but finite) dependence of pH c on pH o , coupled with (ii) the strong dependence of H+-coupled transport on pH c are instrumental in endowing H+-coupled transport systems with a relative insensitivity to variation in pH o . This hypothesis might also explain why pH c in plants and fungi is not acutely controlled with respect to variation of pH o .
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  • 10
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    The journal of membrane biology 110 (1989), S. 57-65 
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: fluorescence ; water transport ; vasopressin ; kidney collecting tubule ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Water transport across the mammalian collecting tubule is regulated by vasopressin-dependent water channel insertion into and retrieval from the cell apical membrane. The time course of osmotic water permeability (P f ) following addition and removal of vasopressin (VP) and 8-Br-cAMP was measured continuously by quantitative fluorescence microscopy using an impermeant fluorophore perfused in the lumen. Cortical collecting tubules were subjected to a 120 mOsm bath-to-lumen osmotic gradient at 37°C with 10–15 nl/min lumen perfusion and 10–20 ml/min bath exchange rate. With addition of VP (250 μU/ml), there was a 23±3 sec (sem,n=16) lag in whichP f did not change, followed by a rise inP f (initial rate 1.4±0.2×10−4 cm/sec2) to a maximum of 265±10×10−4 cm/sec. With addition of 8-Br-cAMP (0.01–1mm) there was an 11±2 sec lag. For [8-Br-cAMP]=0.01, 0.1 and 1mm, the initial rate ofP f increase following the lag was (units 10−4 cm/sec2): 1.1±0.1, 1.2±0.1 and 1.7±0.3. MaximumP f was (units 10−4 cm/sec): 64±4, 199±9 and 285±11. With removal of VP,P f decreased to baseline (12×10−4 cm/sec) with aT 1/2 of 18 min; removal of 0.1 and 1mm 8-Br-cAMP gaveT 1/2 of 4 and 8.5 min. These results demonstrate (i) a brief lag in theP f response, longer for stimulation by VP than by 8-Br-cAMP, representing the transient build-up of biochemical intermediates proximal to the water channel insertion step, (ii) similar initialdP f /dt (water channel insertion) over a wide range of [8-Br-cAMP] and steady-stateP f values, and (iii) more rapidP f decrease with removal of 8-Br-cAMP than with VP. These pre-steady-state results define the detailed kinetics of the turn-on and turn-off of tubuleP f and provide kinetic evidence that the rate-limiting step for turn-on ofP f is not the step at which VP regulates steady-stateP f . If water channel insertion is assumed to be the rate-limiting step in the turn-on ofP f , these results raise the possibility that water channels must be activated following insertion into the apical membrane.
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: charybdotoxin ; erythrocytes ; iodination ; kinetics ; peptides ; potassium channels ; scorpions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Two charybdotoxin peptides were purified from venom of the Israeli scorpion,Leiurus quinquestriatus hebraeus. Microsequencing of the most abundant toxin, ChTX-Lq1, revealed identity with the 37-residue peptide previously sequenced by Gimenez-Gallego et al. [Gimenez-Gallego, G., et al.,Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:3329–3333 (1988)]. Sequence data on the minor peptide, ChTX-Lq2, showed substantial homology to ChTX-Lq1 with differences observed at eight positions. These two charybdotoxin sequences, along with that of noxiustoxin, define a distinct family of scorpion peptide toxins with activity against K+ channels. Both charybdotoxin homologs inhibited Ca2+-dependent K+ efflux from human erythrocytes with similar potency,K 0.5∼-40nm. In planar bilayer assays of single K(Ca) channels from rat muscle, ChTX-Lq1 and ChTX-Lq2 blocked with intrinsicK d's of 1.3 and 43nm, respectively, in the presence of 50mm external KCl. A new application of dwell-time histogram analysis of single-channel blocking events was used to characterize the kinetic homogeneity of toxin samples and the blocking kinetics of ChTX derivatives. The lower blocking affinity of ChTX-Lq2 was the combined result of a faster dissociation rate and a slower association rate as compared to ChTX-Lq1. The blocking activity of two mono-iodinated derivatives of ChTX-Lq1 was also analyzed. Blocked dwell-time histograms of the iodinated peptides were characterized by predominately brief (0.2–2 sec) blocking events in comparison to the native toxin (20 sec). Histogram analysis revealed that mono-iodination of ChTX-Lq1 impairs blocking activity by adverse effects on both dissociation and association rate constants. Frequency density histograms of single channel blocking events provide a sensitive assay of toxin purity suitable for quantitating structure-activity relationships of charybdotoxin derivatives.
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  • 12
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    Investigational new drugs 7 (1989), S. 27-36 
    ISSN: 1573-0646
    Keywords: kinetics ; fluorouracil ; bolics ; administration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Thymidylate synthase (TS) is the enzyme target of 5-fluorouracil (FUra) that recent laboratory and clinical studies with folinic acid (calcium leucovorin) suggest may mediate important antitumor cytotoxicity. Measurement in carcinoma tissue of parameters related to TS inhibition by 5-fluorodeoxyuridylate (FdUMP), by analogy to hormone receptor analysis, should be useful to determine which patients should receive fluoropyrimidine drug therapy and to evaluate folinic acid requirements. Folinic acid is metabolized to 5,10-methylenetetrahydropteroylglutamine (CH2FH4), which must be present in large excess to effect desired levels of maximal inhibition of TS, by promoting formation and stabilization of TS-FdUMP-CH2FH4 ternary complexes. In patients with metastatic disease, serial biopsies of tumor and normal tissues for studies of pharmacodynamic responses to test-dose FUra or folinic acid are shown to be easily added to routine intraoperative management. A suitable methodologic approach is described and examples given of assays of free TS, FdUMP, dUMP, and CH2FH4 levels after FUra or folinic acid, that may be useful in future studies aimed at improving the cost-effectiveness of FUra-folinic acid combinations.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1573-0646
    Keywords: heterogeneity ; polyamines ; cell killing ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of α-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) on survival, cell kinetics and polyamine levels were studied on two clones of human astrocytoma in vitro. The survival responses were dose and time dependent; and treatments with DFMO which lasted for 72 h resulted in heterogeneous responses with one clone being up to 6 times more sensitive than the other. Shorter treatments produced more uniform killing in the clones. A continuous exposure of the cells to 5 mM DFMO resulted in a rapid decrease in putrescine values in both clones, followed by decreases in the spermidine levels. These effects were closely followed by 148% to 170% increases in cell population doubling times, and a lowering of saturation densities. No clear correlations could be established among baseline polyamine levels and cell kinetics or survival responses to DFMO treatments.
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  • 14
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    Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics 17 (1989), S. 47-66 
    ISSN: 1573-8744
    Keywords: theophyliine ; population analysis ; methylxanthines ; neonatal apnea ; kinetics ; NONMEM
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The population pharmacokinetics of theophylline were evaluated using 391 theophylline serum concentration measurements from 108 neonates and young infants (postnatal age 0–26 weeks), who received theophylline for the treatment of neonatal apnea. A one-compartment pharmacokinetic model with first-order elimination was used, with intravenous aminophylline and oral theophylline administration modeled as zero-order infusions. The effect of a variety of developmental and demographic factors on clearance (CL) and volume (V) were investigated. Hypothesis testing to evaluate potentially significant factors produced a final model in which clearance was based on weight (kg) raised to an exponential power and postnatal age (weeks), with CL (ml/hr)=17.5 (weight)1.28 + 1.17 (postnatal age). Clearance was reduced by 12% for patients receiving parenteral nutrition. Volume of distribution in this population was adequately described using only weight, with V (L)=0.858 L/kg. Bioavailability of orally administered drug was not significantly less than unity. Interindividual variability in clearance was modest, with a coefficient of variation for clearance of 16%. An estimate of interindividual variability in volume could not be obtained. As a measure of residual variability in theophylline serum concentrations, the coefficients of variation for theophylline serum concentrations of 5.0, 10.0, and 13.0 mg/L were found to be approximately, 25, 12, and 9%, respectively. The identification of influential patient factors and the quantification of their influence on theophylline disposition allow for a priori estimates of theophylline pharmacokinetic parameters in these patients.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: carbon ; erosion ; land clearing ; nitrogen ; noncalcic brown soils ; phosphorus ; spatial variability ; xerosols
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Several transects of topsoil samples were taken immediately after land clearing and one year later from a savannah soil in the semiarid NE of Brazil. Natural spatial variability of key fertility indicators (C, N, P) was large with coefficients of variation 〉50%. This variability was related to heterogeneity of the soil parent material, and to relative slope position which affected deposition and removal of erodible materials. The distribution of gravel and different particle size fractions was an indicator of the variability as related to soil formation and erosional resorting. One year after the site was cleared and planted to trees, the decrease in C, N and resin-extractable P was in the same range as the initial spatial variability. Treatment effects were therefore difficult to observe but became more obvious when regression analysis on soil textural components was used to reduce data variability.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: actinorhizal ; Ceanothus ; Frankia ; nitrogen ; propagation ; inoculation ; nodulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Rooted cuttings ofCeanothus griseus varhorizontalis were irrigated with 0, 10, 20, 50, 75 or 100ppm nitrogen as NH4NO3 for eight weeks prior to inoculation with infectiveFrankia. After inoculation, half of the plants for each treatment nitrogen level continued to be irrigated with the preconditioning nitrogen level and half were given no more supplemental nitrogen. For plants continuously receiving nitrogen, nodule initiation (nodule number) was inversely correlated with increasing supplemental nitrogen levels, and suppressed above 50 ppm N. Leaf nitrogen above 2% in continuous-N plants correlated with greatly reduced or suppressed nodulation. Plants maintained after inoculation without supplemental nitrogen showed influence of the prior nitrogen treatment on nodulation. Preconditioning at 50 ppm and above greatly reduced the number of nodules formed. The evidence suggests that stored internal nitrogen can regulate nodulation. Plant biomass accumulated maximally when nodulation was suppressed, at 75 and 100 ppm supplemental N applied continuously. Internode elongation during the nodulation period occurred only on nodulated plants, or in the presence of supplemental N (10 ppm and above).
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  • 17
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    Colloid & polymer science 267 (1989), S. 179-183 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Gel ; swelling ; kinetics ; diffusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Tanaka and Fillmore treated the swelling of a gel as a process where a crosslinked polymer network having been initially under uniform stress is expanded by osmotic pressure, sucking up the surrounding fluid medium. We point out that their physical reasoning is unnatural and leads to an unacceptable conclusion; we propose a more sound approach to the same problem. Our treatment assumes that the gel network is extended not by the osmotic pressure of the gel, but rather by the swelling pressure which is generated by the excess fluid penetrating in against the real nature of a polymer network that tends to shrink. The diffusion equation of the fluid, hence, plays a dominant role and gives the distribution of fluid concentration in contrast to Tanaka-Fillmore's scheme. The expression for the distribution of local strain in a spherical gel is deduced from the relation of mechanical balance between two forces, the one is due to the elasticity of the network and the other due to the gradient in the chemical potential of the fluid. The results obtained have forms analytically similar to Tanaka-Fillmore's, but are differ in the physical meanings.
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  • 18
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    Colloid & polymer science 267 (1989), S. 460-464 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Diffusion ; silica gel ; kinetics ; surface area ; proton
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The effect of preparation pH of silica hydrogel on the effective diffusion coefficient of protons in silica hydrogel (D e , m2/s), on surface area of silica gel (S, m2/s) and on particle size of silica gel (D p , mm) was studied. Silica hydrosols were obtained by adding water glass to sulfuric acid. The effective diffusion coefficient of proton in silica hydrogel was determined by the method of diffusion from silica hydrogel plane sheet to a stirred solution of a limited volume. A numerical solution was obtained for the diffusion equation using the Regula Falsi method. Regression analyses of experimental data were conducted. Diffusion of protons in silica hydrogel is a complicated process due to a decelerating effect of the porous structure of silica hydrogel and to the accelerating effects of slow ions such as Na+ and surface diffusion. The effective diffusion coefficient increased with surface area of silica gel, indicating the diffusion of protons on the surface of the silica particles.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: added nitrogen interaction ; green manure ; 15N ; N loss ; neem ; nitrate ; nitrogen ; Oryza sativa L. ; Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Little is known about whether the high N losses from inorganic N fertilizers applied to lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.) are affected by the combined use of either legume green manure or residue with N fertilizers. Field experiments were conducted in 1986 and 1987 on an Andaqueptic Haplaquoll in the Philippines to determine the effect of cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] cropping systems before rice on the fate and use efficiency of15N-labeled, urea and neem cake (Azadirachta indica Juss.) coated urea (NCU) applied to the subsequent transplanted lowland rice crop. The pre-rice cropping systems were fallow, cowpea incorporated at the flowering stage as a green manure, and cowpea grown to maturity with subsequent incorporation of residue remaining after grain and pod removal. The incorporated green manure contained 70 and 67 kg N ha−1 in 1986 and 1987, respectively. The incorporated residue contained 54 and 49 kg N ha−1 in 1986 and 1987, respectively. The unrecovered15N in the15N balances for 58 kg N ha−1 applied as urea or NCU ranged from 23 to 34% but was not affected by pre-rice cropping system. The partial pressure of ammoniapNH3, and floodwater (nitrate + nitrite)-N following application of 29 kg N ha−1 as urea or NCU to 0.05-m-deep floodwater at 14 days after transplanting was not affected by pre-rice cropping system. In plots not fertilized with urea or NCU, green manure contributed an extra 12 and 26 kg N ha−1, to mature rice plants in 1986 and 1987, respectively. The corresponding contributions from residue were 19 and 23 kg N ha−1, respectively. Coating urea with 0.2g neem cake per g urea had no effect on loss of urea-N in either year; however, it significantly increased grain yield (0.4 Mg ha−1) and total plant N (11 kg ha−1) in 1987 but not in 1986.
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  • 20
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    Plant and soil 116 (1989), S. 77-84 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: alfalfa ; amino acids ; ammonium ; Glycine max (L.) Merr. ; leachates ; lucerne ; Medicago sativa L. ; nitrogen ; rhizosphere ; root exudates ; soyabean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract An enclosed root chamber containing sterile sand medium was used to study net nitrogen (N) release from actively growing root systems of ‘Saranac’ alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and ‘Fiskeby V’ soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.). Plants were inoculated with a rhizobial strain appropriate to each host, irrigated with N-free nutrient solution, and grown either to 85 or to 173 d after germination (alfalfa) or to physiological maturity (soybean). Alfalfa released 4.5% of symbiotically-fixed plant N into the root zone over its growth period; soybean released 10.4% of plant N. Root zone leachates were analyzed for total N and for amino acid and ammonium content. Significant ammonium-N release occurred from the alfalfa but not the soybean root system; little amino-N was released by root systems of either species. Shoot harvest and water deficit caused increased release of N from alfalfa roots. The results provide evidence that alfalfa and soybean released significant proportions of their N into the root zone, and indicate that while substantial ammonium-N was released from alfalfa roots, passive leakage of amino-N was not a primary mechanism for N release from root systems of either species.
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  • 21
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    Euphytica 43 (1989), S. 259-262 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Lolium perenne ; perennial ryegrass ; nitrogen ; protein, yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Four varieties of Lolium perenne with similar flowering dates bred over a 30 year period were grown in an orthogonal plot trial with two contrasting harvesting frequencies and three levels of fertiliser (0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 t/ha of N annually). In the second harvest year, the nitrogen (N) content of herbage at each harvest was determined and the yields of N calculated. The newest variety (Ba 10761) gave a 20% higher mean annual yield of N than the oldest (S.321). The influence of variety in increasing the ratio of N recovered: N applied was as great or greater than the influence of harvesting frequency or level of applied N. There were small differences between varieties in N content (%N), N content being inversely related to N yield.
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  • 22
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    Photosynthesis research 22 (1989), S. 69-87 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: electron transport ; kinetics ; Q-cycle ; Rb. sphaeroides ; thermodynamics ; ubiquinol:cytochrome c 2 oxidoreductase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The temperature dependence of the partial reactions leading to turn-over of the UQH2:cyt c 2 oxidoreductase of Rhodobacter sphaeroides have been studied. The redox properties of the cytochrome components show a weak temperature dependence over the range 280–330 K, with coefficients of about 1 m V per degree; our results suggest that the other components show similar dependencies, so that no significant change in the gradient of standard free-energy between components occurs over this temperature range. The rates of the reactions of the high potential chain (the Rieske iron sulfur center, cytochromes c 1 and c 2, reaction center primary donor) show a weak temperature dependence, indicating an activation energy 〈 8 kJ per mole for electron transfer in this chain. The oxidation of ubiquinol at the Qz-site of the complex showed a strong temperature dependence, with an activation energy of about 32 kJ mole−1. The electron transfer from cytochrome b-566 to cytochrome b-561 was not rate determining at any temperature, and did not contribute to the energy barrier. The activation energy of 32 kJ mole−1 for quinol oxidation was the same for all states of the quinone pool (fully oxidized, partially reduced, or fully reduced before the flash). We suggest that the activation barrier is in the reaction by which ubiquinol at the catalytic site is oxidized to semiquinone. The most economical scheme for this reaction would have the semiquinone intermediate at the energy level indicated by the activation barrier. We discuss the plausibility of this simple model, and the values for rate constants, stability constant, the redox potentials of the intermediate couples, and the binding constant for the semiquinone, which are pertinent to the mechanism of the ubiquinol oxidizing site.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: rotifers ; Euchlanis ; phosphorus ; nitrogen ; excretion ; body size
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Phosphorus (PO4-P) and nitrogen (NH4-N) excretion rates of Euchlanis dilatata lucksiana, a rotifer, isolated from Lake Loosdrecht (The Netherlands) and cultured in the lake water at 18–19 °C, were measured in the laboratory. In a series of experiments, the effects of experiment duration on the P and N excretion rates were examined. The rates measured in the first half-hour were about 2 times higher for P and 2–4 times for N than the rates in the subsequent three successive hours which were quite comparable. Eight experiments were carried out in triplicate, 4 each for P and N excretion measurements, using animals of two size ranges: 60–125 µm and 〉 125 µm. The specific excretion rates varied from 0.06 to 0.18 µg P.mg−1 DW.h−1 and 0.21 to 0.76 µg N.mg−1 DW.h−1. Generally an inverse relationship was observed between the specific excretion rates and the mean individual weight. The excretion rates of Euchlanis measured by us are lower than those reported for several other rotifer species, most of which are much smaller than Euchlanis. Extrapolating the excretion rates of Euchlanis to the other rotifer species in Lake Loosdrecht, and accounting for their density, size and temperature, rotifer excretion appears to be a significant, potential nutrient (N,P) source for phytoplankton growth in the lake. The excretion rates for the rotifers appear to be about two thirds of the total zooplankton excretion, even though the computed rotifer mean biomass is about one-third of the total zooplankton biomass.
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  • 24
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: sediments ; models ; nutrients ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; Chesapeake Bay ; Gunston Cove
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Empirical models of sediment-water fluxes of NH4 +, NO3 − were and PO4 3− were formed based on published reports. The models were revised and parameters evaluated based on laboratory incubations of sediments collected from Gunston Cove, VA. Observed fluxes ranged from — 18 (sediments uptake) to 276 (sediment release) mg NH4 + m−2 day−1, −17 to −509 mg NO3 − m−2 day−1, and −16.4 to 8.9 mg PO4 3− m−2 day−1. The model and observations indicated release of NH4 + was enhanced by high temperature and by low DO. Uptake of NO3 − was enhanced primarily by high NO3 − concentration and to a lesser extent by high temperature and by low DO. Direction of PO4 3− flux depended on concentration in the water. Release was enhanced by low DO. No effect of temperature on PO4 3− flux was observed.
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  • 25
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    Hydrobiologia 188-189 (1989), S. 189-199 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: bioassays ; limiting nutrient factor ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; eutrophication
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Four hundred and forty bioassays with Scenedesmus quadricauda (Turp.) Bréb. as a test organism have been carried out with samples from canals and lakes in the western part of the Netherlands. The results are used to assess the algal growth potential (AGP) and to determine the limiting nutrient(s) for maximum biomass production. Special attention has been paid to the effects of deep-freezing and autoclaving as pretreatment of water samples on pH and nutrient concentrations. The AGP ranged from very low in the relatively isolated polder lakes to very high in canals and lakes, which form part of the basin system of Rijnland. The lowest yields are observed in nitrogen and phosphorus co-limited waters, while the highest are found in waters limited by nitrogen alone. AGP proved to be primarily determined by the amount of nitrogen, especially nitrate, in the samples and only secondarily by the amount of phosphorus. The observed ranges indicating phosphorus limitation, 〉 50 for inorganic and 〉 30 for total N/P ratios, lie considerably higher than reported so far. It is concluded that, once the relations between AGP and nutrients are established, AGP tests do not have to be carried out routinely, but still can be very useful in special studies, e.g. in lake restoration projects.
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  • 26
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    Hydrobiologia 172 (1989), S. 27-38 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Antarctica ; biofilms ; cyanobacteria ; photosynthesis ; chlorophyll ; pigments ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; epilithic algae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The glacier-fed ephemeral streams of southern Victoria Land (ca. 78° S, 64° E) are colonised by an epilithon dominated by cyanobacterial mats and films. Biomass levels are often high (〉 15 µg Chl a · cm−2). The mat structure, pigment and photosynthetic characteristics of these communities have been investigated on site. The mats in high light environments have a layered structure with high levels of light shielding accessory pigments in the upper layers and elevated chlorophyll a and phycocyanin concentrations in the lower layers. Photosynthetic rates per unit area (0.4–3.5 µg C · cm− 2 · hr−1) fall within the range reported for temperate communities. P vs I curves were used to separate high, intermediate and low light communities. Ik values for high light communities were at or lower than PAR recorded at midnight in the polar midsummer (ca 100 µ E m−2 · s−1). We did not detect photoinhibitory responses at the midday light intensities. In situ continuous nutrient enrichment experiments failed to demonstrate N or P limitation to pigment content or photosynthetic rates. We suggest that the growth of these communities is controlled by factors other than light and nutrients.
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  • 27
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    Hydrobiologia 172 (1989), S. 51-61 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: ammonium ; Antarctica ; blue-green algae ; cyanobacteria ; nitrogen ; nitrogen-fixation ; organic nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The many glacier meltwater streams of southern Victoria Land flow through catchments where life forms are almost entirely microbial. Allochthonous inputs of nitrogen from two study streams near McMurdo Sound were derived mostly from the melting glaciers (ca. 100–200 mg N m−3) with some originating from N2-fixation by heterocystous cyanobacteria (max. 939 mg N m−2 year−1). Thirty to fifty per cent of the glacier derived N was dissolved organic N and a major proportion of this was identified as urea N which was utilised by the rich algal and cyanobacterial mats in the streams. A nutrient budget for Fryxell Stream was estimated, quantifying uptake of urea-N and dissolved inorganic N and the release of dissolved organic (non urea) and particulate N by the stream communities. An index of in-stream nitrogen processing, the Net Uptake Length Constant in these streams was compared with that from temperate climates and was found to be similar. Despite the influence of low temperatures on microbial activity (mean daily water temperature = 5 °C) nutrient removal rates from these antarctic streams are high because of the large standing stock of microbial biomass there.
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  • 28
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    Hydrobiologia 178 (1989), S. 1-10 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: nutrient limitation ; algae ; periphyton ; nitrogen ; stream ; agriculture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Four agricultural streams were examined to determine if nitrogen or phosphorus was limiting the growth of the attached algal communities. Experiments were conducted in situ using nutrient-diffusing artificial substrata. Experiments conducted over a 2-year period demonstrated that the benthic algal communities in these streams were seldom limited by nitrogen or phosphorus. Nitrogen was, however, found limiting on two occasions when ambient nitrogen levels were reduced. These experiments were characterized by extended low flows and warm water temperatures. Large algal mats which proliferate during these periods may be responsible for reducing the available nitrogen to a limiting level. Major storm events are thought to interrupt the development of nitrogen limiting conditions by scouring the algae and increasing the nitrogen loading from the watershed. Water temperature was demonstrated as an important factor in controlling periphyton growth rates and may have influenced algal response to nutrient input. Ammonium additions often enhanced algal growth in the absence of nitrate stimulation.
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  • 29
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    Hydrobiologia 174 (1989), S. 151-159 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: floating macrophyte ; nitrogen ; roots ; laminae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Nutrient-enriched water hyacinths were stocked in outdoor tanks and cultured under both high nutrient (HN) and low nutrient (LN) regimes for 10 months. Seasonal changes in standing crop biomass and morphology of LN water hyacinths were similar to those of HN water hyacinths, despite a ten-fold between-treatment difference in N availability and a two-fold difference in average plant N concentrations (1.0 and 2.0% for LN and HN plants, respectively). Tissue N accumulated by the LN plants prior to stocking helped support standing crop development during the 10 month study. In both HN and LN treatments, the rate of detritus deposition, or the sloughing of dead plant tissues from the mat, was lower than the actual detritus production rate because of the retention of dead ‘aerial’ tissues (laminae and petioles) in the floating mat. The retention of laminae and petioles may serve as a nutrient conservation mechanism, since nutrients released from decomposing tissues in the mat-water environment may be assimilated by adjacent plants. The average rate of detritus deposition (both dry matter and N) by LN water hyacinths (1.2 g dry wt. m−2 day−1 and 0.017 g N m−2 day−1) was lower than that of HN plants (3.0 g dry wt. m−2 day−1 and 0.075 g N m−2 day−1) during the study. Low detrital N losses by the water hyacinth probably enhance the survival of this species in aquatic systems which receive nutrient inputs intermittently.
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  • 30
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    Hydrobiologia 183 (1989), S. 87-95 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: phosphorus ; Hartbeespoort Dam ; algal uptake ; abiotic effects ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The role of biotic processes in a warm, monomictic, hypertrophic African impoundment (Hartbeespoort Dam) is examined using 32P radiobioassays. Phosphorus demand is assessed by phosphorus turnover times, alkaline phosphatase activity, cellular phosphorus status and the phosphorus deficiency index. Long turnover times indicative of an enriched system were recorded, ranging from 9 h to 1992 h, with no evidence of phosphorus stress being present. These turnover times support the hypothesis that the phosphorus cycle in Hartbeespoort Dam is dominated by the algal community which is shown to play an important role in phosphorus cycling within the water column. However, hydrological processes remain the driving force in phosphorus seasonality in the lake.
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  • 31
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    Hydrobiologia 176-177 (1989), S. 61-75 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Kattegat Sea ; mud blankets ; nitrogen ; denitrification ; resuspension ; sediment ; sediment traps ; eutrophication
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Primary production in coastal waters is generally nitrogen-limited due to efficient nitrogen sink pathways, which therefore limit further eutrophication. In this context, the significance of ephemeral mud blankets at shallow depth has been characterised using a simple computational box model. Bed materials from several synoptic grab-sample surveys in Laholmsbukten, a shallow embayment of the Kattegat Sea, were analysed. Sediment trap and current meter data provided an assessment of fine material transport; the frequency of loose mud resuspension was estimated to vary between three and ten events per month in the spring, depending on the wind conditions. Mud blankets appear to be deposited following major spring and fall phytoplankton blooms, they are only a few centimetres thick, they are composed mainly of pelletized organic material and detritus and they have a high water content (80% wet weight) and nitrogen content (0.5% dry weight). In the course of export from the bay, the muds undergo continuous resuspension, redeposition and biological breakdown. In one September day, the amount of particulate nitrogen redeposited in sediment traps was of equivalent magnitude to the entire mud blanket deposit (5 g N/m-2 or a 4 mm deposit as a bay-wide mean). The presence of mud blankets is believe to control the nitrogen budget and water quality in the bay. A simple model proved compatible with observed mud blanket presence and rates of denitrification. Calm conditions are conducive to the loss of bound nitrogen and free oxygen within the bay as a result of prolonged denitrification and pelagic and benthic nitrogen regeneration. If fine particulates are rapidly exported from shallow bottoms, as in windy periods, the water quality of the entire Kattegat Sea is likely to be impaired.
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  • 32
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    Biogeochemistry 8 (1989), S. 185-204 
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: phosphorus ; nitrogen ; wetlands ; beaver ponds ; conifer swamp ; sedge fen ; Precambrian shield ; nutrient retention ; mass balance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Phosphorus and nitrogen mass balances of five wetlands (two beaver ponds, two conifer-Sphagnum swamps and one sedge fen) situated in three catchments in central Ontario, Canada, were measured. Monthly and annual input-output budgets of total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN), total organic nitrogen (TON), total inorganic nitrogen (TIN), ammonium ion (NH4 + -N), nitrate (NO 3 − -N) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were estimated for the five wetlands during the 1982–83 and 1983–84 water years. Except for the deepest beaver pond (3.2 m) which had annual TP retention of −44% (−0.030 ± 0.015 g m−2 yr−1), the wetlands retained 〈 0.001 to 0.015 g M−2 yr−1 ; however, this wasless than 20% of the inputs and the estimated budget uncertainties were equal to or greater than the retention rates. Annual TN retentions ranged from −0.44 to 0.56 g m−2 yr−1 (−12 to 4%) but were not significantly different from zero. The wetlands transformed nitrogen by retaining TIN (16 to 80% RT) and exporting an equivalent amount as TON (−7 to 102% RT). The beaver ponds, however, retained NO 3 − while NH 4 + was passed through or the outputs exceeded the inputs. In contrast, the conifer swamps retained both NH 4 + and NO 3 − . DOC fluxes into and out of the beaver ponds were equal (−18 and 4% RT) but output from the conifer swamps exceeded input by 〉 90%. Marked seasonal trends in nutrient retention were observed. Nutrient retention coincided with low stream flow, increased evapotranspiration and biotic uptake during the summer. Net nutrient export occurred during the winter and spring when stream flows were highest and biotic uptake was low.
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  • 33
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    Plant and soil 115 (1989), S. 35-41 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: C/N ratio ; fatty acids ; immobilization ; nitrogen ; straw
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Ammonia volatilization, nitrogen immobilization, carbon decomposition and formation of volatile fatty acids was investigated in a laboratory incubation experiment with fresh poultry manure, to which increasing amounts of straw were added. Less than 1% of the manure nitrogen was volatilized as ammonia during anaerobic decomposition due to low pH values. In aerobic manure alkaline conditions prevailed and between 9 to 44% of the nitrogen was volatilized as ammonia. The volatilization courses could be described by a parallel first-order model. Increasing straw additions reduced ammonia volatilization during aerobic decomposition. Straw caused no immobilization of nitrogen under anaerobic conditions. In aerobic manure, nitrogen was mainly bound in organic forms whereas in anaerobic manure about two-thirds of the nitrogen was in ammonium form. C/N ratios in the organic matter of anaerobic manure were higher (33.1–87.5) than in the aerobic manure (9.5–18.0).
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  • 34
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: carbon ; cellulose ; decomposition ; δ13C ; δ15N ; lignin ; nitrogen ; stable isotopes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Decay processes in an ecosystem can be thought of as a continuum beginning with the input of plant litter and leading to the formation of soil organic matter. As an example of this continuum, we review a 77-month study of the decay of red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) needle litter. We tracked the changes in C chemistry and the N pool in red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) needle litter during the 77-month period using standard chemical techniques and stable isotope, analyses of C and N. Mass loss is best described by a two-phase model: an initial phase of constant mass loss and a phase of very slow loss dominated by degradation of ‘lignocellulose’ (acid soluble sugars plus acid insoluble C compounds). As the decaying litter enters the second phase, the ratio of lignin to lignin and cellulose (the lignocellulose index, LCI) approaches 0.7. Thereafter, the LCI increases only slightly throughout the decay continuum indicating that acid insoluble materials (‘lignin’) dominate decay in the latter part of the continuum. Nitrogen dynamics are also best described by a two-phase model: a phase of N net immobilization followed by a phase of N net mineralization. Small changes in C and N isotopic composition were observed during litter decay. Larger changes were observed with depth in the soil profile. An understanding of factors that control ‘lignin’ degradation is key to predicting the patterns of mass loss and N dynamics late in decay. The hypothesis that labile C is needed for ‘lignin’ degradation must be evaluated and the sources of this C must be identified. Also, the hypothesis that the availability of inorganic N slows ‘lignin’ decay must be evaluated in soil systems.
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  • 35
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    Plant and soil 115 (1989), S. 211-215 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Lolium perenne ; mycorrhiza ; nitrogen ; nutrient cycling ; phosphorus ; roots
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents information about the release of nitrogen and phosphorus from dying grass roots and the capture of phosphorus by other, living plants. We have paid particular attention to the part played by mycorrhizas in this phosphorus capture, and the possible importance of mycorrhizal links between dying and living roots. WhenLolium perenne plants were grown with ample nutrients and their roots then detached and buried in soil, about half the nitrogen and two-thirds of the phosphorus was lost in three weeks, but only one-fifth of the dry weight. The C:N and C:P ratios suggest that microbial growth in the roots would at first be C-limited but would become N- and P-limited within three weeks. Rapid transfer of32P can occur from dying roots to those of a living plant if the two root systems are intermingled. The amount transferred was substantially increased in two species-combinations that are known to form mycorrhizal links between their root systems. In contrast, in a species-combination where only the living (‘receiver’) plant could become mycorrhizal no significant increase of32P transfer occurred. This evidence, although far from conclusive, suggests that mycorrhizal links between dying and living roots can contribute to nutrient cycling. This research indicates a major difference in nutrient cycling processes between perennial and annual crops.
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  • 36
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: acetylene inhibition ; denitrifiers ; geostatistics ; kriging ; nitrogen ; nitrogen-15 ; nutrient cycling ; soil cores ; terrestrial ecosystems
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Of the biogeochemical processes, denitrification has perhaps been the most difficult to study in the field because of the inability to measure the product of the process. The last decade of research, however, has provided both acetylene and15N based methods as well as undisturbed soil core andin situ soil cover sampling approaches to implementing these methods. All of these methods, if used appropriately, give comparable results. Thus, we now have several methods, each with advantages for particular sites or objectives, that accurately measure denitrification in nature. Because of the general usefulness of the acetylene methods, updated protocols for the following three methods are given: gas-phase recirculation soil cores; static soil cores; and the denitrifying enzyme assay also known as the phase 1 assay. Despite the availability of these and other methods, denitrification budgets remain difficult to accurately establish in most environments because of the high spatial and temporal variability inherent in denitrification. Appropriate analysis of those data includes a distribution analysis of the data, and if highly skewed as is typically the case, the most accurate method to estimate the mean and the population variance is the UMVUE method (uniformly minimum variance unbiased estimator). Geostatistical methods have also been employed to improve spatial and temporal estimates of denitrification. These have occasionally been successful for spatial analysis but in the attempt described here for temporal analysis the approach was not useful. Discussions of the importance of denitrification have always focused on quantifying the process and whether particular measured quantities are judged to be a significant amount of nitrogen. A second line of evidence discussed here is the extant genetic record that results from natural selection. These analysis lead to the conclusion that strong selection for denitrification must currently be occurring, which implies that the process is of general significance in soils.
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  • 37
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: bacteria ; legume growth ; nitrogen ; nodulation
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Several Indonesian and some imported Rhizobium strains were assessed for their effectiveness in nodulating four legume species in four soil types of Java. Naturally occurring Rhizobia formed effective symbioses onVigna unguiculata, Macroptilium atropurpureum andDesmodium heterocarpon in all four soils and the applied strains, with some exceptions, did not infect a majority of nodules of these legumes.Centrosema pubescens was more specific in its Rhizobia requirements and applied strains formed effective symbioses in two clay soils, but not in two sandy loam soils.
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  • 38
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    Plant and soil 117 (1989), S. 185-193 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: carbon ; exudation ; mineralisation ; nitrogen ; rhizosphere ; root ; uptake
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The possibility is examined that carbon (C) released into the soil from a root could enhance the availability of inorganic nitrogen (N) to plants by stimulating microbial activity. The release of soluble C compounds from roots is assumed to occur by one of two general processes: cortical cell death or exudation from intact cells. On the basis of several assumptions chosen to allow maximal amounts of N mineralisation to be calculated, greater amounts of net N mineralisation are theoretically possible at realistic soil C:N ratios of bacteria are grazed by predators such as protozoa, than if bacteria alone are active. More N is mineralised when the substrate released from the root has a high C:N ratio (as in cell death) than when it is relatively N-rich. The amounts of N that a root might realistically cause to be mineralised are unlikely to account entirely for high nitrate inflow rates that have been measured experimentally. However there are circumstances in which the loss of C from roots is essential if any N is to be mineralised and obtained by plants.
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  • 39
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    Plant and soil 117 (1989), S. 227-235 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: fynbos ; litter production ; nitrogen ; nutrient additions ; phosphorus
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Litter production and N and P return were determined at bimonthly intervals for two years in 10×5 m plots, amended with a complete factorial fertilizer addition of N as NH4NO3(Na), P as Ca3(PO4)2(Pa) and a mixture of all essential nutrients excluding N and P (Ma) in a 4–7-year-old post-fire sand-plain lowland fynbos ecosystem, South Africa. Litter production increased with vegetation age, was highly seasonal and peaked from late spring to mid-summer (November to January). No significant differences in annual litter production and N return were found in response to the nutrient treatments, although both tended to increase during the second year in response to Na and Ma. Phosphorus return increased significantly with Pa, and to a lesser extend, N3, during the first year, whereas it increased in response to Na and Ma and decreased in the Pa amended plots during the second year. The nutrient treatments did not result in a change in the timing of the annual peak litter production period or in the plant growth form composition of the litter. The litter layer dry mass and N and P contents increased in response to Na and Ma, while Pa resulted in an increased P content. The evidence from this study indicates that the vegetative growth of the evergreen sclerophyllous shrubs and hemicryptophytes of sand-plain lowland fynbos is not only limited by N, as shown by other studies on shoot growth and vegetation cover, but also by one or more other nutrients excluding P.
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  • 40
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    Plant and soil 120 (1989), S. 69-77 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: cations ; nitrogen ; nutrient losses ; prescribed fire
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Losses of N, P, K and Ca were measured during a prescribed burning in a French MediterraneanPinus halepensis forest, with understorey ofQuercus coccifera. Nutrient loss was measured by difference between the quantity of a nutrient in the fuel before burning and that found in the postfire remains which were harvested or recovered in small trays. Reduction in fuel weight amounted to 77%, losses from initial fuel elements amounted to 77% for N, 54% for K and 35% for P. No significative loss of Ca was measured. Burning resulted in 7 t ha−1 fuel reduction and in loss of 55 kg ha−1N, 8.5 kg ha−1K and 1.0 kg ha−1P.
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  • 41
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    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 18 (1989), S. 167-179 
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: Vicia faba L. ; in vitro propagation ; temperature ; nitrogen ; activated charcoal
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The influences of nitrogen sources, culture temperature and activated charcoal supplements were studied in relation to the rooting ability of V. faba cuttings. The interaction of these factors led to quantitative and qualitative modifications of the culture responses. Low temperatures (14–18°C) were suitable for in vitro culture, limiting the formation of phenolics in plant material and making activated charcoal supplement unnecessary. Nitrogen supplements contributed in modifying the different plant responses, in accordance with temperature. Multiple shoot formation was obtained from the cotyledonary node and from the stem nodes cultivated in the presence of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP). BAP at 4 mg l-1 was the most effective concentration in promoting high rates of shoot development. The original position of stem nodes was found to determine the explant response to plant growth regulator treatments, possibly due to the effect of residual apical dominance.
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  • 42
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    Journal of bioenergetics and biomembranes 21 (1989), S. 359-373 
    ISSN: 1573-6881
    Keywords: Cyrochromec oxidase ; kinetics ; subunit composition ; mitochondrially synthesized polypeptides ; Euglena gracilis
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Cytochromec oxidase was purified from mitochondria ofEuglena gracilis and separated into 15 different polypeptide subunits by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. All 15 subunits copurify through various purification procedures, and the subunit composition of the isolated enzyme is identical to that of the immunoprecipitated one. Therefore, the 15 protein subunits represent integral components of theEuglena oxidase. In anin vitro protein-synthesizing system using isolated mitochondria, polypeptides 1–3 were radioactive labeled in the presence of [35S]methionine. This further identifies these polypeptides with the three largest subunits of cytochromec oxidse encoded by mitochondrial DNA in other eukaryotic organisms. By subtraction, the other 12 subunits can be assigned to nuclear genes. The isolatedEuglena oxidase was highly active withEuglena cytochromec 558 and has monophasic kinetics. Using horse cytochromec 550 as a substrate, activity of the isolated oxidase was rather low. These findings correlate with the oxidase activity of mitochondrial membranes. Again, reactivity was low with cytochromec 550 and 35-fold higher with theEuglena cytochromec 558. The data show that the cytochromec oxidase of the protistEuglena is different from other eukaryotic cytochromec oxidases in number and size of subunits, and also with regard to kinetic properties and substrate specificity.
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  • 43
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    Journal of biological physics 17 (1989), S. 75-94 
    ISSN: 1573-0689
    Keywords: Na channels ; skeletal muscle ; kinetics
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    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Linear Systems convolution analysis of muscle sodium currents was used to predict the opening rate of sodium channels as a function of time during voltage clamp pulses. If open sodium channel lifetimes are exponentially distributed, the channel opening rate corresponding to a sodium current obtained at any particular voltage, can be analytically obtained using a simple equation, given single channel information about the mean open-channel lifetime and current. Predictions of channel opening rate during voltage clamp pulses show that sodium channel inactivation arises coincident with a decline in channel opening rate. Sodium currents pharmacologically modified with Chloramine-T treatment so that they do not inactivate, show a predicted sustained channel opening rate. Large depolarizing voltage clamp pulses produce channel opening rate functions that resemble gating currents. The predicted channel opening rate functions are best described by kinetic models for Na channels which confer most of the charge movement to transitions between closed states. Comparisons of channel opening rate functions with gating currents suggests that there may be subtypes of Na channel with some contributing more charge movement per channel opening than others. Na channels open on average, only once during the transient period of Na activation and inactivation. After transiently opening during the activation period and then closing by entering the inactivated state, Na channels reopen if the voltage pulse is long enough and contribute to steady-state currents. The convolution model overestimates the opening rate of channels contributing to the steady-state currents that remain after the transient early Na current has subsided.
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  • 44
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    International journal of thermophysics 10 (1989), S. 15-25 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: binary mixtures ; diamond anvil cell ; helium ; high pressure ; nitrogen ; phase equilibria
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Recent investigation at our institute revealed that the solid-fluid-fluid three-phase line of the system helium-nitrogen shows two quadruple points in the pressure range up to 10 GPa. Since each quadruple point is connected with four three-phase lines, the phase diagram is very complicated. We have detected the phase transitions representing solid-solid-fluid equilibria. Moreover, two lines of constant composition have been determined as a function of temperature and pressure. These results are discussed together with the implications for the phase diagram of both He-N2 and pure nitrogen.
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  • 45
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    International journal of thermophysics 10 (1989), S. 673-686 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: chlorofluorocarbons ; fluorocarbons ; nitrogen ; thermal conductivity ; toluene ; transient hot-wire method
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we describe a version of a transient hot-wire apparatus which employs an integrating digital voltmeter to measure the bridge out-of-balance signal. The integrating period of the voltmeter is variable and is routinely set equal to one 60-Hz power-line cycle, 16.67 ms. Use of measurement or integration periods less than an integral multiple of the power-line period results in substantially more electronic noise and a significant degradation in experimental precision. A correction to the working equation which accounts for the integration of the out-of-balance signal is also presented. The precision of the digital voltmeter used with the apparatus is ±0.1 μV, which translates into an ultimate precision of ±0.03 mK in the measured temperature rise. In practice the precision in the temperature rise is typically ±0.3 mK, which represents a moderate improvement over the precision generally obtained with transient techniques employing automatic bridge balancing schemes. Although the current apparatus is designed principally for measurements of the thermal conductivity of liquids, it can been used for gas-phase measurements, with some decrease in accuracy due to the somewhat larger heat capacity correction which must be applied to the temperature rise measurements. The operation of the instrument was verified by measuring the thermal conductivities of toluene and nitrogen. Preliminary data are presented for the new environmentally acceptable fluorocarbons such as R-134a (CF3CH2F), R-123 (CHCl2CF3), and R-141b (CCl2FCH3).
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  • 46
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    International journal of thermophysics 10 (1989), S. 805-818 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: carbon dioxide ; carbon monoxide ; nitrogen ; polyatomic gas ; thermal conductivity of gases ; transport properties
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents two schemes for a theoretically based data assessment of the thermal conductivity of dilute polyatomic gases. The first employs the simplified Thijsse expression, combined with accurate experimental data obtained from a transient hot-wire apparatus, as reference. The second makes use of theoretical results for the temperature dependence of the ratio D int/D. Both methods lead to mutually consistent results for linear molecules and to useful criteria for discriminating between experimental data sets. The paper also demonstrates the influence of data burdened with systematic errors upon the final results of different correlation schemes.
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    International journal of thermophysics 10 (1989), S. 983-993 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: carbon dioxide ; carbon monoxide ; effective collision cross sections ; methane ; nitrogen ; polyatomic gas ; thermal conductivity of gases ; tetrafluoromethane ; transport properties
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents a comparative study of the correlation of thermal conductivities in the limit of zero density for dilute gases including nitrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, methane, and tetrafluoromethane. A theoretically based correlation scheme employing independent experimental information has been examined and found to be useful for the correlation of thermal conductivity data as well as for the evaluation of related quantities, e.g., effective collision cross sections. The latter provide the basis for further studies concerning the anisotropy of the intermolecular pair potential. The paper includes results regarding the simplified expression for the thermal conductivity proposed by Thijsse et al., which has been found to be especially useful for practical purposes.
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  • 48
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    New forests 3 (1989), S. 203-224 
    ISSN: 1573-5095
    Keywords: weeds ; Pinus radiata ; competition ; nitrogen ; water
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Pinus radiata trees were grown on a podzolized sandy soil at a second rotation site under the following treatments: total weed control, total weed control plus ammonium nitrate, strip weed control and no weed control. During the first two summers after planting the differences in needle water potential between trees under no, strip or total weed control were very small. Despite similar rates of net N-mineralization in strip and total weed control treatments, which averaged 64 kg ha−1 yr−1 in the 0–15 cm soil depth, weeds in the strip weed control treatment reduced soil mineral-N concentrations by 50–80%, leaching of N by the end of the first growing season by 45%, foliar-N concentrations by 4–14% and stem biomass at 20 months after planting by 46%. Although N-uptake by above-ground vegetation (trees plus weeds) was 49% higher in the strip weed control treatment, the amount of N apportioned to trees during the first 20 months after planting was reduced from 15.5 to 9.0 kg ha−1. These effects of weeds were even more pronounced in the no weed control treatment. Since weeds had little effect on the needle water potential of trees and the annual rates of N-mineralization, but adversely affected N-uptake by trees, results indicate that weeds directly competed with trees for N, and thereby aggravated N-deficiency in trees. Application of ammonium nitrate after complete weed control increased foliar-N concentrations, and N-uptake and growth of trees, but also induced severe stem deformation.
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  • 49
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    Hydrobiologia 186-187 (1989), S. 401-408 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: mariculture ; rotifers ; batch culture ; nitrogen ; recycling
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A model of nitrogen flow is presented through the Brachionus plicatilis/Chlorella saccharophila mass (batch) culture system, from the initial input of inorganic nitrogen to the algal culture medium to the final production of rotifers, dissolved nitrogen and particulate nitrogen. A nitrogen budget was first formulated for B. plicatilis relating ingestion, excretion, egestion, somatic growth and reproductive growth. Measurements were made on rotifers from 20° and 10° cultures. The calculated model of nitrogen flow through the rotifer/algal batch culture system estimates the percentages of the original input nitrogen which will be incorporated into algal nitrogen, rotifer nitrogen and the particulate and dissolved nitrogen pools. It is suggested that the dissolved nitrogen pool could be recycled directly for use in subsequent algal culture.
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  • 50
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: acetylene reduction ; breeding ; inbred backcross lines ; leghemoglobin ; nitrogen ; rhizobium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The role of lateral root nodules in N2 fixation and the relationships between total shoot N and several traits which influence or control N2 fixation in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)i.e., acetylene reduction value, specific nodule activity, leghemoglobin concentration, total leghemoglobin and nodule mass, were investigated in field studies. Significant variation among bean lines was observed for all the traits measured. Lines varied for the proportion of total N accumulated up to the R3 growth state, thus measurements of total shoot N near maturity (e.g., R7) provided a better estimate of total N2 fixation than measurements taken at an early growth stage. Nodule mass was correlated with acetylene reduction and total leghemoglobin, and total leghemoglobin was correlated with acetylene reduction value. Total shoot N at R7 was correlated with seasonal means of nodule mass and number, acetylene reduction value and total leghemoglobin. For all traits except total leghemoglobin, values for lateral roots were more highly correlated with total shoot N than were values for either crown roots or the whole root system. Seed yield was most highly correlated with nodule mass of the lateral roots. These results will be useful in devising breeding strategies for improved N2 fixation of the host plant.
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    Plant and soil 113 (1989), S. 291-293 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: agroforestry ; interspecies transfer ; nitrogen ; nitrogen fixation ; nutrient cycling ; pH ; phosphorus ; rhizosphere
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Walnut tree seedlings exhibited greater phosphorus (P) uptake from32P-labelled hydroxyapatite when interplanted with alfalfa than with other walnuts, black locust, or orchard grass. Three mechanisms are proposed as possible explanations of this enhnaced P uptake by walnut. In this study, diffusion of solubilized apatite-P to the roots of walnut at points of walnut-alfalfa root intersection is believed to be the operative mechanism. Phosphorus is solubilized due to rhizosphere acidification of alfalfa during nitrogen fixation. These results underscore the interdependence of nutrient cycles. Enhancement of the phosphorus cycle through manipulation of the nitrogen cycle has important implications for world food and fiber production.
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  • 52
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    Plant and soil 113 (1989), S. 229-235 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aluminium ; calcium ; foliar analysis ; magnesium ; nitrogen ; nutritional disturbance ; Pinus sylvestris L. ; potassium ; soil analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Tree decline has been observed recently in 25–30 year old pine stands inCladina andCalluna-type heath forests in the Hämeenkangas and Pohjankangas areas of southwestern Finland. The trees had grown more or less normally for 15 years. During the following 7 to 8 years increased growth occurred. From 1982 to 1984, however, the trees revealed a sudden reduction in height increment. Additionally, some trees were marked by poor apical shoot dominance. Occasionally complete crown dieback was observed. The trees retained only one to three years' needles. These needles often were characterized by a brownish yellow discoloration. Chemical foliar and soil analysis indicate both a nitrogen deficiency and a deficiency in calcium and magnesium related to the relatively high aluminium levels in the soil. In the needles of affected trees phosphorus and especially potassium concentrations were higher than normally. The low content of nitrogen, calcium and magnesium in the soil is related to the acidic, nutrient-poor bedrock, and the low cation exchange capacity. Also the leaching of nutrients, the shallow and poor quality of the humus layer, and the removal of nutrients by tree harvesting may have effected on the nutritional disturbances.
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  • 53
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ammonium nitrate ; apatite ; biotite ; carbon ; fertilization ; forest soil ; mineralization ; nitroform ; nitrogen ; nutrients ; pH ; urea ; ureaformaldehyde
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Seven years after fertilization the rate of CO2 production in the soil samples taken from the organic horizons of a poor pine forest site (Calluna vulgaris site type), treated with urea or ammonium nitrate with lime, was lower than that in the unfertilized soil. The same trend was also observed in samples of theEmpetrum-Calluna site type 14 years after fertilization. In the more fertileVaccinium myrtillus site type these rapidly-soluble N fertilizers had a long-term enhancing effect on the production of CO2. Apatite and biotite eliminated the decreasing effect of urea on the production of CO2. One reason for this might be the long-term increase in soil pH caused by apatite and biotite, or their constituents (Ca, Mg, K, P). Nitroform (a slow-releasing N fertilizer) had no statistically significant effect on the production of CO2 in soil samples from any of the forest types. Despite the high N mineralization in the samples from nitroform fertilized soils there was no nitrification, and the high content of total N indicated that after nitroform fertilization the losses of N were low. The correlation between the net mineralization values for C (CO2 production) and N was poor. However, multiple linear regression analysis, which also took into account the effect of nutrients and pH, indicated that there was a link between the mineralization of C and N.
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  • 54
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: growth response ; inorganic fertilizer ; Lactuca sativa L. ; leaching loss ; nitrogen ; organic fertilizer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The response of pot grown lettuce to inorganic (ammonium nitrate) and organic (dried blood and Protox) N fertilizers was determined at two temperature regimes (15°C day/10°C night and 20°C day/15°C night) and related to the NH4−N and NO3−N release characteristics of each material. The N release characteristics of the organic materials matched the N requirements of lettuce more closely than the inorganic fertilizer. However, was rapidly released from the protein based materials such that composts were depleted of available fertilizer N at the same time irrespective of the form supplied. The warmer temperature regimes resulted in a more rapid depletion of the fertilizers due to biological immobilization such that N recoveries in shoots, roots and leachates were reduced. Approximately 20% of the N present in Protox (a material derived from activated sewage sludge, processed to reduce the heavy metal content to minimal levels) appeared to be resistant to microbial degradation and was unavailable to the plants. Therefore, the growth response of lettuce was slightly reduced with Protox compared to the other materials at similar rates of incorporation. The organic materials did not contribute NO3−N to the plant and small NO3−N concentrations in petioles were derived from the water used for irrigation. However, NO3−N levels in plants receiving inorganic ammonium nitrate were initially high but progressively declined as the fertilizer NO3−N became depleted.
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    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 17 (1989), S. 133-142 
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: M26 ; in vitro ; regeneration ; light ; nitrogen ; irradiation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Regeneration of shoots was achieved from in vitro leaves of M26 at frequencies close to 100% on a medium based on MS salts and LS vitamins, containing 4.4 μM BA and 0.5 μM NAA. Dark and red light gave the best results in inducing shoot regeneration. White light at high intensity helped development of regenerated shoots. Inorganic nitrogen could be reduced by 75% without negative effect, and the presence of NH4 + was necessary for regeneration. Leaves were able to regenerate after a 3 kR irradiation (gamma rays), not after 4 kR. Optimal dose should be between 1 and 2 kR.
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    Pharmaceutical research 6 (1989), S. 1032-1038 
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: kinetics ; rate constants ; antibiotics ; adduct formation ; equilibrium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The interaction of Teicoplanin, a glycopeptide antibiotic, with dextrose in aqueous solution has been investigated. The equilibrium concentrations of the adduct formed by the interaction of the dextrose aldehyde and the Teicoplanin amino group is shown to be directly related to the concentration of the dextrose and is thought to be inversely proportional to the hydrogen ion concentration. It was also found that phosphate ion catalyzed the reverse reaction. Approximately 30 days were required to reach equilibrium a 4°C, while equilibrium was established in about 7 days at room temperature. The reaction is reversed with dilution and the rate of the reverse reaction is two to three times faster-than expected when phosphate ion is present at 0.05 M. From the temperature dependence of the rate constants, the activation energies for the various reactions were determined to be in the range 67–80 kjoules (16–19 kcal)/mol.
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    Pharmaceutical research 6 (1989), S. 210-215 
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: lipid emulsion ; kinetics ; prostaglandin E1 ; interface
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The overall dehydration kinetics of prostaglandin El (PGE1) in a lipid emulsion at 35°C were found to fit a model whereby the k apparent measured at each pH is simply the sum of the product of the fraction of the PGE1 at the interface,f i, and the rate constant at the interface, k i, plus the product of the fraction of the PGE1 in the aqueous phase,f aq, and the rate constant in the aqueous phase, k aq. The values for f i and f aq were reported earlier as a function of pH at 35°C. The k aq and k apparent were experimentally determined as a function of pH at 35°C. The k i was indirectly determined from the stability data in the emulsion. Microscopic rate constants for dehydration of PGE1 in the aqueous phase and interface at 35°C were estimated from the experimental data. Based on the kinetic evaluation performed, it appears that the dehydration kinetics might be manipulated by the addition of charged surface active agents.
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  • 58
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: pancreatic lipase ; lipase ; lipolysis ; triglycerides ; kinetics ; mechanism ; calcium ; bile salts ; lecithin ; emulsions
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Lecithin-stabilized triglyceride emulsions are subject to hydrolysis by pancreatic lipase. The time profiles of these reactions are characterized by a lag-phase and a zero-order phase. Lag phases are more pronounced with long-chain triglycerides. Ca2+ is effective in reducing the lag-phase and activating lipase. Kinetic analysis of the reactions suggests that, like previous findings by others, taurodeoxycholate (TDC) micellar solutions combine with the lipase–colipase complex to form another catalytically active enzyme form. This enzyme form exhibits reduced activity in the absence of Ca2+. In the presence of Ca2+ the mixed micelle–lipase complex becomes more active and opens a new pathway for lipolysis. It is suggested that this enzyme form can bind more easily to interfaces with different physicochemical properties. Under these conditions, Ca2+ activates the lipolysis of short-, medium-, and long-chain triglycerides by a similar mechanism. Maximum activities were measured in the presence of approximately 6 mM TDC and 30 mM Ca2+. The experimental conditions approximate the physiological conditions in the gastrointestinal tract since all of the factors studied here have been reported to be necessary for in vivo lipolysis and/or absorption of triglycerides. A mechanistic model for lipolysis in the presence of Ca2+ and the bile salt TDC is proposed which accounts for most of the experimental observations in a quantitative manner.
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  • 59
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: microcalorimetry ; Lovastatin ; decomposition ; thermodynamics ; oxidation ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The application of heat conduction calorimetry to the determination of decomposition mechanisms and rates for drugs is shown to be a rapid and generally useful method. The application of the method to determine the nature of the decomposition reaction, sources of systematic errors in the method, the equations relating the calorimetric signal to the kinetics of the reaction, and some examples of results are presented and discussed.
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    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 1579-1588 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Heterotheca subaxillaris ; Asteraceae ; monoterpene ; sesquiterpene ; nitrogen ; leaf age ; metabolism ; turnover ; chemical defense ; biosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The concentration of leaf mono- and sesquiterpenes is greater in nitrate-limited than in nitrate-richHeterotheca subaxillaris plants and is highest in young leaves and declines with leaf age. To determine whether rates of volatile terpene synthesis and/or loss vary with nitrate availability and leaf age, incorporation of14C from photosynthetically fixed14CO2 and the subsequent loss of label was measured in plants grown under nitrate-limited and nitrate-rich conditions.14C incorporation into mono- and sesquiterpenes was greater in nitrate-limited than in nitrate-rich plants and was highest in young leaves and declined with leaf age. Incorporation continued for several days after exposure, while loss of label was slow until leaves were 4–6 weeks old. These results suggest that the higher leaf volatile terpene content observed under nitrate limitation apparently results from increased synthesis per leaf and accumulation of mono- and sesquiterpenes in immature leaves of nitratepoor plants. Furthermore, volatile terpene synthesis is highest in young leaves, declines with leaf age, and is very low in older leaves. Carbon used for synthesis of this pool may be derived from both current photosynthesis as well as carbon transported to young leaves from older leaves. These data are consistent with hypotheses that predict that greater levels of carbon-based chemical defenses occur in plants under nutrient limitation. The apparent low metabolic cost of maintenance (i.e., slow turnover) of the accumulated terpenoid pool would limit the energetic cost of volatile terpenes as a chemical defense.
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  • 61
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    Colloid & polymer science 266 (1988), S. 958-964 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: a-Se colloids ; photoadsorption ; kinetics ; activation energy ; compensation effect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract In this study, a model is developed to explain in microscopic terms the results obtained from thermally activated photoadsorption experiments in a-Se colloids. The observed compensation effect can be described for two different cases. At low efficiency adsorption, the process is controlled by the potential at the boundary layer. In the high efficiency adsorption case, the process is controlled by diffusion transport.
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  • 62
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    Microchimica acta 94 (1988), S. 277-278 
    ISSN: 1436-5073
    Keywords: kinetics ; FT-IR ; temporal resolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A system for performing gas-phase rapid scanning Fourier transform infrared time-resolved Spectrometry (FT-IR/TRS) has been evaluated. This technique can be applied to the study of the lifetimes and reactivity of transient species and can provide detailed information regarding reaction rate constants. Temperature-jump experiments have been initiated and preliminary results are presented.
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  • 63
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    Microchimica acta 94 (1988), S. 323-328 
    ISSN: 1436-5073
    Keywords: FTIR spectroscopy ; kinetics ; polymers ; rheo-optics ; variable-temperature measurements
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The rapid-scanning capability of FTIR instrumentation has revitalized the field of vibrational spectroscopy in polymer research and will be discussed with reference to the study of polyurethane kinetics, the temperature dependence of hydrogen bonding in polyamide 6 and strain-induced crystallization in a polydimethylsiloxane elastomer.
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  • 64
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 15 (1988), S. 173-179 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Douglas-fir ; urea ; basal area increment ; growth response ; nitrogen ; critical level
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A series of fourteen Pacific North-west Douglas-fir installations, ranging in age from 6 to 26 years were analysed with respect to site factors, foliage nutrients, and growth response to applied fertilizer. Unfertilized basal area increment ranged from 1.2 to 3.1 m2 ha−1 yr−1 with no apparent relationship with soil, stand age or site index. Basal area increment was correlated with foliage N and a critical level for N was calculated as 1.7%. Applications of 220 kg N ha−1 as urea increased growth between 0 and 95% of the unfertilized basal area growth, with an average of 24.9%. Response could be predicted from foliage N and unfertilized basal area increment. When the same relationships were applied to previously older stand data, results were more variable as elements such as B and S showed evidence of being limiting.
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 15 (1988), S. 203-210 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: irrigation ; pineapples ; nitrogen ; potassium ; yield ; Nigeria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The investigation studied the effect of fertilization with four nitrogen levels (0, 100, 150 and 200 kg/ha), four potassium levels (0, 100, 150 and 200 kg/ha) and four irrigation treatments (0, 3, 7 and 14-day interval) on the growth and yield of smooth Cayenne pineapples. Increasing irrigation frequency increased growth parameters of number of leaves, D-leaf length and days to 50% flowering. Fruit weight was highest at N = 150 kg/ha, K = 200 kg/ ha and irrigation once a week. Higher N levels (beyond 150 kg/ha) applied after the plant crop has been harvested did not further enhance yields of the ratoon crop. For K = 200 kg/ha potential and harvested yields were reduced in all irrigation treatments when N 〉 150 kg/ha.
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  • 66
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: farmyard manure ; maize ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; rice ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Field experiments with rice-wheat rotation were conducted during five consecutive years on a coarse-textured low organic matter soil. By amending the soil with 12t FYM ha−1, the yield of wetland rice in the absence of fertilizers was increased by 32 per cent. Application of 80 kg N ha−1 as urea could increase the grain yield of rice equivalent to 120 kg N ha−1 on the unamended soil. Although the soil under test was low in Olsen's P, rice did not respond to the application of phosphorus on both amended and unamended soils. For producing equivalent grain yield, fertilizer requirement of maize grown on soils amended with 6 and 12 t FYM ha−1 could be reduced, respectively to 50 and 25 per cent of the dose recommended for unamended soil (120 kg N + 26.2 kg P + 25 kg K ha−1). Grain yield of wheat grown after rice on soils amended with FYM was significantly higher than that obtained on unamended soil. In contrast, grain yield of wheat which followed maize did not differ significantly on amended or unamended soils.
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 18 (1988), S. 245-250 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: plantain ; intercropping systems ; nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The investigation evaluated the productivity of plantain intercropped with cassava, cocoyam and yam, fertilized annually with 0, 320 and 480 kg N ha−1 respectively. Yields from nitrogen fertilized intercrops were higher than those of unfertilized treatments. In plantain + cassava intercrop receiving 480 kg N ha−1 plantain growth was suppressed. Plantain intercropped with yam and fertilized with 320 kg N ha−1 matured early and produced better bunches than other treatments. Plantain + yam or cocoyam intercropping systems fertilized with 320 kg N ha−1 were recommended because of improved plantain establishment and increased combined crop yields.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 127 (1988), S. 529-544 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Ionosphere ; nitrogen ; vibrational temperatures ; N2 and CO2 and populations of N2 and CO2 in the D, E and F regions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Theoretical and experimental aspects of the production, transformation, diffusion and loss of N2 in the upper atmosphere are considered. The N2-CO2 near-resonant system in theD andE regions is taken into account. We describe our understanding of the methods necessary to find the vibrational populations of N2 and CO2 (asymmetric mode of CO2). The calculations of the vibrational temperatures in theD, E, andF regions for the mid-latitude ionosphere and an aurora are presented. The connection between the excited species and the 4.26-μm radiation intensities is considered. The models for the rate coefficient of the reaction of O+ with N2 and the electron density decrease resulting from N2 in the F region are discussed.
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    Plasma chemistry and plasma processing 8 (1988), S. 101-110 
    ISSN: 1572-8986
    Keywords: Plasma ; laser ; diagnostics ; hydrocarbons ; free radicals ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The dynamics of the formation and decay of excited hydrogen during a pulse discharge in methane at a pressure of 200 Pa and energy density of 0.05 J/cm3 has been studied. The population of hydrogen in the n=2 state was monitored by the laser absorption method. The time constant of the decay of the excited hydrogen was measured to be 95±15 ns. The concentration of free electrons reached a maximum value of 7×1014 cm−3, and the time constant of their recombination was 220±50 ns. The formation of appreciable amounts of atomic hydrogen in the ground state during the discharge, H(n=1)〉1016 cm−3, was estimated on the basis of a kinetic model.
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  • 70
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Ni-base alloy IN 617 ; reactor helium ; oxidation ; carburization ; decarburization ; kinetics ; mechanisms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Application of the technical nickel-base alloy IN 617 in the primary circuit of the high-temperature gas-cooled reactor is limited essentially by the chemical reactions with the impurities (CO, CO2, H2, CH4, H2O) in the helium coolant. The interactions of the alloy with the reactive impurities in different helium-base gases were investigated by thermogravimetry in a gas-tight microbalance and by simultaneous measurement of the changes in gas composition by a continuous sensitive mass spectrometric analysis. The results demonstrate that the set of six reaction equations deduced in part 1 can be applied to describe the corrosion of the alloy. The occurrence of the various reactions is determined essentially by temperature. For the case of a standardized helium gas (HHT-He), three temperature regions can be distinguished. Below a critical temperature (about 1105 K), the presence of CO can cause simultaneous oxidation and carburization. Above this temperature, this reaction does not reverse itself. Rather, oxidation by CO2 and H2O takes place that shows, after a transient period, the same kinetics observed in undiluted oxygen-containing gases. At temperatures above about 1205 K, decarburization of the alloy accompanied by the production of CO takes place, leading to severe destruction of the carbide microstructure and, therefore, limiting the applicability of the material.
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    Oxidation of metals 30 (1988), S. 185-200 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: austenitic steels ; oxidation resistance ; protective αA12O3 film ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The cyclical oxidation behavior of an austenitic stainless steel (24% Ni, 10% Cr, 5% Al, and balance Fe) has been evaluated in the temperature range 800–1300°C. The effects of trace elements such as S, Y, Zr, and Ti on the oxidation of the austenitic stainless steel have also been evaluated. The results indicate that Fe-Ni-Cr-Al stainless steels exhibit superior oxidation resistance up to 1300°C due to the formation of a very adherent and thin film of α-Al2O3.
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    The journal of membrane biology 102 (1988), S. 225-234 
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: erythrocytes ; valinomycin ; protonophore ; CCCP ; permeability ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A transport model for translocation of the protonophore CCCP across the red cell membrane has been established and cellular CCCP binding parameters have been determined. The time course of the CCCP redistribution across the red cell membrane, following a jump in membrane potential induced by valinomycin addition, has been characterized by fitting values of preequilibrium extracellular pHvs. time to the transport model. It is demonstrated, that even in the presence of valinomycin, the CCCP-anion is “well behaved,” in that the translocation can be described by simple electrodiffusion. The translocation kinetics conform to an Eyring transport model, with a single activation energy barrier, contrary to translocation across lipid bilayers, that is reported to follow a transport model with a plateau in the activation energy barrier. The CCCP anion permeability across the red cell membrane has been calculated to be close to 2.0×10−4 cm/sec at 37°C with small variations between donors. Thus the permeability of CCCP in the human red cell membrane deviates from that found in black lipid membranes, in which the permeability is found to be a factor of 10 higher.
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    Aquatic ecology 22 (1988), S. 31-34 
    ISSN: 1573-5125
    Keywords: estuaries ; tidal mixing ; suspended matter ; sedimentation ; nitrogen ; plankton ; benthos
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An estuary such as the Westerschelde is a highly dynamic environment, both on an ecological time scale where climatic and hydrodynamic forces, mainly the tides, shape a very variable environment and on a geological, evolutionary time scale, since estuaries are young and very unstable habitats. Low species diversity and high adaptability of the resident animal and plant populations are characteristic of estuarine habitats where large fluctuations in submersion, salinity, temperature etc. occur. The existing biota are therefore resilient to environmental stress and effects of the important influx of anorganic and organic pollutants from the river Schelde and its tributaries on the biota in the estuary are not easy to detect. Although water movement and sedimentation patterns in the Westerschelde are relatively well known, there exists little information on important ecological processes such as primary production and heterotrophic metabolism in the estuary.
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    Cellular and molecular neurobiology 8 (1988), S. 293-305 
    ISSN: 1573-6830
    Keywords: isolated snail neuron ; acetylcholine ; chloride current ; kinetics ; noise analysis ; concentration clamp technique
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary 1. Kinetics of activation and desensitization phases of the acetylcholine (ACh)-induced chloride current (I Cl) were studied using isolated single neurons of Japanese land snail and the “concentration clamp” technique. 2. The dose-response curve for the peakI Cl gave a dissociation constant of 7.1 × 10−6 M and a Hill coefficient of 1.8. 3. The current-voltage relationship was linear in the voltage range examined (−60 to +10 mV) and the reversal potential (E ACh) was −7.2 ± 1.5 mV (N = 10). The value was close to the calculated equilibrium potential for chloride ions (E Cl). 4. Both activation and desensitization phases of the ACh-inducedI Cl consisted of a single exponential at concentrations less than 3 × 10−6 M and a double exponential at higher concentrations. The time constants of both phases decreased with increasing ACh concentrations but showed no potential dependency. 5. The recovery from desensitization of theI Cl induced by 5 × 10−6 M ACh proceeded double exponentially, with time constants of 11 and 114 sec at a holding potential of −30 mV. 6. Noise analysis was performed on a steady-state current induced by 3 × 10−7 to 2 × 10−6 M ACh. The mean open time was about 60 msec at 10−6 M ACh and the single-channel conductance was 14 PS. 7. These results suggest that the ACh receptor-Cl channel complex in snail neurons has two binding sites with the dissociation constant of 7.1 × 10−6 M and is rapidly activated and desensitized to a steady level in the presence of the agonist.
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  • 75
    ISSN: 1573-9104
    Keywords: barley ; Triticeae ; grain ; amino acid composition ; nitrogen ; chemical score
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Barley grains (9 samples from 7 cultivars) with nitrogen contents (N) ranging from 1.45 to 4.01% of dry matter were analysed for their amino acid (AA) composition with high accuracy from six different hydrolysates per sample. AA levels in grain increased as linear functions ofN with correlation coefficients close to unity. A comparison with literature data confirmed that the AA composition of any grain sample of normal barley can be predicted from itsN for all phenotypes and genotypes. AAs in grain protein changed as hyperbolic functions ofN which increased for Phe, Pro and Glx but more or less strongly decreased for the other AAs. By plotting AA scores againstN, barley proteins were shown to be always richer than wheat and rye in Val and Phe + Tyr; sometimes richer than both other species forN〈2 (Lys); 2.2 (Leu and Ile); 3.4 (Thr); sometimes intermediate to wheat and rye above the latterN values. They were also intermediate in sulphur AAs forN〈1.9 and drastically poorer forN〉1.9. However, they were richer than both other species in Trp forN〉1.6. The hyperbolic variations of non-protein nitrogen and nitrogen-to-protein conversion factors were determined as a function ofN and also compared with those of wheat and rye.
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  • 76
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: decomposition ; green manure ; litterbag ; nitrogen ; paddy rice ; Sesbania sesban ; Sri Lanka
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Sesbania sesban was evaluated as green manure crop for lowland rice in the Dry Zone of Sri Lanka. The legume was grown during a fallow period before lowland rice (Oryza sativa) and ploughed under just before transplanting. Weight loss and nitrogen content in litterbags containing leaves, stems and roots of the legume were monitored. Comparisons were made between rice yields from 20 m2 plots after green manuring in combination with different nitrogen fertilizer levels (0, 2.4, 4.8 and 7.2 gm−2) and nitrogen fertilizer (9.6 gm−2) alone. Above-ground biomass ofS. sesban was 440 gm−2 (dry wt) when ploughed under after 84 days growth. N-content in leaves, stems and roots was 3.76%, 0.41% and 0.73%, respectively. This gave a N-input fromS. sesban of 9.2 gm−2 (8.3 g from above-ground parts and 0.9 g from roots). The corresponding K and P inputs were 7.3 and 0.6 gm−2 respectively. The nitrogen rich leaves, which contained 88% of the nitrogen in the above-ground parts, decomposed and released its nitrogen much more rapidly than the stems and roots. After only four days the leaves had released 5.3 g Nm−2 and after 14 days they had released 6.4 g Nm−2. The highest rice yield (505 gm−2) was obtained usingS. sesban and 4.8 gm−2 of N-fertilizer. The yields with only N-fertilizer or onlyS. sesban were 442 gm−2 and 396 gm−2, respectively. Due to the rapid decomposition of the nitrogen rich leaves,S. sesban did not behave as a slow release fertilizer. Thus, it is not necessary to apply nitrogen fertilizers as a basal dose.
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    Plant and soil 106 (1988), S. 35-41 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: carbon ; crop residue ; mineralization ; nitrogen ; organic matter ; sulfur
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The mineralization of C, N, and S from residues of three different crop species (wheat, lentil, and rape) grown under diverse nutritional regimes was measured over a 12-week incubation period under controlled conditions. The rate of decomposition, as measured by CO2 evolution, varied considerably among treatments and appeared to be controlled almost entirely by N content of the residue (R2=0.98). Similarly, N mineralization was strongly tied to N concentration. The critical N concentration, below which significant immobilization of N occurred, declined over time, ranging from 1.9% at day 14 to 1.1% at day 84. Mineralization of S was positively correlated with initial S concentration (R2=0.95) and negatively related to N concentration, apparently because of a dilution effect. The results demonstrate that decomposition and N and S mineralization of crop residues, under conditions prevalent in the experiment, are primarily a function of their nutrient concentrations rather than biochemial composition related to crop species. As a result, it should be possible to enhance rate of residue decomposition, increase quantities of N and S mineralized, and avert detrimental immobilization losses in the following year by governing the nutritional regime under which the crop is grown.
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  • 78
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: decomposition ; lignin ; litter ; nitrogen ; sub-tropical-forest
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of the initial lignin and nitrogen contents of the leaves of five tree species, on their decomposition dynamics, was studied in the sub-tropical forest ecosystem existing at Shiroy hills. The decomposition dynamics of litter materials are described by inverse linear relationships between the percentage of the original biomass remaining and the nitrogen concentration in the residual material. Initial lignin and nitrogen were highly correlated with remaining biomass (r=0.94 and 0.77). The rate constants (K), for the annual leaf mass loss, ranged from −0.18 to −0.56. The values for initial lignin (%), initial nitrogen (%), the ratio between initial lignin, initial nitrogen and the annual decomposition rate constants were compared with similar results from other studies in various climatic zones of the world.
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    Plant and soil 105 (1988), S. 105-111 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: chronosequence ; desert ; ion-exchange resins ; mineralization ; nitrogen ; nutrient availability ; phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Anin situ resin bag technique was used to measure the relative availabilities of N and P along a chronosequence of soils in southern New Mexico, and was compared to two more common indices of nutrient availability. Accumulations of N and P during 10-week intervals over an 18 month period were separable into wet season (September–January) and dry season (February–August) groups, with wet season values significantly greater than dry season values. Only accumulations during the wet season showed significant differences among sites, thus stressing the role of field water regime in interpreting resin accumulation results. Total mineral N (NO3+NH4) sorbed by resins was significantly correlated to laboratory N mineralization rates. Although accumulation patterns of N and P were similar to patterns of %N and %P in shrub species growing along the chronosequence, these similarities were not statistically significant. A laboratory experiment demonstrated that bicarbonate-form anion resins are preferable to hydroxyl-form resins, as long as standards are made from solutions extracted by resins to account for variable ion recovery efficiencies.
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  • 80
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: extractable carbon ; fulvic acids ; humic acids ; humification ; mineralization ; nitrogen ; oxidizable carbon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A calcareous soil was treated with an organic fertilizer mixture of grape debris and peat, or with pig manure, chicken manure, city refuse or with aerobic or anaerobic sewage sludges. Changes in different fractions of carbon and nitrogen were followed by analysis of the soil, immediately after these additions, after they had decomposed for six months in the soil, after a maize harvest, and after a subsequent barley harvest. The various forms of carbon had decreased after six months. The rate of decrease varied with the nature of the organic materials. In all samples, the fulvic acids fraction decreased most. The main transformations happened during the first six months whether there was a crop growing or not, but the crops had no influence on the breakdown of the organic materials. The ratio of humic acids/fulvic acids had increased after six months of humification and, in general terms, the final values of the ratio oxidizable carbon/extractable carbon were lower than the initial ones, indicating a higher degree of humification in the organic matter by the end of the experiment. The total nitrogen level remained practically constant after the first six months of humification even after the second crop. Part of the organic nitrogen of the soil samples amended with chicken manure, city refuse or the two sludges was transformed into mineral nitrogen during the humification process. The extractable nitrogen values increased because of the fertilizer applied during the pot trials.
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    Plant and soil 108 (1988), S. 171-177 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Legume growth ; nitrogen ; nodulation ; Rhizobium strains
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Nodules were collected from 14 legume species from the Indonesian Islands of South Sulawesi, Java and Sumatra. Their rhizobia were isolated and growth characteristics, nodulation ability and nitrogen fixing effectiveness were assessed against recommended commercially available Australian strains. The test legumes wereMacroptilium atropurpureum Urb. cv. Siratro,Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. cv Eureka,Centrosema pubescens Benth cv. Belalto andDesmodium heterocarpon (L) DC. A significant portion of the native rhizobial isolates were of the fast growing type. Dry matter and total nitrogen production forM. atropurpureum andV. unguiculata was highest when inoculated with native strains while the commerical strains produced superior dry matter production forC. pubescens andD. heterocarpon. However the total nitrogen production of native and commercial strains was not significantly different for the latter two legumes. The study indicated that a potential exists for developing inocula from local Rhizobium strains.
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    Plant and soil 112 (1988), S. 99-104 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: biological control ; cellulose ; nitrogen ; VAM fungi ; VAM symbiosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Lucerne plants inoculated with vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi were grown in pots in a sandy soil amended or not amended with cellulose. Whatever the endophyte or cellulose sources used, the rate of VAM colonization was lower in amended soil. The inhibition of VAM infection increased with the cellulose concentration in the soil. Sequential harvest experiments showed a clear reduction of root colonization from the early stages of plant growth. The effectiveness of cellulose in reducing VAM colonization was influenced by the addition of N fertilizer.
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    Plant and soil 109 (1988), S. 128-130 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: nitrogen ; root pruning ; shoot ; root ratio ; Thornley's model ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In two experiments, wheat plants growing in solutions of different nitrogen concentration were subjected to root pruning. In higher concentrations of nitrogen the growth rate was higher, and the proportional allocation of growth to shoot higher, but pruning did not affect the allocation of growth at either level of nitrogen. This result gives no support to Thornley's source-sink model of the control of shoot: root ratio.
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    Plant and soil 109 (1988), S. 145-146 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: biomass ; carbon ; decomposition ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; rice straw
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Rice straw, buried in a rice-field during the dry season decomposed at a rate of 0.0075 day-1. Seventy five percent of the biomass, 70 percent carbon, 50 percent nitrogen and 30 percent phosphorus remained after 139 days of decomposition. Rice straw decomposition furnished 33% N and 8% P of the total nitrogen and phosphorus provided by man.
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    Plant and soil 109 (1988), S. 159-169 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Brassica oleracea vargemmifera ; Brussels sprout ; model ; nitrate ; nitrogen ; sap ; simulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Present methods for determining critical nutrient concentrations in plants and soils are unsatisfactory if concentrations change with time while the crop is growing. In such cases the critical concentration can only be applied in relation to growth rate at any given moment. For interpreting field experiments this introduces considerable difficulties: two possible approaches to these problems are suggested, one of which uses a simple simulation model. Results from a Brussels sprout nitrogen experiment are used to show how, using this approach, a single critical sap nitrate concentration (380 mg NO3 N.l−1 for 95% of potential growth rate) may serve to explain the results at all growth stages in three seasons.
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    Hydrobiologia 158 (1988), S. 89-100 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: halophiles ; hypersalinity ; Great Salt Lake ; microcosm ; nitrogen ; ecology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Microcosms were used to study the effects of two inorganic nitrogen sources (ammonia and nitrate) and two organic nitrogen sources (urea and glutamic acid) on the growth of algae and bacteria found in the Great Salt Lake, Utah. Ammonia, nitrate and urea stimulated bacterial growth indirectly through increased algal production of unknown organic substances. Glutamic acid, representing readily available organic carbon and nitrogen, stimulated the bacteria directly. No nitrification was observed in the microcosms although nitrite was found when the microcosms were supplemented with nitrate. Lake sediment contained a number of anaerobic bacteria producing hydrogen sulfide, methane and other gases. Production of these gases was stimulated in the columns with high algal and bacterial activity.
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    Hydrobiologia 158 (1988), S. 15-28 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Nutrients ; phosphorus ; nitrogen ; phytoplankton ; Lake Sonachi ; Kenya
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Seasonal variation through one year in total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), phytoplankton biomass, phytoplankton species composition and other environmental factors were examined in Lake Sonachi, a tropical meromictic soda lake. Mean concentrations of TN and TP were 11 000 µg N l-1 and 100 µg P l-1, respectively. Maximum concentrations of TN and TP occurred in the monimolimnion. Phytoplankton biomass ranged from 350 to 1260 mg m-3. Synechococcus bacillaris, a small coccoid cyanophyte, dominated the phytoplankton. The mean chlorophyll a concentration of 37 mg · m-3 was a modest value when compared with those of other tropical soda lakes. High TN:TP ratios indicated phosphorus limitation in the lake.
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  • 88
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: blue-green algae ; prairie lakes ; limnocorrals ; nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The deep lakes in central Alberta are characterized by relatively high total nitrogen (TN) to total phosphorus (TP) ratios (33 to 64, by weight) and high TP (10 to 100 µg 1−1) in the euphotic zone in summer. These same lakes show indications of nitrogen limitation: (1) blue-green algae are relatively important in summer (7 to 88% of total biomass) and a large proportion of the filaments contain heterocysts and (2) inorganic nitrogen levels are extremely low in the surface waters (NO inf2 sup− + NO inf3 sup− + NH inf4 sup+ − N 〈 10 µg 1−1). In 1985 and 1986 inorganic nitrogen (25 to 1200 µg 1−1 − N) and/or phosphorus (12 to 100 µg 1−1 − P) was added to water in 31 m3 limnocorrals or 21 bottles from four deep prairie lakes. In most cases, phytoplankton biomass (estimated as chlorophyll a) was stimulated only by phosphorus additions. However, for a short period (8 d) after an unusual storm, phytoplankton biomass was stimulated by nitrogen additions. After this storm, TP increased by up to 75% in the epilimnion of the study lakes whereas TN did not increase. The algae which increased in these experiments tended to be the dominant algae in the control vessels, which varied with the experiment and the lake. Thus, a large proportion of blue-green algae and low inorganic nitrogen levels are not indicative per se of nitrogen limitation in lakes.
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    Hydrobiologia 160 (1988), S. 111-122 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: denitrification ; mass balance ; nitrogen ; streams ; water residence time ; water temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A mass balance procedure was used to analyze rates of nitrate depletion in three adjacent reaches of West Duffin Creek, Ontario, Canada. Daily nitrate losses in individual reaches were highly variable (0.5–24 kg N) during low and moderate stream flows in May–October, 1982–1985. Nitrate removal efficiency (nitrate loss as a % of nitrate input) showed a rapid exponential decline with increased nitrate inputs to each reach. Nitrate losses and nitrate removal efficiency also had a significant negative correlation with stream discharge. The association of large nitrate loads with high stream discharge reduced the nitrate removal capacity of the stream because of shorter residence times and a higher ratio of water volume to stream bed area. Water temperature exhibited a significant positive correlation with nitrate loss which may reflect increased denitrification at higher temperatures. Variations in nitrate losses and nitrate removal efficiency between the three reaches were highly influenced by differences in water residence time. Standarized nitrate losses with respect to water residence time revealed a longitudinal decline in nitrate depletion between the reaches which was associated with a downstream decrease in stream nitrate concentration and in the organic carbon content of fine textured sediments from pool habitats.
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    New forests 2 (1988), S. 119-130 
    ISSN: 1573-5095
    Keywords: Pinus sylvestris ; fertilization ; nitrogen ; potassium ; phosphorus ; outplanting performance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings were grown in containers filled with peat, using two different fertilizers and three different fertilizer regimes. Seedling shoot and root growth and shoot content of nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus were followed in the nursery and after outplanting in the field. Attempts to regulate growth rate by an exponential nutrient supply were not successful, but the root/shoot ratio was influenced by the fertilization regime. Internal nitrogen concentration was stable only for seedlings with low relative growth rate, while seedlings with high nutrient supply in the nursery showed strong nutrient dilution in the shoot after planting.
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  • 91
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    New forests 2 (1988), S. 89-110 
    ISSN: 1573-5095
    Keywords: slow release fertilizers ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; nutrient uptake ; planting stock ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Four fertilization at planting experiments were conducted with Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) on eastern Vancouver Island. In experiment 1 Agriform (20-10-5, AGR) and Osmocote (17-7-12, OSM) supplied N at 0, 4.2, 8.4, 16.8 or 33.6 g/tree either broadcast, within 15 cm of the tree, or in a hole 15 cm from the tree (adjacent). In experiment 2 AGR, diammonium phosphate (21-55-0, DAP), ammonium sulphate (21-0-0, AMS), sulphur coated urea (35-0-0, SCU) supplied N at 0, 8.4, 16.8 and 25.2 g/tree. Triple superphosphate (0-45-0, TSP) supplied P at the same levels as DAP: 0, 9.6, 19.2 and 28.8 g/tree. In experiment 3 AGR and SCU (32-0-0) supplied N at 0, 8.4 and 16.8 g/tree. In experiment 4 DAP was used to fertilize trees on five different dates, between March and October, and each treatment supplied 16 g N/tree. Two-year old, bare root, planting stock was used except in experiment 3, where container stock was compared with bare root stock. Little growth response was obtained after one year, but height growth responses of 12 to 31% were measured after 3 to 6 years with fertilizers supply 8.4 to 16.8 g N per tree. Growth responses were little affected by the type of fertilizer and were primarily due to N, with release rate having no marked effect. The exception to this was TSP which did not increase growth but did increase survival. Survival was reduced by AMS and to a lesser extent by AGR. Container seedlings responded more to fertilization at planting than bare root seedlings. Seedling N, P and K concentrations and contents declined following planting for 6 months and only started to recover after July. Application of fertilizer caused a small increase in seedling nutrient concentration regardless of date, but this had no detectable effect on dry weight measured six weeks later.
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  • 92
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Mineral composition ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; aquatic macrophyte ; deepwater rice ; Meghna ; Azolla pinnata ; Eichhornia ; Alternanthera phyloxeroides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The mineral composition of deepwater rice (cultivar Kartik Sail) was studied during 1986 in a field near Sonargaon, Bangladesh, which is flooded by water from R. Meghna. Samples were taken four times, once prior to flooding and three times during the flood season. On two of the latter days (10 August = end of first flood peak, 23 September = second flood peak) the study was extended to other components of the ecosystem (sediments + soil, water, other aquatic macrophytes). On 23 September, 32% of the mass of the plant was out of water, 65% in water and 3% in sediment/soil. There were marked differences between elements in their pattern of accumulation by deepwater rice through the season. In comparison with the final totals for each element, about 48% of N, but only 11% of P and 10% of Na had been accumulated by the time the floodwater had arrived. The aquatic roots doubled in mass between the times of the two flood peaks and it is suggested that much of the P taken up by the plant may reach the plant via its aquatic roots after having becoming mobilized and released to the water when sediments become anaerobic. In comparison with other parts of the plant, Na was always much higher in the stem and Zn in the basal roots. Other aquatic macrophytes (‘weeds’) increased from 0.40% of the mass (dry weight) of deepwater rice on 10 August to 4.0% on 23 September. However their content of each element (% dry weight) was considerably higher than that in deepwater rice, so they may at times compete effectively with the rice for nutrients. During the flood period (to 23 September) weeds accumulated 16% of the N accumulated by rice during the same period.
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    Biogeochemistry 5 (1988), S. 109-131 
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: soil organic matter ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; sulfur ; simulation ; grasslands
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract We have developed a model to simulate the dynamics of C, N, P, and S in cultivated and uncultivated grassland soils. The model uses a monthly time step and can simulate the dynamics of soil organic matter over long time periods (100 to 10,000 years). It was used to simulate the impact of cultivation (100 years) on soil organic matter dynamics, nutrient mineralization, and plant production and to simulate soil formation during a 10,000 year run. The model was validated by comparing the simulated impact of cultivation on soil organic matter C, N, P, and S dynamics with observed data from sites in the northern Great Plains. The model correctly predicted that N and P are the primary limiting nutrients for plant production and simulated the response of the system to inorganic N, P, and S fertilizer. Simulation results indicate that controlling the C:P and C:S ratios of soil organic matter fractions as functions of the labile P and S levels respectively, allows the model to correctly simulate the observed changes in C:P and C:S ratios in the soil and to simulate the impact of varying the labile P and S levels on soil P and S net mineralization rates.
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    Plant and soil 109 (1988), S. 171-179 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Black Solod ; inflow ; magnesium ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; potassium ; root efficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A field study with barley was conducted in 1984 and 1985 to provide data on uptake rates of N, P, K and Mg and their variation as the growing season progressed. Two varieties were grown: Galt in 1984 and Otal in 1985. Soil fertility was maintained at or near optimum conditions. Samples were obtained approximately every 10 days for shoot dry weight, nutrient content and root length measurements. The approximate method (Williams, 1948) traditionally used for calculating uptake rates was found to be invalid for most of the nutrients studied. The method used for measuring uptake rates was the functional approach proposed by Hunt (1973). Inflow,i.e. uptake rate per unit root length, of plant nutrients, decreased with time. However, maximum uptake rates measured in kg ha−1d−1 occurred at about 50 days from sowing because of increasing root length density with time. Inflow or uptake rates were low in 1985 because of moisture deficiency, and grain yield (0.89 t ha−1) was severely depressed. This study demonstrated that Hunt's method is superior and more advantageous than the traditional, approximate method.
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    Plant and soil 112 (1988), S. 247-254 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: isotope dilution ; 15N ; nitrogen ; nitrogen fixation ; nitrogen transfer ; ryegrass ; white clover
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The stable isotope15N is particularly valuable in the field for measuring N fixation by isotope dilution. At the same time other soil-plant processes can be studied, including15N recovery, and nitrogen transfer between clover and grass. Three contrasting sites and soils were used in the present work: a lowland soil, an upland soil, and an upland peat. Nitrogen fixation varied from 12 gm−2 on lowland soil to 2.7 gm−2 on upland peat. Most N transfer occurred on upland soil (4.2 gm−2) which, added to nitrogen fixed, made a total of 8.7 gm2 input during summer 1985.15N recovery for the whole experiment was small, around 25%. Measurement of dead and dying leaves, stubble and roots, suggests that plant organ death is the first stage in N transfer from white clover to ryegrass, through the decomposer cycle. Decomposition was fastest on lowland soils, slowest on peat. On lowland soil this decomposer nitrogen is apparently subverted before transfer, probably by soil microbes. Variations in natural abundance of15N in plants were found in the two species on the different soils. These might be used to measure nitrogen fixation without adding isotope, but the need for many replicates and repeat samples would limit throughput.
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    Plant and soil 107 (1988), S. 197-206 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: nitrate ; nitrate reductase activity ; nitrogen ; nitrogen use efficiency ; osmotic solutes ; Plantago lanceolata ; Plantago major ; redistribution ; sugars
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract To study aspects of the ecology of grassland species, in a comparative experiment, plants ofP. lanceolata andP. major were grown in pots in a greenhouse, and subjected to a gradual nitrate depletion for several weeks. Control plants were weekly supplied with nitrate. Growth, leaf appearance and disappearance, concentrations of cations and inorganic anions, soluble and insoluble reduced nitrogen concentrations,in vivo nitrate reductase activity (NRA) and the concentration of non-structural carbohydrates in several parts of the plants were followed. Depletion of nitrate caused a reduction of shoot growth, both in biomass and number of leaves. Withering of leaves increased. Accumulation of root dry matter was little (P. lanceolata), or not (P. major) affected. The concentration of reduced nitrogen in all tissues also decreased, both that of the soluble and that of the insoluble fraction. As a result, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE, g dry matter produced per mmol N incorporated) increased by nitrate depletion. NRA was higher in the roots than in the leaves, and decreased with increasing nitrate depletion. In control plants, nitrate became also limiting. This resulted in decreasing nitrate concentrations in leaves and roots. In the leaves, the decrease in nitrate concentration was preceded by a decrease in NRA. The decrease of the nitrate concentration was parallelled by an increase in the concentration of soluble sugar. No major differences in the response towards nitrate depletion were observed between the two species.
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    Plant and soil 110 (1988), S. 9-17 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: grassland ; Mediterranean ; microbial biomass ; nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Seasonal changes in soil water and nitrogen availability were related to the phenology and growth of plants in California annual grassland. Plant accumulation of nitrogen was mainly confined to two short periods of the year: fall and early spring. At these times, plants were in the vegetative growth phase, roots were growing rapidly and soil moisture was high. During these periods, soil nitrate was low or depleted. High flux of nitrogen in this ecosystem, however, is indicated by the rapid disappearance of the previous year's detrital material, high microbial biomass, and high mineralizable nitrogen and nitrification potential. At the end of the summer drought, significant amounts of the previous year's detrital material had disappeared, chloroform-labile N (expressed as microbial biomass N) was at its seasonal maximum, and soil inorganic nitrogen pools were high. This suggests inorganic nitrogen flux during the drought period. The ‘drought escaper’ life history characteristics of annual grasses in California annual grassland, however, may prevent plants from utilizing available nitrogen during a large part of the year.
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  • 98
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acer rubrum ; calcium ; cations ; Cornus florida ; decomposition ; litter ; magnesium ; nitrogen ; nutrient release ; phosphorous ; potassium ; Quercus prinus ; sulfur
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Calcium, magnesium and potassium dynamics in decomposing litter of three tree species were measured over a two-year period. The speices studied were flowering dogwood (Cornus florida), red maple (Acer rubrum) and chestnut oak (Quercus prinus). The order of decomposition was:C. florida〉A. rubrum〉Q. prinus. Calcium concentrations increased following any initial leaching losses. However, there were net releases of Ca from all three litter types since mass loss exceeded the increases in concentration. Net release of Ca by the end of two years from all three species combined was 42% of initial inputs in litterfall. Magnesium concentrations increased in the second year, following decreases due to leaching during the first year inC. florida andA. rubrum litter. Net release of Mg by the end of two years was 58% of initial inputs. Potassium concentrations decreased rapidly and continued to decline throughout the study. Net release of K by the end of two years was 91% of initial inputs. These data on cation dynamics, and similar data on N, S and P dynamics from a previous study, were combined with annual litterfall data to estimate the release of selected nutrients from foliar litter of these tree species at the end of one and two years of decomposition. The relative mobility of all six elements examined in relation to mass loss after two years was; K〉Mg〉mass〉Ca〉S〉P〉N.
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    Plant and soil 110 (1988), S. 81-89 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: isotope dilution method ; 15N ; N2 fixation ; nitrogen ; Pisum sativum ; residue ; rhizobium ; Vicia faba L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A field experiment was conducted using15N methodology to study the effect of cultivation of faba bean (Vicia faba L.), pea (Pisum sativum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) on the N status of soil and their residual N effect on two succeeding cereals (sorghum (Sorghum vulgare) followed by barley). Faba bean, pea and barley took up 29.6, 34.5 and 53.0 kg N ha−1 from the soil, but returned to soil through roots only 11.3, 10.8 and 5.7 kg N ha−1, respectively. Hence, removal of faba bean, pea and barley straw resulted in a N-balance of about −18, −24, and −47 kg ha−1 respectively. A soil nitrogen conserving effect was observed following the cultivation of faba bean and pea compared to barley which was of the order of 23 and 18 kg N ha−1, respectively. Cultivation of legumes resulted in a significantly higher AN value of the soil compared to barley. However, the AN of the soil following fallow was significantly higher than following legumes, implying that the cultivation of the legumes had depleted the soil less than barley but had not added to the soil N compared to the fallow. The beneficial effect of legume cropping also was reflected in the N yield and dry matter production of the succeeding crops. Cultivation of legumes led to a greater exploitation of soil N by the succeeding crops. Hence, appreciable yield increases observed in the succeeding crops following legumes compared to cereal were due to a N-conserving effect, carry-over of N from the legume residue and to greater uptake of soil N by the succeeding crops when previously cropped to legumes.
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    Plant and soil 111 (1988), S. 203-205 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: efflux ; influx ; kinetics ; net uptake ; nitrate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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