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Ontogenic variation in nitrogen fixation and accumulation of nitrogen in mungbean, blackgram, cowpea, and groundnut (1993)

Senaratne, R. ; Ratnasinghe, D. S.

Springer

Biology and fertility of soils 16 (1993), S. 125-130

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ISSN: 1432-0789

Keywords: N2 fixation ; Ontogeny ; 15N ; Vigna radiata ; Vigna mungo ; Vigna unguiculata ; Arachis hypogaea

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract Ontogenic variations in N2 fixation and accumulation of N by the mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek), blackgram (Vigna mungo L. Hepper), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.), and groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) were studied by a 15N-dilution technique. Pots filled with 7 kg of red yellow podzolic soil were used. Samples were taken 20, 40, 60, and 80 days after emergence which approximately corresponded to preflowering, flowering, early/mid-pod filling and late pod filling stages, respectively. During early growth (up to 40 days after emergence), the carryover of seed N accounted for a considerable fraction of the total plant N in the legumes, the highest being in the groundnut. With a correction for carryover, the groundnut derived over 45% of its N content from the atmosphere 20 days after emergence whereas the corresponding figures were 33% for the blackgram and about 28% for the cowpea and mungbean. Between flowering and early pod fill, there was a rapid increase in N2 fixation in all legumes except in groundnut which showed highest fixation from 60 to 80 days after emergence. In the mungbean, N2 fixation and uptake of soil N were insignificant 60 days after emergence while in other legumes these processes continued beyond this time. All legumes derived about 90% of their N from atmosphere by 80 days after emergence. However, due to considerable interspecific differences in total N yield the final amount of N2 fixed showed an appreciable variation among legumes. It was highest in the groundnut (443 mg N plant-1) followed by the cowpea (385), blackgram (273), and mungbean (145), respectively. The groundnut maintained nodules until the late pod filling stage while in other legumes, nodules senesced progressively following the mid-pod filling stage. During pod filling there was a net mobilization of N from vegetative tissues to developing pods in the mungbean, which amounted to about 20% of N in seeds. This mobilization was not evident in other legumes.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00369413

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Effect of nitrogen application on the A N value of soil (1993)

Senaratne, R.

Springer

Biology and fertility of soils 16 (1993), S. 299-301

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ISSN: 1432-0789

Keywords: A N value ; 15N ; Nitrogen fixation ; Glycine max ; Hordeum vulgare

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract Pot experiments were conducted with two soils, from Rottenhaus and Seibersdorf in Austria, to ascertain whether the rate of fertilizer N application and the test crop would influence the amount of N available in the soil as assessed by the A-value method. 15N-labelled fertilizer was applied at rates of 10, 25, 40, 60, and 100 mg N kg-1 soil, corresponding approximately to 20, 50, 80, 120 and 200 kg N ha-1 respectively, and two crop species, barley (Hordeum vulgareL.) and non-nodulating soybean (Glycine max L.) were used to determine the soil A N value under the various fertilizer regimes. The results showed that the Rottenhaus soil had a higher A N value than the Seibersdorf soil, suggesting that the former was more fertile than the latter. The A N values of both soils were significantly affected by the level of N application. When grown in the same soil, the two test crops showed significantly different fertilizer use efficiency and per cent N derived from fertilizer when the rate of N application exceeded 20 kg ha-1. Thus, the A N value as determined by the two test crops differed significantly for the same soil when the rate of N application was greater than 20 kg/ha. The difference was greater when the soil fertility level was high. The dependence of the A N value on the level of N application and the species of crop seriously compromises the suitability of this method for determining plant-associated N2 fixation. Hence, considerable caution is required when using this method to estimate plant-associated N2 fixation.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00369309

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3

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N supply by groundnuts to maize in a maize plus groundnut intercropping system, as affected by the genotype (1993)

Senaratne, R. ; Ratnasinghe, D. S.

Springer

Biology and fertility of soils 15 (1993), S. 215-219

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ISSN: 1432-0789

Keywords: N2 fixation ; N-supplying ability ; 15N ; Arachis hypogaea ; Intercropping

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Summary Identification of legume genotypes with high N-supplying ability is important in improving and sustaining the productivity of low-input cropping systems. Hence, 15N-aided studies were made to ascertain the relative N-supplying ability of some cultivars of groundnut, a widely grown tropical legume. The study was conducted outdoors in 1991 at Kamburupitiya, Sri Lanka, in tanks filled with 64 kg soil which had been tagged by incorporating 15N-labelled plant material. Maize cv. Badra was grown as a monocrop and as an intercrop with five genotypes of groundnut, X-14, MI-1, Red Spanish, ICGV 87127, and a non-nodulating line. All the nodulating genotypes derived over 90% of their N from the atmosphere. Significant genotypic differences in N2 fixation were observed. X-14 fixed the highest amount (1.95 g plant-1), while Red Spanish the lowest (0.88 g plant-1). Intercropping of maize with nodulating groundnut significantly decreased the 15N atom excess of maize, depending on the genotype. However, this decrease did not appear to be related to the amount of N2 fixed, based on aboveground material. The per cent N derived by maize from the intercropped groundnuts varied from 17% (X-14) to 39% (Red Spanish), indicating a marked genotypic variability in N-suppling ability. X-14, which fixed the largest amounts of N2, grew most vigorously compared to other genotypes, causing a growth depression in the maize. The genotype that fixes the most N2 may therefore not necessarily have the greatest N-supplying ability. The transfer of N from the legume and the consequent improvement of N nutrition in the associated cereal in low-fertility situations is therefore expected to be high when the growth of the legume is intermediate and does not suppress the growth of the cereal.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00361614

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Nitrogen fixation and beneficial effects of some grain legumes and green-manure crops on rice (1995)

Senaratne, R. ; Ratnasinghe, D. S.

Springer

Biology and fertility of soils 19 (1995), S. 49-54

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ISSN: 1432-0789

Keywords: N2 fixation ; N supplying potential ; Grain legumes ; Green manuring ; 15N ; Wetland rice

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract Studies were conducted on paddy soils to ascertain N2 fixation, growth, and N supplying ability of some green-manure crops and grain legumes. In a 60-day pot trial, sunhemp (Crotalaria juncia) produced a significantly higher dry matter content and N yield than Sesbania sesban, S. rostrata, cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata), and blackgram (V. mungo), deriving 91% of its N content from the atmosphere. Dry matter production and N yield by the legumes were significantly correlated with the quantity of N2 fixed. In a lowland field study involving sunhemp, blackgram, cowpeas, and mungbean, the former produced the highest stover yield and the stover N content, accumulating 160–250 kg N ha-1 in 60 days, and showed great promise as a biofertilizer for rice. The grain legumes showed good adaptability to rice-based cropping systems and produced a seed yield of 1125–2080 kg ha-1, depending on the location, species, and cultivar. Significant inter- and intraspecific differences in the stover N content were evident among the grain legumes, with blackgram having the highest N (104–155 kg N ha-1). In a trial on sequential cropping, the groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) showed a significantly higher N2 fixation and residual N effect on the succeeding rice crop than cowpeas, blackgram, mungbeans (V. radiata), and pigeonpeas (Cajanus cajan). The growth and N yield of the rice crop were positively correlated with the quantity of N2 fixed by the preceding legume crop.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336346

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Nitrogen fixation of and N transfer from cowpea, mungbean and groundnut when intercropped with maize (1995)

Senaratne, R. ; Liyanage, N. D. L. ; Soper, R. J.

Springer

Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 40 (1995), S. 41-48

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ISSN: 1573-0867

Keywords: Arachis hypogaea ; intercropping ; maize ; N2 fixation ; N-transfer ; 15N ; Vigna radiata ; Vigna unguiculata

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract Grain legumes are used widely in intercropping systems. However, quantitative and comparative data available as to their N2 fixation and N beneficial effect on the companion crop in intercropping systems are scarce. Hence, studies were conducted to ascertain the above when cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.), mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) and groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) were intercropped with maize. The study was15N-aided and made outdoors in basins (30 L) filled with 38 kg of soil.15N labelling was effected by incorporating15N-tagged plant material or applying15N-labelled fertilizer along with sucrose to stabilize15N enrichment in the soil during the experimental period. Intercropped groundnut fixed the highest amount of nitrogen from the atmosphere (i.e. 552 mg plant−1), deriving 85% of its N from the atmosphere. Intercropped cowpea and mungbean fixed 161 and 197 mg N plant−1, obtaining 81% and 78% of their N content from the atmosphere, respectively. The proportion of N derived by maize from the associated legume varied from 7-11% for mungbean, 11–20% for cowpea and 12–26% for groundnut which amounted to about 19–22, 29–45 and 33–60 mg N maize plant−1, respectively. The high nitrogen fixation potential of groundnut in dual stands and its relatively low harvest index for N have apparently contributed to greater N-benefical effect on the associated crop.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00749861

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6

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Effect of combined nitrogen on nitrogen fixation of soybean (Glycine max L. Merill.) as affected by cultivar and rhizobial strain (1987)

Senaratne, R. ; Amornpimol, C. ; Hardarson, G.

Springer

Plant and soil 103 (1987), S. 45-50

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Keywords: Glycine max ; isotope dilution method ; 15N ; nitrogen ; nitrogen fixation ; Rhizobium soybean

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract Nine strains ofRhizobium japonicum (Bradyrhizobium japonicum) were screened for nitrogen fixation in combination with two cultivars of soybean, Chippewa and Dunadja at two levels of nitrogen fertilization,i.e. 20 kg N ha−1 and 100 kg N ha−1 using15N isotope dilution method. Plant dry weight, nitrogen yield, percent N derived from atmosphere (% Ndfa) and total amount of N2 fixed were strongly influenced by the specific combination of host-genotype and rhizobial strain. The interaction between the host and microsymbiont were so specific that accurate prediction of symbiotic performance of either partner in relation to a particular host or strain of Rhizobium appears impossible. The sensitivity of nitrogen fixation to combined nitrogen was furthermore dependent upon both the rhizobial strain and host-Rhizobium association. It is therefore, inadvisable to describe a certain bacterium as being fully effective/ineffective or sensitive/tolerant to combined nitrogen, except in relation to a particular host-genotype. There is scope for obtaining promising host-Rhizobium associations tolerant to combined nitrogen through exploiting the interactive effects between the host-genotypes and strains of Rhizobium.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370666

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Estimation of residual N effect of faba bean and pea on two succeeding cereals using15N methodology (1988)

Senaratne, R. ; Hardarson, G.

Springer

Plant and soil 110 (1988), S. 81-89

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Keywords: isotope dilution method ; 15N ; N2 fixation ; nitrogen ; Pisum sativum ; residue ; rhizobium ; Vicia faba L.

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract A field experiment was conducted using15N methodology to study the effect of cultivation of faba bean (Vicia faba L.), pea (Pisum sativum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) on the N status of soil and their residual N effect on two succeeding cereals (sorghum (Sorghum vulgare) followed by barley). Faba bean, pea and barley took up 29.6, 34.5 and 53.0 kg N ha−1 from the soil, but returned to soil through roots only 11.3, 10.8 and 5.7 kg N ha−1, respectively. Hence, removal of faba bean, pea and barley straw resulted in a N-balance of about −18, −24, and −47 kg ha−1 respectively. A soil nitrogen conserving effect was observed following the cultivation of faba bean and pea compared to barley which was of the order of 23 and 18 kg N ha−1, respectively. Cultivation of legumes resulted in a significantly higher AN value of the soil compared to barley. However, the AN of the soil following fallow was significantly higher than following legumes, implying that the cultivation of the legumes had depleted the soil less than barley but had not added to the soil N compared to the fallow. The beneficial effect of legume cropping also was reflected in the N yield and dry matter production of the succeeding crops. Cultivation of legumes led to a greater exploitation of soil N by the succeeding crops. Hence, appreciable yield increases observed in the succeeding crops following legumes compared to cereal were due to a N-conserving effect, carry-over of N from the legume residue and to greater uptake of soil N by the succeeding crops when previously cropped to legumes.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02143543

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Effect of K on nitrogen fixation of intercrop groundnut and the competition between intercrop groundnut and maize (1993)

Senaratne, R. ; Liyanage, N. D. L. ; Ratnasinghe, D. S.

Springer

Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 34 (1993), S. 9-14

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ISSN: 1573-0867

Keywords: Arachis hypogaea ; competitive depression ; intercropping ; K ; N beneficial effect ; N2 fixation ; 15N methodology ; Zea mays

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract Application of adequate level of K has shown to improve the competitive ability of the legume in legume/grass mixtures. However, the effect of K on the competitive ability of grain legumes in legume/cereal intercropping systems has not been adequately studied. Hence, studies were made to ascertain if the effects of K could be exploited in improving the performance of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cv. No. 45 when intercropped with maize (Zea mays L.) cv. Badra. The study was conducted at the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna, Kamburupitiya, Sri Lanka in 1988 in basins filled with 36 kg of soil. It involved establishing maize and groundnut as monocrops and as intercrops at three K levels viz. 0, 20 and 40 mg of K kg−1 of soil. Monocrop maize and groundnut had 2 and 5 plants/basin, respectively while the intercrop had 1 maize plant and 3 groundnut plants/basin. The soil used was Red Yellow Podzolic which was tagged by incorporating15N-labelled plant material. When grown as a monocrop, K had no effect on the percent N derived from atmosphere, amount of N2 fixed, dry matter production, pod yield and total N content of groundnut. However, when intercropped with maize lack of K application affected the above parameters significantly which was overcome by improving K level. Thus, the optimum level of K for groundnut was greater when intercropped than monocropped. A significant interaction between K level and cropping system was evident with regard to N2 fixation, pod yield and total dry matter production of groundnut. Intercrop maize derived 30–35% of its N content from the associated groundnut plants which amounted to 13–22 mg N/plant. The amount of N supplied by groundnut to associated maize plant was not affected by K level. It appears that there is scope for alleviating growth depression of the legume component in legume/cereal intercropping systems by developing appropriate K fertilizer practices.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00749954

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