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  • United States  (1,008)
  • *Ecosystem  (563)
  • Mutation  (538)
  • *Biological Evolution  (374)
  • Rats
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (2,555)
  • American Meteorological Society
  • MDPI Publishing
  • 2005-2009  (2,555)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
Years
Year
  • 1
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    Psychology. Racial bias, unspoken but heard (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-12-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dovidio, John F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Dec 18;326(5960):1641-2. doi: 10.1126/science.1184231.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8205, USA. john.dovidio@yale.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20019277" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *African Continental Ancestry Group ; Cues ; *European Continental Ancestry Group ; Humans ; *Nonverbal Communication ; *Prejudice ; *Social Behavior ; *Television ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    U.S. budget. Science wins $21 billion boost as stimulus package becomes law (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-02-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kintisch, Eli -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Feb 20;323(5917):992-3. doi: 10.1126/science.323.5917.992.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19229002" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biomedical Research/*economics ; Budgets/legislation & jurisprudence ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/*economics ; Research Support as Topic/*legislation & jurisprudence ; United States ; United States Government Agencies/*economics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    Green energy. Another biofuels drawback: the demand for irrigation (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-11-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Service, Robert F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Oct 23;326(5952):516-7. doi: 10.1126/science.326_516.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19900876" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Agriculture ; *Biofuels ; *Ethanol ; Eutrophication ; Poaceae/growth & development ; United States ; *Water ; Water Supply ; Zea mays/growth & development
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    Coat variation in the domestic dog is governed by variants in three genes (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-08-29
    Description: Coat color and type are essential characteristics of domestic dog breeds. Although the genetic basis of coat color has been well characterized, relatively little is known about the genes influencing coat growth pattern, length, and curl. We performed genome-wide association studies of more than 1000 dogs from 80 domestic breeds to identify genes associated with canine fur phenotypes. Taking advantage of both inter- and intrabreed variability, we identified distinct mutations in three genes, RSPO2, FGF5, and KRT71 (encoding R-spondin-2, fibroblast growth factor-5, and keratin-71, respectively), that together account for most coat phenotypes in purebred dogs in the United States. Thus, an array of varied and seemingly complex phenotypes can be reduced to the combinatorial effects of only a few genes.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2897713/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2897713/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cadieu, Edouard -- Neff, Mark W -- Quignon, Pascale -- Walsh, Kari -- Chase, Kevin -- Parker, Heidi G -- Vonholdt, Bridgett M -- Rhue, Alison -- Boyko, Adam -- Byers, Alexandra -- Wong, Aaron -- Mosher, Dana S -- Elkahloun, Abdel G -- Spady, Tyrone C -- Andre, Catherine -- Lark, K Gordon -- Cargill, Michelle -- Bustamante, Carlos D -- Wayne, Robert K -- Ostrander, Elaine A -- 1R01GM83606/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM063056/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM063056/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM063056-09/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- Intramural NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Oct 2;326(5949):150-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1177808. Epub 2009 Aug 27.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19713490" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 3' Untranslated Regions ; Animals ; Dogs/*genetics ; Fibroblast Growth Factor 5/*genetics ; Genome-Wide Association Study ; *Hair/anatomy & histology/growth & development ; Haplotypes ; Keratins, Hair-Specific/*genetics ; Lod Score ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; Phenotype ; *Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Thrombospondins/*genetics ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    RNAi in budding yeast (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-09-12
    Description: RNA interference (RNAi), a gene-silencing pathway triggered by double-stranded RNA, is conserved in diverse eukaryotic species but has been lost in the model budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Here, we show that RNAi is present in other budding yeast species, including Saccharomyces castellii and Candida albicans. These species use noncanonical Dicer proteins to generate small interfering RNAs, which mostly correspond to transposable elements and Y' subtelomeric repeats. In S. castellii, RNAi mutants are viable but have excess Y' messenger RNA levels. In S. cerevisiae, introducing Dicer and Argonaute of S. castellii restores RNAi, and the reconstituted pathway silences endogenous retrotransposons. These results identify a previously unknown class of Dicer proteins, bring the tool of RNAi to the study of budding yeasts, and bring the tools of budding yeast to the study of RNAi.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3786161/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3786161/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Drinnenberg, Ines A -- Weinberg, David E -- Xie, Kathleen T -- Mower, Jeffrey P -- Wolfe, Kenneth H -- Fink, Gerald R -- Bartel, David P -- GM0305010/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM040266/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM067031/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM067031/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Oct 23;326(5952):544-50. doi: 10.1126/science.1176945. Epub 2009 Sep 10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19745116" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Fungal Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Genes, Fungal ; Genetic Loci ; Mutation ; Open Reading Frames ; *RNA Interference ; RNA, Double-Stranded/genetics/metabolism ; RNA, Fungal/genetics/metabolism ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism ; RNA, Small Interfering/genetics/*metabolism ; Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid ; Retroelements ; Ribonuclease III/genetics/metabolism ; Saccharomyces/*genetics/metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/*genetics/metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Saccharomycetales/*genetics/metabolism ; Sequence Analysis, RNA ; Transcription, Genetic ; Transformation, Genetic
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    A new wave of chemical regulations just ahead? (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-08-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Service, Robert F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Aug 7;325(5941):692-3. doi: 10.1126/science.325_692.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19661413" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chemical Industry/*legislation & jurisprudence ; *Government Regulation ; *Hazardous Substances ; Humans ; Legislation as Topic ; Toxicity Tests ; United States ; United States Environmental Protection Agency/*legislation & jurisprudence
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    On incentives for innovation (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-12-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Alberts, Bruce -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Nov 27;326(5957):1163. doi: 10.1126/science.1184848.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19965437" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biomedical Research/economics ; Budgets ; Financing, Government ; *Motivation ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/*economics ; *Peer Review, Research ; *Research Support as Topic ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    Immune system: not so superior (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-09-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2847887/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2847887/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hedrick, Stephen M -- R01 AI021372/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI021372-26/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Sep 25;325(5948):1623-4. doi: 10.1126/science.325_1623a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0377, USA. shedrick@ucsd.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19779174" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Immune System/*physiology ; *Immunity ; Immunity, Innate ; Invertebrates/*immunology ; Selection, Genetic ; Vertebrates/*immunology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
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    Comment on "Human-specific gain of function in a developmental enhancer" (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-02-07
    Description: Prabhakar et al. (Reports, 5 September 2008, p. 1346) argued that the conserved noncoding sequence HACNS1 has undergone positive selection and contributed to human adaptation. However, the pattern of substitution in HACNS1 is more consistent with the neutral process of biased gene conversion (BGC). The reported human-specific gain of function is likely due to the accumulation of deleterious mutations driven by BGC, not positive selection.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Duret, Laurent -- Galtier, Nicolas -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Feb 6;323(5915):714; author reply 714. doi: 10.1126/science.1165848.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Universite de Lyon, Universite Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5558, Laboratoire de Biometrie et Biologie Evolutive, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France. duret@biomserv.univ-lyon1.fr〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19197042" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Conserved Sequence ; *Enhancer Elements, Genetic ; Evolution, Molecular ; *Gene Conversion ; Humans ; Mutation ; Recombination, Genetic ; Selection, Genetic
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
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    Coevolution of plants and their pathogens in natural habitats (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-05-09
    Description: Understanding of plant-pathogen coevolution in natural systems continues to develop as new theories at the population and species level are increasingly informed by studies unraveling the molecular basis of interactions between individual plants and their pathogens. The next challenge lies in further integration of these approaches to develop a comprehensive picture of how life history traits of both players interact with the environment to shape evolutionary trajectories.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2689373/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2689373/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Burdon, Jeremy J -- Thrall, Peter H -- R01 GM074265-01A2/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 May 8;324(5928):755-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1171663.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO)-Plant Industry, Post Office Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. Jeremy.Burdon@csiro.au〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19423818" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biological Evolution ; *Ecosystem ; Fungal Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Fungi/genetics/*pathogenicity/physiology ; *Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Immunity, Innate ; Plant Diseases/immunology/*microbiology ; Plant Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Plants/genetics/immunology/metabolism/*microbiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 11
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    Soil microbial communities and restoration ecology: facilitators or followers? (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-08-01
    Description: Microorganisms have critical roles in the functioning of soil in nutrient cycling, structural formation, and plant interactions, both positive and negative. These roles are important in reestablishing function and biodiversity in ecosystem restoration. Measurement of the community indicates the status of the system in relation to restoration targets and the effectiveness of management interventions, and manipulation of the community shows promise in the enhancement of the rate of recovery of degraded systems.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Harris, Jim -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Jul 31;325(5940):573-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1172975.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Natural Resources, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19644111" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; Biodiversity ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Fungi/*physiology ; Mycorrhizae/*physiology ; Plant Physiological Phenomena ; *Soil Microbiology ; Symbiosis
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 12
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    U.S. science. OSTP, NOAA chiefs finally get a chance to lead (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-03-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kintisch, Eli -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Mar 27;323(5922):1656. doi: 10.1126/science.323.5922.1656a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19325084" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Politics ; United States ; United States Government Agencies/*organization & administration
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 13
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    Restoration of ecosystem services for environmental markets (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-08-01
    Description: Ecological restoration is an activity that ideally results in the return of an ecosystem to an undisturbed state. Ecosystem services are the benefits humans derive from ecosystems. The two have been joined to support growing environmental markets with the goal of creating restoration-based credits that can be bought and sold. However, the allure of these markets may be overshadowing shortcomings in the science and practice of ecological restoration. Before making risky investments, we must understand why and when restoration efforts fall short of recovering the full suite of ecosystem services, what can be done to improve restoration success, and why direct measurement of the biophysical processes that support ecosystem services is the only way to guarantee the future success of these markets. Without new science and an oversight framework to protect the ecosystem service assets which people depend, markets could actually accelerate environmental degradation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Palmer, Margaret A -- Filoso, Solange -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Jul 31;325(5940):575-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1172976.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Solomons, MD 20688, USA. mpalmer@umd.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19644112" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biodiversity ; Biophysical Processes ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Environment ; Humans ; Wetlands
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 14
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    Agriculture. Nutrient imbalances in agricultural development (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-06-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vitousek, P M -- Naylor, R -- Crews, T -- David, M B -- Drinkwater, L E -- Holland, E -- Johnes, P J -- Katzenberger, J -- Martinelli, L A -- Matson, P A -- Nziguheba, G -- Ojima, D -- Palm, C A -- Robertson, G P -- Sanchez, P A -- Townsend, A R -- Zhang, F S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Jun 19;324(5934):1519-20. doi: 10.1126/science.1170261.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. vitousek@stanford.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19541981" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Agriculture/methods ; China ; Environmental Pollution ; Fertilizers ; Kenya ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; *Soil ; United States ; *Zea mays/growth & development
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 15
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    Disruption of vertical motility by shear triggers formation of thin phytoplankton layers (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-02-21
    Description: Thin layers of phytoplankton are important hotspots of ecological activity that are found in the coastal ocean, meters beneath the surface, and contain cell concentrations up to two orders of magnitude above ambient concentrations. Current interpretations of their formation favor abiotic processes, yet many phytoplankton species found in these layers are motile. We demonstrated that layers formed when the vertical migration of phytoplankton was disrupted by hydrodynamic shear. This mechanism, which we call gyrotactic trapping, can be responsible for the thin layers of phytoplankton commonly observed in the ocean. These results reveal that the coupling between active microorganism motility and ambient fluid motion can shape the macroscopic features of the marine ecological landscape.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Durham, William M -- Kessler, John O -- Stocker, Roman -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Feb 20;323(5917):1067-70. doi: 10.1126/science.1167334.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19229037" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Cell Shape ; Chlamydomonas/cytology/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Flagella ; Gravitation ; Movement ; Phytoplankton/cytology/*physiology ; *Water ; *Water Movements
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Online education today (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-01-03
    Description: Online education is established, growing, and here to stay. It is creating new opportunities for students and also for faculty, regulators of education, and the educational institutions themselves. Much of what is being learned by the practitioners will flow into the large numbers of blended courses that will be developed and delivered on most campuses. Some of what is being learned will certainly improve pedagogical approaches and possibly affect other important problems, such as the lengthening time to completion of a degree. Online education is already providing better access to education for many, and many more will benefit from this increased access in the coming years.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mayadas, A Frank -- Bourne, John -- Bacsich, Paul -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Jan 2;323(5910):85-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1168874.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, 630 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10111, USA. mayadas@sloan.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19119225" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Computer-Assisted Instruction/economics ; *Education, Distance/economics ; Faculty ; Federal Government ; Humans ; *Internet ; Online Systems ; State Government ; Students ; Training Support ; United States ; *Universities
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    Redefining cancer research (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-09-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Alberts, Bruce -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Sep 11;325(5946):1319. doi: 10.1126/science.1181224.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19745119" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; *Biomedical Research ; DNA Repair ; Drug Discovery ; Humans ; Mutation ; *Neoplasms/drug therapy/genetics
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Ecology. Seeing the big picture on microbe distribution (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-09-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Patterson, David J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Sep 18;325(5947):1506-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1179690.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Encyclopedia of Life, Biodiversity Informatics, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA. dpatterson@eol.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19762632" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Arctic Regions ; *Bacteria/classification ; Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; Biodiversity ; *Diatoms ; *Ecosystem ; Geologic Sediments/*microbiology ; Seawater/*microbiology
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    Basin-scale coherence in phenology of shrimps and phytoplankton in the North Atlantic Ocean (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-05-09
    Description: Climate change could lead to mismatches between the reproductive cycles of marine organisms and their planktonic food. We tested this hypothesis by comparing shrimp (Pandalus borealis) egg hatching times and satellite-derived phytoplankton bloom dynamics throughout the North Atlantic. At large spatial and long temporal (10 years or longer) scales, hatching was correlated with the timing of the spring phytoplankton bloom. Annual egg development and hatching times were determined locally by bottom water temperature. We conclude that different populations of P. borealis have adapted to local temperatures and bloom timing, matching egg hatching to food availability under average conditions. This strategy is vulnerable to interannual oceanographic variability and long-term climatic changes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Koeller, P -- Fuentes-Yaco, C -- Platt, T -- Sathyendranath, S -- Richards, A -- Ouellet, P -- Orr, D -- Skuladottir, U -- Wieland, K -- Savard, L -- Aschan, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 May 8;324(5928):791-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1170987.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Post Office Box 1006, Dartmouth, B2Y 4A2 Nova Scotia, Canada. koellerp@mar.dfo-mpo.gc.ca〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19423827" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Atlantic Ocean ; Climate ; *Cold Temperature ; *Ecosystem ; Female ; Ovum/growth & development/physiology ; Pandalidae/*physiology ; Phytoplankton/*physiology ; Population Dynamics ; Reproduction ; Seasons ; *Seawater
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Oxygen-18 of O2 records the impact of abrupt climate change on the terrestrial biosphere (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-06-13
    Description: Photosynthesis and respiration occur widely on Earth's surface, and the 18O/16O ratio of the oxygen produced and consumed varies with climatic conditions. As a consequence, the history of climate is reflected in the deviation of the 18O/16O of air (delta18Oatm) from seawater delta18O (known as the Dole effect). We report variations in delta18Oatm over the past 60,000 years related to Heinrich and Dansgaard-Oeschger events, two modes of abrupt climate change observed during the last ice age. Correlations with cave records support the hypothesis that the Dole effect is primarily governed by the strength of the Asian and North African monsoons and confirm that widespread changes in low-latitude terrestrial rainfall accompanied abrupt climate change. The rapid delta18Oatm changes can also be used to synchronize ice records by providing global time markers.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Severinghaus, Jeffrey P -- Beaudette, Ross -- Headly, Melissa A -- Taylor, Kendrick -- Brook, Edward J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Jun 12;324(5933):1431-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1169473.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093-0244, USA. jseveringhaus@ucsd.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19520957" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Antarctic Regions ; Atmosphere/*chemistry ; *Climatic Processes ; *Ecosystem ; Ice Cover/*chemistry ; Oxygen/*analysis ; Oxygen Isotopes/*analysis ; Photosynthesis ; Rain ; Seawater/chemistry ; Time
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    A crystal structure of the bifunctional antibiotic simocyclinone D8, bound to DNA gyrase (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-12-08
    Description: Simocyclinones are bifunctional antibiotics that inhibit bacterial DNA gyrase by preventing DNA binding to the enzyme. We report the crystal structure of the complex formed between the N-terminal domain of the Escherichia coli gyrase A subunit and simocyclinone D8, revealing two binding pockets that separately accommodate the aminocoumarin and polyketide moieties of the antibiotic. These are close to, but distinct from, the quinolone-binding site, consistent with our observations that several mutations in this region confer resistance to both agents. Biochemical studies show that the individual moieties of simocyclinone D8 are comparatively weak inhibitors of gyrase relative to the parent compound, but their combination generates a more potent inhibitor. Our results should facilitate the design of drug molecules that target these unexploited binding pockets.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Edwards, Marcus J -- Flatman, Ruth H -- Mitchenall, Lesley A -- Stevenson, Clare E M -- Le, Tung B K -- Clarke, Thomas A -- McKay, Adam R -- Fiedler, Hans-Peter -- Buttner, Mark J -- Lawson, David M -- Maxwell, Anthony -- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Dec 4;326(5958):1415-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1179123.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19965760" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemistry/metabolism/pharmacology ; Binding Sites ; Coumarins/chemistry/metabolism/pharmacology ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; DNA Gyrase/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; DNA, Bacterial/metabolism ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Escherichia coli/drug effects/*enzymology/genetics ; Glycosides/chemistry/metabolism/pharmacology ; Ligands ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Molecular Weight ; Mutagenesis, Site-Directed ; Mutation ; Protein Multimerization ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Topoisomerase II Inhibitors
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    Stability predicts genetic diversity in the Brazilian Atlantic forest hotspot (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-02-07
    Description: Biodiversity hotspots, representing regions with high species endemism and conservation threat, have been mapped globally. Yet, biodiversity distribution data from within hotspots are too sparse for effective conservation in the face of rapid environmental change. Using frogs as indicators, ecological niche models under paleoclimates, and simultaneous Bayesian analyses of multispecies molecular data, we compare alternative hypotheses of assemblage-scale response to late Quaternary climate change. This reveals a hotspot within the Brazilian Atlantic forest hotspot. We show that the southern Atlantic forest was climatically unstable relative to the central region, which served as a large climatic refugium for neotropical species in the late Pleistocene. This sets new priorities for conservation in Brazil and establishes a validated approach to biodiversity prediction in other understudied, species-rich regions.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Carnaval, Ana Carolina -- Hickerson, Michael J -- Haddad, Celio F B -- Rodrigues, Miguel T -- Moritz, Craig -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Feb 6;323(5915):785-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1166955.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3160, USA. carnaval@berkeley.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19197066" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anura/classification/*genetics ; Bayes Theorem ; *Biodiversity ; Brazil ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Demography ; *Ecosystem ; Geography ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Phylogeny ; Population Dynamics ; Time ; *Trees ; *Tropical Climate
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    Diplomacy. U.S. takes steps to use science to improve ties to Muslim world (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-12-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Koenig, Robert -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Nov 13;326(5955):920-1. doi: 10.1126/science.326.5955.920.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19965483" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Humans ; *International Cooperation ; *Islam ; Middle East ; *Science ; United States
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    Hemagglutinin receptor binding avidity drives influenza A virus antigenic drift (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-11-11
    Description: Rapid antigenic evolution in the influenza A virus hemagglutinin precludes effective vaccination with existing vaccines. To understand this phenomenon, we passaged virus in mice immunized with influenza vaccine. Neutralizing antibodies selected mutants with single-amino acid hemagglutinin substitutions that increased virus binding to cell surface glycan receptors. Passaging these high-avidity binding mutants in naive mice, but not immune mice, selected for additional hemagglutinin substitutions that decreased cellular receptor binding avidity. Analyzing a panel of monoclonal antibody hemagglutinin escape mutants revealed a positive correlation between receptor binding avidity and escape from polyclonal antibodies. We propose that in response to variation in neutralizing antibody pressure between individuals, influenza A virus evolves by adjusting receptor binding avidity via amino acid substitutions throughout the hemagglutinin globular domain, many of which simultaneously alter antigenicity.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2784927/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2784927/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hensley, Scott E -- Das, Suman R -- Bailey, Adam L -- Schmidt, Loren M -- Hickman, Heather D -- Jayaraman, Akila -- Viswanathan, Karthik -- Raman, Rahul -- Sasisekharan, Ram -- Bennink, Jack R -- Yewdell, Jonathan W -- GM 57073/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- U54 GM62116/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- Z01 AI001014-01/Intramural NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Oct 30;326(5953):734-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1178258.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19900932" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology ; Antibodies, Viral/immunology ; Antigenic Variation/genetics/*immunology ; Cell Line ; Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics/immunology/*metabolism ; Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/genetics/*immunology ; Influenza Vaccines/immunology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Models, Immunological ; Mutation ; Receptors, Virus/*metabolism ; Serial Passage
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    Scientific publishing. Paper retracted following genome data breach (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-09-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Holden, Constance -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Sep 18;325(5947):1486-7. doi: 10.1126/science.325_1486a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19762616" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Access to Information ; *Databases, Genetic ; Female ; Homeodomain Proteins/genetics ; Humans ; *National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; Publishing/*standards ; *Retraction of Publication as Topic ; Substance-Related Disorders/genetics ; Transcription Factors/genetics ; United States
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    Out with the old, in with the new? (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-06-27
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pedersen, Roger -- G0300723/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Jun 26;324(5935):1617. doi: 10.1126/science.1177267.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19556472" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biomedical Research/*economics/ethics ; Embryo Research/*economics/ethics ; *Embryonic Stem Cells ; Financing, Government ; Guidelines as Topic ; Humans ; Informed Consent ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; *Pluripotent Stem Cells ; *Research Support as Topic ; United States
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    Unleashing an army to repair alien-ravaged ecosystems (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-08-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Koenig, Robert -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Jul 31;325(5940):562-3. doi: 10.1126/science.325_562.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19644106" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Conservation of Natural Resources/economics/methods ; *Ecosystem ; Insects ; Plant Development ; *Plants ; South Africa ; Water Supply
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    Certificates should be retired (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-03-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hermos, John A -- Spiro, Avron 3rd -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Mar 6;323(5919):1288-9. doi: 10.1126/science.323.5919.1288c.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19265002" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biomedical Research/*ethics/legislation & jurisprudence ; *Confidentiality/ethics/legislation & jurisprudence ; *Disclosure/ethics/legislation & jurisprudence ; Humans ; Informed Consent ; Jurisprudence ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; *Research Subjects/legislation & jurisprudence ; United States
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    U.S. higher education. Minority retention rates in science are sore spot for most universities (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-06-13
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Koenig, Robert -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Jun 12;324(5933):1386-7. doi: 10.1126/science.324_1386a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19520937" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biological Science Disciplines/*education ; California ; Humans ; Maryland ; Mentors ; Minority Groups/*education ; Program Evaluation ; Science/*education ; *Students ; United States ; *Universities/economics
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    Newsmaker interview. Nancy Pelosi: foursquare for science. Interview by Jeffrey Mervis (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-04-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pelosi, Nancy -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Apr 3;324(5923):24. doi: 10.1126/science.324.5923.24.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19342559" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Budgets ; Federal Government ; Financing, Government ; Mathematics ; *Science/economics/education ; United States
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    Biomedical research. Researchers generally happy with final stem cell rules (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-07-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Holden, Constance -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Jul 10;325(5937):131. doi: 10.1126/science.325_131.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19589969" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cell Line ; *Embryo Research/economics ; *Embryonic Stem Cells ; Financing, Government ; *Guidelines as Topic ; Humans ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; Registries ; *Research Support as Topic ; United States
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    2010 U.S. budget. Congress takes care of science in quiet finish to a busy year (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-12-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mervis, Jeffrey -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Dec 18;326(5960):1608. doi: 10.1126/science.326.5960.1608.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20019258" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: American Recovery and Reinvestment Act ; *Budgets ; Financing, Government ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/*economics ; *Science ; United States ; United States Government Agencies/*economics ; United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration/economics
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Profile: Ruth Ley. Gut reactions (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-05-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 May 29;324(5931):1136-7. doi: 10.1126/science.324_1136.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19478161" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bacteria/classification/genetics/*isolation & purification ; Diet ; Digestive System/*microbiology ; Ecology/history ; Genes ; Genes, Bacterial ; Genomics/history ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Interdisciplinary Communication ; *Metagenome ; *Microbiology/history ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Science and the stiumulus. NSF boosts success rates, but at what price? (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-12-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mervis, Jeffrey -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Nov 27;326(5957):1181-2. doi: 10.1126/science.326.5957.1181.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19965446" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *American Recovery and Reinvestment Act ; Budgets ; Financing, Government ; *Research Support as Topic ; United States ; *United States Government Agencies/economics/legislation & jurisprudence
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Physiology. What determines coral health? (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-05-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Weis, Virginia M -- Allemand, Denis -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 May 29;324(5931):1153-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1172540.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Zoology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA. weisv@science.oregonstate.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19478172" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anthozoa/genetics/*physiology ; *Calcification, Physiologic ; Dinoflagellida/physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Oceans and Seas ; Seawater/chemistry ; Stress, Physiological ; *Symbiosis
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    The 2010 census. America's Uncounted Millions (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-05-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Holden, Constance -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 May 22;324(5930):1008-9. doi: 10.1126/science.324_1008.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19460980" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Censuses ; Politics ; Statistics as Topic ; United States
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    Science and the stiumulus. Shovel-ready science drives DOE decisions (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-12-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mervis, Jeffrey -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Nov 27;326(5957):1177-8. doi: 10.1126/science.326.5957.1177.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19965444" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: American Recovery and Reinvestment Act/*economics ; Education, Graduate ; Employment ; Fellowships and Scholarships ; Financing, Government ; Laboratories ; *Research ; United States ; *United States Government Agencies/economics/legislation & jurisprudence
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    The subtle transmission of race bias via televised nonverbal behavior (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-12-19
    Description: Compared with more explicit racial slurs and statements, biased facial expressions and body language may resist conscious identification and thus produce a hidden social influence. In four studies, we show that race biases can be subtly transmitted via televised nonverbal behavior. Characters on 11 popular television shows exhibited more negative nonverbal behavior toward black than toward status-matched white characters. Critically, exposure to prowhite (versus problack) nonverbal bias increased viewers' bias even though patterns of nonverbal behavior could not be consciously reported. These findings suggest that hidden patterns of televised nonverbal behavior influence bias among viewers.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3764987/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3764987/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Weisbuch, Max -- Pauker, Kristin -- Ambady, Nalini -- F32 MH078350/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- F32MH078350/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH070833/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH070833-02/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Dec 18;326(5960):1711-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1178358.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychology, Tufts University, 490 Boston Avenue, Medford, MA 02155, USA. max.weisbuch@tufts.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20019288" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *African Continental Ancestry Group ; Cues ; *European Continental Ancestry Group ; Facial Expression ; Female ; Humans ; Kinesics ; Male ; *Nonverbal Communication ; *Prejudice ; *Television ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Evolutionary medicine. Darwin applies to medical school (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-04-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Apr 10;324(5924):162-3. doi: 10.1126/science.324.5924.162a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19359553" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Asthma/etiology/genetics/immunology ; *Biological Evolution ; *Curriculum ; Disease Susceptibility ; Drug Resistance ; *Education, Medical ; Endemic Diseases ; Humans ; Immunity, Innate ; Immunoglobulin E/immunology ; Malaria/epidemiology/immunology ; Schistosomiasis/epidemiology/immunology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Structure of rotavirus outer-layer protein VP7 bound with a neutralizing Fab (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-06-13
    Description: Rotavirus outer-layer protein VP7 is a principal target of protective antibodies. Removal of free calcium ions (Ca2+) dissociates VP7 trimers into monomers, releasing VP7 from the virion, and initiates penetration-inducing conformational changes in the other outer-layer protein, VP4. We report the crystal structure at 3.4 angstrom resolution of VP7 bound with the Fab fragment of a neutralizing monoclonal antibody. The Fab binds across the outer surface of the intersubunit contact, which contains two Ca2+ sites. Mutations that escape neutralization by other antibodies suggest that the same region bears the epitopes of most neutralizing antibodies. The monovalent Fab is sufficient to neutralize infectivity. We propose that neutralizing antibodies against VP7 act by stabilizing the trimer, thereby inhibiting the uncoating trigger for VP4 rearrangement. A disulfide-linked trimer is a potential subunit immunogen.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2995306/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2995306/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Aoki, Scott T -- Settembre, Ethan C -- Trask, Shane D -- Greenberg, Harry B -- Harrison, Stephen C -- Dormitzer, Philip R -- AI-21362/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- CA-13202/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- DK-56339/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R37 CA013202/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R37 CA013202-38/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Jun 12;324(5933):1444-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1170481.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19520960" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Antibodies, Monoclonal/chemistry/immunology/metabolism ; Antibodies, Viral/chemistry/*immunology/metabolism ; Antigens, Viral/*chemistry/genetics/*immunology/metabolism ; Binding Sites ; Binding Sites, Antibody ; Calcium/metabolism ; Capsid Proteins/*chemistry/genetics/*immunology/metabolism ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Epitopes/immunology ; Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments/chemistry/*immunology/metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Neutralization Tests ; Protein Folding ; Protein Multimerization ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Protein Subunits ; Recombinant Proteins/chemistry ; Rotavirus/*chemistry/immunology ; Serotyping
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Science and the stimulus. Science and the stimulus (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-12-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mervis, Jeffrey -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Nov 27;326(5957):1176-7. doi: 10.1126/science.326.5957.1176.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19965443" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: American Recovery and Reinvestment Act/*economics ; Biomedical Research/economics/legislation & jurisprudence ; Financing, Government/legislation & jurisprudence ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/economics/legislation & jurisprudence ; *Research/economics/legislation & jurisprudence ; Research Support as Topic ; *Science ; United States ; *United States Government Agencies/economics/legislation & jurisprudence
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Serengeti birds maintain forests by inhibiting seed predators (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-07-04
    Description: Of fundamental interest in conservation ecology are the regulatory mechanisms that maintain communities. We document a mechanism that maintains forests in the Serengeti ecosystem, Tanzania, and the destabilization when disturbance opens forest canopy. Forest birds, by consuming seeds, protected them from beetle attack. Consumption increased the germination rate and the density of seedlings and recruits, which was sufficient to maintain the forest. Opening of the canopy resulted in loss of birds, increased beetle attack, and loss of germination. Thus, frugivorous birds are necessary for the maintenance of forests. Their absence could have resulted in the observed forest decline since 1966.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sharam, Gregory J -- Sinclair, A R E -- Turkington, Roy -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Jul 3;325(5936):51. doi: 10.1126/science.1173805.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Biodiversity Research Center, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19574381" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Beetles ; *Birds ; *Ecosystem ; Feeding Behavior ; Germination ; Population Dynamics ; *Seeds/growth & development ; Tanzania ; *Trees/growth & development
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    Increase grants, too (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-09-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Castellano, Michael J -- Mueller, Kevin E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Sep 18;325(5947):1498. doi: 10.1126/science.325_1498.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Crop and Soil Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA. mjc471@psu.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19762626" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Education, Graduate/*economics ; *Fellowships and Scholarships ; Financing, Government ; *Research Support as Topic ; Science/*education ; *Training Support ; United States ; Universities/*economics
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    Evolution. Spineless fish and dark flies prove gene regulation crucial (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-12-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Dec 18;326(5960):1612. doi: 10.1126/science.326.5960.1612.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20019263" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics/physiology ; Drosophila Proteins/genetics/physiology ; Drosophila melanogaster/*genetics/growth & development/physiology ; *Enhancer Elements, Genetic ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Mutation ; Paired Box Transcription Factors/genetics ; Pigmentation/genetics ; Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid ; Smegmamorpha/anatomy & histology/*genetics/growth & development
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    The antidote to bias in research (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-11-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Allison, David B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Oct 23;326(5952):522-3. doi: 10.1126/science.326_522b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19900881" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Access to Information ; Conflict of Interest ; Disclosure ; Editorial Policies ; *Information Dissemination ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; Research/*standards ; United States
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    U.S. science education. Revisions to AP courses expected to have domino effect (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-09-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mervis, Jeffrey -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Sep 18;325(5947):1488-9. doi: 10.1126/science.325_1488.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19762617" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biology/*education ; *Curriculum ; *Educational Measurement ; Science/*education ; United States
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    DNA binding site sequence directs glucocorticoid receptor structure and activity (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-04-18
    Description: Genes are not simply turned on or off, but instead their expression is fine-tuned to meet the needs of a cell. How genes are modulated so precisely is not well understood. The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) regulates target genes by associating with specific DNA binding sites, the sequences of which differ between genes. Traditionally, these binding sites have been viewed only as docking sites. Using structural, biochemical, and cell-based assays, we show that GR binding sequences, differing by as little as a single base pair, differentially affect GR conformation and regulatory activity. We therefore propose that DNA is a sequence-specific allosteric ligand of GR that tailors the activity of the receptor toward specific target genes.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2777810/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2777810/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Meijsing, Sebastiaan H -- Pufall, Miles A -- So, Alex Y -- Bates, Darren L -- Chen, Lin -- Yamamoto, Keith R -- GM08537/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA020535/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA020535-31/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Apr 17;324(5925):407-10. doi: 10.1126/science.1164265.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19372434" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Binding Sites ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; DNA/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Humans ; Ligands ; Models, Molecular ; Mutation ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Isoforms/chemistry/metabolism ; Protein Multimerization ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Rats ; Receptors, Glucocorticoid/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Transcriptional Activation
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 48
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    Shifts in lake N:P stoichiometry and nutrient limitation driven by atmospheric nitrogen deposition (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-11-07
    Description: Human activities have more than doubled the amount of nitrogen (N) circulating in the biosphere. One major pathway of this anthropogenic N input into ecosystems has been increased regional deposition from the atmosphere. Here we show that atmospheric N deposition increased the stoichiometric ratio of N and phosphorus (P) in lakes in Norway, Sweden, and Colorado, United States, and, as a result, patterns of ecological nutrient limitation were shifted. Under low N deposition, phytoplankton growth is generally N-limited; however, in high-N deposition lakes, phytoplankton growth is consistently P-limited. Continued anthropogenic amplification of the global N cycle will further alter ecological processes, such as biogeochemical cycling, trophic dynamics, and biological diversity, in the world's lakes, even in lakes far from direct human disturbance.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Elser, James J -- Andersen, Tom -- Baron, Jill S -- Bergstrom, Ann-Kristin -- Jansson, Mats -- Kyle, Marcia -- Nydick, Koren R -- Steger, Laura -- Hessen, Dag O -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Nov 6;326(5954):835-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1176199.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA. j.elser@asu.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19892979" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere/*chemistry ; Biodiversity ; Biomass ; Colorado ; *Ecosystem ; Food Chain ; Fresh Water/*chemistry ; Human Activities ; Humans ; Nitrates/analysis ; Nitrogen/*analysis ; Norway ; Phosphorus/*analysis ; Phytoplankton/growth & development/*physiology ; Sweden ; Trees
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Coding-sequence determinants of gene expression in Escherichia coli (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-04-11
    Description: Synonymous mutations do not alter the encoded protein, but they can influence gene expression. To investigate how, we engineered a synthetic library of 154 genes that varied randomly at synonymous sites, but all encoded the same green fluorescent protein (GFP). When expressed in Escherichia coli, GFP protein levels varied 250-fold across the library. GFP messenger RNA (mRNA) levels, mRNA degradation patterns, and bacterial growth rates also varied, but codon bias did not correlate with gene expression. Rather, the stability of mRNA folding near the ribosomal binding site explained more than half the variation in protein levels. In our analysis, mRNA folding and associated rates of translation initiation play a predominant role in shaping expression levels of individual genes, whereas codon bias influences global translation efficiency and cellular fitness.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3902468/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3902468/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kudla, Grzegorz -- Murray, Andrew W -- Tollervey, David -- Plotkin, Joshua B -- BB/D019621/1/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- BB/DO19621/1/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- BB/DO19621/1/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- P50 GM068763/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Apr 10;324(5924):255-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1170160.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology and Program in Applied Mathematics and Computational Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19359587" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Substitution ; Base Composition ; Cloning, Molecular ; *Codon ; Escherichia coli/*genetics/growth & development/metabolism ; *Gene Expression ; Gene Library ; Genes, Synthetic ; Green Fluorescent Proteins/*genetics/metabolism ; Mutation ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Protein Biosynthesis ; RNA Stability ; RNA, Bacterial/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; RNA, Messenger/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; Spectrometry, Fluorescence
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    Biomedical research. A first step in relaxing restrictions on stem cell research (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-03-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Holden, Constance -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Mar 13;323(5920):1412-3. doi: 10.1126/science.323.5920.1412.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19286523" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cell Line ; Embryo Research/economics/*legislation & jurisprudence ; *Embryonic Stem Cells ; Financing, Government/legislation & jurisprudence ; Guidelines as Topic ; Humans ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; Pluripotent Stem Cells ; Research Support as Topic/*legislation & jurisprudence ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Coral reefs. Calcification rates drop in Australian reefs (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-01-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Jan 2;323(5910):27. doi: 10.1126/science.323.5910.27.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19119193" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anthozoa/growth & development/*physiology ; Australia ; *Calcification, Physiologic ; Calcium Carbonate/analysis ; Carbon Dioxide ; *Ecosystem ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Oceans and Seas ; Seawater/*chemistry ; Temperature
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Bone assemblages track animal community structure over 40 years in an African savanna ecosystem (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-05-23
    Description: Reconstructing ancient communities depends on how accurately fossil assemblages retain information about living populations. We report a high level of fidelity between modern bone assemblages and living populations based on a 40-year study of the Amboseli ecosystem in southern Kenya. Relative abundance of 15 herbivorous species recorded in the bone assemblage accurately tracks the living populations through major changes in community composition and habitat over intervals as short as 5 years. The aggregated bone sample provides an accurate record of community structure time-averaged over four decades. These results lay the groundwork for integrating paleobiological and contemporary ecological studies across evolutionary and ecological time scales. Bone surveys also provide a useful method of assessing population changes and community structure for modern vertebrates.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Western, David -- Behrensmeyer, Anna K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 May 22;324(5930):1061-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1171155.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉African Conservation Center, Box 62844, Nairobi, Kenya. dwestern@africaonline.co.ke〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19461002" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biodiversity ; Body Size ; *Bone and Bones ; *Ecosystem ; Fossils ; Kenya ; Population Dynamics ; Regression Analysis ; Statistics, Nonparametric ; *Vertebrates
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    The time to demand funding (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-01-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mello, Craig C -- Walsh, John V -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Jan 9;323(5911):208. doi: 10.1126/science.323.5911.208a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19131609" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/*economics ; *Research Personnel ; *Research Support as Topic ; United States ; United States Government Agencies/*economics
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    Regulatory policy. U.S. panel urges clearer, cleaner role for science (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-08-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mervis, Jeffrey -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Aug 14;325(5942):799. doi: 10.1126/science.325_799b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19679776" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Advisory Committees ; *Government Regulation ; *Public Policy ; *Science ; United States ; *United States Government Agencies
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Ecology. Phenology feedbacks on climate change (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-05-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Penuelas, Josep -- Rutishauser, This -- Filella, Iolanda -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 May 15;324(5929):887-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1173004.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Global Ecology Unit, Center for Ecological Research and Forestry Applications (CREAF-CEAB-CSIC), Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain. josep.penuelas@uab.cat〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19443770" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere/chemistry ; Biophysical Phenomena ; Carbon Dioxide/analysis/metabolism ; *Climate ; *Ecosystem ; *Greenhouse Effect ; Organic Chemicals/analysis/metabolism ; *Plant Development ; Plant Leaves/*growth & development/metabolism ; Plants/metabolism ; *Seasons ; Temperature
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    Biomedical policy. Draft stem cell guidelines please many, disappoint some (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-04-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Holden, Constance -- Kaiser, Jocelyn -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Apr 24;324(5926):446. doi: 10.1126/science.324_446.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19390007" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cell Line ; Embryo Research/economics/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Embryonic Stem Cells ; Financing, Government/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Guidelines as Topic ; Humans ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; Public Policy ; Research Support as Topic/*legislation & jurisprudence ; *Stem Cells ; United States
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    Evolutionary biology. Melding mammals and molecules to track evolution (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-09-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Sep 11;325(5946):1332. doi: 10.1126/science.325_1332.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19745128" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biological Evolution ; Biology/*history ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; United States
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    Newsmaker interview. John Holdren brings more than energy to his role as science adviser. Interview by Jeffrey Mervis (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-04-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Holdren, John -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Apr 17;324(5925):324-5. doi: 10.1126/science.324.5925.324.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19372403" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biological Evolution ; Conflict of Interest ; Disclosure ; Financing, Government/legislation & jurisprudence ; Nuclear Weapons ; Research ; *Science/education ; Security Measures ; Space Flight ; United States
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    GOP must embrace science again (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-01-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉White, Robert -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Jan 23;323(5913):461. doi: 10.1126/science.323.5913.461b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19164731" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Politics ; *Public Policy ; *Science ; United States
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    Science education. Universities begin to rethink first-year biology courses (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-08-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mervis, Jeffrey -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Jul 31;325(5940):527. doi: 10.1126/science.325_527a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19644084" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biology/*education ; *Curriculum ; Faculty ; Teaching ; United States ; *Universities
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    Ecology. Reducing the risks of the wildlife trade (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-05-02
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Smith, Katherine F -- Behrens, Michael -- Schloegel, Lisa M -- Marano, Nina -- Burgiel, Stas -- Daszak, Peter -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 May 1;324(5927):594-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1174460.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Brown University, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Providence, RI 02912, USA. katherine_smith@brown.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19407185" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Animals, Wild ; Biodiversity ; Carrier State/veterinary ; *Commerce/legislation & jurisprudence/statistics & numerical data ; Communicable Diseases/transmission/veterinary ; Ecosystem ; Humans ; International Cooperation ; Public Health ; Public Policy ; Risk Assessment ; United States ; Zoonoses
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    Science in the White House (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-05-02
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Holdren, John P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 May 1;324(5927):567. doi: 10.1126/science.1174783.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19407163" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biomedical Research ; *Public Policy ; *Research ; *Science ; *Technology ; United States
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    Protection of C. elegans from anoxia by HYL-2 ceramide synthase (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-04-18
    Description: Oxygen deprivation is rapidly deleterious for most organisms. However, Caenorhabditis elegans has developed the ability to survive anoxia for at least 48 hours. Mutations in the DAF-2/DAF-16 insulin-like signaling pathway promote such survival. We describe a pathway involving the HYL-2 ceramide synthase that acts independently of DAF-2. Loss of the ceramide synthase gene hyl-2 results in increased sensitivity of C. elegans to anoxia. C. elegans has two ceramide synthases, hyl-1 and hyl-2, that participate in ceramide biogenesis and affect its ability to survive anoxic conditions. In contrast to hyl-2(lf) mutants, hyl-1(lf) mutants are more resistant to anoxia than normal animals. HYL-1 and HYL-2 have complementary specificities for fatty acyl chains. These data indicate that specific ceramides produced by HYL-2 confer resistance to anoxia.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Menuz, Vincent -- Howell, Kate S -- Gentina, Sebastien -- Epstein, Sharon -- Riezman, Isabelle -- Fornallaz-Mulhauser, Monique -- Hengartner, Michael O -- Gomez, Marie -- Riezman, Howard -- Martinou, Jean-Claude -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Apr 17;324(5925):381-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1168532.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cell Biology, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19372430" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Apoptosis ; Caenorhabditis elegans/cytology/genetics/*physiology ; Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins/*genetics/*metabolism ; *Cell Hypoxia ; Ceramides/biosynthesis/*physiology ; Gene Deletion ; Genes, Helminth ; Mutation ; Oxidoreductases/*genetics/*metabolism ; Oxygen/*physiology ; Receptor, Insulin/genetics/metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genetics/growth & development/physiology ; Sphingomyelins/biosynthesis/physiology ; Substrate Specificity ; Transformation, Genetic ; Transgenes
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    Origins. On the origin of cooperation (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-09-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Sep 4;325(5945):1196-9. doi: 10.1126/science.325_1196.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19729633" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Altruism ; Animals ; Bacteriophages/physiology ; *Biological Evolution ; Competitive Behavior ; *Cooperative Behavior ; Dictyostelium/physiology ; Family ; Game Theory ; Games, Experimental ; Humans ; Mutation ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa/physiology ; Punishment ; Quorum Sensing ; Reward ; Selection, Genetic ; *Social Behavior ; Warfare
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    AAAS annual meeting. Will many endangered species recover? (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-02-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stokstad, Erik -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Feb 20;323(5917):998-9. doi: 10.1126/science.323.5917.998b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19229008" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Birds ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Extinction, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; United States
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    Ardipithecus ramidus and the paleobiology of early hominids (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-10-08
    Description: Hominid fossils predating the emergence of Australopithecus have been sparse and fragmentary. The evolution of our lineage after the last common ancestor we shared with chimpanzees has therefore remained unclear. Ardipithecus ramidus, recovered in ecologically and temporally resolved contexts in Ethiopia's Afar Rift, now illuminates earlier hominid paleobiology and aspects of extant African ape evolution. More than 110 specimens recovered from 4.4-million-year-old sediments include a partial skeleton with much of the skull, hands, feet, limbs, and pelvis. This hominid combined arboreal palmigrade clambering and careful climbing with a form of terrestrial bipedality more primitive than that of Australopithecus. Ar. ramidus had a reduced canine/premolar complex and a little-derived cranial morphology and consumed a predominantly C3 plant-based diet (plants using the C3 photosynthetic pathway). Its ecological habitat appears to have been largely woodland-focused. Ar. ramidus lacks any characters typical of suspension, vertical climbing, or knuckle-walking. Ar. ramidus indicates that despite the genetic similarities of living humans and chimpanzees, the ancestor we last shared probably differed substantially from any extant African ape. Hominids and extant African apes have each become highly specialized through very different evolutionary pathways. This evidence also illuminates the origins of orthogrady, bipedality, ecology, diet, and social behavior in earliest Hominidae and helps to define the basal hominid adaptation, thereby accentuating the derived nature of Australopithecus.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉White, Tim D -- Asfaw, Berhane -- Beyene, Yonas -- Haile-Selassie, Yohannes -- Lovejoy, C Owen -- Suwa, Gen -- WoldeGabriel, Giday -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Oct 2;326(5949):75-86.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Human Evolution Research Center and Department of Integrative Biology, 3101 Valley Life Sciences Building, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. timwhite@berkeley.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19810190" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Bone and Bones/anatomy & histology ; Dentition ; Diet ; Ecosystem ; Environment ; Ethiopia ; *Fossils ; Geologic Sediments ; Geological Phenomena ; *Hominidae/anatomy & histology/classification/genetics/physiology ; Humans ; Locomotion ; Paleodontology ; Pan troglodytes/genetics ; Phylogeny ; Skeleton ; Skull/anatomy & histology ; Social Behavior ; Tooth/anatomy & histology
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    Opinion polls. An inside/outside view of U.S. science (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-07-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mervis, Jeffrey -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Jul 10;325(5937):132-3. doi: 10.1126/science.325_132.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19589970" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biological Evolution ; Data Collection ; Greenhouse Effect ; Politics ; *Public Opinion ; Religion and Science ; *Science ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Macrovertebrate paleontology and the Pliocene habitat of Ardipithecus ramidus (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-10-08
    Description: A diverse assemblage of large mammals is spatially and stratigraphically associated with Ardipithecus ramidus at Aramis. The most common species are tragelaphine antelope and colobine monkeys. Analyses of their postcranial remains situate them in a closed habitat. Assessment of dental mesowear, microwear, and stable isotopes from these and a wider range of abundant associated larger mammals indicates that the local habitat at Aramis was predominantly woodland. The Ar. ramidus enamel isotope values indicate a minimal C4 vegetation component in its diet (plants using the C4 photosynthetic pathway), which is consistent with predominantly forest/woodland feeding. Although the Early Pliocene Afar included a range of environments, and the local environment at Aramis and its vicinity ranged from forests to wooded grasslands, the integration of available physical and biological evidence establishes Ar. ramidus as a denizen of the closed habitats along this continuum.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉White, Tim D -- Ambrose, Stanley H -- Suwa, Gen -- Su, Denise F -- DeGusta, David -- Bernor, Raymond L -- Boisserie, Jean-Renaud -- Brunet, Michel -- Delson, Eric -- Frost, Stephen -- Garcia, Nuria -- Giaourtsakis, Ioannis X -- Haile-Selassie, Yohannes -- Howell, F Clark -- Lehmann, Thomas -- Likius, Andossa -- Pehlevan, Cesur -- Saegusa, Haruo -- Semprebon, Gina -- Teaford, Mark -- Vrba, Elisabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Oct 2;326(5949):87-93.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Human Evolution Research Center and Department of Integrative Biology, 3101 Valley Life Sciences Building, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19810193" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biodiversity ; Cercopithecidae/anatomy & histology ; Diet ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Ethiopia ; *Fossils ; *Hominidae/classification ; Mammals/anatomy & histology/classification ; Paleodontology ; Plants ; Population Density ; Tooth/anatomy & histology ; Trees
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    The transition. Can an ecologist push NOAA up the food chain? (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-01-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stokstad, Erik -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Jan 16;323(5912):321. doi: 10.1126/science.323.5912.321.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19150816" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; Climate ; Ecology/history ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Oceans and Seas ; Politics ; *Public Policy ; United States ; United States Government Agencies/*organization & administration
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Space science. Can a shotgun wedding help NASA and ESA explore the red planet? (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-03-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lawler, Andrew -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Mar 27;323(5922):1666-7. doi: 10.1126/science.323.5922.1666.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19325096" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Budgets ; Europe ; Exobiology ; *International Cooperation ; *Mars ; *Space Flight/economics ; Spacecraft ; United States ; *United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Paternal control of embryonic patterning in Arabidopsis thaliana (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-03-17
    Description: The YODA (YDA) mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway promotes elongation of the Arabidopsis zygote and development of its basal daughter cell into the extra-embryonic suspensor. Here, we show that the interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK)/Pelle-like kinase gene SHORT SUSPENSOR (SSP) regulates this pathway through a previously unknown parent-of-origin effect. SSP transcripts are produced in mature pollen but do not appear to be translated. Instead, they are delivered via the sperm cells to the zygote and the endosperm, where SSP protein transiently accumulates. Ectopic expression of SSP protein in the leaf epidermis is sufficient to activate YDA-dependent signaling. We propose that SSP protein produced from paternal transcripts upon fertilization triggers zygotic YDA activity, providing an essential temporal cue for the regulation of the asymmetric first division.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bayer, Martin -- Nawy, Tal -- Giglione, Carmela -- Galli, Mary -- Meinnel, Thierry -- Lukowitz, Wolfgang -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Mar 13;323(5920):1485-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1167784.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19286558" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Motifs ; Arabidopsis/*embryology/*genetics/metabolism ; Arabidopsis Proteins/*metabolism ; Biocatalysis ; Catalytic Domain ; Cell Division ; Crosses, Genetic ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Genomic Imprinting ; Interleukin-1 Receptor-Associated Kinases/chemistry/*genetics/*metabolism ; MAP Kinase Kinase Kinases/*metabolism ; MAP Kinase Signaling System ; Mutation ; Plants, Genetically Modified ; Pollen/metabolism ; Protein Binding ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins ; Seeds/growth & development/metabolism ; Transcription, Genetic
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    HDAC4 regulates neuronal survival in normal and diseased retinas (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-01-10
    Description: Histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4) shuttles between the nucleus and cytoplasm and serves as a nuclear co-repressor that regulates bone and muscle development. We report that HDAC4 regulates the survival of retinal neurons in the mouse in normal and pathological conditions. Reduction in HDAC4 expression during normal retinal development led to apoptosis of rod photoreceptors and bipolar (BP) interneurons, whereas overexpression reduced naturally occurring cell death of the BP cells. HDAC4 overexpression in a mouse model of retinal degeneration prolonged photoreceptor survival. The survival effect was due to the activity of HDAC4 in the cytoplasm and relied at least partly on the activity of hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha (HIF1alpha). These data provide evidence that HDAC4 plays an important role in promoting the survival of retinal neurons.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3339762/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3339762/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chen, Bo -- Cepko, Constance L -- EYO 14466/PHS HHS/ -- R01 EY014466/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY014466-05/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Jan 9;323(5911):256-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1166226.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Genetics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA. bochen@genetics.med.harvard.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19131628" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acetylation ; Animals ; Apoptosis ; Cell Nucleus/enzymology ; Cell Survival ; Cytoplasm/enzymology ; Electroporation ; Histone Deacetylases/genetics/*metabolism ; Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/metabolism ; Mice ; Mutation ; Retina/cytology/*enzymology ; Retinal Degeneration/*enzymology/pathology ; Retinal Neurons/enzymology/*physiology ; Retinal Rod Photoreceptor Cells/enzymology/*physiology ; Rhodopsin/genetics/metabolism ; Transfection
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Eutrophication: time to adjust expectations (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-05-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jacoby, Charles A -- Frazer, Thomas K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 May 8;324(5928):723-4; author reply 724-5. doi: 10.1126/science.324_723b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32653, USA. cajacoby@ufl.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19423801" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Ecosystem ; *Eutrophication ; *Fresh Water/chemistry ; *Nitrogen/analysis ; *Phosphorus/analysis
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Education. The nation's report card: a vision of large-scale science assessment (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-12-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fu, Alice C -- Raizen, Senta A -- Shavelson, Richard J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Dec 18;326(5960):1637-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1177780.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Education, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. alicefu@stanford.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20019274" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Achievement ; Adolescent ; Biological Science Disciplines/*education ; Child ; Earth Sciences/*education ; *Educational Measurement ; Humans ; Natural Science Disciplines/*education ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Space science. NASA, ESA choose king of planets for flagship missions in 2020 (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-03-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lawler, Andrew -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Feb 27;323(5918):1154. doi: 10.1126/science.323.5918.1154.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19251596" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Costs and Cost Analysis ; Europe ; Exobiology ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; *Jupiter ; *Space Flight/economics ; United States ; *United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration/economics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    A frazzled/DCC-dependent transcriptional switch regulates midline axon guidance (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-03-28
    Description: Precise wiring of the nervous system depends on coordinating the action of conserved families of proteins that direct axons to their appropriate targets. Slit-roundabout repulsion and netrin-deleted in colorectal cancer (DCC) (frazzled) attraction must be tightly regulated to control midline axon guidance in vertebrates and invertebrates, but the mechanism mediating this regulation is poorly defined. Here, we show that the Fra receptor has two genetically separable functions in regulating midline guidance in Drosophila. First, Fra mediates canonical chemoattraction in response to netrin, and, second, it functions independently of netrin to activate commissureless transcription, allowing attraction to be coupled to the down-regulation of repulsion in precrossing commissural axons.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4078765/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4078765/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Yang, Long -- Garbe, David S -- Bashaw, Greg J -- NS046333/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS054739/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS046333/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS046333-07/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS054739/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS054739-03/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 May 15;324(5929):944-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1171320. Epub 2009 Mar 26.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 1113 BRB2/3, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19325078" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Axons/*physiology ; Drosophila Proteins/*genetics/metabolism ; Drosophila melanogaster/embryology/*genetics/metabolism ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Membrane Proteins/*genetics/metabolism ; Mutation ; Nerve Growth Factors/metabolism ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Nervous System/embryology/growth & development ; Neurons/*physiology ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism ; Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics/*metabolism ; Receptors, Immunologic/genetics ; Signal Transduction ; Transcription, Genetic ; *Transcriptional Activation
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    S-nitrosylation of Drp1 mediates beta-amyloid-related mitochondrial fission and neuronal injury (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-04-04
    Description: Mitochondria continuously undergo two opposing processes, fission and fusion. The disruption of this dynamic equilibrium may herald cell injury or death and may contribute to developmental and neurodegenerative disorders. Nitric oxide functions as a signaling molecule, but in excess it mediates neuronal injury, in part via mitochondrial fission or fragmentation. However, the underlying mechanism for nitric oxide-induced pathological fission remains unclear. We found that nitric oxide produced in response to beta-amyloid protein, thought to be a key mediator of Alzheimer's disease, triggered mitochondrial fission, synaptic loss, and neuronal damage, in part via S-nitrosylation of dynamin-related protein 1 (forming SNO-Drp1). Preventing nitrosylation of Drp1 by cysteine mutation abrogated these neurotoxic events. SNO-Drp1 is increased in brains of human Alzheimer's disease patients and may thus contribute to the pathogenesis of neurodegeneration.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2823371/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2823371/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cho, Dong-Hyung -- Nakamura, Tomohiro -- Fang, Jianguo -- Cieplak, Piotr -- Godzik, Adam -- Gu, Zezong -- Lipton, Stuart A -- P01 ES016738/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ -- P01 ES016738-01/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ -- P01 ES016738-010003/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ -- P01 ES016738-02/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ -- P01 ES016738-020003/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ -- P01 HD029587/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- P01 HD029587-16/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- P01 HD29587/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- P30 NS057096/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- P30 NS057096-04/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY005477/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY005477-25/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY05477/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Apr 3;324(5923):102-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1171091.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Neuroscience, Aging, and Stem Cell Research, Burnham Institute for Medical Research, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19342591" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alzheimer Disease/metabolism/pathology ; Amino Acid Motifs ; Amyloid beta-Peptides/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Animals ; Cell Line ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cerebral Cortex/cytology ; Cysteine/analogs & derivatives/genetics/metabolism/pharmacology ; Female ; GTP Phosphohydrolases/chemistry/*metabolism ; Humans ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Microtubule-Associated Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism ; Mitochondria/drug effects/physiology/*ultrastructure ; Mitochondrial Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; Mutation ; Neurons/drug effects/*ultrastructure ; Nitric Oxide/*metabolism ; Peptide Fragments/metabolism/pharmacology ; Protein Multimerization ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; S-Nitrosothiols/pharmacology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Regulation of neuronal survival factor MEF2D by chaperone-mediated autophagy (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-01-03
    Description: Chaperone-mediated autophagy controls the degradation of selective cytosolic proteins and may protect neurons against degeneration. In a neuronal cell line, we found that chaperone-mediated autophagy regulated the activity of myocyte enhancer factor 2D (MEF2D), a transcription factor required for neuronal survival. MEF2D was observed to continuously shuttle to the cytoplasm, interact with the chaperone Hsc70, and undergo degradation. Inhibition of chaperone-mediated autophagy caused accumulation of inactive MEF2D in the cytoplasm. MEF2D levels were increased in the brains of alpha-synuclein transgenic mice and patients with Parkinson's disease. Wild-type alpha-synuclein and a Parkinson's disease-associated mutant disrupted the MEF2D-Hsc70 binding and led to neuronal death. Thus, chaperone-mediated autophagy modulates the neuronal survival machinery, and dysregulation of this pathway is associated with Parkinson's disease.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2666000/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2666000/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Yang, Qian -- She, Hua -- Gearing, Marla -- Colla, Emanuela -- Lee, Michael -- Shacka, John J -- Mao, Zixu -- AG023695/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- NS038065/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS048254/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS055077/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS47466/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS57098/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- P30 NS055077/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- P30 NS055077-01A2/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- P50 AG025688/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- P50 AG025688-03/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01 AG023695/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01 AG023695-02/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01 AG023695-03/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01 AG023695-04/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01 AG023695-05/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS048254/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS048254-02/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS048254-03/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS048254-04/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS048254-05/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS048254-06/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Jan 2;323(5910):124-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1166088.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19119233" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Motifs ; Ammonium Chloride/pharmacology ; Animals ; *Autophagy ; Brain/metabolism ; Cell Line ; Cell Nucleus/metabolism ; Cell Survival ; Cytoplasm/metabolism ; DNA/metabolism ; HSC70 Heat-Shock Proteins/metabolism ; Lysosomal-Associated Membrane Protein 2/metabolism ; Lysosomes/metabolism ; MADS Domain Proteins/*metabolism ; MEF2 Transcription Factors ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Molecular Chaperones/*metabolism ; Myogenic Regulatory Factors/chemistry/*metabolism ; Neurons/cytology/*metabolism ; Parkinson Disease/metabolism ; Protein Binding ; Protein Transport ; Rats ; Rats, Long-Evans ; alpha-Synuclein/genetics/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Origins. On the origin of the nervous system (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-07-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Miller, Greg -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Jul 3;325(5936):24-6. doi: 10.1126/science.325_24.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19574364" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Central Nervous System/anatomy & histology/physiology ; Cnidaria/cytology/genetics/physiology ; Ctenophora/cytology/physiology ; Ion Channels/physiology ; Nerve Net/anatomy & histology/physiology ; Nervous System/*anatomy & histology ; *Nervous System Physiological Phenomena ; Neurons/*cytology/*physiology ; Phylogeny ; Porifera/cytology/genetics/physiology ; Synapses/physiology
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    Microbiology. No place too cold (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-06-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Laybourn-Parry, Johanna -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Jun 19;324(5934):1521-2. doi: 10.1126/science.1173645.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Antarctic and Southern Ocean Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia. Jo.Laybourn-Parry@utas.edu.au〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19541982" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Antarctic Regions ; Arctic Regions ; Biodiversity ; Carbon/metabolism ; *Cold Temperature ; *Ecosystem ; *Water Microbiology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Global analysis of Cdk1 substrate phosphorylation sites provides insights into evolution (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-09-26
    Description: To explore the mechanisms and evolution of cell-cycle control, we analyzed the position and conservation of large numbers of phosphorylation sites for the cyclin-dependent kinase Cdk1 in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We combined specific chemical inhibition of Cdk1 with quantitative mass spectrometry to identify the positions of 547 phosphorylation sites on 308 Cdk1 substrates in vivo. Comparisons of these substrates with orthologs throughout the ascomycete lineage revealed that the position of most phosphorylation sites is not conserved in evolution; instead, clusters of sites shift position in rapidly evolving disordered regions. We propose that the regulation of protein function by phosphorylation often depends on simple nonspecific mechanisms that disrupt or enhance protein-protein interactions. The gain or loss of phosphorylation sites in rapidly evolving regions could facilitate the evolution of kinase-signaling circuits.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2813701/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2813701/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Holt, Liam J -- Tuch, Brian B -- Villen, Judit -- Johnson, Alexander D -- Gygi, Steven P -- Morgan, David O -- GM037049/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM50684/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- HG3456/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM069901/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM069901-06/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 HG003456/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HG003456-06/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Sep 25;325(5948):1682-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1172867.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Departments of Physiology and Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19779198" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Motifs ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Ascomycota/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; *Biological Evolution ; CDC2 Protein Kinase/antagonists & inhibitors/*metabolism ; *Cell Cycle ; Cell Physiological Processes ; Computational Biology ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phosphopeptides/chemistry/*metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Phylogeny ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism ; *Signal Transduction ; Substrate Specificity
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    An optimistic read on digital libraries (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-03-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fellows, Jack -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Feb 27;323(5918):1168-9. doi: 10.1126/science.323.5918.1168b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19251610" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Educational Technology ; Financial Support ; *Libraries, Digital/economics/organization & administration/standards ; United States ; United States Government Agencies/economics
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    Where are the parasites? (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-12-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kutz, Susan J -- Dobson, Andy P -- Hoberg, Eric P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Nov 27;326(5957):1187-8. doi: 10.1126/science.326.5957.1187-b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19965449" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Arctic Regions/epidemiology ; *Climate Change ; *Ecosystem ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Parasites/growth & development/*physiology ; Parasitic Diseases, Animal/epidemiology/parasitology/transmission ; Population Dynamics
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    Circadian rhythms. A circadian loop asSIRTs itself (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-05-02
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wijnen, Herman -- R01 GM078339/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM078339-03/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM78839/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 May 1;324(5927):598-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1174132.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA. hw9u@virginai.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19407188" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: ARNTL Transcription Factors ; Acetylation ; Acrylamides/pharmacology ; Animals ; Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors/genetics/metabolism ; *Biological Clocks ; CLOCK Proteins ; *Circadian Rhythm ; Cytokines/antagonists & inhibitors/genetics/*metabolism ; *Feedback, Physiological ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Mice ; Mutation ; NAD/*metabolism ; Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase/antagonists & ; inhibitors/genetics/*metabolism ; Piperidines/pharmacology ; Sirtuin 1 ; Sirtuins/*metabolism ; Trans-Activators/genetics/metabolism ; Transcription Factors/genetics/metabolism ; Transcription, Genetic
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    National Science Foundation. The money to meet the president's priorities (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-05-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mervis, Jeffrey -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 May 29;324(5931):1128-9. doi: 10.1126/science.324_1128a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19478153" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Budgets ; Fellowships and Scholarships/economics ; *Financing, Government/legislation & jurisprudence ; Interdisciplinary Communication ; *Research ; *Research Support as Topic ; United States ; United States Government Agencies/*economics
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    Drought sensitivity of the Amazon rainforest (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-03-07
    Description: Amazon forests are a key but poorly understood component of the global carbon cycle. If, as anticipated, they dry this century, they might accelerate climate change through carbon losses and changed surface energy balances. We used records from multiple long-term monitoring plots across Amazonia to assess forest responses to the intense 2005 drought, a possible analog of future events. Affected forest lost biomass, reversing a large long-term carbon sink, with the greatest impacts observed where the dry season was unusually intense. Relative to pre-2005 conditions, forest subjected to a 100-millimeter increase in water deficit lost 5.3 megagrams of aboveground biomass of carbon per hectare. The drought had a total biomass carbon impact of 1.2 to 1.6 petagrams (1.2 x 10(15) to 1.6 x 10(15) grams). Amazon forests therefore appear vulnerable to increasing moisture stress, with the potential for large carbon losses to exert feedback on climate change.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Phillips, Oliver L -- Aragao, Luiz E O C -- Lewis, Simon L -- Fisher, Joshua B -- Lloyd, Jon -- Lopez-Gonzalez, Gabriela -- Malhi, Yadvinder -- Monteagudo, Abel -- Peacock, Julie -- Quesada, Carlos A -- van der Heijden, Geertje -- Almeida, Samuel -- Amaral, Ieda -- Arroyo, Luzmila -- Aymard, Gerardo -- Baker, Tim R -- Banki, Olaf -- Blanc, Lilian -- Bonal, Damien -- Brando, Paulo -- Chave, Jerome -- de Oliveira, Atila Cristina Alves -- Cardozo, Nallaret Davila -- Czimczik, Claudia I -- Feldpausch, Ted R -- Freitas, Maria Aparecida -- Gloor, Emanuel -- Higuchi, Niro -- Jimenez, Eliana -- Lloyd, Gareth -- Meir, Patrick -- Mendoza, Casimiro -- Morel, Alexandra -- Neill, David A -- Nepstad, Daniel -- Patino, Sandra -- Penuela, Maria Cristina -- Prieto, Adriana -- Ramirez, Fredy -- Schwarz, Michael -- Silva, Javier -- Silveira, Marcos -- Thomas, Anne Sota -- Steege, Hans Ter -- Stropp, Juliana -- Vasquez, Rodolfo -- Zelazowski, Przemyslaw -- Alvarez Davila, Esteban -- Andelman, Sandy -- Andrade, Ana -- Chao, Kuo-Jung -- Erwin, Terry -- Di Fiore, Anthony -- Honorio C, Euridice -- Keeling, Helen -- Killeen, Tim J -- Laurance, William F -- Pena Cruz, Antonio -- Pitman, Nigel C A -- Nunez Vargas, Percy -- Ramirez-Angulo, Hirma -- Rudas, Agustin -- Salamao, Rafael -- Silva, Natalino -- Terborgh, John -- Torres-Lezama, Armando -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Mar 6;323(5919):1344-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1164033.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Ecology and Global Change, School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK. o.phillips@leeds.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19265020" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; *Biomass ; Brazil ; Carbon ; Carbon Dioxide ; Climate ; *Droughts ; *Ecosystem ; South America ; *Trees/growth & development ; Tropical Climate
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    Effects of genetic perturbation on seasonal life history plasticity (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-01-20
    Description: Like many species, the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana exhibits multiple different life histories in natural environments. We grew mutants impaired in different signaling pathways in field experiments across the species' native European range in order to dissect the mechanisms underlying this variation. Unexpectedly, mutational loss at loci implicated in the cold requirement for flowering had little effect on life history except in late-summer cohorts. A genetically informed photothermal model of progression toward flowering explained most of the observed variation and predicted an abrupt transition from autumn flowering to spring flowering in late-summer germinants. Environmental signals control the timing of this transition, creating a critical window of acute sensitivity to genetic and climatic change that may be common for seasonally regulated life history traits.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wilczek, Amity M -- Roe, Judith L -- Knapp, Mary C -- Cooper, Martha D -- Lopez-Gallego, Cristina -- Martin, Laura J -- Muir, Christopher D -- Sim, Sheina -- Walker, Alexis -- Anderson, Jillian -- Egan, J Franklin -- Moyers, Brook T -- Petipas, Renee -- Giakountis, Antonis -- Charbit, Erika -- Coupland, George -- Welch, Stephen M -- Schmitt, Johanna -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Feb 13;323(5916):930-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1165826. Epub 2009 Jan 15.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19150810" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Physiological ; Arabidopsis/*genetics/*growth & development ; Environment ; Flowers/growth & development ; Mutation ; Photoperiod ; Seasons ; Signal Transduction
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    Mutations in two independent pathways are sufficient to create hermaphroditic nematodes (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-12-08
    Description: Although the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans produces self-fertile hermaphrodites, it descended from a male/female species, so hermaphroditism provides a model for the origin of novel traits. In the related species C. remanei, which has only male and female sexes, lowering the activity of tra-2 by RNA interference created XX animals that made spermatids as well as oocytes, but their spermatids could not activate without the addition of male seminal fluid. However, by lowering the expression of both tra-2 and swm-1, a gene that regulates sperm activation in C. elegans, we produced XX animals with active sperm that were self-fertile. Thus, the evolution of hermaphroditism in Caenorhabditis probably required two steps: a mutation in the sex-determination pathway that caused XX spermatogenesis and a mutation that allowed these spermatids to self-activate.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Baldi, Chris -- Cho, Soochin -- Ellis, Ronald E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Nov 13;326(5955):1002-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1176013.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Stratford, NJ 08084, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19965511" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; *Biological Evolution ; Caenorhabditis/anatomy & histology/classification/*genetics/*physiology ; Caenorhabditis elegans/anatomy & histology/classification/*genetics/*physiology ; Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins/genetics/physiology ; Crosses, Genetic ; Disorders of Sex Development/genetics ; Female ; Genes, Helminth ; Germ Cells/physiology ; Male ; Membrane Proteins/genetics/physiology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Mutation ; Oogenesis ; Ovulation ; Phylogeny ; Reproduction ; Selection, Genetic ; Sex Determination Processes ; Spermatids/physiology ; Spermatogenesis
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    Microbiology. Fantastic fixers (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-10-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fulweiler, Robinson W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Oct 16;326(5951):377-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1181129.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA. rwf@bu.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19833949" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Archaea/growth & development/*metabolism ; Bacteria, Anaerobic/growth & development/*metabolism ; Cold Temperature ; Deltaproteobacteria/growth & development/*metabolism ; *Ecosystem ; Geologic Sediments/*microbiology ; Mass Spectrometry/methods ; Methane/metabolism ; *Nitrogen Fixation ; Nitrogen Isotopes/metabolism ; Oxidation-Reduction ; *Seawater/microbiology ; Sulfates/metabolism ; Symbiosis
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    U.S. science policy. NSF is keeping it simple (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-04-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mervis, Jeffrey -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Apr 17;324(5925):319. doi: 10.1126/science.324.5925.319.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19372396" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Budgets ; Financing, Government/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Research Support as Topic/*legislation & jurisprudence ; United States ; United States Government Agencies/economics/*legislation & ; jurisprudence/organization & administration
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    U.S. science policy. Obama courts a smitten audience at the national academy (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-05-02
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mervis, Jeffrey -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 May 1;324(5927):576-7. doi: 10.1126/science.324_576a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19407168" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Budgets ; *National Academy of Sciences (U.S.) ; *Public Policy ; *Research ; *Science ; United States
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    Paleoanthropology. New work may complicate history of Neandertals and H. sapiens (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-10-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Balter, Michael -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Oct 9;326(5950):224-5. doi: 10.1126/science.326_224.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19815751" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Africa ; Animals ; Asia ; *Biological Evolution ; Emigration and Immigration ; Europe ; *Fossils ; *Hominidae/anatomy & histology/classification ; Humans ; Terminology as Topic
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    Symbiotic nitrogen fixation in the fungus gardens of leaf-cutter ants (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2009-12-08
    Description: Bacteria-mediated acquisition of atmospheric N2 serves as a critical source of nitrogen in terrestrial ecosystems. Here we reveal that symbiotic nitrogen fixation facilitates the cultivation of specialized fungal crops by leaf-cutter ants. By using acetylene reduction and stable isotope experiments, we demonstrated that N2 fixation occurred in the fungus gardens of eight leaf-cutter ant species and, further, that this fixed nitrogen was incorporated into ant biomass. Symbiotic N2-fixing bacteria were consistently isolated from the fungus gardens of 80 leaf-cutter ant colonies collected in Argentina, Costa Rica, and Panama. The discovery of N2 fixation within the leaf-cutter ant-microbe symbiosis reveals a previously unrecognized nitrogen source in neotropical ecosystems.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pinto-Tomas, Adrian A -- Anderson, Mark A -- Suen, Garret -- Stevenson, David M -- Chu, Fiona S T -- Cleland, W Wallace -- Weimer, Paul J -- Currie, Cameron R -- GM 18938/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Nov 20;326(5956):1120-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1173036.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1550 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19965433" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acetylene/metabolism ; Animals ; Ants/metabolism/microbiology/*physiology ; Argentina ; Costa Rica ; *Ecosystem ; Fungi/growth & development/*physiology ; Klebsiella/isolation & purification/*metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nitrogen/analysis/metabolism ; *Nitrogen Fixation ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Panama ; Pantoea/isolation & purification/*metabolism ; Phylogeny ; Plant Leaves/chemistry ; *Symbiosis
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    A SMART plan for new investigators (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-12-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lahiri, Debomoy K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Nov 13;326(5955):935-6. doi: 10.1126/science.326.5955.935-c.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19965496" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Faculty ; Financing, Government ; Humans ; *Mentors ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/*economics ; *Research Support as Topic/standards ; *Training Support ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 95
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    Ecology. Biodiversity and climate change (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-11-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Willis, Kathy J -- Bhagwat, Shonil A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Nov 6;326(5954):806-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1178838.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Long-Term Ecology Laboratory, Oxford University Centre for the Environment, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK. kathy.willis@ouce.ox.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19892969" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Africa ; Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Birds ; Butterflies ; *Climate Change ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Extinction, Biological ; Plants ; Population Dynamics ; South America ; Trees ; Tropical Climate
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 96
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    Nursing China's ailing forests back to health (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-08-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stone, Richard -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Jul 31;325(5940):556-8. doi: 10.1126/science.325_556.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19644103" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: China ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Forestry/economics/methods ; Government Regulation ; Public Policy ; *Trees
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 97
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    Medicine. A history lesson for stem cells (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-05-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wilson, James M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 May 8;324(5928):727-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1174935.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. wilsonjm@mail.med.upenn.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19423804" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biological Therapy ; *Biomedical Research ; Clinical Trials as Topic ; *Embryo Research ; *Embryonic Stem Cells/transplantation ; Genetic Therapy ; Guidelines as Topic ; Humans ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; *Pluripotent Stem Cells/transplantation ; Stem Cell Transplantation ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 98
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    Science careers. Support for tenure-track jobs in biomedical sciences (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-04-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Benderly, Beryl Lieff -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Apr 3;324(5923):27. doi: 10.1126/science.324.5923.27a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19342563" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biomedical Research ; *Career Mobility ; *Faculty ; *Financing, Government/legislation & jurisprudence ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/*economics ; Personnel Selection ; *Research Personnel ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 99
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    Stepwise modification of a modular enhancer underlies adaptation in a Drosophila population (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-12-19
    Description: The evolution of cis regulatory elements (enhancers) of developmentally regulated genes plays a large role in the evolution of animal morphology. However, the mutational path of enhancer evolution--the number, origin, effect, and order of mutations that alter enhancer function--has not been elucidated. Here, we localized a suite of substitutions in a modular enhancer of the ebony locus responsible for adaptive melanism in a Ugandan Drosophila population. We show that at least five mutations with varied effects arose recently from a combination of standing variation and new mutations and combined to create an allele of large phenotypic effect. We underscore how enhancers are distinct macromolecular entities, subject to fundamentally different, and generally more relaxed, functional constraints relative to protein sequences.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3363996/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3363996/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rebeiz, Mark -- Pool, John E -- Kassner, Victoria A -- Aquadro, Charles F -- Carroll, Sean B -- F32GM78972/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- F32HG004182/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- GM036431/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM036431/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM036431-22/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Dec 18;326(5960):1663-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1178357.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20019281" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Abdomen ; Adaptation, Biological ; Alleles ; Animals ; Animals, Genetically Modified ; *Biological Evolution ; DNA-Binding Proteins/*genetics ; Drosophila Proteins/*genetics ; Drosophila melanogaster/*genetics/growth & development/physiology ; *Enhancer Elements, Genetic ; Evolution, Molecular ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Haplotypes ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Pigmentation/*genetics ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Uganda
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 100
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    Science innovation. Assessing the impact of science funding (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-06-06
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lane, Julia -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Jun 5;324(5932):1273-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1175335.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Science of Science and Innovation Policy, National Science Foundation, Arlington, VA 22230, USA. jlane@nsf.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19498153" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Diffusion of Innovation ; *Economics ; Financing, Government/*legislation & jurisprudence ; *Public Policy ; *Research Support as Topic/legislation & jurisprudence ; *Science ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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