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  • Articles  (101)
  • Triticum aestivum
  • Springer  (101)
  • American Chemical Society
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)
  • Hindawi
  • 2010-2014
  • 1995-1999  (101)
  • Biology  (101)
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  • Articles  (101)
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  • Springer  (101)
  • American Chemical Society
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Feeding damage by Diuraphis noxia results in a nutritionally enhanced phloem diet (1999)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 91 (1999), S. 403-412 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: aphid ; Diuraphis noxia ; Triticum aestivum ; endosymbiont ; insect-plant interactions ; phloem ; amino acids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The feeding behavior of Diuraphis noxia Mordvilko (Homoptera: Aphididae) on susceptible hosts causes both ultrastructural and tissue level damage which may affect phloem composition. Genetic evidence suggests that endosymbiotic bacteria in most aphids overproduce limiting amino acids to benefit hosts but that D. noxia depends less on endosymbionts for these nutrients, possibly due to an enriched diet. To determine whether D. noxia feeding damage results in higher concentrations of essential amino acids, stylet exudates were analyzed from wheat (Triticum aestivum) damaged to different degrees. Comparison of samples from undamaged and damaged susceptible wheat revealed changes in amino acid composition and an increase in levels of essential amino acids, indicating a nutritionally enhanced ingesta. The changes in stylet exudates paralleled changes in leaf exudates, indicating that the effects are systemic. Feeding damage is not observed on a resistant wheat host, var. Halt, and leaf exudates from infested Halt did not show changes in amino acid composition. Mean relative growth of nymphs was significantly lower on Halt than on susceptible Arapahoe, indicating that Halt is a less suitable host. Both varieties show similar amino acid levels in non-infested samples, suggesting that D. noxia infestation does not enhance the phloem environment in Halt. This study provides evidence that aphid feeding can generate a nutritionally enhanced phloem diet.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003617523820
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Salivation into sieve elements in relation to plant chemistry: the case of the aphid Sitobion fragariae and the wheat, Triticum aestivum (1999)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 91 (1999), S. 111-114 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: sieve element ; salivation ; aphid ; plant resistance ; wheat ; Sitobion fragariae ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Extended sieve element salivation (E1 waveform in the electrical penetration graph) is a characteristic activity during early sieve element punctures, particularly in resistant plants. In order to explore a chemically-mediated mechanism of resistance associated with sieve element salivation, we compared the pattern of feeding behaviour of the aphid, Sitobion fragariae (Walker), on two cultivars of the wheat Triticum aestivum L., with different concentrations of hydroxamic acids (Hx). During 24 h of electronic monitoring, aphids dedicated over 50% of the total time to phloem ingestion from the sieve elements. Total time allocated to E1 in the experiment, time to first E1 within the experiment, time allocated to E1 before a sustained phloem ingestion (E2) and the contribution of sieve element salivation to the phloem phase (E1/[E1+E2]) were significantly higher in the high-Hx cultivar. The increased salivation in plants with higher contents of Hx suggests the existence, at least in this system, of a chemically-mediated sieve element constraint.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003628703035
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Root respiratory quotient and nitrate uptake in hydroponically grown non-mycorrhizal and mycorrhizal wheat (1999)
    Springer
    Mycorrhiza 9 (1999), S. 57-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1890
    Keywords: Key words Glomus mosseae ; Hydroponics ; Nitrate uptake ; Root respiration ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Oxygen and CO2 fluxes were measured in hydroponically grown mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal Triticum aestivum L. cv. Hano roots. The NO3 – uptake of the plants was used to estimate the amount of root respiration attributable to ion uptake. Plants were grown at 4 mM N and 10 μM P, where a total and viable mycorrhizal root colonisation of 48% and 18%, respectively, by Glomus mosseae (Nicol. and Gerd.) Gerd. and Trappe (BEG 107) was observed. The O2 consumption and NO3 – uptake rates were similar and the CO2 release was higher in mycorrhizal than in non-mycorrhizal wheat. This resulted in a significantly higher respiratory quotient (RQ, mol CO2 mol–1 O2) in mycorrhizal (1.27±0.13) than in non-mycorrhizal (0.79±0.05) wheat. As the biomass and N and P concentrations in mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal wheat were the same, the higher RQ resulted from the mycorrhizal colonisation and not differences in nutrition per se.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s005720050263
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inoculation with phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms and a vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus improves dry matter yield and nutrient uptake by wheat grown in a sandy soil (1999)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 28 (1999), S. 139-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms ; Mussoorie rock phosphate ; Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae ; Triticum aestivum ; Nutrient-deficient soils
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  The effect of inoculating wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with the PO4 3–-solubilizing microorganisms (PSM) Bacillus circulans and Cladosporium herbarum and the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungus Glomus sp. 88 with or without Mussoorie rock phosphate (MRP) amendment in a nutrient-deficient natural sandy soil was studied. In the sandy soil of low fertility root colonization by VAM fungi was low. Inoculation with Glomus sp. 88 improved root colonization. At maturity, grain and straw yields as well as N and P uptake improved significantly following inoculation with PSM or the VAM fungus. These increases were higher on combined inoculation of PSM and the VAM fungus with MRP amendment. In general, a larger population of PSM was maintained in the rhizosphere of wheat in treatments with VAM fungal inoculation and MRP amendment. The results suggest that combined inoculation with PSM and a VAM fungus along with MRP amendment can improve crop yields in nutrient-deficient soils.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050475
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Accumulation of secondary compounds in barley and wheat roots in response to inoculation with an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus and co-inoculation with rhizosphere bacteria (1999)
    Springer
    Mycorrhiza 8 (1999), S. 241-246 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1890
    Keywords: Key words Arbuscular mycorrhiza ; Hordeum vulgare ; Triticum aestivum ; Glomus intraradices ; Mycorrhiza-helper bacteria ; Secondary compounds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Colonization of Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Salome (barley)and Triticum aestivum L. cv. Caprimus (wheat) roots by the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices Schenck & Smith leads to de novo synthesis of isoprenoid cyclohexenone derivatives with blumenin [9-O-(2′-O-β-glucuronosyl)-β-glucopyranoside of 6-(3-hydroxybutyl)-1,1,5-trimethyl-4-cyclohexen-3-one] as the major constituent and to transient accumulation of hydroxycinnamate amides (4-coumaroylagmatine and -putrescine). Accumulation of these compounds in mycorrhizal wheat roots started 2 weeks after sowing together with the onset of arbuscule formation and proceeded with mycorrhizal progression. Highest levels were reached in 3- to 4-week-old secondary roots (root branches of first and higher order) characterized by the formation of vesicles. In the final developmental stages, the fungus produced massive amounts of spores, enclosing the stele of older root parts (older than 5 weeks) characterized by cortical death. In these root parts, the secondary compounds were detected in trace amounts only, indicating that they were located in the cortical tissues. Some rhizosphere bacteria tested, i.e. Agrobacterium rhizogenes, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Rhizobium leguminosarum, markedly stimulated both fungal root colonization and blumenin accumulation, thus, acting as mycorrhiza-helper bacteria (MHB). Application of blumenin itself strongly inhibited fungal colonization and arbuscule formation at early stages of mycorrhiza development. This was associated with a markedly reduced accumulation of the hydroxycinnamate amides 4-coumaroylputrescine and -agmatine. The results suggest that both the isoprenoid and the phenylpropanoid metabolism are closely linked to the developmental stage and the extent of fungal colonization. Their possible involvement in the regulation of mycorrhiza development is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s005720050240
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    QTL mapping of genes controlling ear emergence time and plant height on chromosome 5A of wheat (1999)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 98 (1999), S. 472-477 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words QTL ; Ear emergence time ; Plant height ; Recombinant substitution line ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Chromosome 5A of wheat carries major gene loci for agronomic traits including the vernalization requirement (Vrn-A1) and ear morphology (Q). To determine whether the genetic variation for ear emergence time and plant height is attributable to either of these major genes as pleiotropic effects or independent QTL, we combined a RFLP map constructed from 120 recombinant substitution lines derived from a cross between ‘Chinese Spring’ (Cappelle-Desprez 5A) and CS(Triticum spelta 5A) with data collected from field trials over 3 years. For ear emergence time the main effects on flowering time were by Vrn-A1 and QEet.ocs-5A.1, the latter a QTL in the 28.6-cM Xcdo584/Q interval linked to Q by less than 10 cM. The CS(T. spelta 5A) allele at QEet.ocs-5A.1 contributed to an earlier ear emergence time by 2.7–6.0 days, which was approximately equal to the effects of Vrn-A1. For plant height, three QTLs were identified on the long arm and linked in repulsion. The CS(T. spelta 5A) allele at Vrn-A1 or closely linked to Xfba068 contributed to a height reduction of 3.5–6.1 cm, whereas both the Q allele and Qt.ocs-5A.1 allele within the Xcdo1088/Xbcd9 interval from CS(Cappelle-Desprez 5A) produced a shorter plant. When plant height was partitioned into culm length and ear length, the Vrn-A1 allele and CS(Cappelle-Desprez 5A) allele at QCl.ocs-5A.1 within the Xcd1088/Xbcd9 interval were found to contribute to a shorter culm. CS(T. spelta 5A) allele at q was a major determinant of a long ear, together with minor effects at QEl.ocs-5A.1 within the Xcdo1088/Xbcd9 interval.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220051094
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quantitative trait loci for resistance against powdery mildew in a segregating wheat×spelt population (1999)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 98 (1999), S. 903-912 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Erysiphe graminis ; Powdery mildew resistance ; QTL ; Triticum aestivum ; Triticum spelta
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Powdery mildew is one of the major diseases of wheat in regions with a maritime or semi-continental climate and can strongly affect grain yield. The attempt to control powdery mildew with major resistance genes (Pm genes) has not provided a durable resistance. Breeding for quantitative resistance to powdery mildew is more promising, but is difficult to select on a phenotypic basis. In this study, we mapped and characterised quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for adult-plant powdery mildew resistance in a segregating population of 226 recombinant inbred lines derived from the cross of the Swiss wheat variety Forno with the Swiss spelt variety Oberkulmer. Forno possibly contains the Pm5 gene and showed good adult-plant resistance in the field. Oberkulmer does not have any known Pm gene and showed a moderate susceptible reaction. Powdery mildew resistance was assessed in field trials at two locations in 1995 and at three locations in 1996. The high heritability (h2=0.97) for powdery mildew resistance suggests that the environmental influence did not affect the resistance phenotype to a great extent. QTL analysis was based on a genetic map containing 182 loci with 23 linkage groups (2469 cM). With the method of composite interval mapping 18 QTLs for powdery mildew resistance were detected, explaining 77% of the phenotypic variance in a simultaneous fit. Two QTLs with major effects were consistent over all five environments. One of them corresponds to the Pm5 locus derived from Forno on chromosome 7B. The other QTL on 5A, was derived from the spelt variety Oberkulmer and did not correspond to any known Pm gene. In addition, five QTLs were consistent over three environments, and six QTLs over two environments. The QTL at the Pm5 locus showed a large effect, although virulent races for Pm5 were present in the mixture of isolates. Molecular markers linked with QTLs for adult-plant resistance offer the possibility of simultaneous marker-assisted selection for major and minor genes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220051149
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A high-density genetic linkage map of Aegilops tauschii, the D-genome progenitor of bread wheat (1999)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 99 (1999), S. 16-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Aegilops tauschii ; Triticum aestivum ; Genetic mapping ; Molecular markers ; Agronomically important genes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Aegilops tauschii is the diploid D-genome progenitor of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell, 2n=6x=42, AABBDD). A genetic linkage map of the Ae. tauschii genome was constructed, composed of 546 loci. One hundred and thirty two loci (24%) gave distorted segregation ratios. Sixty nine probes (13%) detected multiple copies in the genome. One hundred and twenty three of the 157 markers shared between the Ae. tauschii genetic and T. aestivum physical maps were colinear. The discrepancy in the order of five markers on the Ae. tauschii 3DS genetic map versus the T. aestivum 3D physical map indicated a possible inversion. Further work is needed to verify the discrepancies in the order of markers on the 4D, 5D and 7D Ae. tauschii genetic maps versus the physical and genetic maps of T. aestivum. Using common markers, 164 agronomically important genes were assigned to specific regions on Ae. tauschii linkage, and T. aestivum physical, maps. This information may be useful for map-based cloning and marker-assisted plant breeding.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220051204
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quantitative trait loci for lodging resistance in a segregating wheat×spelt population (1999)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 98 (1999), S. 1171-1182 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Lodging ; Morphological traits ; QTL ; Triticum aestivum ; Triticum spelta
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Lodging can strongly affect both the grain yield and the quality of wheat. Lodging represents a quantitative trait and is difficult to assess on a phenotypic basis. Marker-assisted selection (MAS) could therefore become an important tool in breeding for lodging resistance. In this study, we mapped and characterised quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for lodging resistance, as well as morphological traits correlated with lodging, in a segregating population of 226 recombinant inbred lines derived from the cross of the lodging-resistant wheat variety Forno with the susceptible spelt variety Oberkulmer. Lodging, plant height, leaf width, leaf-growth habit, culm stiffness, culm swinging, culm thickness, days to ear emergence and days to flowering were assessed in field trials at two locations in 1996 and at one location in 1997. Additionally, at one location weight and length parameters were also assessed. Plant height and culm stiffness explained 77% of the phenotypic variance of lodging in a multiple regression model over all three environments. QTL analysis of lodging and morphological parameters was based on a genetic map containing 230 loci with 23 linkage groups (2469 cM). With the method of composite interval mapping nine QTLs for lodging resistance were detected, explaining 63% of the phenotypic variance in a simultaneous fit. Seven of these QTLs coincided with QTLs for morphological traits, reflecting the correlations between these traits and lodging. In our population the most efficient way to improve lodging resistance would be by a combination of indirect selection on plant height and culm stiffness together with MAS on the two QTLs for lodging resistance which did not coincide with QTLs for morphological traits.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220051182
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Isolating individual wheat (Triticum aestivum) chromosome arms by flow cytometric analysis of ditelosomic lines (1999)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 98 (1999), S. 1248-1252 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Wheat ; Chromosome sorting ; Chromosome isolation ; Aneuploids ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  We are reporting the successful isolation of wheat chromosome arm 1DS by flow cytometry. A chromosome suspension was prepared for the 1DS ditelosomic line and the normal ‘Chinese Spring’ (CS) by chopping 2-day-old root tip meristems, synchronized by hydroxyurea, in HEPES-magnesium sulfate buffer containing propidium iodide. Chromosomes were analyzed and sorted with a FACS Vantage flow cytometer and cell sorter. An extra peak was observed in the flow karyotype of the ditelosomic line that was absent in ‘CS’. The estimated size of chromosomes from the extra peak matched with the expected size of chromosome 1DS. Chromosomes from the putative 1DS peak were analyzed by both fluorescent microscopy and N-banding analysis. A total of 571 chromosomes from two separate experiments were analyzed, and all were observed to be telosomics except for 2 which were broken. About 82% of these telosomics showed the diagnostic N-band of 1DS, the remaining were unbanded and are probably also 1DS. This strategy can also be used to sort other wheat arms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220051190
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A population of wheat and tritordeum transformants showing a high degree of marker gene stability and heritability (1999)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 99 (1999), S. 772-784 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Transgenic wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; Tritordeum ; Transgene inheritance ; Marker gene stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  The stability and heritability of three marker genes was investigated in a population of twelve independent transgenic cereal lines (six wheat and six tritordeum). Integration patterns, inheritance of structural transgenes and inheritance of expression were analysed in the T0 and T1 generations for all 12 lines. Transmission and expression were analysed in the T2 generation for 9 lines and in the T3 generation for the six wheat lines. Inheritance of integration patterns was highly stable, and transmission of the transgenes and inheritance of their expression followed Mendelian ratios in the majority of lines. A gradual reduction in uidA expression was observed over three generations, which was not accompanied by a similar reduction in bar expression. Some unexpected phenomena associated with transgene inheritance were also observed and are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220051296
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Constitutive versus seed specific expression in transgenic wheat: temporal and spatial control (1999)
    Springer
    Transgenic research 8 (1999), S. 73-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9368
    Keywords: low molecular weight glutenin promoter ; particle bombardment ; transgene expression ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Transgenic wheat plants from specific cultivars can now be routinely engineered in many laboratories. However, our understanding of the factors controlling transgene expression and stability in wheat compared to other cereals is rather limited. Only a few promoters have been tested in transgenic wheat, and relatively little is known of their relative activities and expression parameters. In the present study, the spatial and temporal properties of one heterologous constitutive promoter and one seed‐specific wheat promoter were investigated. We generated constructs with the reporter gene gusA (β‐glucuronidase) driven by: (a) the constitutive maize ubiquitin‐1 (ubi‐1) promoter, and (b) two different‐sized fragments of the seed‐specific low molecular weight glutenin (LMWG1D1) promoter from wheat. The activities of all three promoter constructs were comparable in endosperm tissue. A detailed analysis of spatial and temporal properties of the promoters is described. Heat shock treatment of transgenic plants carrying the ubi‐1: gusA construct resulted in a significant elevation in the levels of GUS activity. The inheritance of transgene expression levels and stability was evaluated over four generations, as a function of transgene integration patterns and copy number.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008801929494
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fusarium globosum from subtropical Japan and the effect of different light conditions on its conidiogenesis (1999)
    Springer
    Mycoscience 40 (1999), S. 1-9 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: BLB light ; conidiogenesis ; Fusarium globosum ; subtropical Japan ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The second report ofFusarium globosum is based on strains isolated from wheat in Ishigaki Island, Okinawa, in subtropical Japan. Morphological features of the Japanese isolates are described. These strains show different reactions in conidiogenesis to light conditions. Under continuous BLB light, falcate sporodochial conidia are typically induced, but production of aerial globose conidia is suppressed. In two of the strains, clavate conidia became longer under BLB light. Application of both, complete darkness and continuous BLB light, is recommended as standard light conditions to cultureFusarium isolates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02465667
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effects of O3 fumigation during leaf development on photosynthesis of wheat and pea: An in vivo analysis (1999)
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 59 (1999), S. 1-7 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: leaf gas exchange ; ozone ; Pisum sativum ; Rubisco ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Previous studies have shown that short exposure of plants to high doses of ozone decreases subsequent photosynthesis; initially by reducing carboxylation capacity. This study tests the hypothesis that this is also the primary cause of loss of photosynthetic capacity in leaves affected by development under a low level of ozone. Triticum aestivum and Pisum sativum plants were exposed from germination to ozone in air (80 nmol mol-1 for 7 hours per day, for 18 days. Leaves that had completed lamina expansion at this time were free of visible injury and light absorptance was unaffected. However, some significant changes in photosynthetic gas exchange were evident. Photosynthetic CO2 uptake at light saturation was decreased significantly by 35% in T. aestivum but was unchanged in P. sativum. The reduction in photosynthesis of T. aestivum was accompanied by a 31% decline in the maximum velocity of carboxylation measured in vivo. Decreased stomatal conductance did not contribute to this reduction of photosynthesis because there was no significant change in the stomatal limitation to CO2. Processes directly dependent upon photochemical reactions; that is, the quantum yield of CO2 uptake and capacity for regeneration of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate were not affected by O3 fumigation in either species. This suggests that for wheat, the quantitative cause of decreased photosynthetic rate in vivo is a decrease in the quantity of active ribulose-1,5- bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006161724099
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of Previous Exposure to Hydroxamic Acids in Probing Behavior of Aphid Sitobion fragariae on Wheat Seedlings (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 25 (1999), S. 771-779 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Aphid ; experience ; probing behavior ; sieve elements ; salivation ; cell punctures ; hydroxamic acids ; EPG ; Sitobion fragariae ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract We hypothesized that aphids after previous exposure to hydroxamic acids (Hx), a family of secondary plant compounds deleterious to aphids, are able to reduce their subsequent exposure to them. This hypothesis was tested by evaluating the time to produce salivation into a sieve element (SSE) by the aphid Sitobion fragariae on seedlings of two wheat cultivars of Triticum aestivum differing in their concentration of Hx. The total time to produce a first SSE was significantly longer in the high-Hx cultivar; however, the subsequent, second SSE (first SSE after interruption of probing) in this cultivar was significantly reduced, reaching the level observed in the low-Hx plants. Therefore, a strategy to reduce the exposure to secondary compounds was observed only in the second SSE in high-Hx plants. When the experimental plant was replaced by a new unattacked plant after the first SSE, aphids did not change the behavior described, thus excluding an aphid-induced plant susceptibility. The number of cell punctures and accumulated duration was not affected by previous exposure to Hx, either in low or high Hx cultivars. Total time and pathway time but not cell punctures, seem to be the variables affected by previous exposure to Hx.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1020836515674
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ear culture as a technique to overcome hybrid necrosis in wheat (1999)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 59 (1999), S. 151-154 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: Ne1 ; Ne2 ; necrotic hybrid ; Triticum aestivum ; viable seeds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Hybrid necrosis in wheat is a problem for gene transfer in wheat breeding. Hybrid necrosis occurs due to dominant complementary interaction of two genes, Ne1 and Ne2. A cross between wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties C306 (drought tolerant, Ne1 carrier) and WL711(high yielding, Ne2 carrier) produced necrotic F1 hybrids, which died before ear emergence and produced no seeds. To overcome the problem of hybrid necrosis, ears enclosed in the leaf sheath were taken and cultured to maturity in liquid medium containing 5% sucrose and 0.04% glutamine. The necrotic hybrids produced only a few seeds per ear compared to parents, but individual grain weight was similar in the hybrid and the parents. The F1 ear culture study has been repeated for three years and F2 seeds obtained. In 1996–97, the cultured ears of F1 hybrids produced 62 seeds, of which only 52 showed germination and were grown under normal field conditions. Out of the 52 seeds, 50% were non-necrotic and showed segregation for various physiological traits. The results reveal that hybrids ears had the potential to form viable seeds. Culturing of wheat ears before ear emergence and production of viable F2 seeds from necrotic hybrids is a simple and efficient method for overcoming the problem of hybrid necrosis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006425421925
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    Optimisation of procedures for microprojectile bombardment of microspore-derived embryos in wheat (1999)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 57 (1999), S. 207-210 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: biolistics ; gene expression ; haploid ; transformation ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Using the PDS-1000/He Biolistic® Particle Delivery System, the microprojectile travel distance, rupture disk pressure and DNA/gold particle concentrations were assessed in order to optimise short and longer-term β-glucuronidase reporter gene expression in microspore-derived embryos of wheat. The effects were also evaluated of using sterile filter paper to support explants and treatment with a high osmoticum medium (0.2 M mannitol/0.2 M sorbitol or 0.4 M maltose). In the optimised procedure, wheat microspore-derived embryos (MDEs), were placed on filter paper and incubated on medium containing 0.4 M maltose, for 4 h pre- and 45 h post-bombardment. Five μl pAHC25 (0.75 mg ml-1 in TE buffer) was precipitated onto 25 μl gold particles (60 mg ml-1 in sterile water), using 20 μl spermidine (0.1 M) and 50 μl CaCl2 (2.5 M). The particles were centrifuged and resuspended in 75 μl absolute ethanol prior to the preparation of 6 macrocarriers. A microprojectile travel distance of 70 mm, a rupture pressure of 1300 p.s.i., and a vacuum of 29′′ Hg were employed. Maltose at 0.4 M in the support medium was the most important factor influencing GUS activity in bombarded tissues. GUS activity, 1 day post-bombardment, reached 52 ± 17 GUS-positive foci/MDE (mean ± s.e.m, n=3), with 17 ± 4 foci/MDE at 15 days, giving a 3.0-fold increase (p〈0.05) compared to expression in MDEs bombarded on medium without a high osmoticum treatment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006384525513
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  • 18
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    Changes in the Non-Photochemical Quenching of Chlorophyll Fluorescence During Aging of Wheat Flag Leaves (1999)
    Springer
    Photosynthetica 36 (1999), S. 621-625 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9058
    Keywords: diurnal variation ; photoinhibition ; photosystem 2 reaction centres ; state transition ; trans-thylakoid membrane proton gradient ; Triticum aestivum ; xanthophyll cycle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Non-photochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence (qN) and its three components (qNf, qNm, and qNs) in the flag leaves of wheat grown in the field were studied by a fluorometer PAM-2000 on clear days. The diurnal variation patterns of qN in just fully extended (JFEL) and aging leaves (AL) were similar, but qNm declined markedly in JFEL while it remained at a relatively high level in AL under strong sunlight at noon. Furthermore, at midday qNf was higher than qNs in JFEL, but much lower in AL. The results show the relative contributions of different mechanisms in preventing the photosynthetic apparatus from photodamage change during leaf development.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007012709125
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  • 19
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    Formation of cross-linking between photosystem 2 proteins during irradiation of thylakoid membranes at high temperature (1999)
    Springer
    Photosynthetica 36 (1999), S. 213-223 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9058
    Keywords: D1 protein ; diphenylcarbazide ; oxygen evolving complex ; scavengers ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Irradiation of thylakoid membranes at 40 °C resulted in complete inhibition of photosystem (PS) 2 activity measured as 2,6-dichlorophenol indophenol (DCIP) photoreduction either in the absence or presence of 1,5-diphenylcarbazide (DPC). Concomitant with the inactivation of PS2 activity, several thylakoid proteins were lost and high molecular mass cross-linking products appeared that cross-reacted with antibodies against proteins of PS2 but not with antibodies against proteins of other three complexes PS1, ATP synthase, and cytochrome b6f. Irradiation of thylakoid membranes suspended in buffer of basic pH or high concentration of Tris at 25 °C resulted in the formation of cross-linking products similar to those in thylakoid membranes irradiated at 40 °C. Presence of radical scavengers and DPC during the high temperature treatment prevented the formation of cross-linking products. These results suggest the involvement of oxygen evolving co mplex (OEC) in the formation of cross-linking between PS2 proteins in thylakoid membrane irradiated at high temperature.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007095426376
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  • 20
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    Specific Degradation of D1 Protein during Exposure of Thylakoid Membranes to High Temperature in the Dark (1999)
    Springer
    Photosynthetica 36 (1999), S. 433-440 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9058
    Keywords: antibody ; polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis ; protease ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Exposure of thylakoid membranes to high temperature in dark leads to the degradation of D1 protein. Maximum degradation of D1 protein occurred at 45 °C. Using N-terminal specific D1 antibody, a 23 kDa fragment of D1 protein was detected. The degradation of D1 protein could be prevented both by radical scavengers and inhibitors of serine protease and metallo-protease. These results suggest that degradation of D1 protein during exposure of thylakoid membranes to high temperature in dark is catalyzed by protease.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007080204112
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  • 21
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    Effect of introduced Pseudomonas fluorescens strains on the uptake of nitrogen by wheat from 15N-enriched organic residues (1999)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1999), S. 417-423 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: 15N ; nitrogen mineralization ; Pseudomonas fluorescens ; rhizosphere ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of an antibiotic-producing Pseudomonas fluorescens strain (F113) carrying the marker gene cassette lacZY and a marked, non-producing strain (F113G22) on the uptake of nitrogen from 15N-enriched organic residues incorporated into a sandy soil were investigated in microcosm studies. Strain F113 produces the antibiotic 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (DAPG), whilst its modified derivative strain F113G22 has DAPG production deleted by Tn5 mutagenesis. Uptake of nitrogen by wheat (Triticum aestivum) from 15N-enriched organic residues was estimated using stable isotope-ratio mass spectrometry of shoot and root material of 17-day-old plants. In addition, plant growth and active microbial biomass in soil were monitored. In contrast to results obtained in our previous study on pea (Pisum sativum), it was found that in wheat, inoculation with either strain F113 or F113G22 decreased the proportion of nitrogen derived from 15N-labelled organic residues incorporated into soil as compared to non-inoculated controls. It is therefore suggested that these strains decreased mineralization of organic residues in the rhizosphere of wheat, making less inorganic N (15N) available for plant uptake. The results of this study indicate that the effects of introduced Pseudomonas fluorescens strains on nitrogen mineralization in the rhizosphere are plant-species dependent, and highlight the importance of testing microbial inocula on a range of plant species.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008999112121
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  • 22
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    Photosynthetic Characteristics in Two Wheat Genotypes as Affected by Nitrogen Nutrition (1999)
    Springer
    Biologia plantarum 42 (1999), S. 217-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8264
    Keywords: chlorophyll ; photochemical activity ; photosystem 2 ; ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Chlorophyll (Chl) a and b content, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBPCO) content and activity, and electron transport rate were measured in flag leaves of wheat genotypes Uniculm and Kalyansona, grown at suboptimal and optimal supply of nitrogen. The Chl content, RuBPCO activity, and electron transport rate were decreased due to suboptimal nitrogen supply only in Kalyansona. There was no change in the ratio of RuBPCO and photosystem 2 (PS2) activity at various stages which suggests that there was no alteration in distribution of N due to additional N supply.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1002156517792
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    Dry Matter and Leaf Structure in Young Wheat Plants as Affected by Cadmium, Lead, and Nickel (1999)
    Springer
    Biologia plantarum 42 (1999), S. 119-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8264
    Keywords: anatomy ; epidermis ; heavy metals ; mesophyll ; Triticum aestivum ; vascular bundles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of 1 mM cadmium, lead and nickel on dry mass, Cd, Pb, and Ni contents, and changes in leaf structure in young wheat plants were studied. In leaves, Cd content was highest, followed by Pb and Ni, in roots Cd content was also highest, but followed by Ni and Pb. Roots accumulated considerably larger amounts of the three heavy metals than leaves. Largest reductions of leaf and root mass were obtained with Cd. Pb and Ni effects were almost equal. Ni excess had a strong negative effect on mesophyll thickness, while Cd mostly reduced the number and size of vascular bundles and vessel diameter. High Pb reduced the diameter of vessels causing their different deformations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1002135913249
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    Analysis and optimisation of DNA delivery into wheat scutellum and Tritordeum inflorescence explants by tissue electroporation (1998)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 18 (1998), S. 64-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: Key words Bread wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; Tritordeum ; Tissue electroporation ; Transient gene expression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Wheat scutella and tritordeum inflorescences were transformed by tissue electroporation with plasmid DNA containing a β-glucuronidase (GUS) gene (gus A) under the control of the rice actin1 promoter. Factors affecting electroporation efficiency were analysed. Important factors were electroporation voltage and pulse length, the volume of electroporation buffer, the osmoticum of electroporation buffer and medium, the osmoticum of pre-electroporation culture medium, and pre-electroporation incubation time and temperature. Maximum transient gene expression was obtained with a single pulse of 550 V/cm from a 960-μF capacitor, using 200 μl of electroporation buffer, after 2–3 h culture on media with 357 mOsm for wheat scutella or 1 day on media with 222 mOsm for tritordeum inflorescences, and 0.5–1 h pre-electroporation incubation with DNA at 24 °C. Under these conditions, up to 90% of the explants showed GUS expression, and up to 149 expression signals were recorded per replicate. Electroporated explants showed high rates of survival and retained the ability to regenerate plants via somatic embryogenesis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002990050533
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    The application of wheat microsatellites to identify disomic Triticum aestivum-Aegilops markgrafii addition lines (1998)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 96 (1998), S. 138-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Aegilops markgrafii ; Triticum aestivum ; Addition lines ; Chromosome markers ; Homoeology ; Wheat ; Wheat microsatellites
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  We describe the use of wheat microsatellites for the discrimination of Aegilops markgrafii chromosomes. Twenty out of eighty eight wheat microsatellites (WMS) tested were able to distinguish Triticum aestivum-Ae. markgrafii addition lines. Six, three, three, one and six of 18 WMS can be used as markers for single Ae. markgrafii chromosomes B, C, D, F and G, respectively. Addition line A is not available but additional bands, appearing only in Ae. markgrafii and the T. aestivum-Ae. markgrafii amphiploid and not in any of the available addition lines, indicate that three WMS detect markers for Ae. markgrafii chromosomes A. Addition line E could not be detected by any of the WMS markers applied, although the 20 WMS represented all the homologous groups of wheat. All three WMS located on the short arm of group-2 chromosomes were located on Ae. markgrafii chromosome B; three of four WMS, located on the long arm of wheat group-2 chromosomes, were specific to Ae. markgrafii chromosome G and three of four WMS, specific to group-5 chromosomes, were markers for Ae. markgrafii chromosome C, indicating the homoeology of these wheat chromosome arms with the respective Ae. markgrafii chromosomes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050720
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    Genetic diversity in Australian wheat varieties and breeding material based on RFLP data (1998)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 96 (1998), S. 435-446 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words RFLP analysis ; Triticum aestivum ; Genetic diversity ; Genetic similarity estimates ; Cluster analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) have been used to characterise the genetic diversity of wheat (Triticum aestivum) germplasm. One hundred and twenty-four accessions comprising all major Australian wheat varieties and lines important for breeding purposes were assayed for RFLPs with clones of known genetic location and selected to give uniform genome coverage. The objectives of this study were to determine RFLP-based genetic similarity between accessions and to derive associations between agronomically significant traits and RFLP phenotypes. Ninety-eight probes screened against genomic DNA digested with five restriction endonucleases detected a total of 1968 polymorphic fragments. Genetic similarity (GS) calculated from the RFLP data ranged from 0.004 to 0.409 between accessions, with a mean of 0.18. Cluster analysis based on GS estimates produced four groupings that were generally consistent with available pedigree information. Comparisons of the RFLP phenotypes of accessions containing disease resistance genes present on introgressed alien segments enabled the identification of specific alleles characteristic of these regions. Associations were derived for a range of stem-rust, leaf-rust and yellow-rust resistance genes. These results suggest that RFLP analysis can be used for the characterisation and grouping of elite breeding material of wheat and RFLP profiling can identify chromosome segments associated with agronomic traits.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050760
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    Relationships between the chromosomes of Aegilops umbellulata and wheat (1998)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 96 (1998), S. 69-75 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Aegilops umbellulata ; Co-linearity ; Comparative mapping ; Translocations ; Triticum aestivum ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  A comparative genetic map of Aegilops umbellulata with wheat was constructed using RFLP probes that detect homoeoloci previously mapped in hexaploid bread wheat. All seven Ae. umbellulata chromosomes display one or more rearrangements relative to wheat. These structural changes are consistent with the sub-terminal morphology of chromosomes 2 U, 3 U, 6 U and 7 U. Comparison of the chromosomal locations assigned by mapping and those obtained by hybridization to wheat/Ae. umbellulata single chromosome addition lines verified the composition of the added Ae. umbellulata chromosomes and indicated that no further cytological rearrangements had taken place during the production of the alien-wheat aneuploid lines. Relationships between Ae. umbellulata and wheat chromosomes were confirmed, based on homoeology of the centromeric regions, for 1 U, 2 U, 3 U, 5 U and 7 U. However, homoeology of the centromeric regions of 4 U with wheat group-6 chromosomes and of 6 U with wheat group-4 chromosomes was also confirmed, suggesting that a re-naming of these chromosomes may be pertinent. The consequences of the rearrangements of the Ae. umbellulata genome relative to wheat for gene introgression are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050710
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    Molecular cytogenetic characterization of Thinopyrum intermedium-derived wheat germplasm specifying resistance to wheat streak mosaic virus (1998)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 96 (1998), S. 1-7 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Fluorescence in situ hybridization ; Translocation ; WSMV resistance ; Thinopyrum intermedium ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract   Thinopyrum intermedium is a promising source of resistance to wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV), a devastating disease of wheat. Three wheat germplasm lines possessing resistance to WSMV, derived from Triticum aestivum×Th. intermedium crosses, are analyzed by C-banding and genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) to determine the amount and location of alien chromatin in the transfer lines. Line CI15092 was confirmed as a disomic substitution line in which wheat chromosome 4A was replaced by Th. intermedium chromosome 4Ai?2. The other two lines, CI17766 and A29-13-3, carry an identical Robertsonian translocation chromosome in which the complete short arm of chromosome 4Ai?2 was transferred to the long arm of wheat chromosome 4A. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using ABD genomic DNA from wheat as a probe and S genomic DNA from Pseudoroegneria stipifolia as the blocker, and vice versa, revealed that the entire short arm of the translocation was derived from the short arm of chromosome 4Ai?2 and the breakpoint was located at the centromere. Chromosomal arm ratios (L/S) of 2.12 in CI17766 and 2.15 in A29-13-3 showed that the translocated chromosome is submetacentric. This translocated chromosome is designated as T4AL ⋅ 4Ai?2S as suggested by Friebe et al. (1991).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050701
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    Characterization of spelt (Triticum spelta L.) forms by gel-electrophoretic analyses of seed storage proteins. III. Comparative analyses of spelt and Central European winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars by SDS-PAGE and acid-PAGE (1998)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 97 (1998), S. 1340-1346 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Triticum spelta ; Triticum aestivum ; SDS-PAGE ; Acid-PAGE ; Seed storage proteins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Seed storage proteins of a few selected spelt forms and crosses have already been electrophoretically analysed by SDS-PAGE and acid-PAGE and compared with a few winter wheat cultivars. In the analyses presented here further important Central European spelt varieties were included, as well as modern winter wheat cultivars which were chosen as standards. In this study gliadin and glutenin band patterns of modern Central European winter wheat cultivars were analysed, in particular for a comparison with spelt varieties. An improved differentiation within and between the two species was obtained.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220051027
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    Comparative analyses of RFLP diversity in landraces of Triticum aestivum and collections of T. tauschii from China and Southwest Asia (1998)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 96 (1998), S. 312-318 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Genetic diversity ; Triticum tauschii ; Triticum aestivum ; RFLP ; Landrace wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Chinese accessions of Triticum tauschii and T. aestivum L. from the Sichuan white (SW), Yunnan hulled (YH), Tibetan weedrace (TW), and Xinjiang rice (XR) wheat groups were subjected to RFLP analysis. T. tauschii and landraces of T. aestivum from countries in Southwest Asia were also evaluated. For T. tauschii, a west to east gradient was apparent where the Chinese accessions exhibited less diversity than those from Southwest Asia. Compared to the Southwest Asian gene pool, the Chinese T. tauschii was highly homogeneous giving a low frequency of polymorphic bands (16%) and banding patterns (1.33 per probe) with 75 RFLP probe-HindIII combinations. Accessions of T. tauschii from Afghanistan and Pakistan were genetically more similar to the Chinese T. tauschii than those from Iran. Of 368 bands found for 39 Chinese hexaploid wheat accessions with 63 RFLP probe-HindIII combinations, 28.3% were polymorphic with an average of 2.6 banding patterns per probe and 5.0 bands per genotype. The individual Chinese landrace wheat groups revealed less variation than those from Afghanistan, Iran, and Turkey. When classified into country based groups, however, the diversity level over all Chinese landraces was greater than that of some Southwest Asian landraces, especially those from Afghanistan and Iran . The XR wheat group was genetically distinct from the other three Chinese landrace groups and was more related to the Southwest Asian landraces. The TW group was genetically similar to, but more diverse than, the SW and YH groups. The Chinese landraces had a higher degree of genetic relatedness to the Southwest Asian T. tauschii, particularly to accessions from Iran, rather than to the Chinese T. tauschii. ‘Chinese Spring’ was most related to ‘Chengdu-guang-tou’, a cultivar from the SW wheat group.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050742
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    A cereal cyst nematode (Heterodera avenae Woll.) resistance gene transferred from Aegilops triuncialis to hexaploid wheat (1998)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 96 (1998), S. 1135-1140 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Aegilops triuncialis ; Triticum aestivum ; Heterodera avenae ; Cereal cyst nematode ; Resistance gene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  The cereal cyst nematode (Heterodera avenae) is an important root parasite of common wheat. A high level of resistance was transferred to wheat from Aegilops triuncialis (TR lines) using the cross [(T. turgidum×Ae. triuncialis)×T. aestivum]. Low fertility (3–5 viable kernels per plant) was observed during the process but the surviving hybrid plants were highly vigorous. To obtain stable resistant lines further crosses to T. aestivum were performed. The resistance in TR lines seems to be transferred from the C genome of Ae. triuncialis (genomes CCUU). Ae. triuncialis was highly resistant to the two Spanish populations of H. avenae tested, as well as to four French races and two Swedish populations. The histological analysis showed a hypersensitive reaction in the roots of a resistant TR line inoculated with the Ha71 pathotype of H. avenae, whereas well-formed syncytia were observed in the roots of the susceptible control. Resistance to the H. avenae Ha71 pathotype seemed to be inherited as determined by a single dominant factor in the crosses between resistant TR lines and susceptible cultivars.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050849
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    Molecular Characteristics of Transgenic Wheat and the Effect on Transgene Expression (1998)
    Springer
    Transgenic research 7 (1998), S. 463-471 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9368
    Keywords: particle bombardment ; transgene expression ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A population of R0 transgenic wheat plants, generated by particle bombardment, was analyzed to define molecular, genetic and phenotypic properties resulting from transformation with a cointegrate vector, or cotransformation with two separate plasmids. By evaluating the progeny of 70 independently-derived transgenic plants, we also identified rare events such as chimerism and transgene elimination, which provide valuable information concerning the development of transgenic cereal plants following bombardment experiments. The frequency of chimerism in our transgenic wheat plants was very low. Furthermore, while transgene elimination did occur, this was also a very rare event. We determined the copy numbers of integrated transgenes and the levels of transgene expression. Comparisons to transgenic rice plants generated in the same manner demonstrated some similarities, but also important differences in transgene behavior. Whereas in rice there is no evidence for any direct relationship between transgene copy number and transgene expression or stability, multicopy populations in wheat demonstrated a bias towards higher levels of expression for the two genes and the maize ubiquitin promoter evaluated in the present study.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008833324193
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    Developmentally regulated organ-, tissue-, and cell-specific expression of calmodulin genes in common wheat (1998)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 37 (1998), S. 109-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: calcium ; in situ hybridization ; multigene family ; polyploid ; signal transduction ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Recently, we reported on the characterization of the calmodulin (CaM) gene family in wheat [44]. We classified wheat CaM genes into four subfamilies (SFs) designated SF-1 to SF-4, each representing a series of homoeoallelic loci on the homoeologous chromosomes of the three genomes of common wheat. Here we studied the expression of these wheat CaM genes in the course of wheat development. Northern blot analysis using SF-specific probes revealed differences in SF expression levels in different organs and stages of development. Subsequently, cell-specific expression of CaM SFs was investigated by in situ RNA hybridization. In developing seeds, all CaM SFs showed highest expression in the embryo and less in the aleurone and in the starchy endosperm. In primary roots, all four CaM SFs were expressed in the root cap, meristematic regions and in differentiating cells. During development of the roots, expression gradually decreased. The wheat glutenin gene, which was used as a control throughout our experiments, was found to be expressed in the starchy endosperm but not in the aleurone, embryos or vegetative tissues. In stems, at advanced stages of growth, differences in cell-specific expression of CaM SFs were found. For example, SF-2 was highly expressed in differentiating phloem fibers. Thus, CaM genes in common wheat exhibit a developmentally regulated organ-, tissue-, cell- and SF-specific expression patterns.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005902905512
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    The induction of the “turbo reductase” is inhibited by cycloheximide, cordycepin and ethylene inhibitors in Fe-deficient cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) plants (1998)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 205 (1998), S. 156-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Cucumis sativus ; Ethylene ; Ferric-reducing capacity ; Iron deficiency ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Dicotyledonous plants respond to Fe deficiency by enhancing the capacity of their roots to reduce Fe(III) to Fe(II). It has been suggested that there are two different ferric redox systems in the roots: the standard reductase, active with ferricyanide and not inducible by Fe deficiency, and the turbo reductase, active with both ferricyanide and ferric chelates and inducible by Fe deficiency. We have used different experimental approaches to test whether or not the Fe(III)-reducing capacity of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. cv. Ashley) roots can be explained by considering the standard and the turbo reductase as the same enzyme. For this, we used both Fe-sufficient and Fe-deficient plants, which were treated with ethylene inhibitors (cobalt or silver thiosulfate; found to inhibit the turbo reductase in a previous work), a protein synthesis inhibitor (cycloheximide), or an mRNA polyadenylation inhibitor (cordycepin). At different times after application of these inhibitors, reduction of both ferricyanide and Fe(III)-EDTA were determined. In addition, we studied the effects of pH and temperature on the reduction of ferricyanide and Fe(III)-EDTA by both Fe-sufficient and Fe-deficient plants. Results suggest that there are, at least, two different ferric redox systems in the roots. Enhancement of Fe(III)-reducing capacity (turbo reductase) by Fe-deficient plants probably requires the de novo synthesis of a (or several) protein(s), which has a high turnover rate and whose expression is presumably regulated by ethylene.
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    Statistical properties of chlorophyll fluorescence induction parameters (1998)
    Springer
    Photosynthetica 35 (1998), S. 121-127 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9058
    Keywords: Gaussian distribution ; leaf age ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Parameters of the fast chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence induction (the O-J-I-P curve) of plants of winter wheat grown in the field canopy were statistically tested for Gaussian distribution. Five different statistical methods showed that the obtained values did not obey the Gaussian distribution law. The presentation of the parameters with the help of the mean and standard deviation masks the information about statistical properties of the values. Thus, we recommend to present the parameters by means of median, quartiles, and minimum and maximum values rather than by means of the mean and standard deviation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006886202444
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    The Activity and Content of Ribulose-1,5-Bisphosphate Carboxylase/Oxygenase in Wheat Plants as Affected by Water Stress and Kartolin-4 (1998)
    Springer
    Photosynthetica 35 (1998), S. 603-610 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9058
    Keywords: cytokinin ; drought ; proteins ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The carboxylating activity and content of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBPCO, EC 4.1.1.39), and other soluble proteins in young seedlings and mature leaves of Lutescens-758, a drought-sensitive cultivar of soft spring wheat Triticum aestivum L., were studied under the conditions of drought and subsequent rehydration. Seedlings and mature plants preliminarily treated with the cytokinin-like compound kartolin-4 were compared to untreated plants. Drought-induced decrease in RuBPCO activity should be attributed not only to proteolytic decomposition of the enzyme protein itself but also to a partial inhibition of its catalytic activity. The decrease in RuBPCO activity was larger than that in RuBPCO content. Water stress induced a marked decrease in the soluble protein content. Kartolin-4 increased the resistance to drought.
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    Redistribution of cobalt and nickel in detached wheat shoots: effects of steam-girdling and of cobalt and nickel supply (1998)
    Springer
    Biologia plantarum 41 (1998), S. 427-434 
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    ISSN: 1573-8264
    Keywords: phloem ; rubidium ; strontium ; Triticum aestivum ; xylem
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Detached wheat shoots (ear with peduncle and flag leaf) were incubated for 4 d in a solution containing 1 mM RbCl and 1 mM SrCl2 as well as 10, 40 or 160 µM NiCl2 and CoCl2. The phloem of some plants was interrupted by steam-girdling the stem below the ear to distinguish between xylem and phloem transport. The phloem-immobile Sr flowed mainly to the leaf lamina and to the glumes via the xylem. The Sr transport was not sensitive to steam-girdling. In contrast, the phloem-mobile Rb accumulated during the incubation time mainly in the stem and the leaf sheath. The Rb transport to the grains was impaired by steam-girdling as well as by elevated Ni and Co concentrations in the incubation solution indicating that Rb was transported via the phloem to the maturing grains and that this transport was affected by the heavy metals. Ni was removed more efficiently from the xylem in the peduncle than Co (but far less efficiently than Rb). It became evident that the two heavy metals can also be transferred from the xylem to the phloem in the stem of wheat and reach the maturing grains via the phloem.
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    Role of Antioxidant Systems in Wheat Genotypes Tolerance to Water Stress (1998)
    Springer
    Biologia plantarum 41 (1998), S. 387-394 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8264
    Keywords: active oxygen species ; ascorbate peroxidase ; ascorbic acid ; catalase ; hydrogen peroxide ; oxidative injury ; oxidative stress ; superoxide dismutase ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The role of plant antioxidant systems in stress tolerance was studied in leaves of three contrasting wheat genotypes. Drought imposed at two different stages after anthesis resulted in an increase in H2O2 accumulation and lipid peroxidation and decrease in ascorbic acid content. Antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase and catalase significantly increased under water stress. Drought tolerant genotype C 306 which had highest ascorbate peroxidase and catalase activity and ascorbic acid content also showed lowest H2O2 accumulation and lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde content) under water stress in comparison to susceptible genotype HD 2329 which showed lowest antioxidant enzyme activity and ascorbic acid content and highest H2O2 content and lipid peroxidation. HD 2285 which is tolerant to high temperature during grain filling period showed intermediate behaviour. Superoxide dismutase activity, however, did not show significant differences among the genotypes under irrigated as well as water stress condition. It seems that H2O2 scavenging systems as represented by ascorbate peroxidase and catalase are more important in imparting tolerance against drought induced oxidative stress than superoxide dismutase alone.
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    Stimulation of Antioxidant Enzymes and Lipid Peroxidation by UV-B Irradiation in Thylakoid Membranes of Wheat (1998)
    Springer
    Biologia plantarum 41 (1998), S. 65-73 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8264
    Keywords: ascorbate peroxidase ; catalase ; flavonoids ; superoxide dismutase ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In wheat seedlings (Triticum aestivum L. cv. 2329) oxidative stress caused by UV-B radiation led to lipid peroxidation of thylakoid membrane; it was expressed in term of malondialdehyde (MDA) formation. The peroxidation of lipids of thylakoid membrane in isolated chloroplasts was prevented when flavonoids quercetin and rutin were supplied into the incubation medium. The activities of superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, and catalase increased during the first hours of UV-B exposure. A comparative study of UV-B and temperature effects showed different profiles of the antioxidant enzymes and MDA, suggesting that these two stresses have distinct sites of action. In addition to quantitative increase in flavonoids, qualitative change in flavonoid composition was also marked during UV-B stress, and a new peak at 330 nm was found as compared to control.
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    The efficiency of transfer of plants cultivated in vitro to ex vitro conditions as affected by sugar supply (1998)
    Springer
    Biologia plantarum 41 (1998), S. 507-513 
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    ISSN: 1573-8264
    Keywords: Brassica napus ; ex vitro acclimation ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The greatest growth of wheat and rape plants in vitro was reached on media with 5 or 9 % sucrose, respectively. The highest efficiency for transfer of these plants to ex vitro conditions was found at the same sucrose concentrations. The content of endogenous non-structural saccharides (glucose, fructose, sucrose, starch and fructans) increased with increasing sucrose concentration in the medium up to 10 %.
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    Fluoride-induced alteration of carbon and nitrogen metabolism in developing wheat grains (1998)
    Springer
    Biologia plantarum 41 (1998), S. 287-292 
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    ISSN: 1573-8264
    Keywords: enzyme activities ; liquid culturing ; protein ; starch ; sugars ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Effect of fluoride (10 and 50 mM) on the activities of sucrose metabolizing enzymes, alkaline inorganic pyrophosphatase, and transaminases in relation to the accumulation of free sugars, starch, and soluble protein was studied in detached ears of wheat cultured in a liquid medium. Culturing for 5 d in the presence of fluoride reduced the amount of grain starch whereas contents of total free sugars, particularly sucrose, and soluble protein increased. Fluoride inhibited the activities of soluble acid and neutral invertases, as well as sucrose synthase acting in the cleavage direction. Uptake of uniformly labelled 14C-sucrose or fructose was also drastically reduced by fluoride. Glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) and glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (GPT) activities also increased with fluoride addition in correspondence with an increase in soluble protein. Apparently, the wheat grain responds to fluoride-mediated disruption of carbon metabolism by a compensatory effect on nitrogen metabolism.
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    Early signs of disruption of wheat anther development associated with the induction of male sterility by meiotic-stage water deficit (1997)
    Springer
    Sexual plant reproduction 10 (1997), S. 40-48 
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    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Key words Male sterility ; Starch ; Triticum aestivum ; Water stress ; Anther ; Pollen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Water deficit during meiosis in microspore mother cells of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) induces male sterility, which reduces grain yield. In plants stressed during meiosis and then re-watered, division of microspore mother cells seems to proceed normally, but subsequent pollen development is arrested. Stress-affected anthers generally lack starch. We employed light microscopy in conjunction with histochemistry to compare the developmental anatomy of water-stress-affected and normal anthers. The earliest effects of stress, detectable between meiosis and young microspore stages, were the degeneration of meiocytes, loss of orientation of the reproductive cells, and abnormal vacuolization of tapetal cells. Other effects observed during subsequent developmental stages were deposition of starch in the connective tissue where it is normally not present, hypertrophy of the middle layer or endothecial cells, and deposition of sporopollenin-like substances in the anther loculus. The resulting pollen grains lacked both starch and intine. These results suggest that abnormal degeneration of the tapetum in water-stressed anthers coupled with a loss of orientation of the reproductive cells could be part of early events leading to abortion of microspores.
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    In vitro development of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) from zygote to plant via ovule culture (1997)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 16 (1997), S. 663-667 
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    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: Key words Embryogenesis ; Ovule culture ; Triticum aestivum ; Zygote
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Ovules of the wheat breeding line Veery #5 were excised and transferred to culture within 24 h after pollination. When ovules were cultured on Phytagel-solidified medium, and the pericarp removed exclusively at the micropylar tip and the abaxial side, zygotes from up to 79.2% of the ovules underwent embryogenesis with the same developmental pattern as found in planta. Embryos from more than 50% of the cultured ovules germinated when transferred to regeneration medium. More than 100 plantlets were randomly chosen for transfer to soil, all of which developed to phenotypically normal and fertile plants. With this system, the entire process of zygotic embryogenesis can be studied using living material. Furthermore, the method could be used as an embryo rescue technique for plant breeding purposes.
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    Effects of light on the accumulation of abscisic acid and expression of an early cysteine-labeled metallothionein gene in microspores of Triticum aestivum during induced embryogenic development (1997)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 16 (1997), S. 458-463 
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    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: Key words Abscisic acid ; Anther culture ; Light ; Metallothionein ; Pollen embryogenesis ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A cloned cDNA to the wheat (Triticum aestivum) early cysteine-labeled metallothionein has many characteristics of a molecular marker for pollen embryogenesis in this plant. This transcript was not detected in uninucleate microspores at the time of culture or in pollen at any stage during normal ontogeny; its mRNA did begin to increase in embryogenic microspores within 6 h of culture, peaked at around 24 h, declined, then leveled off through the 21-day-old embryoid stage. Additionally, the accumulation of the embryoid-abundant EcMt gene transcript showed a direct and positive correlation with an increase of ABA in embryogenic microspores and developing pollen embryoids. Irradiating cultures with high intensity white light or with far-red, or blue light, suppressed EcMt transcript accumulation and the ability of microspores to form embryoids; however, light did not affect ABA concentrations during the early stages of culture. These results suggest that although a promoter of pollen embryogenesis in bread wheat, ABA alone cannot maintain the sporophytic differentiation of microspores subjected to inhibitory regimes of light in vitro. Whether or not light acts directly or indirectly in suppressing EcMt gene expression and pollen embryogenesis remains unknown.
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    Effects of light on the accumulation of abscisic acid and expression of an early cysteine-labeled metallothionein gene in microspores ofTriticum aestivum during induced embryogenic development (1997)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 16 (1997), S. 458-463 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: Abscisic acid ; Anther culture ; Light ; Metallothionein ; Pollen embryogenesis ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A cloned cDNA to the wheat (Triticum aestivum) early cysteine-labeled metallothionein has many characteristics of a molecular marker for pollen embryogenesis in this plant. This transcript was not detected in uninucleate microspores at the time of culture or in pollen at any stage during normal ontogeny; its mRNA did begin to increase in embryogenic microspores within 6 h of culture, peaked at around 24 h, declined, then leveled off through the 21-day-old embryoid stage. Additionally, the accumulation of the embryoid-abundant EcMt gene transcript showed a direct and positive correlation with an increase of ABA in embryogenic microspores and developing pollen embryoids. Irradiating cultures with high intensity white light or with far-red, or blue light, suppressed EcMt transcript accumulation and the ability of microspores to form embryoids; however, light did not affect ABA concentrations during the early stages of culture. These results suggest that although a promoter of pollen embryogenesis in bread wheat, ABA alone cannot maintain the sporophytic differentiation of microspores subjected to inhibitory regimes of light in vitro. Whether or not light acts directly or indirectly in suppressing EcMt gene expression and pollen embryogenesis remains unknown.
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    Protein evolution in dynamically managed populations of wheat: adaptive responses to macro-environmental conditions (1997)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 95 (1997), S. 932-941 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Genetic resources ; Dynamic conservation ; Two-dimensional electrophoresis ; Artificial population ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Dynamic management of genetic resources aims to conserve genetic variability between different populations evolving in contrasting environments. It is thus of importance to determine whether differences appearing between populations are stochastic or if they come about from adaptation. Two-dimensional electrophoresis (2DE) was used to study genetic differentiation of 11 wheat populations evolving since 1984 in a multi-site network covering the major cultivation area of wheat in France. Gels were scanned and protein-spot intensities were measured through image analysis. As it was not possible to assay each individual, populations were characterized using pooled extracts from several plants. In the first step, two parents among the 16 parental lines involved in the initial wheat composite-cross population were exhaustively studied to identify a set of polymorphic spots against which the entire set of evolved populations could be compared. This analysis confirmed the efficiency of gel image-processing to determine the composition of pooled extracts. Of the 48 spots used to investigate population differentiation, 15 showed significant differences at the P〈0.05 level. Populations that evolved independently at the same location showed similar differentiation, even when their cultivation methods were different. These results suggest that natural selection acted strongly on the evolution of the populations, and that responses to selection were determined primarily by macro-environmental conditions.
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    Chromosomal location of genes for resistance to powdery mildew in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.) 4. Gene Pm 24 in Chinese landrace Chiyacao (1997)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 95 (1997), S. 950-953 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Wheat landrace ; Triticum aestivum ; Powdery mildew resistance ; Monosomic analysis ; Gene location
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Chinese wheat landrace Chiyacao exhibited a response pattern different from that of the cultivars/lines possessing documented Pm genes after inoculation with 106 isolates of Erysiphe graminis f. sp. tritici. To characterize this resistance and to determine the chromosomal location of the gene or genes present, we crossed the landrace to susceptible cultivar ‘Chinese Spring’ and also to a set of 21 ‘Chinese Spring’ monosomic lines. Monosomic F1 plants were allowed to self-pollinate and to produce F2 seeds. Seedlings of F2 plants and their parents were inoculated with isolates nos. 5 and 12 of Erysiphe graminis f. sp. tritici. The results revealed that one major dominant gene is located on chromosome 6D of Chinese common wheat landrace Chiyacao. The new gene is designated Pm 24.
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    DNA content of wheat monosomics at interphase estimated by flow cytometry (1997)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 95 (1997), S. 1300-1304 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Flow cytometry ; Triticum aestivum ; DNA analysis ; Monosomics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Two complete, independently maintained sets of 21 monosomic wheat lines derived from cv. ‘Chinese Spring’ were analyzed for their DNA content at the G1 stage with flow cytometry. The DNA content of individual chromosomes was estimated by subtracting the value of a monosomic line from that of euploid wheat. Our data show that the estimated 2C DNA of individual wheat chromosomes in 21 monosomics at the G1 stage ranges from about 0.58 pg in chromosome 1D to approximately 1.12 pg in chromosome 3A. The A genome (2C=6.15 pg) seems to contain more DNA than the B (2C=6.09 pg) and D (2C=5.05 pg) genomes. Analysis of variance showed significant differences (α=0.01) in DNA content both among homoeologous groups and among genomes. Our estimates of interphase DNA content of wheat chromosomes from monosomic lines were poorly correlated to the chromosome sizes at metaphase (r=0.622, P≤0.01). This poor correlation might be due to differential coiling among chromosomes during cell division, possible bias of fluorochrome binding to heterochromatin, or heterogeneity among monosomic lines. Finally, flow cytometry may aid but cannot replace cytological checks in aneuploid maintenance.
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    Genetic diversity in Eastern U.S. soft winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.) based on RFLPs and coefficients of parentage (1997)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 94 (1997), S. 472-479 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Genetic diversity ; RFLP ; Coefficient of parentage ; Triticum aestivum ; Gene pool
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Genetic diversity in a set of 11 red and 11 white wheat lines from the Eastern U.S. soft wheat germplasm pool was measured using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) assay and coefficients of parentage (COP) analysis. On average, 78% of all bands revealed by three enzymes with 48 RFLP clones were monomorphic. Average pairwise genetic similarity (GS) was 0.97 when data from all enzymes were pooled. Probe Polymorphic Information Content (PIC) indexes ranged from 0 to 0.73 with a mean of 0.2. Fewer than 55% of the probes revealed any polymorphism. The frequency of polymorphism in the Eastern U.S. soft white winter (SWW) wheat gene pool was much lower than that observed in the Eastern U.S. soft red winter (SRW) wheat gene pool. SWW lines formed a single group on a dendrogram based on cluster analysis of RFLP-derived GS estimates, while SRW lines did not form a single group. COP values for all pairs of the Eastern U.S. soft wheat lines ranged from 0.02 to 0.9 with a mean of 0.21. SWW wheat lines traced to 53 ancestral lines and had an average COP of 0.51. The SRW wheat gene pool had more complex parentages (mean COP=0.15 and a total of 65 ancestral lines). COPs were correlated with RFLP-based GS for all line pairs (r=0.73, P〈0.01). However, correlations between the two similarity measures were substantially lower when the SRW and SWW wheat gene pools were considered individually (r values of 0.23 and 0.28, respectively). The actual GS among unrelated lines in the U.S. Eastern soft wheat gene pool appears to be higher than that observed for unrelated landraces from Southwest Asia (0.96 vs. 0.905), suggesting that the ancestral landrace parents of this gene pool were themselves drawn from a base population where inbreeding, i.e., F, was greater than zero.
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    RAPDs as molecular markers for the detection of Aegilops markgrafii chromatin in addition and euploid introgression lines of hexaploid wheat (1997)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 94 (1997), S. 934-940 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Aegilops markgrafii ; Triticum aestivum ; RAPD ; Addition lines ; Leaf rust ; Powdery mildew
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Aegilops markgrafii contains resistance genes to powdery mildew, leaf rust and stripe rust, and also has high crude protein and lysine contents, which can be useful for wheat improvement. These important traits are localized on different chromosomes. Disomic Triticum aestivum-Ae. markgrafii addition lines and euploid introgression lines showing leaf-rust and powdery mildew resistance were screened with RAPDs to detect chromosome-specific markers which can accelerate the breeding process. RAPD markers for all six available disomic addition lines were obtained. The additional chromosomes B, C, D, E, F and G were identified by three, three, three, two, one and seven primers, respectively. All three chromosome-B-specific RAPD markers demonstrated the presence of alien chromatin in the leaf-rust-resistant 42-chromosome introgression lines as well as in the segregating progeny. The three chromosome-C-identifying primers also demonstrated the presence of that chromosome in powdery mildew-resistant euploid introgression lines. The substitution lines (5A)5C and (5D)5C with different genetic backgrounds for both parents, in comparison to the lines mentioned above, showed the chromosome C-specific band with only two of the three primers. The chromosome F-specific primer and a primer evident on all the Ae. markgrafii chromosomes analysed did not generate the expected fragments on the chromosome Fdel addition line, indicating that the markers are located on the deleted part of chromosome F.
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    Hessian fly-resistance gene transferred from chromosome 4Mv of Aegilops ventricosa to Triticum aestivum (1997)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 94 (1997), S. 858-864 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Aegilops ventricosa ; Triticum aestivum ; Mayetiola destructor ; Hessian fly ; Resistance gene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  A new Hessian fly (Mayetiola destructor) resistance gene from Aegilops ventricosa and its transfer to hexaploid wheat is described. The 4D(4Mv) substitution line H-93-33 derived from the cross [(Triticum turgidum H-1-1×Aegilops ventricosa no. 11)×Triticum aestivum H-10-15] was highly resistant to the Spanish population tested. Resistance seemed to be inherited as a single dominant factor in the F2 generation resulting from a cross of H-93-33 with its susceptible parent (H-10-15). Resistance in Ae. venticosa no. 10 was located on chromosome 4Mv using Mv wheat/Ae. ventricosa addition lines. The resistance gene transferred from Ae. ventricosa no. 11 to H-93-33 (H27) is allelic with respect to that of Ae. ventricosa no. 10 and is non-allelic with respect to the genes H3 and H6 from Monon and Caldwell respectively. The assignment of H27 gene to chromosome 4Mv is further supported by its linkage to a gene encoding isozyme Acph-Mv1, previously located on chromosome 4Mv in the line H-93-33. A new marker from homoeologous chromosome group 4 (Amp-Mv2) present in H-93-33 and the 4Mv addition line is described.
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    The development of a nuclear male sterility system in wheat. Expression of the barnase gene under the control of tapetum specific promoters (1997)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 95 (1997), S. 125-131 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; Transformation ; Nuclear male sterility ; DNA-integration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Nuclear male sterility within Triticum aestivum is considered as the ideal basis for the development of a hybridization system for wheat. We engineered nuclear male sterility in wheat by introducing the barnase gene under the control of tapetum-specific promoters derived from corn and rice. A biolistic-mediated transformation method, based on the use of the poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase inhibitor niacinamide, was set up which enriched for low-copy integrations (1–3 copies). Most of these copies were not linked and segregated in the next generation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050540
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    Fusarium nisikadoi, a new species from Japan (1997)
    Springer
    Mycoscience 38 (1997), S. 329-333 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: conidial morphology ; form-sectionLiseola ; Fusarium nisikadoi ; Phyllostachys nigra var.henonis ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A new species ofFusarium, F. nisikadoi, isolated fromPhyllostachys nigra var.henonis (bamboo) andTriticum aestivum (wheat) in Japan, is described, illustrated and discussed. This species is differentiated from other known species of the genus by the following characteristics: whitish colony color, long zigzag-like chains of 0–3(-5)-septate clavate conidia, intermixed with pyriform conidia, produced mostly from monophialides and rarely from polyphialides in the aerial mycelium, very long and slender sporodochial conidia, and no chlamydospores. The long chains of septate conidia are known only in this species of the genusFusarium. The conidiophores on the aerial mycelium sometimes proliferate sympodially. The species is tentatively placed in the form-sectionLiseola.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02464091
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    The relationship between green spot initiation and plantlet regeneration of wheat callus grown under short-term conditions (1997)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 50 (1997), S. 67-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: immature embryos ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Six wheat genotypes (three varieties and three whole chromosome substitution lines) were used to analyse the relationship between the initiation of green spots and plant regeneration under short-term tissue culture conditions. The highest percentage of green spot initiation was observed after one week culture on maintenance medium (M-Med.). The calluses producing green spots at the end of the first and second week on M-Med. were highest in regeneration frequency compared to late green spot producing ones. A significant positive correlation between green spot initiation and plantlet regeneration was observed for calluses showing green spots within the first two weeks on M-Med. and was decreased for calluses producing green spots afterwards. The results suggest that by selecting only calluses producing early green spots the experimental efficiency will be increased.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005855912655
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    Effects of low temperature on induction and differentiation of wheat calluses (1997)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 49 (1997), S. 35-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: callus ; regeneration ; tissue culture ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Young inflorescences and long-term culture calluses of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were used to investigate the effect of low temperature treatment on the potential of plant regeneration. The results indicated that the frequency of callus induction from immature inflorescences was decreased when treated for a long time at 5 °C. However, it was found that a 5 °C treatment significantly improved the regeneration frequency of calluses. The clear difference of peroxidases of wheat calluses was apparent after the cultures were treated at the low temperature. The isozyme band 8 became clearly faint, however, bands 6 and 9 became intense.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005854301398
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    Effects of light regimes on anther culture response in bread wheat (1997)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 50 (1997), S. 7-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: haploid ; light ; tissue culture ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This experiment was initiated to further test the effects of light regimes during callus induction and plant regeneration on anther culture response of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Spring wheat cultivars 'Edwall' and 'WA 7176' with high callus induction from anther culture but low green plant production were used. Different gro-lux light and dark regimes during callus induction, and gro-lux light and fluorescent light regimes during plant regeneration were used. Callus induction decreased significantly at relatively high light intensity (315 µmol m−2 s−1) applied at any period of culture when compared to continuous dark. Light regimes used continuously and from the 15th to the last day of callus induction also had a significant negative effect on plant regeneration compared to continuous dark and light application in the first half of callus induction. During plant regeneration, '15 day dark + 7 day gro-lux light' significantly increased plant regeneration compared to both 'gro-lux' and 'fluorescent light' regimes. Light regimes during both callus induction and plant regeneration and their interaction effects were found to be highly significant on green plant proportion and green plant yield. 'Continuous light' application during callus induction increased green plant proportion more than other applications in contrast to its negative effect on plant regeneration. During plant regeneration, '15 day dark + 7 day gro-lux light' had the higher green plant proportion compared to only 'fluorescent light' and only 'gro-lux light'. The highest green plant yields were obtained from '15 day dark + 7 day gro-lux light' during plant regeneration in combination with either 'continuous dark' or 'continuous light' regimes during callus induction.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005868229493
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    Response of carbonic anhydrase to polyethylene glycol-mediated water stress in wheat (1997)
    Springer
    Photosynthetica 34 (1997), S. 133-135 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9058
    Keywords: leaf dehydration ; phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Carbonic anhydrase (CA) activity in wheat leaves changed upon leaf dehydration: it decreased at mild stress (relative water content, RWC, 81 %), but increased at severe water stress (RWC 74 %). Phosphoenopyruvate carboxylase activity was not significantly affected by these stresses.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006876104199
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    Silicon and copper interaction in the growth of spring wheat seedlings (1997)
    Springer
    Biologia plantarum 39 (1997), S. 463-466 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8264
    Keywords: dry mass ; fresh mass ; Triticum aestivum ; water content
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Shoot and root fresh and dry matters and their Cu content were determined in 7-d-old seedlings of Triticum aestivum L. cv. Alkora treated with Cu (10,20, 40 µg cm-3) and Si (500 µg cm-3). Si significantly reduced the toxic effect of Cu on fresh and dry matter production of wheat seedlings. Moreover, plants treated with Cu and Si absorbed less Cu from the solution and had higher water content in shoots and roots than that treated with Cu only.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1001009100026
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    Wounding-induced cell wall pH shifts in coleoptile segments of various Poaceae (1997)
    Springer
    Biologia plantarum 40 (1997), S. 103-108 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8264
    Keywords: auxin ; Avena sativa ; Hordeum vulgare ; Secale cereale ; Setaria italica ; Sorghum durra ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Wounding-induced extracellular pH shifts were characterized previously in excised segments of maize (Zea mays L.) coleoptiles. In the present study it is demonstrated that similar pH shifts also occur in Triticum aestivum L., Secale cereale L., Hordeum vulgare L., Avena sativa L., Sorghum durra (Forsk.) Stapf, and Setaria italica (L.) Beauv., with characteristic quantitative differences between the species. Indole-acetic acid induces pronounced drops of the medium pH in all species except Setaria italica.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1000952703002
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    Stress induced injury and antioxidant enzymes in relation to drought tolerance in wheat genotypes (1997)
    Springer
    Biologia plantarum 40 (1997), S. 357-364 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8264
    Keywords: active oxygen species ; ascorbate peroxidase ; carotenoids ; chlorophylls ; glutathione reductase ; oxidative injury ; oxidative stress ; Triticum aestivum ; water stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The role of plant antioxidant system in water stress tolerance was studied in three contrasting wheat genotypes. Water stress imposed at different stages after anthesis resulted in a general increase in lipid peroxidation (LPO) and decrease in membrane stability index (MSI), and contents of chlorophylls (Chl) and carotenoids (Car). Antioxidant enzymes like glutathione reductase and ascorbate peroxidase significantly increased under water stress. Genotype C 306, which had highest glutathione reductase and ascorbate peroxidase activity, also showed lowest LPO and highest MSI, and Chl and Car contents under water stress in comparison to susceptible genotype HD 2329, which showed lowest antioxidant enzyme activity as well as MSI, Chl and Car contents and highest LPO. HD 2285 which is tolerant to high temperature during grain filling period showed intermediate behaviour. Thus, the relative tolerance of a genotype to water stress as reflected by its comparatively lower LPO and higher MSI, Chl and Car contents is closely associated with its antioxidant enzyme system.
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    Dynamics of CO2 evolution in grey forest soil of the Baikal forest-steppe (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 23 (1996), S. 327-331 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: CO2 emission ; Field method ; Soil respiration ; Triticum aestivum ; Soil moisture ; Carbon reservoirs ; Greenhouse effect ; Grey forest soil ; Mineralization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The dynamics of the rate of CO2 evolution from soil in fallow and croplant under spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was studied in a crop rotation in grey forest soil of the Baikal forest-steppe during the growing season and in different years. It was shown that the regional characteristics of soils and hydrothermal conditions in different years affect the rate of CO2 evolution in agroecosystems. The seasonal dynamics of CO2 is characterized by insignificant changes in the autumn to spring period and enhanced emission in hot and dry summers. CO2 evolution is assumed to increase due to enhanced mineralization and partial diffusion from the carbonate horizon at the depth of the seasonal frost. During the growing season the dynamics of CO2 evolution depends on the soil moisture regime. There was a strong correlation between the rate of CO2 emission and soil moisture in the particularly dry year of 1993 (η=0.86) and a moderate correlation in the other years (η=0.38–0.54). The effect of the previous crop and fertilizer application on the rate of CO2 emission was insignificant. In a continuous fallow the total carbon release into the atmosphere varied throughout the years studied from 558 to 1880 kg ha-1. Humus losses varied from 0.9% to 3.1%.
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    Dynamics of CO2 evolution in grey forest soil of the Baikal forest-steppe (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 23 (1996), S. 327-331 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words CO2 emission ; Field method ; Soil respiration ; Triticum aestivum ; Soil moisture ; Carbon reservoirs ; Greenhouse effect ; Grey forest soil ; Mineralization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The dynamics of the rate of CO2 evolution from soil in fallow and cropland under spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was studied in a crop rotation in grey forest soil of the Baikal forest-steppe during the growing season and in different years. It was shown that the regional characteristics of soils and hydrothermal conditions in different years affect the rate of CO2 evolution in agroecosystems. The seasonal dynamics of CO2 is characterized by insignificant changes in the autumn to spring period and enhanced emission in hot and dry summers. CO2 evolution is assumed to increase due to enhanced mineralization and partial diffusion from the carbonate horizon at the depth of the seasonal frost. During the growing season the dynamics of CO2 evolution depends on the soil moisture regime. There was a strong correlation between the rate of CO2 emission and soil moisture in the particularly dry year of 1993 (η=0.86) and a moderate correlation in the other years (η=0.38–0.54). The effect of the previous crop and fertilizer application on the rate of CO2 emission was insignificant. In a continuous fallow the total carbon release into the atmosphere varied throughout the years studied from 558 to 1880 kg ha–1. Humus losses varied from 0.9% to 3.1%.
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    Gram-negative bacterial flora on the root surface of wheat (Triticum aestivum) grown under different soil conditions (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 23 (1996), S. 273-281 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; Rhizosphere ; Soil microflora ; Gram-negative bacteria ; API 20 NE ; Flavobacterium spp ; Cytophaga
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract We identified 161 Gram-negative bacterial strains isolated from the root surface of wheat grown under different soil conditions. The strains were divided into seven groups based on major morphological and physiological properties. Taxonomic allocation of the groups was verified by guanine+cytosine contents of DNA. Except for one group, which may be assumed to include bacteria belonging to the genera Flavobacterium and Cytophaga, the various groups were taxonomically united. The distribution of the groups changed with soil improvement. Pseudomonads predominated in unimproved soil, but Flavobacterium and Cytophaga spp. were predominant in the most improved soil. As all the strains were non-fermentative by Hugh and Leifson's test, API 20NE identification was applied. However, many strains were misidentified by this system, especially in the Flavobacterium and Cytophaga spp. group. For ecological studies, the strains were classified to species level by the API 20 NE system and by the results of a combination of guanine+cytosine (mol%) and isoprenoid quinone data. The pattern of distribution of the bacteria on the root surface of wheat varied at species level within one genus depending on soil conditions.
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    Isolation of two differentially expressed wheat ACC synthase cDNAs and the characterization of one of their genes with root-predominant expression (1996)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 31 (1996), S. 1009-1020 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: ACC synthase ; differential expression ; ethylene ; root-specific expression ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two partial 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) synthase cDNA clones (pWAS1, 1089 bp; andpWAS3, 779 bp) were isolated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using cDNA to total mRNA purified from etiolated wheat seedlings as template and degenerate oligonucleotides synthesized based on the regions of the ACC synthase amino acid sequence that are highly conserved among different plants. Northern analysis showed that the expression of the corresponding genes are differentially regulated. While the transcripts ofpWAS1 were found in all the tissues of wheat that were tested with a maximum level at the early stages of spike development,pWAS3 mRNA was present almost exclusively in the root. A 5590-bp genomic clone,TA-ACS2, corresponding topWAS3 cDNA has been isolated. TheTA-ACS2 sequence consists of a 589-bp 5′-upstream region, 2743 bp of transcribed region with four exons and three introns and a 3′-downstream region of 2257 bp. Expression inEscherichia coli confirmed the ACC synthase activity of TA-ACS2 polypeptide. Sequence comparisons show that the two wheat ACC synthases are more similar to each other and to the rice ACC synthase,OS-ACS1, at the nucleotide level than at the amino acid level. The amino acid sequence of TA-ACS2 is most similar (66.1% identity) to that of broccoli. The chromosomal location of both wheat ACC synthase genes have been determined by aneuploid analysis.TA-ACS1 is located on the short arm of chromosomes 7A and 7D and on the long arm of chromosome 4A.TA-ACS2 is located on the long arm of homoeologous group 2 chromosomes.
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    Changes in abundance of an abscisic acid-responsive, early cysteine-labeled metallothionein transcript during pollen embryogenesis in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) (1996)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 32 (1996), S. 823-829 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: abscisic acid ; early cysteine-labeled protein ; fluridone ; metallothioneins ; pollen embryogenesis ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A clone for an embryoid-abundant, early cysteine-labeled metallothionein (EcMt) gene has been isolated from a wheat pollen embryoid cDNA library. The transcript of this gene was only expressed in embryogenic microspores, pollen embryoids, and developing zygotic embryos of wheat. Accumulation of the EcMt mRNA showed a direct and positive correlation with an increase of the plant hormone, abscisic acid (ABA) in developing pollen embryoids. Treating cultures with an inhibitor of ABA biosynthesis, fluridone, suppressed not only ABA accumulation but also the appearance of the EcMt gene transcript and the ability of microspores to form embryoids. These results suggest that the EcMt gene may act as a molecular marker for pollen embryogenesis because ABA biosynthesis is accompanied by the increased expression of the EcMt transcript that coincides with the differentiation of pollen embryoids in wheat anther cultures.
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    A recombinant wheat serpin with inhibitory activity (1996)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 30 (1996), S. 673-677 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: cDNA sequence ; chymotrypsin inhibitor ; histidine-tag ; protein Z ; serpin ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A full-length clone encoding the wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) serpin WSZ1 was isolated from a cDNA library based on mRNA from immature grain. The 398 amino acid sequence deduced from the cDNA was corroborated by sequencing CNBr peptides of WSZ1 purified from resting grain. WSZ1 belongs to the subfamily of protein Z-type serpins and the amino acid sequence is 70% identical with the barley serpins BSZ4 and BSZx and 27–33% identical with human serpins such as α1-proteinase inhibitor, antithrombin III, and plasminogen activator inhibitor. The cDNA was subcloned in the pET3d expression vector, equipped with a histidine affinity tag at the N-terminus and expressed in Escherichia coli BL(21) DE3 pLysS. Recombinant WSZ1 from the soluble fraction was partially purified on Ni-NTA agarose and MonoQ columns and shown to form SDS-stable complexes with α-chymotrypsin. Southern blots and amino acid sequencing indicated that only few serpins are encoded by wheat, but at least three distinct genes are expressed in the grain. Cleavage experiments on a chymotrypsin column suggested a Gln-Gln reactive site bond not previously observed in inhibitory serpins.
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    Application of modified differential display technique for cloning and sequencing of the 3′ region from three putative members of wheat HSP70 gene family (1996)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 30 (1996), S. 641-646 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: differential display ; HSP70 gene family ; 3′ non-coding region ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have modified the differential display technique to isolate 3′ regions from different members of the wheat HSP70 gene family. An HSP70 gene family-specific degenerate primer was used as a 5′ primer in place of the arbitrary primer used in the original technique. We cloned and sequenced three cDNA fragments that were differentially expressed in heat stressed wheat seedlings. Based on the high similarity between predicted translation products of these three sequences and known members of the HSP70 family from plants, these cDNAs were identified as members of the HSP70 gene family. Two of these members appeared distinct in the 3′ non-coding region with only 48% identity. Therefore differential display could successfully be used to isolate 3′ regions of different members of a multigene family in a relatively short period, even if the members had highly similar protein-coding regions.
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    Chromosomal location of a gene suppressing powdery mildew resistance genes Pm8 and Pm17 in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.) (1996)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 93 (1996), S. 38-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key wordsSuppressor gene ; Powdery mildew resistance ; Gene location ; Triticum aestivum ; Secale cereale ; Monosomic analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  The chromosomal location of a suppressor for the powdery mildew resistance genes Pm8 and Pm17 was determined by a monosomic set of the wheat cultivar Caribo. This cultivar carries a suppressor gene inhibiting the expression of Pm8 in cv Disponent and of Pm17 in line Helami-105. In disease resistance assessments, monosomic F1 hybrids (2n=41) of Caribo × Disponent and Caribo × Helami-105 lacking chromosome 7D were resistant, whereas monosomic F1 hybrids involving the other 20 chromosomes, as well as disomic F1 hybrids (2n=42) of all cross combinations, were susceptible revealing that the suppressor gene for Pm8 and Pm17 is localized on chromosome 7D. It is suggested that genotypes without the suppressor gene be used for the exploitation of genes Pm8 and Pm17 in enhancing powdery mildew resistance in common wheat.
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    Identification of Haynaldia villosa chromosomes added to wheat using a sequential C-banding and genomic in situ hybridization technique (1996)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 92 (1996), S. 116-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Haynaldia villosa ; Triticum aestivum ; C-banding ; Genomic in situ hybridization ; Alien chromosome addition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) offers a convenient and effective method for cytological detection, but can not determine the identity of the chromosomes involved. We integrated C-banding with GISH to identify Haynaldia villosa chromosomes in a wheat background. All chromosomes of H. villosa showed C-bands, either in telomeric regions or in both telomeric and centromeric regions, which allowed unequivocal identification of each H. villosa chromosome. The seven pairs of H. villosa chromosomes were differentiated as 1–7 according to their characteristic C-bands. Using a sequential C-banding and GISH technique, we have analyzed somatic cells of F3 plants from the amphiploid Triticum aestivum-H. villosa x ‘Yangmai 158’ hybrids. Three plants (94009/5-4,94009/5-8 and 94009/5-9) were shown to contain H. villosa chromosome(s). 94009/5-4 (2n = 45) had three H. villosa chromosomes (2, 3 and 4); 94009/5-8 (2n = 45) possessed one chromosome 4 and a pair of chromosome 5, and 94009/5-9 (2n = 43) was found to have one chromosome 6 of H. villosa. The combination of GISH with C-banding described here provides a direct comparison of the cytological and molecular landmarks. Such a technique is particularly useful for identifying and localizing alien chromatin and DNA sequences in plants.
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    Chromosome substitutions of Triticum timopheevii in common wheat and some observations on the evolution of polyploid wheat species (1996)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 93 (1996), S. 1291-1298 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum timopheevii ; Triticum aestivum ; Chromosome substitution ; C-banding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Whether the two tetraploid wheat species, the well known Triticum turgidum L. (macaroni wheat, AABB genomes) and the obscure T. timopheevii Zhuk. (AtAtGG), have monophyletic or diphyletic origin from the same or different diploid species presents an interesting evolutionary problem. Moreover, T. timopheevii and its wild form T. araraticum are an important genetic resource for macaroni and bread-wheat improvement. To study these objectives, the substitution and genetic compensation abilities of individual T. timopheevii chromosomes for missing chromosomes of T. aestivum ‘Chinese Spring’ (AABBDD) were analyzed. ‘Chinese Spring’ aneuploids (nullisomic-tetrasomics) were crossed with a T. timopheevii x Aegilops tauschii amphiploid to isolate T. timopheevii chromosomes in a monosomic condition. The F1 hybrids were backcrossed one to four times to Chinese Spring aneuploids without selection for the T. timopheevii chromosome of interest. While spontaneous substitutions involving all At- and G-genome chromosomes were identified, the targeted T. timopheevii chromosome was not always recovered. Lines with spontaneous substitutions from T. timopheevii were chosen for further backcrossing. Six T. timopheevii chromosome substitutions were isolated: 6At (6A), 2G (2B), 3G (3B), 4G (4B), 5G (5B) and 6G (6B). The substitution lines had normal morphology and fertility. The 6At of T. timopheevii was involved in a translocation with chromosome 1G, resulting in the transfer of the group-1 gliadin locus to 6At. Chromosome 2G substituted for 2B at a frequency higher than expected and may carry putative homoeoalleles of gametocidal genes present on group-2 chromosomes of several alien species. Our data indicate a common origin for tetraploid wheat species, but from separate hybridization events because of the presence of a different spectrum of intergenomic translocations.
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    Path coefficient analysis of the effects of stripe rust and cultivar mixtures on yield and yield components of winter wheat (1996)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 92 (1996), S. 666-672 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Puccinia striiformis ; Diversity ; Competition ; Path analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Four club wheat cultivars and three two-component cultivar mixtures, planted at five frequencies, were grown in three environments in both the presence and absence of stripe rust. The effect of stripe rust on wheat yield was through the yield components, with weight of individual seed being the component most affected by rust. In some cases, yield component compensation was indicated by the presence of negative correlations among the yield components. Path analysis of the yield components revealed that components with the highest correlations to yield also had the largest direct effects on yield. Of the yield components, number of heads per unit area exerted the largest direct influence on yield. The direct effects of number of seeds per head and weight of individual seed were similar, although number of seeds per head was more important in the absence of rust than in its presence. The pure stands and mixtures differed considerably with respect to correlation coefficients, but were very similar for direct effects of yield components on yield. Most of these discrepancies were due to opposing indirect effects, which were not evident from correlation coefficients alone.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226087
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    Chromosomal location of a gene suppressing powdery mildew resistance genes Pm8 and Pm17 in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.) (1996)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 93 (1996), S. 38-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Suppressor gene ; Powdery mildew resistance ; Gene location ; Triticum aestivum ; Secale cereale ; Monosomic analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The chromosomal location of a suppressor for the powdery mildew resistance genes Pm8 and Pm17 was determined by a monosomic set of the wheat cultivar Caribo. This cultivar carries a suppressor gene inhibiting the expression of Pm8 in cv Disponent and of Pm17 in line Helami-105. In disease resistance assessments, monosomic F1 hybrids (2n=41) of Caribo x Disponent and Caribo x Helami-105 lacking chromosome 7D were resistant, whereas monosomic F1 hybrids involving the other 20 chromosomes, as well as disomic F1 hybrids (2n=42) of all cross combinations, were susceptible revealing that the suppressor gene for Pm8 and Pm17 is localized on chromosome 7D. It is suggested that genotypes without the suppressor gene be used for the exploitation of genes Pm8 and Pm17 in enhancing powdery mildew resistance in common wheat.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225724
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    Identification and molecular characterization of a large insertion within the repetitive domain of a high-molecular-weight glutenin subunit gene from hexaploid wheat (1996)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 93 (1996), S. 1048-1053 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; HMW glutenin genes ; Unequal crossing-over ; PCR ; Glu-D1 locus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract High-molecular-weight (HMW) glutenin subunits are a particular class of wheat endosperm proteins containing a large repetitive domain flanked by two short N- and C-terminal non-repetitive regions. Deletions and insertions within the central repetitive domain has been suggested to be mainly responsible for the length variations observed for this class of proteins. Nucleotide sequence comparison of a number of HMW glutenin genes allowed the identification of small insertions or deletions within the repetitive domain. However, only indirect evidence has been produced which suggests the occurrence of substantial insertions or deletions within this region when a large variation in molecular size is present between different HMW glutenin subunits. This paper represents the first report on the molecular characterization of an unusually large insertion within the repetitive domain of a functional HMW glutenin gene. This gene is located at the Glu-D1 locus of a hexaploid wheat genotype and contains an insertion of 561 base pairs that codes for 187 amino acids corresponding to the repetitive domain of a HMW glutenin subunit encoded at the same locus. The precise location of the insertion has been identified and the molecular processes underlying such mutational events are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00230123
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  • 74
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    Dosage effects of the three Wx genes on amylose synthesis in wheat endosperm (1996)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 93 (1996), S. 1066-1070 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Amylose synthesis ; Aneuploid ; Granule-bound starch synthase ; Triticum aestivum ; Wx gene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Amylose synthesis in wheat endosperm is mainly controlled by the granule-bound starch synthase of about 60 kDa, the so-called waxy (Wx) protein. The Wx proteins are the product of the Wx genes at a triplicate set of single-copy homoeoloci located on chromosomes 7A (Wx-A1), 4A (Wx-B1) and 7D (Wx-D1). Using ‘Chinese Spring’ and its aneuploid lines, including nullisomic-tetrasomics, tetrasomics, ditelosomics and deletion stocks, together with single-chromosome substitution lines for these chromosomes, the effects of varying the dosage of whole chromosomes and chromosome arms, as well as the effects of null alleles, upon amylose synthesis were investigated. Nullisomic 4A and the deletion of chromosome segments carrying the Wx-B1 gene reduced the amylose content by more than 3%. A reasonable agreement was found in the substitution lines. This confirms that the absence of the Wx-B1 gene, or else substitution of this gene by its null allele, has the most striking effect on decreasing amylose synthesis. The removal of chromosomes carrying either the Wx-A1 or the Wx-D1 gene reduces the amylose content by less than 2%. A similar reduction was revealed by substitution of these two genes by the null alleles. Double dosages of chromosomes 7A, 4A and 7D did not increase amylose content, while the tetrasomic chromosomes produced more of the respective Wx proteins. This suggests that a certain level of Wx gene activity or of the Wx proteins led to the maximum amount of amylose.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00230126
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  • 75
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    A molecular linkage map of rye (1996)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 93 (1996), S. 1112-1118 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Genetic map ; RFLP ; RAPD ; Secale cereale ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A genetic map of six chromosomes of rye, (all of the rye chromosomes except for 2R), was constructed using 77 RFLP and 12 RAPD markers. The map was developed using an F2 population of 54 plants from a cross between two inbred lines. A rye genomic library was constructed as a source of clones for RFLP mapping. Comparisons were made between the rye map and other rye and wheat maps by including additional probes previously mapped in those species. These comparisons allowed (1) chromosome arm orientation to the linkage groups to be given, (2) the corroboration of several evolutionary translocations between rye chromosomes and homoeologous chromosomes of wheat; (3) an increase in the number of available markers for target regions of rye that show colinearity with wheat. Inconsistencies in the location of markers between the wheat and rye maps were mostly detected by multi-copy probes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00230133
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  • 76
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    Allele-specific amplification of polymorphic sites for the detection of powdery mildew resistance loci in cereals (1996)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 93 (1996), S. 1078-1082 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Allele-specific PCR (AS-PCR) ; Powdery mildew ; Hordeum vulgare ; Triticum aestivum ; Sequence-tagged site (STS)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Primers for the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were tailored to selectively amplify RFLP marker alleles associated with resistance and susceptibility for powdery mildew in cereals. The differentiation between marker alleles for susceptible and resistant genotypes is based on the discrimination of a single nucleotide by using allele-specific oligonucleotides as PCR primers. The PCR assays developed are diagnostic for RFLP alleles at the loci MWG097 in the barley genome and Whs350 in the wheat genome. The first marker locus is closely linked to MlLa resistance in barley, while the latter is linked to Pm2 resistance locus in wheat. PCR analysis of 31 barley and 30 wheat cultivars, with some exceptions, verified the presence or absence of the resistance loci investigated. These rapid PCR-based approaches are proposed as an efficient alternative to conventional procedures for selecting powdery mildew-resistant genotypes in breeding programs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00230128
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  • 77
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    Plant regeneration from immature embryos of 48 elite CIMMYT bread wheats (1996)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 92 (1996), S. 163-169 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Bread wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; Culture medium ; Embryogenic callus ; Plant regeneration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Forty-eight bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) released cultivars and elite advanced lines were evaluated for their ability to produce embryogenic callus using three different media. Basal N6 medium supplemented with dicamba (E1), MS medium containing 2,4-D (E3) or MS medium containing 2,4-D plus different amino acids (E5) were used for callus initiation and maintenance. Plant regeneration was achieved on basal MS medium with indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and 6-benzylamino purine (BAP) and rooting on MS with 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). Percentage regeneration varied widely with both genotype and initiation medium, with values ranging from 2% to 94%. The number of plantlets produced per embryo ranged from 6 to 42. Thirteen genotypes showed at least 50% regeneration after culture on E5 medium; 3 genotypes after culture on E3 initiation medium and 1 after initiation on E1. After four subcultures, over a 16-week period, 41 genotypes (85%) lost their ability to regenerate plants while the remaining 7 lines (15%) retained plant regeneration potential but at reduced levels. E3 medium was found to be the best for maintaining regeneration potential after four subcultures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223371
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    Isolation and identification of Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell. cv Chinese Spring-T. peregrinum Hackel disomic chromosome addition lines (1996)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 92 (1996), S. 591-598 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; Triticum peregrinum ; Chromosome addition lines ; RFLPs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Analyses of RFLPs, isozymes, morphological markers and chromosome pairing were used to isolate 12 Triticum aestivum cv Chinese Spring (genomes A, B, and D)-T. peregrinum (genomes Sv and Uv) disomic chromosome addition lines. The evidence obtained indicates that each of the 12 lines contains an intact pair of T. peregrinum chromosomes. One monosomic addition line, believed to contain an intact 6Sv chromosome, was also isolated. A CS-7Uv chromosome addition line was not obtained. Syntenic relationships in common with the standard Triticeae arrangement were found for five of the seven Sv genome chromosomes. The exceptions were 4Sv and 7Sv. A reciprocal translocation exists between 4S1 and 7S1 in T. longissimum and evidence was obtained that the same translocation exists in T. peregrinum. In contrast, evidence for syntenic relationships in common with the standard Triticeae arrangements were found for only one Uv chromosome of T. peregrinum.; namely, chromosome 2Uv. All other Uv genome chromosomes are involved in at least one translocation, and the same translocations were found in the U genome of T. umbellulatum. Evidence was also obtained indicating that the centromeric regions of 4U and 4Uv are homoeologous to the centromeric regions of Triticeae homoeologous group-6 chromosomes, that the centromeric regions of 6U and 6Uv are homoeologous to the centromeric regions of group-4 chromosomes, and that 4U and 4Uv are more closely related overall to Triticeae homoeologous group-6 chromosomes than they are to group-4 chromosomes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224563
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    Isolation and identification of Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell. cv Chinese Spring-T. peregrinum Hackel disomic chromosome addition lines (1996)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 92 (1996), S. 591-598 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words  Wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; Triticum peregrinum ; Chromosome addition lines ; RFLPs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract   Analyses of RFLPs, isozymes, morphological markers and chromosome pairing were used to isolate 12 Triticum aestivum cv Chinese Spring (genomes A, B, and D)-T. peregrinum (genomes Sv and Uv) disomic chromosome addition lines. The evidence obtained indicates that each of the 12 lines contains an intact pair of T. peregrinum chromosomes. One monosomic addition line, believed to contain an intact 6Sv chromosome, was also isolated. A CS-7Uv chromosome addition line was not obtained. Syntenic relationships in common with the standard Triticeae arrangement were found for five of the seven Sv genome chromosomes. The exceptions were 4Sv and 7Sv. A reciprocal translocation exists between 4Sl and 7Sl in T. longissimum and evidence was obtained that the same translocation exists in T. peregrinum. In contrast, evidence for syntenic relationships in common with the standard Triticeae arrangements were found for only one Uv chromosome of T. peregrinum; namely, chromosome 2Uv. All other Uv genome chromosomes are involved in at least one translocation, and the same translocations were found in the U genome of T. umbellulatum. Evidence was also obtained indicating that the centromeric regions of 4U and 4Uv are homoeologous to the centromeric regions of Triticeae homoeologous group-6 chromosomes, that the centromeric regions of 6U and 6Uv are homoeologous to the centromeric regions of group-4 chromosomes, and that 4U and 4Uv are more closely related overall to Triticeae homoeologous group-6 chromosomes than they are to group-4 chromosomes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050168
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  • 80
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    Allele-specific amplification of polymorphic sites for the detection of powdery mildew resistance loci in cereals (1996)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 93 (1996), S. 1078-1082 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Allele-specific PCR (AS-PCR) ; Powdery mildew ; Hordeum vulgare ; Triticum aestivum ; Sequence-tagged site (STS)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Primers for the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were tailored to selectively amplify RFLP marker alleles associated with resistance and susceptibility for powdery mildew in cereals. The differentiation between marker alleles for susceptible and resistant genotypes is based on the discrimination of a single nucleotide by using allele-specific oligonucleotides as PCR primers. The PCR assays developed are diagnostic for RFLP alleles at the loci MWG097 in the barley genome and Whs350 in the wheat genome. The first marker locus is closely linked to MlLa resistance in barley, while the latter is linked to Pm2 resistance locus in wheat. PCR analysis of 31 barley and 30 wheat cultivars, with some exceptions, verified the presence or absence of the resistance loci investigated. These rapid PCR-based approaches are proposed as an efficient alternative to conventional procedures for selecting powdery mildew-resistant genotypes in breeding programs.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050338
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  • 81
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    Dosage effects of the three Wx genes on amylose synthesis in wheat endosperm (1996)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 93 (1996), S. 1066-1070 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Amylose synthesis ; Aneuploid ; Granule-bound starch synthase ; Triticum aestivum ; Wx gene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Amylose synthesis in wheat endosperm is mainly controlled by the granule-bound starch synthase of about 60 kDa, the so-called waxy (Wx) protein. The Wx proteins are the product of the Wx genes at a triplicate set of single-copy homoeoloci located on chromosomes 7A (Wx-A1), 4A (Wx-B1) and 7D (Wx-D1). Using `Chinese Spring' and its aneuploid lines, including nullisomic-tetrasomics, tetrasomics, ditelosomics and deletion stocks, together with single-chromosome substitution lines for these chromosomes, the effects of varying the dosage of whole chromosomes and chromosome arms, as well as the effects of null alleles, upon amylose synthesis were investigated. Nullisomic 4A and the deletion of chromosome segments carrying the Wx-B1 gene reduced the amylose content by more than 3%. A reasonable agreement was found in the substitution lines. This confirms that the absence of the Wx-B1 gene, or else substitution of this gene by its null allele, has the most striking effect on decreasing amylose synthesis. The removal of chromosomes carrying either the Wx-A1 or the Wx-D1 gene reduces the amylose content by less than 2%. A similar reduction was revealed by substitution of these two genes by the null alleles. Double dosages of chromosomes 7A, 4A and 7D did not increase amylose content, while the tetrasomic chromosomes produced more of the respective Wx proteins. This suggests that a certain level of Wx gene activity or of the Wx proteins led to the maximum amount of amylose.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050336
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    A molecular linkage map of rye (1996)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 93 (1996), S. 1112-1118 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Genetic map ; RFLP ; RAPD ; Secale cereale ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A genetic map of six chromosomes of rye, (all of the rye chromosomes except for 2R), was constructed using 77 RFLP and 12 RAPD markers. The map was developed using an F2 population of 54 plants from a cross between two inbred lines. A rye genomic library was constructed as a source of clones for RFLP mapping. Comparisons were made between the rye map and other rye and wheat maps by including additional probes previously mapped in those species. These comparisons allowed (1) chromosome arm orientation to the linkage groups to be given, (2) the corroboration of several evolutionary translocations between rye chromosomes and homoeologous chromosomes of wheat; (3) an increase in the number of available markers for target regions of rye that show colinearity with wheat. Inconsistencies in the location of markers between the wheat and rye maps were mostly detected by multi-copy probes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050343
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    A storage-protein marker associated with the suppressor of Pm8 for powdery mildew resistance in wheat (1996)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 93 (1996), S. 1054-1060 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Rye ; Secale cereale ; 1BL.1RS translocation ; 1AL.1RS translocation ; Gliadin, Electrophoresis ; Erysiphe graminis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A suppressor of resistance to powdery mildew conferred by Pm8 showed complete association with the presence of a storage-protein marker resolved by electrophoresis on SDS-PAGE gels. This marker was identified as the product of the gliadin allele Gli-A1a. The mildewresponse phenotypes of wheats possessing the 1BL.1RS translocation were completely predictable from electrophoretograms. The suppressor, designated SuPm8, was located on chromosome 1AS. It was specific in its suppression of Pm8, and did not affect the rye-derived resistance phenotypes of wheat lines with Pm17, also located in 1RS, or of lines with Pm7.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00230124
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    The configuration of the seminal roots ofTriticum aestivum L. (Poaceae) (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of plant research 109 (1996), S. 375-380 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-0860
    Keywords: Gravitropism ; Growth direction ; Seminal roots ; Triticum aestivum ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The seminal root system of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is composed of the primary seminal root, the first pair of seminal roots, and the second pair of seminal roots, which are known to grow in different directions. The direction of root growth, which can be expressed by ϑ (the angle between the root and the plumb line) and φ (the angle between the root and a vertical plane including the primary seminal root), was studied with special attention to the latter. It was measured on seedlings grown in a small hemispherical soil-filled mesh basket. There were varietal differences in the φ of the first pair of roots (φf) and in the φ of the second pair of roots (φs). (φf) and (φs) were significantly correlated. The mean distance (MD), a measure to evaluate the efficiency of root spacing, was correlated with the difference between (φf) and (φs). Neither experimentally applied low soil water potential nor the excision of the primary seminal root affected φ. When the grain was sown vertically with the tip of the embryo pointing downwards, it was found that the growth movement into a direction different from the plumb line and (φs) was greatly modified. it is suggested that certain internal mechanisms, possibly involving gravitropic reactions, are operating to control the direction of root growth. The significance of root growth direction at the seedling stage is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02344552
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    Developmental features of protophloem sieve elements in roots of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (1996)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 193 (1996), S. 204-212 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Golgi bodies ; Mitochondria ; Plastids ; Symmetrical divisions ; Protophloem sieve elements ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Protophloem sieve elements (PSEs) in roots of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) are arranged in single vertical files. The number of PSEs within the files increases by symmetrical divisions, which take place after the completion of asymmetrical (formative) divisions and before the initiation of differentiation. The divisions are preceded by well defined pre-prophase bands (PPB) of microtubules, which surround the nucleus in an equatorial position. In the cytoplasmic region between the nuclear surface and the PPB, perinuclear and endoplasmic microtubules were observed. The perinuclear microtubules are considered as part of the developing spindle, while the endoplasmic ones interlink the perinuclear microtubules with the PPB. Dividing cells do not show any signs of incipient differentiation. The first and most reliable indication of a commencing differentiation is provided by the sieve-element plastids that begin to accumulate dense crystalloid inclusions in the very young PSEs. In mature PSEs plastids contain two kinds of crystalloid inclusions, dense and thin, in a translucent stroma. Depending on the plastid-inclusions criterion it was shown that: (a) the PSEs of a given root do not initiate differentiation at exactly the same stage, (b) the developmental sequence extends to a span of 7–9 actively differentiating PSEs arranged in a single vertical file, and (c) each PSE needs about 16–21 h to pass through the whole developmental sequence. In the last two differentiating PSEs of a file, mitochondria were found to be enveloped by single cisternae of ER. The association is temporary as it is lost in the first PSEs with an autolysed lumen. During differentiation, Golgi bodies were abundant and active in producing vesicles involved in cell wall development. Golgi vesicles were also found among the microtubules of the PPB, but no local thickening was observed. Golgi bodies disorganize in the last stages of autolysis and disappear in mature sieve elements.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01276646
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    Introgression of diverse genes for resistance to rusts into an improved wheat variety, Kalyansona (1996)
    Springer
    Genetica 97 (1996), S. 255-261 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6857
    Keywords: Puccinia graminis ; Puccinia recondita ; Puccinia striiformis ; Resistance breeding ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Breeding for resistance to the three rusts of wheat usually requires incorporation of genetically independent factors conferring resistance to each rust. Linked resistance genes in some alien translocation stocks permit concurrent transference of resistance for more than one rust. Alien derived resistances, however, are often reported to be associated with reduced yield and other undesirable characters. In our experience, backcross breeding when given a limited number of backcrosses (3–6) and with suitable selection procedures has resulted in lines giving yields higher or comparable to the recurrent wheat parent Kalyansona and resistance to one, two or all three rusts without any adverse effects. Some of the rust resistant derivatives also show resistance to Neovossia indica (Karnal bunt). The derivatives thus developed when used as parents in a breeding programme have produced several improved cultivars with high yields, superior grains and diversity for resistance to rust pathogens. One of the cultivars, named ‘Vaishali’ (DL784-3), has been officially released for cultivation in the country.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00055312
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    Influence of media and growth regulators on somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration for production of primary triticales (1996)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 44 (1996), S. 45-52 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: amino acids ; dicamba ; chilling ; immature embryo ; Secale cereale ; Triticum aestivum ; Triticum durum ; xTriticosecale
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Basal media and plant growth regulators were tested for the promotion of somatic embryogenesis from immature wheat-rye hybrid embryos. Influence of growth regulators and chilling on plant regeneration were tested on two media. A medium containing four amino acids-glutamine, arginine, glycine and aspartic acid-as the nitrogen source, promoted the production of, on average, twice as much embryogenic callus as the other media, and somatic embryos developed well. The growth regulator dicamba was significantly better than 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in promoting somatic embryogenesis and subsequent plant regeneration. Germination of somatic embryos on both regeneration media was enhanced by cold treatment. Supplementing 190-2 plant regeneration medium with a combination of α-naphthaleneacetic acid + benzyladenine, indole-3-acetic acid + kinetin or indole-3-acetic acid + zeatin resulted in equally high germination rates.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00045912
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    Interaction of 15N-labelled ammonium nitrate, urea and ammonium sulphate with soil N during growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under field conditions (1995)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 20 (1995), S. 185-189 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: 15N-labelled fertilizer ; Added N interaction Fertilizer N uptake ; Soil N uptake ; Wheat ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of 15N-labelled ammonium nitrate, urea and ammonium sulphate on yield and uptake of labelled and unlabelled N by wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Mexi-Pak-65) were studied in a field experiment. The dry matter and N yields were significantly increased with fertilizer N application compared to those from unfertilized soil. The wheat crop used 64.0–74.8%, 61.5–64.7% and 61.7–63.4% of the N from ammonium nitrate, urea and ammonium sulphate, respectively. The fertilizer N uptake showed that ammonium nitrate was a more available source of N for wheat than urea and ammonium sulphate. The effective use of fertilizer N (ratio of fertilizer N in grain to fertilizer N in whole plant) was statistically similar for the three N fertilizers. The application of fertilizer N increased the uptake of unlabelled soil N by wheat, a result attributed to a positive added N interaction, which varied with the method of application of fertilizer N. Ammonium nitrate, urea and ammonium sulphate gave 59.3%, 42.8% and 26.3% more added N interaction, respectively, when applied by the broadcast/worked-in method than with band placement. A highly significant correlation between soil N and grain yield, dry matter and added N interaction showed that soil N was more important than fertilizer N in wheat production. A values were not significantly correlated with added N interaction (r=0.719). The observed added N interaction may have been the result of pool substitution, whereby added labelled fertilizer N stood proxy for unlabelled soil N.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336556
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  • 89
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    A novel approach to the analysis of the initiation of embryo development in gramineae (1995)
    Springer
    Sexual plant reproduction 8 (1995), S. 266-272 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Alloplasmic lines ; Apomixis ; Parthenogenesis ; Protein patterns ; 2-D gel electrophoresis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An in vivo model system to study the initiation of embryo development is presented. From the so-called Salmon system of wheat (alloplasmic lines with a 1BL-1RS chromosome translocation), three completely isogenic and homozygous lines were produced by selection for uniformity in about 20 selfing/backcross generations as well as between sublines of doubled haploids. The line (aestivum)-Salmon is male fertile and sexual. The lines (caudata)-Salmon and (kotschyi)-Salmon are male sterile and have a parthenogenetic capacity of about 90%. The expression of nuclear-cytoplasmic male sterility is different for the two parthenogenetic lines. The initiation of autonomous embryo development at defined developmental stages of the ovaries and the maximum degree of parthenogenesis are identical in both parthenogenetic lines as proved by the auxin test and progeny analyses. The protein patterns from ovary extracts of the three isogenic lines were identical for more than 200 spots of 2-D polyacrylamide gels, confirming their homogeneity. However, one protein (P 115.1) was found 3 days before and during anthesis only in ovaries of the parthenogenetic lines. It seems to be involved in the initiation of parthenogenesis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00229382
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  • 90
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    An extrachromosomal fragment of telomeric DNA in wheat (1995)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 27 (1995), S. 435-439 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: buoyant separation ; cloning ; extrachromosomal DNA ; germination ; telomere ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A procedure developed orginally for selective extraction of viral (extrachromosomal) DNA from virus-infected mammalian cells was applied to cell nuclei isolated from uninfected wheat embryos. The resulting nuclear extrachromosomal DNA (exDNA) was enriched for telomere-type sequences by isopycnic centrifugation and inserted into the Sma I site of pUC119. A cloned DNA fragment (241 bp) was found to consist primarily of tandemly repeated heptamere units of the same sequence (5′-CCCTAAA-3′) that is known to predominate in telomeric DNA of Arabidopsis thaliana. Hybridization experiments indicate that extrachromosomal telomeric repeats are abundant in resting embryos and disappear rapidly during germination.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00020198
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    Developmental, circadian and light regulation of wheat ferredoxin gene expression (1995)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 27 (1995), S. 293-306 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: ferredoxin ; PetF gene ; circadian rhythm ; light regulation ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A genomic clone encoding the precursor of wheat leaf ferredoxin has been isolated and characterised. The uninterrupted PetF gene encodes a polypeptide of 143 amino acid residues, consisting of an N-terminal presequence of 46 amino acid residues and a mature polypeptide of 97 amino acid residues. Southern blot analysis suggests that six copies of the PetF gene are present in the wheat haploid genome. Northern blot analysis has shown that the genes are both developmentally and light regulated in wheat seedlings and provides evidence that a circadian rhythm regulates the steady-state levels of ferredoxin transcripts. The intact wheat gene and several chimeric constructs, containing portions of the 5′-upstream region fused to the β-glucuronidase reporter gene, have been introduced into tobacco plants, but levels of β-glucuronidase activity above background were not detected, suggesting that the 5′-upstream region is unable to function as a promoter in tobacco plants.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00020184
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  • 92
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    Comparison of wheat physical maps with barley linkage maps for group 7 chromosomes (1995)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 91 (1995), S. 618-626 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Comparative maps ; Deletion lines ; Molecular-tagged chromosome regions (MTCRs) ; Triticum aestivum ; Hordeum vulgare
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Comparative genetic maps among the Triticeae or Gramineae provide the possibility for combining the genetics, mapping information and molecular-marker resources between different species. Dense genetic linkage maps of wheat and barley, which have a common array of molecular markers, along with deletion-based chromosome maps of Triticum aestivum L. will facilitate the construction of an integrated molecular marker-based map for the Triticeae. A set of 21 cDNA and genomic DNA clones, which had previously been used to map barley chromosome 1 (7H), were used to physically map wheat chromosomes 7A, 7B and 7D. A comparative map was constructed to estimate the degree of linkage conservation and synteny of chromosome segments between the group 7 chromosomes of the two species. The results reveal extensive homoeologies between these chromosomes, and the first evidence for an interstitial inversion on the short arm of a barley chromosome compared to the wheat homoeologue has been obtained. In a cytogenetically-based physical map of group 7 chromosomes that contain restriction-fragment-length polymorphic DNA (RFLP) and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers, the marker density in the most distal third of the chromosome arms was two-times higher than in the proximal region. The recombination rate in the distal third of each arm appears to be 8–15 times greater than in the proximal third of each arm where recombination of wheat chromosomes is suppressed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223288
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    Chromosomal location of genes for stem rust resistance derived from ‘Waldron’ wheat (1995)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 90 (1995), S. 1158-1163 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Puccinia graminis ; Aneuploid ; Cytogenetics ; Monosomics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The chromosomal locations of genes for resistance to stem rust (Puccinia graminis Pers.: Pers. f. sp. tritici Eriks. & E. Henn.) in the wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar ‘Waldron’ (WDR) were determined by monosomic analyses. Wheat lines WDR-B1, -C2, -E4, and -F1,which have single genes for resistance to stem rust derived previously from WDR sel. ‘Little Club’, were crossed onto a complete set of 21 ‘Chinese Spring’ monosomics. The F2 and backcross-F1 (BC1F1) seedlings from each of the 84 crosses were tested for reaction to culture 111-SS2 (CRL-LCBB) of stem rust, and a few selected segregants were analyzed cytologically for chromosome number. The F2 from 2 crosses of WDR-C2, -E4 and -F1 and the BC1F1 from 2 crosses of WDR-F1 were tested also with culture Or11c (CRL-QBCN). Significant deviations from disomic ratios towards monosomic ratios in the F2 and BC1F1 were used to determine which chromosomes carried the genes for resistance. Cytological analyses of certain BC1F1 and susceptible F2 plants were used to help identify the location of the genes for rust resistance. WDR-B1 has a gene, herein designated Sr41, for resistance on chromosome 4D. WDR-C2 has a gene on chromosome 7 A that may be the same as one previously designated SrWld2. WDR-E4 has a gene on chromosome 2A, possibly SrWld1, which is effective against most or all North American stem rust cultures. WDR-F1 has a gene on chromosome 6B that is the same as or similar to Sr11.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00222937
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    Wheat lines monogenic for resistance to stem rust from the wheat cultivar ‘Waldron’ (1995)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 90 (1995), S. 1164-1168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Puccinia graminis ; Allelism ; Inheritance ; Segregation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The Triticum aestivum L. cultivar ‘Waldron’ has long lasting resistance to most North American stem rust (Puccinia graminis Pers.:Pers. f. sp. tritici Eriks. and E. Henn.) isolates. The objective of this research was to develop wheat lines monogenic for resistance to stem rust from ‘Waldron’ using allelism tests and tests for reaction to a series of ten stem rust cultures having a range of virulences. Twelve lines homozygous for single resistance genes were selected as parents of a diallel cross to test for allelism among genes for resistance. We identified 6 lines or groups of lines (WDR-A1, the WDR-B1 and WDR-B2 group, the WDR-C1 and WDR-C2 group, WDR-D1, the WDR-E1, WDR-E2, WDR-E3, and WDR-E4 group, and WDR-F1) that carried different single genes for resistance from ‘Waldron’. A seventh line (WDR-G1) probably has two genes for resistance, one in common with WDR-C1 and WDR-C2. The gene in the WDR-E group is probably the same as SrWld1, and the one in WDR-F1 the same as Sri11. ‘Waldron’ probably has two or more genes for resistance to stem rust that previous genetic studies did not detect.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00222938
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    Cytologically based physical maps of the group 3 chromosomes of wheat (1995)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 91 (1995), S. 780-782 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Physical mapping ; RFLP ; Cereals ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Cytologically based physical maps for the group 3 chromosomes of wheat were constructed by mapping 25 Triticum aestivum deletion lines with 29 T. tauschii and T. aestivum RFLP probes. The deletion lines divide chromosomes 3A, 3B, and 3D into 31 discrete intervals, of which 18 were tagged by marker loci. The comparison of the consensus physical map with a consensus RFLP linkage map of the group 3 chromosomes of wheat revealed a fairly even distribution of marker loci on the long arm, and higher recombination in the distal region.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00220959
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  • 96
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    Standard karyotype of Triticum umbellulatum and the characterization of derived chromosome addition and translocation lines in common wheat (1995)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 90 (1995), S. 150-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: C-banding ; Genomic in situ hybridization ; Triticum aestivum ; T. umbellulatum ; Chromosome addition and translocation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A standard karyotype and a generalized idiogram of Triticum umbellulatum (syn. Aegilops umbellulata, 2n = 2x = 14) was established based on C-banding analysis of ten accessions of different geographic origin and individual T. umbellulatum chromosomes in T. aestivum — T. umbellulatum chromosome addition lines. Monosomic (MA) and disomic (DA) T. aestivum — T. umbellulatum chromosome addition lines (DA1U = B, DA2U = D, MA4U = F, DA5U = C, DA6U = A, DA7U = E = G) and telosomic addition lines (DA1US, DA1UL, DA2US, DA2UL, DA4UL, MA5US, (+ iso 5US), DA5UL, DA7US, DA7UL) were analyzed. Line H was established as a disomic addition line for the translocated wheat — T. umbellulatum chromosome T2DS·4US. Radiation-induced wheat — T. umbellulatum translocation lines resistant to leaf rust (Lr9) were identified as T40 = T6BL·6BS-6UL, T41 = T4BL·4BS-6UL, T44 = T2DS·2DL-6UL, T47 = ‘Transfer’ = T6BS·6BL-6UL and T52 = T7BL·7BS-6UL. Breakpoints and sizes of the transferred T. umbellulatum segments in these translocations were determined by in situ hybridization analysis using total genomic T. umbellulatum DNA as a probe
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00221010
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    Biochemical and molecular diagnostics of Thinopyrum bessarabicum chromosomes in Triticum aestivum germ plasm (1995)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 90 (1995), S. 952-956 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Thinopyrum bessarabicum ; Protein/isozyme markers ; In situ hybridization ; Alien disomic additions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Thinopyrum bessarabicum (2n=2x=14, JJ) is a self-fertile salt-tolerant grass species, and its hybridization with Triticum aestivum to achieve the transfer of this attributes has been promoted. For the detection of alien introgression, development of diagnostic markers of Th. bessarabicum chromosomes in the wheat background has emerged as an important aspect in our intergeneric hybridization program. Six proteins/isozymes-high-molecular-weight glutenins, superoxide dismutase, grain esterase, β-amylase, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase and α-amylase —were identified as positive markers for detecting the presence of Th. bessarabicum chromosomes in the advanced backcross derivatives of T. aestivum/Th. bessarabicum//n* T. aestivum. Fluorescent in situ hybridization further enabled the detection of complete and translocated arms of Th. bessarabicum chromosomes in the T. aestivum background. These diagnostic markers served for tentatively characterizing a distinct set of Th. bessarabicum disomic additions to wheat (2n=44) and have facilitated establishing the homoeology of these added chromosomes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00222908
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    Occurrence of fungal endophytes in cultivars ofTriticum aestivum in South Africa (1995)
    Springer
    Mycoscience 36 (1995), S. 105-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: fungal endophytes ; South Africa ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Fungal endophytes were isolated from leaves, roots and stems of four wheat cultivars and a breeding line at three different sampling dates during the 1993 growing season. Of the 55 different fungal taxa encountered, 19 were present at relative importance values of more than 5%. No cultivar-related differences in the assembleges of endophytes were observed.Phoma glomerata was not restricted to only one tissue type, whereasAlternaria alternata, basidiomycete sp. 1,Pleospora herbarum andEpicoccum nigrum occurred primarily in the leaves, andFusarium avenaceum was extremely frequent in roots. In general, colonization by endophytes increased with the age of the plants. Most endophytes were isolated from wheat leaves. Successional colonization of a given tissue type was quantitative rather than qualitative, with a given fungal taxon increasing or decreasing over the period sampled, rather than replacing the fungi initially encountered.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02268579
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    Isolated wheat microspore culture (1995)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 42 (1995), S. 207-213 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: haploids ; microspore culture ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The use of doubled haploid plants in a wheat breeding program requires an efficient haploid production system. While the techniques for producing doubled haploids from anther culture are well established, those for isolated microspores are complicated and inefficient. Four methods of isolating microspores from anthers (blending, stirring, macerating, and floating) were compared. Isolated microspores were washed and cultured in liquid medium. The effects of pre-isolation mannitol conditioning, cell density, culture dilution, and sucrose centrifugation on microspore viability were evaluated. Isolation by blending gave the highest initial microspore viability (75%). Mannitol conditioning and purification by sucrose centrifugation had a detrimental effect on initial viability. An initial microspore density of 2 × 105 microspores per ml was necessary for continued microspore viability. One hundred and nine haploid or spontancously doubled haploid plants were regenerated from microspores isolated without mannitol conditioning using the blending method. Based on this research, blender isolation with an initial density of 2 × 105 microspores per ml is recommended for isolated microspore culture.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00034239
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    An improved medium for in vitro grain development from detached wheat spikelets (1995)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 42 (1995), S. 227-231 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: spikelet culture ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Wheat spikelets detached from the spike at anthesis were cultured on solidified media and successfully produced mature grains. These grains resembled normal grains and contained well-developed, embryos. Lower concentrations of glutamine favored dry weight increase in developing grains. Such grains were indistinguishable from grains from greenhouse-grown plants in germination on moist blotting sheets. The technique of individual spikelet culture can be used to study physiology and development of wheat grains and kernels and to study host-pathogen interactions in wheat floret diseases such as Karnal bunt.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00029991
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