ALBERT

Description: The Institute of Seismology, University of Helsinki (ISUH) was founded in 1961 as a response to the growing public concern for environmental hazards caused by nuclear weapon testing. Since then ISUH has been responsible for seismic monitoring in Finland. The current mandate covers government regulator duties in seismic hazard mitigation and nuclear test ban treaty verification, observatory activities and operation of the Finnish National Seismic Network (FNSN) as well as research and teaching of seismology at the University of Helsinki. The first seismograph station of Finland was installed at the premises of the Department of Physics, University of Helsinki in 1924. However, the mechanical Mainka seismographs had low magnification and thus the recordings were of little practical value for the study of local seismicity. The first short-period seismographs were set up between 1956 and 1963. The next significant upgrade of FNSN occurred during the late 1970’s when digital tripartite arrays in southern and central Finland became fully operational, allowing for systematic use of instrumental detection, location and magnitude determination methods. By the end of the 1990’s, the entire network was operating using digital telemetric or dial-up methods. The FNSN has expanded significantly during the 21st Century. It comprises now 36 permanent stations. Most of the stations have Streckeisen STS-2, Nanometrics Trillium (Compact/P/PA/QA) or Guralp CMG-3T broad band sensors. Some Teledyne-Geotech S13/GS13 short period sensors are also in use. Data acquisition systems are a combination of Earth Data PS6-24 digitizers and PC with Seiscomp/Seedlink software or Nanometrics Centaurs. The stations are connected to the ISUH with Seedlink via Internet and provide continuous waveform data at 40 Hz (array) or 100-250 Hz sampling frequency. Further information about instrumentation can be found at the Institute’s web site (www.seismo.helsinki.fi). Waveform data is available from the GEOFON data centre.

Description: Casten, U.: Gravimetrie in der KTB-Pilotbohrung. p. 23-39. Bosum, W., Geipel, H.: TFM (Triaxial Fluxgate Magnetometer) - Messungen in der KTB-Oberpfalz VB von 1180 m bis 2750 m. Meßergebnisse und erste Interpretation. p. 43-69. Kuhnke, F., Musmann, G.: KTB-Hochtemperatur Drei-Komponenten-Magnetometer. p. 71-109. Ponomarey, V. N., Gluhih, I. I., Astrahancev, J. G., Badjin, G. W.: Magnetometrische Untersuchungen in der Kontinentalen Tiefbohrung KTB-Oberpfalz VB. p. 111-114. Bram, K.: Vorbereitung und Durchführung von Magnetikmessungen in der KTB-Oberpfalz VB durch das Institut für Geophysik, Sverdlovsk, UdSSR. p. 115-118. Krammer, K., Pohl, J.: Das Suszeptibilitätslog der Bohrung KTB-Oberpfalz VB von 27 m bis 3980 m. p. 119-134. Steveling, E., Spitzer, K., Leven, M.: Messungen mit dem Göttinger Bohrlochmagnetometer zur vertikalen Gradientensondierung in der KTB-Oberpfalz VB. p. 135-156. Grinat, M.: Messungen der Induzierten Polarisation in der KTB-Oberpfalz VB. p. 205-206. Winter, H., Stoll, J., Aulbach, E.: Die neue Eigenpotential-Bohrlochsonde - Erste Ergebnisse in der KTB-Oberpfalz VB. p. 159-177. Bahr, K., Eisel, M.: Vertikale tellurische Pulsationen in der KTB-Vorbohrung: Laterale Leitfähigkeitskontraste und virtuelle zeitliche Variationen des Eigenpotentials. p. 179-189. Grinat, M.: Messungen der induzierten Polarisation. p. 191-204. Schepers, R.: FACSIMILE - A new acoustic borehole imaging tool. p. 209-222. NN: Variable Acoustic Low Frequency System (VAL) der Firma Petrodata, Zürich. p. 223-226. Jobmann, M.: Thermischer Injektionstest und Temperaturmessung nach sechsmonatiger Standzeit in der KTB-Oberpfalz VB. p. 229-243. Burkhardt, H., Honarmand, H., Pribnow, D.: First results of thermal conductivity measurements with a borehole tool for great depths. p. 245-258. Stiefel, A.: Gegenstrom-Wärmetauscher-Experiment und Temperaturangleich in der KTB-Oberpfalz VB vom 09. bis 19. März 1990. p. 259-281. Reifenstahl, F., Stober, I.: Absenk-/Injektionstests und Leitfähigkeits-Fluid-Logging in der KTB-Oberpfalz VB. p. 285-313. Kessels, W.: Zielsetzung und Durchführung hydraulischer Untersuchungen in der Bohrung KTB-Oberpfalz VB im Langzeitmeß- und Testprogramm. p. 315-339. Zoth, G.: Erprobung eines Multifluidsamplers (Prototyp) der Firma Schlumberger. p. 341-342. Zoth, G.: Test des LASL-Fluidprobennehmers im Hinblick auf den Einsatz in der Hauptbohrung. p. 343-350. Baumgärtner, J., Rummel, F., Zoback, M. D.: Hydraulic Fracturing in situ Stress Measurements to 3 km Depth in the KTB Pilot Hole VB. A Summary of a preliminary data evaluation. p. 353-399. Heinemann, B., Mastin, l., Fuchs, K., Zoback, M.: Auswertungen der Bohrlochgeometriedaten der KTB Vorbohrung von 500 bis 4000 m Tiefe; Analyse der Breakout-Orientierungen im Hinblick auf das herrschende Spannungsfeld. p. 401-431. Zoth, G.: Test des 6-Arm Kalibermeßgerätes (Prototyp). p. 433-436. NN: Das Mechanical Sidewall Coredriller Tool der Fa. Schlumberger. p. 437. Schweitzer, J., Peterson, C.A.: Logging with a Germanium Spectrometer. p. 441-449. Draxler, J.: Preparation and operation of the prototype Germanium Detector Tool from Schlumberger-Doll Research, Ridgefield, Conneticut, USA. p. 451-458.

Description: During the 3D seismic reflection survey within the project Integrated Seisrnics Oberpfalz 1989 (ISO89) the vibroseis source signals were recorded simultaneously with five threecomponent geophone borehole chain SEKANS or a single threecomponent borehole geophone, respectively, in the KTB pilot hole. The aim was to measure the traveltimes of direct waves in the depth range between 3220 and 3420 m in order to deduce spatial velocity inhomogeneities between surface and recording depth from traveltime residuals in the surroundings of the KTB. These data shall be used for improved static corrections if distinct from statics obtained by short refraction lines and first arrival analysis of surface data. A short description of the method is given which is based on approximation by least square fitted planes. Data examples and preliminary results are presented.

Description: The tool chain SEKAN 5 developed and constructed by PRAKLASEISMOS was proved to be capable of withstanding long-term operation under the given pressure and temperature conditions in a chemically active Dehydrill HT mud in the KTB Oberpfalz VB lA (350 bar, 110 °C, pH 10-11). The tool comprises five identical seismic receiver sondes which are equipped with a three-component receiver system, an electrically driven clamping unit and a magnetic compass system. The results of the reference tests and the measured compass values were subjected to critical checks. For the observation period the reference tests on different days for each individual sonde indicated good agreement with respect to specific signal forms. The differences in orientation determined from the seismic data and the compass values are between -11 degrees and -26 degrees. The cause of the differences can be explained in that the wave paths lie outside of the observation plane.

Description: The high reflectivity of the upper and middle crust of the Oberpfalz, both for near vertical and wide-angle reflections, was one reason for selecting this area as site for the German Continental Deep Drilling Program KTB. A peculiarity in the middle crust beneath the KTB site is the so-called Erbendorf-Body (EB) giving rise to extremely strong wide-angle reflections. It deserves special interest because its position right on the border between the Saxothuringian and Moldanubian zones of the Vari scan fold belt, the unusual high p-wave velocities (over 7.0 km/s) in its lower part at 11 to 14 km depth, and associated dipping reflectors suggest a possible lower crustal origin of the EB. A specially designed and so far unique wide-angle 3D-survey was carried out as part of the program "Integrated Seismics Oberpfalz 89" for investigating the spatial extent, the velocity distribution and the internal structure of the EB. The first results show clearly that the EB ist not a local phenomenon beneath the DEKORP4 line, but that it exists, yet with remarkable complexities, beneath the whole covered area between the Franconian Line and the Falkenberg granite complex. The wide-angle shots were also recorded by four 3-component geophones in the KTB pilot hole at 3195 to 3295 m depth and provided convincing evidence for s-wave splitting in the upper crust SE of the KTB location. This anisotropy effect seems to be related to the overall strike and dip of rock foliation in the zone of Erbendorf-VohenstrauB (ZEV).

Description: Data are presented from integrated special experiments which have been performed in conjunction with a seismic 30 reflection survey within the framework of IS089 ( Integrated Sei smi cs Oberpfal z 1989) coordinated by DEKOR(PG erman Continental Seismic Reflection Program) between July and Novembero f 1989. The main objective was to study the nature of P- and S-wave reflections and velocities, the Poisson's ratio and the seismic anisotropy in a medium of crystalline rocks around the KTB site (Continental Deep Drilling Program), where the borehole has reached a depth of 4000 m. A digital 5-unit geophone chain with 25 m spacing and three components was used for downhole recording. The program described here consists of: 1) shearwave 2D reflection profiling (SCMPw} ith two 10-12 km long lines crossing the KTB-site, source: 2 horizontal vibrators with different orientations, 3-component recording; 2) shearwave moving source profiling (S-MSP); downhole recording of the source points of the SCMP; 3) vertical seismic profiling (VSP) down to 3660 m with different source azimuths and offsets (zero-offset, 4 km, 8 km); P- and S-wave sources: explosives, horizontal and vertical vibrators, and horizontal hammer techniques. 4) multiple azimuth shearwave experiment (MASE) with 4 km and 8 km offset and horizontal vibrator sources (radial and transversal orientation). The VSP surveys display steeply dipping reflections, increasing in number below 3000 m depth. Horizontal structures, preferentially seen in the surface profiling, are the exception. Polarization analysis of shearwaves shows dominant azimuths in shearwave splitting which correlate with maximum horizontal stress (N 158° E) and with azimuth and dip of foliation.

Description: The moving source profiling (MSP) measurements are done by moving seismic sources along a surface line crossing the well site while a chain of geophones, placed within the well bore at a certain depth, records the seismic response. A multifold coverage of the subsurface can be obtained by repeating the source profile for a number of different geophone depths. This idea of altering the conventional vertical seismic profiling (VSP) geometry to allow illumination of subsurface structure away from the well is an attractive idea because it is designed to better locate horizons below the drill bit. If these target horizons can be correlated with reflectors in usual seismic profiles, recorded on the surface, the latter can be calibrated by the MSP results. Two MSP experiments were realized in the KTB pilot borehole. The first (MSP 1) included two N-S and E-W orientated source profiles of 10 km length and a single threecomponent geophone at 3585 m depth. Later a full MSP experiment (MSP 2) was run for one NE-SW orientated source profile and 20 different geophone depths. The source line was extended 7 km to the Northeast and 3 km to the Southwest of the well. A vibrator source produced seismic signals every 50 m. These shots were recorded by three-component geophones at depths from 3210 m to 3685 m with 25 m intervals resulting in a 20-fold coverage of the illuminated subsurface. Due to the difficulties encountered in crystalline environments, different processing techniques were combined for interpretation of the MSP data set. Aside from comparing measured first-break times with theoretical ones to determine seismic velocities of the overburden an MSP-CDP transformation for migration were applied. The steeply dipping boundary of the Falkenberg granitic intrusion was mapped as a distinct velocity contrast east of the KTB well. On the other hand, some remarkable seismic reflectors at depths between 4000 m and 10000 m are predicted to be hit by the future KTB main borehole.

Description: Dürbaum, H.-J.: Introduction to ISO 89. p. 3-5. Rehling, J. G., Stiller, M.: 3-D reflection seismic survey of the area around the KTB Drill Site. p. 9-53. Albrecht, J., Teichert, D.: Experiment "Durchschallung" - Calculation of static corrections from seismic borehole records using the vibrator signals of the 3-D seismic reflection survey within ISO89. p. 57-64. Wiederhold, H.: 3-D ESP - Experiment of the Integrated Seismics Oberpfalz 1989. p. 67-82. Lüschen, E., Söllner, W., Hohenrath, A., Rabbel, W.: Integrated P- and S-Wave borehole experiments at the KTB-deep drilling site. p. 85-134. Harjes, H. P., Janik, M., Kemper, M.: Moving source profiling - A link between KTB-borehole data and seismic surface measurements. p. 137-155. Mylius, J., Nolte, E., Scharf, U.: Use of the Seismic receiver chain SEKAN 5 within the framework of Integrated Seismics in the Oberpfalz. p. 159-179. Gebrande, H., Bopp, M., Meichelböck, M., Neurieder, P.: 3-D Wide-Angle Investigations in the KTB Surroundings as part of the Integrated Seismics Oberpfalz 1989 (ISO89). p. 183-208.

Description: The accurate knowledge of the Earth’s orientation and rotation in space is essential for a broad variety of scientific and societal applications. Among others, these include global positioning, near-Earth and deep-space navigation, the realisation of precise reference and time systems as well as studies of geodynamics and global change phenomena. In this paper, we present a refined strategy for processing and combining Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI), Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR), Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), and Doppler Orbitography and Radiopositioning Integrated by Satellite (DORIS) observations at the normal equation level and formulate recommendations for a consistent processing of the space-geodetic input data. Based on the developed strategy, we determine final and rapid Earth rotation parameter (ERP) solutions with low latency that also serve as the basis for a subsequent prediction of ERPs involving effective angular momentum data. Realising final ERPs on an accuracy level comparable to the final ERP benchmark solutions IERS 14C04 and JPL COMB2018, our strategy allows to enhance the consistency between final, rapid and predicted ERPs in terms of RMS differences by up to 50% compared to existing solutions. The findings of the study thus support the ambitious goals of the Global Geodetic Observing System (GGOS) in providing highly accurate and consistent time series of geodetic parameters for science and applications.

Description: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Soil or rock types in a region are often interpreted qualitatively by visually comparing various geophysical properties such as seismic wave velocity and vulnerability, as well as gravity data. Better insight and less human-dependent interpretation of soil types can be obtained from a joint analysis of separated and independent geophysical parameters. This paper discusses the application of a neural network approach to derive rock properties and seismic vulnerability from horizontal-to-vertical seismic ratio and seismic wave velocity data recorded in Majalengka-West Java, Indonesia.METHODS: Seismic microtremors were recorded at 54 locations and additionally multichannel analyses of surface wave experiments were performed at 18 locations because the multichannel analyses of surface wave experiment needs more effort and space. From the two methods, the values of the average shear wave velocity for the upper 30 meters, peak amplitudes and the dominant frequency between the measurement points were obtained from the interpolation of those geophysical data. Neural network was then applied to adaptively cluster and map the geophysical parameters. Four learning model clusters were developed from the three input seismic parameters: shear wave velocity, peak amplitude, and dominant frequency. FINDINGS: Generally, the values of the horizontal to vertical spectral ratios in the west of the study area were low (less than 5) compared with those in the southeastern part. The dominant frequency values in the west were mostly low at around 0.1–3 Hertz, associated with thick sedimentary layer. The pattern of the shear wave velocity map correlates with that of the horizontal to vertical spectral ratio map as the amplification is related to the soil or rock rigidity represented by the shear wave velocity. The combination of the geophysical data showed new features which is not found on the geological map such as in the eastern part of the study area. CONCLUSION: The application of the neural network based clustering analysis to the geophysical data revealed four rock types which are difficult to observe visually. The four clusters classified based on the variation of the geophysical parameters show a good correlation to rock types obtained from previous geological surveys. The clustering classified safe and vulnerable regions although detailed investigation is still required for confirmation before further development. This study demonstrates that low-cost geophysical experiments combined with neural network-based clustering can provide additional information which is important for seismic hazard mitigation in densely populated areas.

Description: Tropical Lake Sentani in the Indonesian Province Papua consists of four separate basins and is surrounded by a catchment with a very diverse geology. We characterized the surface sediment (upper 5 cm) of the lake’s four sub-basins based on multivariate statistical analyses (principal component analysis, hierarchical clustering) of major element compositions obtained by X-ray fluorescence scanning. Three types of sediment are identified based on distinct compositional differences between rivers, shallow/proximal and deep/distal lake sediments. The different sediment types are mainly characterized by the correlation of elements associated with redox processes (S, Mn, Fe), carbonates (Ca), and detrital input (Ti, Al, Si, K) derived by river discharge. The relatively coarse-grained river sediments mainly derive form the mafic catchment geology and contribution of the limestone catchment geology is only limited. Correlation of redox sensitive and detrital elements are used to reveal oxidation conditions, and indicate oxic conditions in river samples and reducing conditions for lake sediments. Organic carbon (TOC) generally correlates with redox sensitive elements, although a correlation between TOC and individual elements change strongly between the three sediment types. Pyrite is the quantitatively dominant reduced sulfur mineral, monosulfides only reach appreciable concentrations in samples from rivers draining mafic and ultramafic catchments. Our study shows large spatial heterogeneity within the lake’s sub-basins that is mainly caused by catchment geology and topography, river runoff as well as the bathymetry and the depth of the oxycline. We show that knowledge about lateral heterogeneity is crucial for understanding the geochemical and sedimentological variations recorded by these sediments. The highly variable conditions make Lake Sentani a natural laboratory, with its different sub-basins representing different depositional environments under identical tropical climate conditions.

Description: Along the Northern Chilean active continental margin, the subducting Nazca plate is characterized by a rough sea floor topography that has been suggested to control the rupture behaviour of megathrust earthquakes. However, there is still debate of what structures exactly controlled the extent of the rupture of the Mw 8.12014 April 1st Iquique earthquake and why it only broke 1/3 of a large seismic gap that last ruptured completely in 1877. To better understand the seismotectonic segmentation of the northern Chilean convergent margin, we use datasets from different geophysical and geodetic studies in this area to produce a 3D model. We combine depth migrated images of the two northernmost multi-channel seismic reflection CINCA’95 (Crustal Investigations off- and onshore Nazca Plate/Central Andes) lines, bathymetry data, coseismic slip models, geodetic coupling, seismic b values, relocated seismic events and the morphology of the subduction interface from gravity modelling. The interface morphology shows a prominent surface relief that spacially correlates with the rupture process of the mainshock on April 1st and also for the largest aftershock on April 3rd. The main slip area exhibits a strong correlation with a large elongated topographic depression of the subducting slab. An elongated topographic high on the subducting plate to the south of that depression correlates with low pre-seismic locking and very likely acted as a barrier for rupture propagation for the main shock, as well as for the largest after shock. A subducted circular topographic high of 25 km in diameter located updip of the rupture area, possibly prevented coseismic slip to rupture all the way up to the trench axis. Thus, our observations support that subducting sea floor morphology plays an important role controlling rupture processes.

Description: Modern continental crust has evolved to a more potassic, granitic composition than early continental crust, which comprises largely sodic TTG-suite magmas. The present paradigm holds that the latter are largely “juvenile” (in the sense that the time from mantle extraction to felsic crust production is comparatively short, of the order 10–100 Ma) while the former represent recycled older crust of igneous or sedimentary composition. The data from high-Mg diorites, tonalites, granodiorites and potassic granites of the 125–115 Ma Menglian Batholith (SE Tibet) exemplify the modern situation and can therefore be used to constrain current crust formation processes. These rocks have higher concentrations of incompatible elements than magmatic rocks from typical continental arc settings, with a continuum of increasing K2O/Na2O ratios, SiO2, K2O, Rb, and Th concentrations juxtaposed with decreasing MgO, CaO, and Sr. They consistently record both higher zircon δ18O values than mantle values and decoupled Ndsingle bondHf isotope systems caused by the interaction of subducted sediments with the mantle wedge. Petrogenetic mechanisms that connect the suite include crystal fractionation within the diorites, melting of the lower crust induced by advection of heat and water by the diorites, and high-level fractionation of the tonalite-granodiorite suite to produce the high-silica granites. Therefore, this example of modern fertile continental crust had a five-stage evolution: (1) subduction-enrichment of the mantle source, (2) mantle melting to produce mafic magmas that pooled in or below the lower crust, (3) mafic magma differentiation to produce the tonalite-granodioritic magmas controlled by crystal-liquid equilibria, (4) crustal melting and admixture to the evolving felsic magmas and (5) final high-level fractionation and melt extraction to produce the silicic extreme, enriched in incompatible elements such as Rb, Th and K. This model could be a general mechanism for how modern mature continental crust evolves. Importantly, it indicates a significant role for mafic magmas and thence a more important role for juvenile additions than is generally accepted.

Description: Most tectonic models consider that the “Samail subduction zone” was the only subduction zone at the mid-Cretaceous convergent Arabian margin. We report four new Rb-Sr multimineral isochron ages from high-pressure (HP) rocks and a major shear zone of the uppermost Ruwi-Yiti Unit of the Saih Hatat window in the Oman Mountains of NE Arabia. These ages demand a reassessment of the intraoceanic suprasubduction-zone evolution that formed the Samail Ophiolite and its metamorphic sole in the Samail subduction zone. Our new ages constrain waning HP metamorphism of the Ruwi subunit at ∼99-96 Ma and associated deformation in the Yenkit shear zone between ∼104 and 93 Ma. Our ages for late stages of deformation and HP metamorphism (thermal gradients of ∼8–10°C km−1) overlap with published ages of ∼105-102 Ma for Samail-subduction-zone prograde-to-peak metamorphism (thermal gradients of ∼20–25°C km−1), subsequent decompressional partial melting of the metamorphic sole and suprasubduction-zone crystallization of the Samail Ophiolite (thermal gradients of ∼30°C km−1) between ∼100 and 93 Ma. Thermal considerations demand that two subduction zones existed at the mid-Cretaceous Arabian margin. High-pressure metamorphism of the Ruwi-Yiti rocks occurred in a mature, thermally equilibrated “Ruwi subduction zone” that formed at ∼110 Ma. Initiation of the infant, thermally unequilibrated and, thus, immature, outboard intraoceanic Samail subduction zone occurred at ∼105 Ma. The Samail Ophiolite and its metamorphic sole were then thrust over the exhuming Ruwi-Yiti HP rocks and onto the Arabian margin after ∼92 Ma, while the bulk of the Saih Hatat HP rocks below the Ruwi-Yiti Unit started to be underthrust in the Ruwi subduction zone.

Description: The EUREF Permanent GNSS Network (EPN) provides a unique atmospheric dataset over Europe in the form of Zenith Total Delay (ZTD) time series. These ZTD time series are estimated independently by different analysis centers, but a combined solution is also provided. Previous studies showed that changes in the processing strategy do not affect trends and seasonal amplitudes. However, its effect on the temporal and spatial variations of the stochastic component of ZTD time series has not yet been investigated. This study analyses the temporal and spatial correlations of the ZTD residuals obtained from four different datasets: one solution provided by ASI (Agenzia Spaziale Italiana Centro di Geodesia Spaziale, Italy), two solutions provided by GOP (Geodetic Observatory Pecny, Czech Republic), and one combined solution resulting from the EPN’s second reprocessing campaign. We find that the ZTD residuals obtained from the three individual solutions can be modeled using a first-order autoregressive stochastic process, which is less significant and must be completed by an additional white noise process in the combined solution. Although the combination procedure changes the temporal correlation in the ZTD residuals, it neither affects its spatial correlation structure nor its time-variability, for which an annual modulation is observed for stations up to 1,000 km apart. The main spatial patterns in the ZTD residuals also remain identical. Finally, we compare two GOP solutions, one of which only differs in the modeling of non-tidal atmospheric loading at the observation level, and conclude that its modeling has a negligible effect on ZTD values.

Description: A massive landslide often causes long-lasting instability dynamics that need to be analyzed in detail for risk management and mitigation. Multiple satellite remote sensing observations, in-situ measurements, and geophysical approaches have been jointly implemented to monitor and interpret the life cycle of landslides and their failure mechanisms from various perspectives. In this work, we propose a framework where satellite optical and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) remote sensing techniques are combined with feature extractions using independent component analysis (ICA) and a mathematical relaxation model to assess the complete four-dimensional (4D) spatiotemporal patterns of post-failure slope evolution. The large, deep-seated Aniangzhai landslide in Southwest China that occurred on 17 June 2020 is comprehensively analyzed and characterized for its post-failure mechanism. Time series of Planet high-resolution optical images are first explored to derive the large horizontal motions for the first six months after the failure. Spatiotemporal dynamics of line-of-sight (LOS) displacement in the landslide body are then derived between November 2020 and February 2022 by combining 40 TerraSAR-X (TSX) High-resolution Spotlight (HS) images and 76 medium-resolution Sentinel-1 (S1) SAR datasets using Multi-temporal InSAR (MTI) method. The InSAR-derived results are subsequently analyzed with ICA to find common deformation components of points between optical and MTI results, indicating the same temporal evolution in the deformation pattern. Finally, the complete 4D deformation field for the whole post-failure period is modeled using a decaying exponential model representing stress relaxation after the failure by integrating multiple remote sensing datasets. Cross-correlation analysis of Planet imagery shows a decaying exponential pattern of post-failure displacements with an approximately 94% reduction in the deformation rate after six months with respect to the co-failure event. MTI analysis suggests a maximum LOS displacement rate of approximately 30 cm/year over the main failure body from November 2020 to February 2022; while the high-resolution TSX datasets show irreplaceable advantages in choosing the number of measurement points in MTI analysis with the number of measurement points being five times larger than those obtained by S1 datasets. The ICA analysis reveals three main types of kinematic patterns in the temporal evolution of post-failure deformation in MTI results, the dominant one being an exponential declining pattern similar to the results from Planet observations. Integrated 4D deformation modeling suggests that the most significant post-failure displacement mainly occurred toward the west, amounting to 28 m during the entire post-failure acquisitions from June 2020 until February 2022. Additionally, maximum displacements of 17 m and 19 m occurred in this period toward the north and downward, respectively.

Description: Planned decommissioning of coal-fired plants in Europe requires innovative technical and economic strategies to support coal regions on their path towards a climate-resilient future. The repurposing of open pit mines into hybrid pumped hydro power storage (HPHS) of excess energy from the electric grid, and renewable sources will contribute to the EU Green Deal, increase the economic value, stabilize the regional job market and contribute to the EU energy supply security. This study aims to present a preliminary phase of a geospatial workflow used to evaluate land suitability by implementing a multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) technique with an advanced geographic information system (GIS) in the context of an interdisciplinary feasibility study on HPHS in the Kardia lignite open pit mine (Western Macedonia, Greece). The introduced geospatial analysis is based on the utilization of the constraints and ranking criteria within the boundaries of the abandoned mine regarding specific topographic and proximity criteria. The applied criteria were selected from the literature, while for their weights, the experts’ judgement was introduced by implementing the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), in the framework of the ATLANTIS research program. According to the results, seven regions were recognized as suitable, with a potential energy storage capacity from 1.09 to 5.16 GWh. Particularly, the present study’s results reveal that 9.27% (212,884 m2) of the area had a very low suitability, 15.83% (363,599 m2) had a low suitability, 23.99% (550,998 m2) had a moderate suitability, 24.99% (573,813 m2) had a high suitability, and 25.92% (595,125 m2) had a very high suitability for the construction of the upper reservoir. The proposed semi-automatic geospatial workflow introduces an innovative tool that can be applied to open pit mines globally to identify the optimum design for an HPHS system depending on the existing lower reservoir.

Description: The minor and trace element composition of minerals provides critical insights into a variety of geological processes. Multi-element mapping by laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) is an important technique applied for this purpose and although the method is rapidly advancing, there remains a fundamental compromise between spatial resolution, detection limit, and experiment duration when using sequential mass analyzers. To address the limitation of limited analyte selection for high spatial resolution maps imposed by the sequential nature of typical quadrupole (Q)-ICP-MS, we tested the Aerosol Rapid Introduction System (ARIS) for repeat mapping of the same area. The ARIS is a high-speed transfer tubing system that reduces aerosol washout times, permitting resolution of individual pulses at 40–60 Hz. Here, the ARIS was tested not for pulse resolution but with novel operating conditions optimized to perform fast, high spatial resolution mapping of minor and trace element distribution in pyrite and marcasite. For this purpose, ablation was conducted with a 5 µm beam aperture, a repetition rate of 50 Hz, and a continuous stage scan speed of 40 µm s−1. For each LA-Q-ICP-MS map, data were acquired for six elements with an acquisition time of 20 ms per element. This deliberately reduced the individual pulse resolution of the ARIS but instead exploited the spatial resolution and sensitivity gains afforded by the high-laser repetition rate combined with efficient aerosol transfer. The new method successfully mapped trace elements at single to double-digit parts per million levels, and the maps reveal fine-scale zoning of trace elements with an effective x and y resolution of 5 µm, while white light interferometry showed that for each experiment, only ca. 1 µm of the sample was removed. Repeated mapping of the same area showed excellent correspondence not only between element concentrations in successive experiments but also in the shape, dimension, and location of regions of interest defined by concentration criteria. The very good repeatability of the elemental maps indicates that for studies requiring more analytes, successive mapping of additional elements is possible. By contrast with conventional very small spot (i.e., 5 µm) analysis, fast repetition rate and stage scan speed mapping avoids down-hole fractionation effects and minimizes accidental analysis of buried invisible inclusions. Compared to conventional LA-ICP-MS mapping, the method reduces the experiment time by 4–8 times.

Description: This paper presents a series of surface experimental simulations of methane-oriented underground coal gasification using hydrogen as gasification medium. The main aim of the experiments conducted was to evaluate the feasibility of methane-rich gas production through the in situ coal hydrogasification process. Two multi-day trials were carried out using large scale gasification facilities designed for ex situ experimental simulations of the underground coal gasification (UCG) process. Two different coals were investigated: the “Six Feet” semi-anthracite (Wales) and the “Wesoła" hard coal (Poland). The coal samples were extracted directly from the respective coal seams in the form of large blocks. The gasification tests were conducted in the artificial coal seams (0.41 × 0.41 × 3.05 m) under two distinct pressure regimes - 20 and 40 bar. The series of experiments conducted demonstrated that the physicochemical properties of coal (coal rank) considerably affect the hydrogasification process. For both gasification pressures applied, gas from “Six Feet” semi-anthracite was characterized by a higher content of methane. The average CH4 concentration for “Six Feet” experiment during the H2 stage was 24.12% at 20 bar and 27.03% at 40 bar. During the hydrogasification of “Wesoła" coal, CH4 concentration was 19.28% and 21.71% at 20 and 40 bar, respectively. The process was characterized by high stability and reproducibility of conditions favorable for methane formation in the whole sequence of gasification cycles. Although the feasibility of methane-rich gas production by underground hydrogasification was initially demonstrated, further techno-economic studies are necessary to assess the economic feasibility of methane production using this process.

Description: Forest soils have large contents of carbon (C) and total nitrogen (TN), which have significant spatial variability laterally across landscapes and vertically with depth due to decomposition, erosion and leaching. Therefore, the ratio of C to TN contents (C:N), a crucial indicator of soil quality and health, is also different depending on soil horizon. These attributes can cost-effectively and rapidly be estimated using visible–near infrared–shortwave infrared (VNIR–SWIR) spectroscopy. Nevertheless, the effect of different soil layers, particularly over large scales of highly heterogeneous forest soils, on the performance of the technique has rarely been attempted. This study evaluated the potential of VNIR–SWIR spectroscopy in quantification and variability analysis of C:N in soils from different organic and mineral layers of forested sites of the Czech Republic. At each site, we collected samples from the litter (L), fragmented (F) and humus (H) organic layers, and from the A1 (depth of 2–10 cm) and A2 (depth of 10–40 cm) mineral layers providing a total of 2505 samples. Support vector machine regression (SVMR) was used to train the prediction models of the selected attributes at each individual soil layer and the merged layer (profile). We further produced the spatial distribution maps of C:N as the target attribute at each soil layer. Results showed that the prediction accuracy based on the profile spectral data was adequate for all attributes. Moreover, F was the most accurately predicted layer, regardless of the soil attribute. C:N models and maps in the organic layers performed well although in mineral layers, models were poor and maps were reliable only in areas with low and moderate C:N. On the other hand, the study indicated that reflectance spectra could efficiently predict and map organic layers of the forested sites. Although, in mineral layers, high values of C:N (≥ 50) were not detectable in the map created based on the reflectance spectra. In general, the study suggests that VNIR–SWIR spectroscopy has the feasibility of modelling and mapping C:N in soil organic horizons based on national spectral data in the forests of the Czech Republic

Description: We present a study to estimate the large-scale landscape history of a continental margin, by establishing a source-to-sink volume balance between the eroding onshore areas and the offshore basins. Assuming erosion as the primary process for sediment production, we strive to constrain a numerical model of landscape evolution that balances the volumes of eroded materials from the continent and that deposited in the corresponding basins, with a ratio imposed for loss of erosion products. We use this approach to investigate the landscape history of Madagascar since the Late Cretaceous. The uplift history prescribed in the model is inferred from elevations of planation surfaces formed at various ages. By fitting the volumes of terrigenous sediments in the Morondava Basin along the west coast and the current elevation of the island, the landscape evolution model is optimized by constraining the erosion law parameters and ratios of sediment loss. The results include a best-fit landscape evolution model, which features two major periods of uplift and erosion during the Late Cretaceous and the middle to late Cenozoic. The model supports suggestions from previous studies that most of the high topography of the island was constructed since the middle to late Miocene, and on the central plateau the erosion has not reached an equilibrium with the high uplift rates in the late Cenozoic. Our models also indicate that over the geological time scale, a significant portion of materials eroded from Madagascar was not archived in the offshore basin, possibly consumed by chemical weathering, the intensity of which might have varied with climate.

Description: The interpretation of low-temperature thermochronology (LTT) data in magmatic and metallogenic provinces requires a knowledge of the geothermal field through time. There, the challenge is differentiating rapid cooling following transient perturbations of the geotherms (reheating) from exhumational cooling induced by erosion during tectonic uplift or normal faulting. The Takab Range Complex (NW Iran) is a basement-cored range of the Arabia-Eurasia collision zone that experienced voluminous Eocene to Miocene magmatism and mineralization. Our new apatite and zircon (U-Th-Sm)/He and apatite fission track data, together with field observations, a dedicated numerical thermal model, and a re-evaluation of available geochronology data document the occurrence of a complex geological and thermal history including: (a) late Cretaceous-Paleocene exhumation possibly controlled by regional contractional deformation followed by Eocene deposition; (b) Oligocene to possibly early Miocene (29 to 22–20 Ma) exhumation of basement rocks from 13 to 8 km of depth, most likely through normal faulting during a thermal anomaly that led to migmatization and partial melting; (c) early to late Miocene (∼22–20 or earlier to 11–10 Ma) regional subsidence with deposition of an up to ∼2- to 3-km-thick Oligo-Miocene sedimentary sequence in association with the emplacement of shallow intrusions, which led to a partial to total reset of our LTT systems sometime between 18 and 13 Ma; and (e) erosional exhumation after 11–10 Ma with the development of a transpressional system and a master, right-lateral, strike slip fault (Chahartagh Fault). Our data highlights the impact of magmatic reheating on LTT ages in areas affected by intense magmatism.

Description: To share best practices and to foster the research data management (RDM) community within Helmholtz, the Helmholtz Open Science Office hosted its first "Helmholtz Open Science Practice Forum Research Data Management" virtually in February 2022. A follow-up event on October 20, 2022 has taken up and continued this theme. The following aspects were highlighted through presentations with ample time for discussion in the forum: - Thinking and linking data, text, and research software together - Data Stewards, Data Librarians, Research Data Managers, Data Curators... – Their profiles and roles in Helmholtz - Data Management Plans – DMPs as Living Documents - Monitoring data publications

Description: Improving and homogenizing time and space reference systems on Earth and, more specifically, realizing the Terrestrial Reference Frame (TRF) with an accuracy of 1 mm and a long-term stability of 0.1 mm/year are relevant for many scientific and societal endeavors. The knowledge of the TRF is fundamental for Earth and navigation sciences. For instance, quantifying sea level change strongly depends on an accurate determination of the geocenter motion but also of the positions of continental and island reference stations, such as those located at tide gauges, as well as the ground stations of tracking networks. Also, numerous applications in geophysics require absolute millimeter precision from the reference frame, as for example monitoring tectonic motion or crustal deformation, contributing to a better understanding of natural hazards. The TRF accuracy to be achieved represents the consensus of various authorities, including the International Association of Geodesy (IAG), which has enunciated geodesy requirements for Earth sciences. Moreover, the United Nations Resolution 69/266 states that the full societal benefits in developing satellite missions for positioning and Remote Sensing of the Earth are realized only if they are referenced to a common global geodetic reference frame at the national, regional and global levels. Today we are still far from these ambitious accuracy and stability goals for the realization of the TRF. However, a combination and co-location of all four space geodetic techniques on one satellite platform can significantly contribute to achieving these goals. This is the purpose of the GENESIS mission, a component of the FutureNAV program of the European Space Agency. The GENESIS platform will be a dynamic space geodetic observatory carrying all the geodetic instruments referenced to one another through carefully calibrated space ties. The co-location of the techniques in space will solve the inconsistencies and biases between the different geodetic techniques in order to reach the TRF accuracy and stability goals endorsed by the various international authorities and the scientific community. The purpose of this paper is to review the state-of-the-art and explain the benefits of the GENESIS mission in Earth sciences, navigation sciences and metrology. This paper has been written and supported by a large community of scientists from many countries and working in several different fields of science, ranging from geophysics and geodesy to time and frequency metrology, navigation and positioning. As it is explained throughout this paper, there is a very high scientific consensus that the GENESIS mission would deliver exemplary science and societal benefits across a multidisciplinary range of Navigation and Earth sciences applications, constituting a global infrastructure that is internationally agreed to be strongly desirable.

Description: The Pan-African belts of Malawi contain a largely unexplored endowment of gem bearing pegmatites. We present U–Pb in zircon (LA-ICPMS) and Rb–Sr mineral isochron geochronological and isotope data from pegmatites across Malawi. The pegmatites contain tourmaline, beryl, aquamarine, zircon, amethyst and sunstone as gemstone species. Two zircon bearing pegmatites in southern Malawi intruded early in the Pan-African orogenic cycle at 719 ± 5 Ma and 729 ± 4 Ma and are associated with the emplacement of alkaline rocks that formed during an intra-continental rifting episode in the eastern part of former Rodinia. One further zircon pegmatite containing inherited zircon of a similar age (746 ± 44 Ma) was emplaced at 598 ± 15 Ma, after the assembly of Western and Eastern Gondwana and the formation of the East African Orogen (EAO). The majority of the analysed pegmatites, however, are significantly younger. The ∼550 Ma pegmatites were emplaced during the Kuunga Orogeny, correlating with the collision of northern and southern Gondwana cratonic entities. During a prolonged post-collisional period, possibly related to crustal collapse and extension, further gem-mineralised pegmatites formed at ∼520 ± 6 Ma and ∼500–485 Ma. The youngest pegmatite intruded in the southern Malawian Ntcheu area in the Middle Ordovician at ∼460 Ma. A large spread in 87Sr/86Sr initial isotopic ratios between 0.70556 and 0.79018 suggests a variety of magma sources for the Kuunga-related pegmatites with a variably strong crustal affinity.

Description: Ilmenite and olivine megacrysts from the 89 Ma Monastery kimberlite (Kaapvaal Craton, South Africa) captured abundant and large melt inclusions containing quenched Si-Mg-rich melt, calcite, spinel, perovskite, phlogopite, and serpentine. Textural observations and 3D X-ray tomography of ilmenite and olivine megacrysts show melt inclusion shapes, sizes and distribution patterns indicative of melt capture during primary crystal growth near the base of the subcontinental lithospheric mantle (SCLM). Patterns supporting secondary melt injection along fractures or veins, such as planar arrays of melt inclusions, are absent. Melt inclusions in olivine, in some examples reaching the dimension of centimetres, likely were captured in skeletal voids forming in fast growing, up to decimetre-sized olivine megacrysts. These large melt inclusions commonly decrepitated, forming apophyses, radial fractures, and veins, along which residual volatile- and Si-Mg-rich melt was extracted. We attribute the decrepitation of melt inclusions in olivine to the rapidly increasing difference between the melt pressure in the inclusions, captured at mantle depth, and the decreasing confining stress to which the host olivines were exposed during magma ascent and after emplacement. In ilmenite, melt inclusions up to ∼ 6 mm in diameter remained commonly intact during the kimberlite ascent from its mantle source to the shallow crust. The quenched silicate melt in olivine- and ilmenite-hosted melt inclusions, in some places preserved as unaltered hydrous and CO3-bearing glass, shows systematic major element compositional variations that suggest that this melt formed by similar fractionation and depletion processes, irrespective of the hosting megacryst phase. Apparent modal variations in quenched silicate melt, calcite, and oxide contents suggest that the melt batches captured as inclusions in ilmenite and olivine either record different evolution stages in the megacryst magma, or document compositional heterogeneities in this magma at the time of megacryst growth.

Description: The permanent rotation of the N.E.Pacific Rift is divided into three first-order rotations covering the whole rift between 20° and 60° N. during the last 80 mio years. The general movement of a clockwise rotation (35-40° altogether) was interrupted during the time between 40 and 20 m.y.b.p. by a weak counterclockwise one (8° altogether). These superordinate rotations can be subdivided in smaller ones with an average duration of 10 m.y. only. It is to suppose that all these rotations are a readjustment of the rift to a changed position of the spreading pole. Compared to it, short-time, oscillatory rotations represent compensating movements of the rift and stabilizing efforts of the plate. For the S.E.Pacific Rift it is supposed that the. Counterclockwise rotation taking place there for the last 7 m.y. is continuing, as may be concluded from the distribution of earthquake epicentres. Furthermore, the problems of pendulum movements and hinge zones at the S.E. and N.E.Pacific Rifts are discussed, which represent the magmatic activity of the rift. Hinge zones are lines of weakness of rifts, which can become fault zones. Up to now they were not mentioned in literature. The internal deformations of the Pacific Plate and Juan de Fuca Plate off California indicated by kinks of the rift, fault-folding and strike slip faults became intense about 1-2 m.y.b.p.

Description: 1. Introduction 2. Superordinate rotations of the East Pacific Rift between 20° and 60° N. 2.1. The clockwise rotation of the N.E. Pacific Rift 80 m.y.b.p. (1st period) 2.2. The counterclockwise rotation of the N.E. Pacific Rift :from 71 to 63 m.y.b.p. (2nd period) 2.3. Rotations of the rift during a transitional stage about 65 to 60 m.y.b.p. (3rd period) 2.4. The great clockwise rotation of the N.E. Pacific Rift 63 to 50 m.y.b.p. (4th period) 2.5. Rotations with a stabilizing function in a transitional stage from 50 to 40 m.y.b.p. (5th period) 2.6. The great counterclockwise rotation of the N.E. Pacific Rift 43 to 20 m.y.b.p. (6th period) 3. Total rotation of the East Pacific Rift between Clarion and Aja Fracture Zones 3.1. Sum of rotations of the rift 3.2. Special position of the plate section between 33° and 37° N. 3.3. The significance of the Mendocino-Pioneer double structure 4. Rotations of the Pacific-Antarctic Rift between 30° and 65° s. 4.1. Complex movements of the rift 4.2. Recent tendencies 5. Magmatic activity of the rift 5.1. Characteristics of rift activity 5.2. Hinge zones of the rift rotations 6. Plate deformation 6.1. Rift rotation at a collision of plates 6.2. Rift shortening due to compression 7. Conclusions References

Description: Emmermann, R.: Preliminary results of the KTB pilot hole. p. 1-23. Fuchs, K.: Continental drilling - a key project of the International Lithosphere Program (ILP). p. 25-31. Fuchs, K., Hubral, P.: Scientific deep drilling and geophysical sounding - a mutual scientific challenge to understand the processes shaping the earth's crust. p. 33-51. Althaus, E.: Fluid-dependent processes and their documentation in fluid inclusions in the rocks from the KTB. p. 53-71. Hänel, R., Draxler, J.: Borehole geophysics of KTB. p. 73-114. Rischmüller, H.: The German Deep Drilling Project (KTB) - An Overview. p. 115-129. Engeser, B., Chur, C., Kessels, W.: Current State of the KTB - Technical Concept. p. 131-158. Herold, C.-P., von Tapavicza, S., Müller, H., Clements, W. R., Braun, J. M., Smith, S., Engeser, B.: A new high temperature stable mud additive for deep drilling operations. p. 159-172. Marx, C., Chur, C.: Report on technical exhibition and excursion. p. 173-200. Rischmüller, H., Jürgens, R., Marx, C., Oppelt, J., Sperber, A., Deutsch, U.: New strategies for ultradeep coring in crystalline bedrock. p. 201-239. Quadflieg, E., Sperber, A.: Material selection and concept for the drill string of the German Continental Deep Drilling Project (KTB). p. 241-254.

Description: Maronde, D.: Das dritte Jahr des Schwerpunktprogramms "Kontinentales Tiefbohrprogramm der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (KTB)". p. A1-A2. Emmermann, R.: Bericht über den Stand des Projekts. p. A3-A13. Betz, D.: Geowissenschaft und Technik im KTB - eine kompetente Symbiose. p. A14-A22. Müller, H.: 4000 m Kristallin-Profil - Ergebnisse des Feldlabors. p. A23-A33. Hänel, R., Bram, K.: Einsatz und Ergebnisse der Bohrlochgeophysik in der KTB-Vorbohrung. p. A34-A56. Zimmer, M., Erzinger, J., Heinschild, H.-J.: Ergebnisse der gasanalytischen Untersuchungen an der KTB-Bohrspülung. p. A57-A64. Kontny, A., Vogtmann-Becker, J., Friedrich, G., Herzig, P., Keyssner, S.: Erzmineralparagenesen und Mineralisationstypen in der KTB-Vorbohrung. p. A65-A75. Borchardt, R., Zulauf, G., Emmermann, R., Hoefs, J., Simon, K.: Abfolge und Bildungsbedingungen von Sekundärmineralen in der KTB-Vorbohrung. p. A76-A88. Simon, K., Grimmeisen, W., Hoefs, J., Hoernes, S.: Stabile Isotope an Proben der KTB-Vorbohrung. p. A89-A95. von Drach, V.: Geochronologie und Isotopengeologie an Proben der KTB-Vorbohrung. p. A96-A109. Prössl, K. F., Pflug, H.-D.: Erste palynostratigraphische Ergebnisse aus der KTB-Vorbohrung. p. A110-A111. Lauterjung, J., Huenges, E., Stroh, A., Reibelt, M., Bücker, Ch.: Abschätzung physikalischer Parameter aus dem quantitativen Mineralbestand. p. A112-A118. de Wall, H., Huenges, E., Juckenack, C., Weber, K.: Beziehungen zwischen Gefügeanisotropie und der Richtungsabhängigkeit gesteinsphysikalischer Eigenschaften - Untersuchungen an Paragneisen der KTB-Vorbohrung. p. A119-A131. Bücker, Ch., Löffel, R., Schult, A.: Hochauflösende Dichtemessungen an Bohrkernen mittels Absorption von Gammastrahlung. p. A132-A145. Wolter, K., Berckhemer, H., Bücker, Ch., Dietrich, H.-G., Röckel, Th.: Korrelation von Core Disking-Strukturen mit den Meßergebnissen der Entspannungsdeformationen an KTB-Bohrkernen. p. A146-A155. Wittenbecher, M., Heinschild, H.-J.: Detektion und chemische Charakterisierung von Fluiden im Rahmen kontinuierlicher Spülungsanalyse. p. A156-A158. Zimmermann, G., Burkhardt, H., Melchert, M.: Abschätzung der Porosität kristalliner Gesteine aus Bohrlochlogs mit Hilfe multivariater Verfahren. p. A159-A170. Huenges, E., Buntebarth, G., Kern, H., Nover, G., Rauen, A.: Petrophysikalische Untersuchungen an Bohrkernen unter simulierten in situ-Bedingungen. Eine Brücke zwischen Feldlabor und Bohrlochmessungen. p. A171-A190. Draxler, J., Heinschild, H.-J., Hirschmann, G., Kessels, W., Kohl, J., Wöhrl, Th.: Klufterkennung durch Bohrlochmessungen, Gasanalyse und Kernaufnahme. p. A191-A216. Bosum, W., Eberle, D., Krammer, K., Kuhnke, F., Markert, H., Pohl, J., Worm, H.-U.: Magneto-Petrographie: Logging, Gesteinsmagnetik, Feldanomalien in der KTB-Vorbohrung. p. A217-A238. Mastin, L., Heinemann, B., Krammer, A., Fuchs, K., Zoback, M.: Stress orientation in the KTB pilot hole from stress-induced wellbore breakouts. p. A239-A256. Reifenstahl, F., Stober, I.: Hydraulische Auswertung des Absenk- und Injektionstest sowie des Fluid-Logging vom Mai 1989. p. A257-A263. Zang, A., Berckhemer, H., Lienert, M.: Entspannungsrisse in KTB-Bohrkernen als Indikatoren für das in situ Spannungsfeld. p. A264-A292. Schröder, B.: Spät- und postvariszische Schollentektonik des KTB-Umfeldes. p. A293-A299. Klare, B., Schröder, B.: Extreme Randfazies der Oberkreide vor der ZEV. p. A300-A309. Hejl, E., Wagner, G. A., van den Haute, P., Vercoutere, C.: Spaltspuruntersuchungen zur postvariszischen thermo-tektonischen Entwicklung des KTB-Umfeldes. p. A310-A320. Kroll, H., Bambauer, H. U., Breit, U.: Merkmale der Feldspäte als petrogenetische Indikatoren - geodynamische Implikationen. p. A321-A323. Skrotzki, W., Reutel, Chr.: Contribution of crystallinity studies to unravel graphite formation in the Oberpfalz. p. A324-A332. Hansen, B. T., ARGE Geochronologie: Geochronologie im Umfeld der Kontinentalen Tiefbohrung. p. A333-A340. Neugebauer, H. J., Kukowski, N.: Granittektonik: Dynamisch-thermische Modellansätze und Schlußfolgerungen. p. A341-A344. Hirschmann, G., Stettner, G., Weber, K.: Stand und Probleme der geologischen Prognose für die KTB-Hauptbohrung. p. A345-A377. Rischmüller, H.: Einführung Technik. p. A378-A383. Sperber, A., Chur, C., Engeser, B., Rischmüller, H., Wohlgemuth, L.: Das technische Konzept der KTB-Hauptbohrung. p. A384-A408. Engeser, B., Tran Viet, T., Hoffers, B., Kessels, W.: Die Bedeutung der Bohrspülung für die KTB-Hauptbohrung, insbesondere im Hinblick auf die Wechselwirkung mit dem Gebirge. p. A409-A451. Röhr, C., Hacker, W., Keyssner, S., Kohl, J., Müller, H., Sigmund, J.: Geologisches Profil der KTB Vorbohrung - charakteristische Beispiele. p. B453. Kohl, J., Zulauf, G., Röhr, C.: Veränderungen strukturgeologischer Parameter mit der Teufe. p. B454. Sigmund, J., Hacker, W., Keyssner, S., Kohl, J., Müller, H., Röhr, C.: Cuttingsanalyse in der KTB Vorbohrung. p. B455. Zulauf, G., Kleinschmidt, G., Oncken, O.: Spät- bis postvariszische Spannungsfelder in der nördlichen Oberpfalz. p. B456. Stroh, A., Tapfer, M.: Umsetzung der RDA/RFA-Ergebnisse von Bohrklein in lithologische Gesteinseinheiten am Beispiel der KTB-Vorbohrung. p. B457. Heinschild, H.-J., Wittenbecher, M.: Fluide in der KTB-Vorbohrung. p. B458. Wienand, J., Huenges, E., Nover, G., Wolter, K.: Hohlraumparameter bestimmt an Bohrkernen der KTB-Vorbohrung. p. B459. Wolter, K., Berckhemer, H.: Zeitabhängige Entspannungsdeformation gemessen an Bohrkernen der KTB-Vorbohrung. p. B460. Rauen, A., Keyssner, S., Bücker, C.: Magnetische Anomalien in der KTB Vorbohrung - beispielhafte Darstellung. p. B461. Rauen, A., Lippmann, E., Huenges, E., Soffel, H. C.: Aufbau einer Apparatur zur Messung komplexer elektrischer Eigenschaften von KTB-Proben, erste Ergebnisse. p. B462. Huenges, E., Buntebarth, G., Burkhardt, H., Reibelt, M., Schulte, T., Bochem, M.: Bestimmung der Wärmeleitfähigkeit an Bohrkernen und Bohrklein. p. B463. Bücker, Ch., Lippmann, E., Huenges, E., Rauen, A., Streit, K.-M., Wienand, J., Wolter, K., Soffel, H.: Ergebnisse der Geophysik im KTB-Feldlabor - eine Übersicht. p. B464. Streit, K.-M., Lippmann, E., Gebrande, H.: Vp- und Vs-Untersuchungen im Feldlabor: Wirkung von Gefügeauflockerung und Wassersättigung. p. B465. Rafat, G., Schmitz, D., Kohl, J.: "TECLOG-DMT": Ein PC-Programm zur Auswertung und Darstellung tektonischer Strukturen, hier am Beispiel der KTB-Vorbohrung. p. B466. Lingnau, R., Schmitz, D.: Auswertungsmöglichkeiten von orientierten Bohrlochmessungen mit dem Programm "FLIP". p. B467. Zoth, G.: Thermolog. p. B468. Kessels, W.: Bohrlochmeßtechnische Kriterien zur Auswahl hydraulischer Testzonen. p. B469. Ref. Bohrlochmessung: Sonic-, Dichtemessungen - abgeleitete Parameter. p. B470. Ref. Bohrlochmessung: In Situ Elementanalyse. p. B471. Ref. Bohrlochmessung: Datensatz ausgewählter Bohrlochmessungen. p. B472. Gatto, H.: Bohrlochgravimetrie und Dichtemessung. p. B473. Kessels, W., Zoth, G., Kück, J.: Absenk- und Injektionstest in der KTB-VB Oberpfalz. p. B474. Steveling, E., Spitzer, K., Leven, M.: Vertikale Gradientensondierung in der KTB-Vorbohrung. p. B475. Bosum, W., Eberle, D., Rolf, C., Wonik, T., Worm, H.-U.: Magnetische Diskontinuitäten. p. B476. Kuhnke, F., Musmann, G.: KTB-Hochtemperatur Drei-Komponenten-Magnetometer. p. B477. Vogelsang, D., Grinat, M.: IP-Messungen in der KTB-Oberpfalz VB. p. B478. Vogelsang, D., Grinat, M.: IP-Messungen im Umfeld der KTB. p. B479. Zoth, G., Jobmann, M.: Temperaturverhalten in der KTB-VB Oberpfalz. p. B480. Schulz, R., Jobmann, M.: Temperaturmessungen zur Lokalisierung von Kluftzonen. p. B481. Stiefel, A. R., De Grefte, I., Kück, J., Zoth, G.: Anomalien im Temperaturprofil der KTB-VB. p. B482. Burkhardt, H., Erbas, K., Honarmand, H., Pribnow, D.: Erste Meßergebnisse mit einer Wärmeleitfähigkeits- Bohrlochsonde in der KTB-Vorbohrung. p. B483. Andresen, E. Ch., Töpfer, Cl., Xie, J.: Generator zur Erzeugung horizontal polarisierter Scherwellen im Bohrloch. p. B484. Haverkamp, S., Wohlenberg, J., Walter, R.: FACIOLOG - Korrelation bohrlochgeophysikalischer Messungen mit kristallinem Gestein aus der KTB-VB. p. B485. Kern, H., Schmidt, R.: Petrophysical investigations on KTB core samples at simulated in-situ conditions. p. B486. Siebert, J., Pusch, G.: Eine neue Methode zur integrierten Bestimmung von Permeabilität und Porosität an Cuttings. p. B487. Debschütz, W., Schopper, J. R.: Porenstrukturuntersuchungen an kristallinen Tiefbohrkernen. p. B488. Bremer, M., Kulenkampff, J., Schopper, J. R.: Entwicklung und Erprobung von Auswerteverfahren im Kristallin. p. B489. Nover, G., Will, G.: Complex electrical conductivity of core samples from the KTB. p. B490. Markert, H., Skrzidlo, A.: Magneto-Petrographie an Kernproben der KTB-Vorbohrung: I. Tensoranalyse der ARM und der IRM. p. B491. Markert, H., Skrzidlo, A.: Magneto-Petrographie an Kernproben der KTB-Vorbohrung: II. Anisotropie der magnetischen Hysterese und Erzmineralisation. p. B492. Soffel, H., Pätzold, T., Pohl, J.: Magnetomineralogie der Sulfidminerale in der KTB-Vorbohrung. p. B493. Pohl, J., Pätzold, T., Soffel, H.: Gesteinsmagnetismus in der KTB-Vorbohrung. p. B494. Krammer, K., Pohl, J.: Interpretation der Suszeptibilitäts-Logs der KTB-Vorbohrung. p. B495. Behr, H. J., West, M.: X-ray computerized tomography on drill cores of the KTB pilot hole. p. B496. Schult, A.: Thermische und elektrische Leitfähigkeit von KTB-Proben unter in situ Bedingungen. p. B497. Richter, J., Neubauer, F. M., Strack, K.-M., Theis, O.: Borehole Gravimetry Measurements in the KTB Well - Preliminary Results. p. B498. Büttgenbach, T., Neubauer, F. M., Strack, K.-M.: Statistical investigation of rock properties in crystalline rocks with the database DABACOS. p. B499. Kohl, Th., Rybach, L.: Thermo-hydraulische Modellierung des Umfeldes der KTB Lokation - ein möglicher Schweizer Beitrag. p. B500. Roth, F.: Neigungen im Bohrloch durch (in-)elastische Verformungen an benachbarten Verwerfungen und Rissen. p. B501. Baumann, H., Negendank, J. F. W.: Rißschließungsdruck (DDA) und Mikrorisse von KTB-Gesteinen. p. B502. Schetelig, K., Blümel, P., Gräfen, B.: Gesteinsbrüche und Anisotropien in der KTB-Vorbohrung, Teil I. p. B503. Heitfeld, K.-H., Azzam, R., Jungrichter, J.: Gesteinsbrüche und Anisotropien in der KTB-Vorbohrung, Teil II. p. B504. Hinze, E., Reimers, W.: Röntgenographische Ermittlung von Last- und Eigenspannung in Gesteinen. p. B505. Schalkwijk, G.: Deformation and Evolution of Fabrics in Metabasic Rocks from the KTB-VB. p. B506. Pieper, U.: Reaction Fabrics in Metamorphic Rocks from the KTB. p. B507. Heinisch, H., Sprenger, W., Zadow, A., Gebrande, H., Pohl, J., Pätzold, Th., Streit, M.: Vergleich lithologischer und petrophysikalischer Eigenschaften von gefüge-orientiert untersuchten Kernen der KTB-Vorbohrung. p. B508. Siegesmund, S., Vollbrecht, A., Weber, K.: Konzept einer umfassenden Gefügeanalyse an KTB Proben zur Quantifizierung petrophysikalischer Daten. p. B510. Wall, H. de, Worm, H.-U., Juckenack, C., Weber, K.: Determination of lineations on core samples by fabric analysis and rockmagnetism. p. B511. Heinicke, F., de Wall, H., Brokmeier, H. G., Ritter, C.: Textur- und Formanalyse an Paragneisen der Vorbohrung. p. B512. Duyster, J., Weber, K.: A method for quantification of shape anisotropy in rocks. p. B513. Vollbrecht, A., Heidelbach, F., Weber, K.: Mikrorisse in Gneisen der ZEV, KTB Vorbohrung, Bohrung Püllersreuth. p. B514. Vollbrecht, A.: Ringförmige Satellitenbild-Lineamente im weiteren KTB-Umfeld. p. B515. Vollbrecht, A., Rust, S., Weber, K.: A model for microcrack development in granites during uplift - examples from the Fichtelgebirge/Oberpfalz area. p. B516. Soffel, H., Harzer, E: Paläomagnetische Untersuchungen an permokarbonischen Gesteinen aus der Umgebung der KTB-Lokation. p. B517. Tauber, S., Schwarz, G.: Erdmagnetische Tiefensondierung im KTB-Umfeld. p. B518. Arroyo, M., Eisel, M., Haak, V.: Ein dichtes Magnetotellurik-Profil vom Saxothuringikum zu Moldanubikum. p. B519. Aulbach, E., Haak, V., Stoll, J., Winter, H.: Die dritte Dimension des Eigenpotentials. p. B521. Klare, B., Kögel, H. W., Schröder, B., Schwarz, S., Toetz, A., Stettner, G.: Intra- und post-oberkretazische Schollentektonik im Umfeld-Areal. p. B522. Maier, M.: Depth of Intrusion and Subsolidus Deformation of the Falkenberg Granite. p. B523. Behr, H. J., Große, S., Just, G.: Plutonism, granite types and crustal structures in the north of the KTB drill-site. p. B524. Bischoff, R., Semmel, A., Wagner, G. A.: Jüngere Tektonik und Reliefentwicklung im Umfeld der KTB-Geomorphologie und Spaltspurdatierung. p. B525. Welzel, B., Ahrent, H., Behr, H. J., Vollbrecht, A., Weber, K.: Verlängerung der Bohrung nach oben - eine Analyse der Abtragungsprodukte. p. B526. Wagner, G. A., Hejl, E., van den Haute, P.: Paläogeothermische und tektonische Interpretation von Spaltspuraltern im Umfeld der KTB. p. B527. Schenk, P., Höll, R., Weber-Diefenbach, K.: Projekt: Gold-Wolfram im KTB und Umfeld. p. B528. Dahlheim, H.-A., Gebrande, H., Schmedes, E., Soffel, H.: Seismisches Lokalarray KTB. p. B529. Gebrande, H., Bopp, M, Meichelböck, M., Neurieder, P.: Weitwinkelseismik ISO89 I. p. B530. Gebrande et al.: Weitwinkelseismik ISO89 II. p. B531. Röhr, C., Patzak, M., Okrusch, M.: Metamorphose-Entwicklung der Metabasite der KTB Vorbohrung. p. B532. von Gehlen, K., Matthes, S., Okrusch, M., Richter, P., Röhr, C., Schüssler, U.: Metapyroxenite in der KTB-Vorbohrung. p. B534. Reinhardt, J.: Metamorphism of the metapelites in the KTB drillcore: reaction sequence and thermobarometric constraints. p. B535. Romacker, M., Müller, H., Wimmenauer, W.: Geochemie der Gneise der KTB-Vorbohrung. p. B536. Moh, G., Wolf, F., Amthauer, G., Dachs, E., Finger, F.: Untersuchungen zum Granat-Biotit-Geothermometer in Gesteinen des KTB. p. B537. Friedrich, G., Vogtmann, J., Kontny, A., Herzig, P., Keyssner, S.: Erzmineralparagenesen und Mineralisationstypen in der KTB-Vorbohrung. p. B538. Blum, N., Puchelt, H.: Schwefel - Isotopie der KTB-Vorbohrung. p. B539. Simon, K., Hoefs, J.: (O,H,C) Isotope der KTB-Vorbohrung. p. B540. Ganz, M., Barth, H., Fuest, M., Brandt, R.: Upper concentration limits of Pu in Granite and Salton Sea brine. p. B541. Schmidt, I., Blümel, P., Müller, W. F.: Phasenanalyse von Granat/Orthopyroxen/Plagioklas/Cordierit- Reaktionsgefügen in Disthengranulit (Ober-Viechtach). p. B542. Bambauer, H. U., Breit, U., Kroll, H.: Feldspäte in KTB-Proben. p. B543. Miller, H., Söllner, F., Loske, W.: U-Pb-Datierungen an Zirkonen aus Gesteinen der KTB-Vorbohrung. p. B544. von Quadt, A.: U-Pb-Zircon and Sm-Nd analyses on metabasites from the KTB pilot bore hole. p. B545. Kreuzer, H., Müller, P., Carl, C., Ebadi, A., Höhndorf, A., Patzak, M.: Mineral dating on core samples from 500 to 2000 m depth of the KTB drill hole. p. B546. Wendt, I., Carl, C., Kreuzer, H., Müller, P., Ackermann, H., Stettner, G.: Datierung des Flossenbürger- und des Bärnauer Granits/Oberpf. p. B547. von Drach, V., Köhler, H.: Sr- und Nd-Isotopensystematik an Proben aus der KTB-Vorbohrung. p. B548. Grauert, B., Grosse-Westermann, U., Albat, F.: Interpretation von U-Pb-Monazitaltern moldanubischer Gneise. p. B549. Albat, F., Grauert, B., Hansen, B.: Sr-Isotopenverteilung in Quarzmineralisationen der Bohrung Püllersreuth (ZEV). p. B550. Baumann, A., Grauert, B., Kleemann, U.: Altersbestimmung einer Mylonitzone im Grenzbereich ZEV/Moldanubikum. p. B551. Wemmer, K., Ahrendt, H.: Geochronologische Erfassung retrograder Prozesse über Korngrößenfraktionierung mit Hilfe der K/Ar-Methode. p. B552. Pflug, H.-D., Prössl, K. F.: Palynology in Gneises - Results from the Continental Deep Drilling Program. p. B553. Gohn, E., Laschtowitz, K., Gleiß, N.: Bestimmung der U-, Th- und K-Konzentrationen in Gesteinsproben für Wärmeproduktionsberechnungen. p. B555. Meier, H., Hecker, W.: Erste Ergebnisse einer Analyse von in Gesteinen der KTB Vorbohrung gefundenen radioaktiven Höfe. p. B556. Meier, H., Zimmerhackl, E., Zeitler, G., Büsche, D.: Alphaspektrometrische Bestimmung von U-Th-Isotopenverhältnissen in Proben der KTB-VB und des Umfeldes. p. B557. Ziegenbein, D., Krautheim, J., Johannes, W.: Salzgesteine als Quellen hochsalinarer Fluide: die Grenzen der Salinität bei 200 und 250 C. p. B558. Ziegenbein, D., Johannes, W.: Graphit-Fluid-Wechselwirkungen: Einfluß der Graphit Kristallinität. p. B559. Skrotzki, W.: Geothermometers based on interface orientation and relative lattice rotation of exsolution lamellae. p. B560. Petrov, I., Agel, A., Bershov, L. V., Hafner, S. S.: Aluminium traces in quartz as indicator for temperature of formation. p. B561. Petrov, I., Agel, A., Bershov, L. V., Hafner, S. S.: Thermally stable and metastable structural defects in quartz from KTB samples. p. B562. Giese,U., Müller,P.: Mobilisierbarer Ionenanteil in Gesteinen der KTB - Indikator für Fluidbewegung. p. B563. Walther, J., Althaus, E.: Fluid-Einschlüsse in Gesteinen der KTB-Vorbohrung: Der Teufenbereich 1000 bis 2000 m. p. B564. Walther, J., Althaus, E.: Neue Phasendiagramme für die Untersuchung von Fluid-Einschlüssen. p. B565. Figgemeier, Chr., Harjung, A., Erzinger, J.: Bestimmung der Gasgehalte in Proben der KTB-VB. p. B566. Zimmer, M., Erzinger, J.: Quantifizierung und Interpretation von Gasgehalten in der KTB Bohrspülung. p. B567. Fritz, P., Lodemann, M., Rauert, W., Trimborn, P., Behr, H. J., Horn, E. E., Reutel, Chr., Topp, J., Heinschild, H. J., Kamm, H., Merz, S., Wittenbecher, M.: Isotope geochemistry of fluids from open fractures (3000 - 4000 m) - Chemistry and stable isotopes of brines and fluid inclusions infracture calcites. p. B568. Lodemann, M., Fritz, P., Hansen, B., Faber, E., Whiticar, M. J.: Isotope geochemistry of fluids from open fractures (3000 - 4000 m) - Carbon and strontium isotopes in brines, calcites, graphites and methane. p. B569. Buheitel, F., Eichinger, L., Hurst, S., Lodemann, M., Wolf, W., Meier, H., Zimmerhackl, E., Zeitler, G., Büsche, D., Draxler, J., Kück, J., Nolte, E., Korschineck, G., Dockhorn, B.: Isotope geochemistry on fluids from open fractures (3.000 - 4.000 m) in the KTB-VB. U-, Th- and Ta-isotopes and chlorine-36 in brines. p. B570. Weise, S., Fritz, P., Heusser, E., Kirsten, T.: Isotope geochemistry on fluids from open fractures (3000-4000 m) in the KTB-VB. Isotope ratios of helium and other noble gases in fluids and core material. p. B571. Fritz, P., Lodemann, M., Weise, S., Pekdeger, A., Dürr, M., Rasper, M.: Regional isotope hydrology and chemistry of groundwaters in the surroundings of the KTB-Drilling Site. An Overview. p. B572. Lodemann, M., Weise, S., Fritz, P., Rauert, W., Trimborn, P., Buheitel, F., Eichinger, L., Hurst, S., Baumann, M., Faber, E., Whiticar, M. J., Schulz, R., Schellschmidt, R., Ruhland, H., Meier, H.: Regional isotope hydrology and chemistry of groundwaters - The Weiden borehole. p. B573. Lodemann, M., Weise, S., Forster, M., Fritz, P., Rauert, W., Trimborn, P., Wolf, M., Buheitel, F., Eichinger, L., Hurst, S., Baumann, M., Dürr, M., Rasper, M., Pekdeger, A., Faber, E., Whiticar, M. J., Meier,H., Zimmerhackl,E., Zeitler,G., Büsche,D.: Regional isotope hydrology and chemistry of groundwaters - Mitterteich Tertiary Basin. p. B574. Lodemann, M., Weise, S., Fritz, P., Rauert, W., Trimborn, P., Buheitel, F., Eichinger, L., Hurst, S., Baumann, M., Dürr, M., Rasper, M., Pekdeger, A., Meier, H., Zimmerhackl, E., Zeitler, G., Büsche, D., Faber, E., Whiticar, M. J.: Isotope hydrology and chemistry of groundwaters in the surroundings of the KTB-Drilling Site. Sibyllenbad drilling site. p. B575. Reifenstahl, F., Stober, I.: Hydraulische Auswertung des Absenk-Injektionstests und des Fluid-Logging vom Mai 1989. p. B576. Schmidt-Mumm, A., Behr, H. J.: Discrimination of quartz generations by Acoustic Emission Analysis. p. B577. Behr, H. J., Horn, E. E., Reutel, Chr., Topp, J.: Saline water and rock fluids in the KTB pilot borehole - an example of basement brines in extensional crustal regimes. p. B578. Behr, H. J., Schneider, N.: Apatite and quartz generations in the KTB pilot borehole and the thermal water well of Weiden proved by spectral cathodoluminescence. p. B579. Reutel, Chr., Topp, J., Behr, H. J., Horn, E. E.: Inventory of aqueous and gaseous inclusions in the KTB pilot borehole. p. B580. Grimmeisen, W., Hoernes, S.: Syn- und postmetamorphe Fluid-Gesteine-Wechselwirkungen. p. B581. Marx, C., Schamp, J.: Wissenschaftlich-technische Auswertung der KTB-Bohrdaten. p. B582. Marx, C.,Luy, R.: Untersuchungen zur Optimierung des hydraulischen Drehschlagbohrers. p. B583. Jürgens, R., Lohmann, M., Mertens, V.: Verbundprojekt Vertikalbohrsysteme: Zielbohrstange. p. B584. Kück, J., Kessels, W.: EDV-unterstützte Kernreorientierung. p. B585. Siwczyk, J., Haak, V., Stoll, J.: Electrical self-potential anomalies along the boundary of a crystalline nappe. p. B586. Kemper, M.: Moving Source Profiling (MSP). p. B587. Müller, H., Herold, C.-P., von Tapavicza, S., Engeser, B., Tran-Viet, T.: Der Capillary Suction Test (CST) und seine Bedeutung für die Bohrlochstabilität. p. B588-B589. Drechsel, U., Weber, K.: Möglichkeiten zur Trennung kontinuierlicher und crack-induzierter Schallemission. p. B590. Drechsel, U., Weber, K.: Charakterisierung von Bruchvorgängen mittels akustischer Emission. p. B591. Röckel, Th., Natau, O.: Felsmechanische Untersuchungen (Index-Versuche). p. B592.

Description: Röhr, C., Kohl, J., Hacker, W., Keyssner, S., Müller, H., Sigmund, J., Stroh, A., Zulauf, G.: Continental Deep Drilling Program of the F.R.Germany (KTB). Geological profile, metamorphic development and structural variations of the pilot hole. p. B1-B55. Stroh, A., Hansmann, J., Heinschild, H.-J., Homann, K. D., Tapfer, M., Wittenbecher, M., Zimmer, M.: Drill Hole KTB Oberpfalz VB, Geoscientific Investigations in the KTB-Field-Laboratory, Depth Interval 0 - 4000,1 m. C. Geochemistry / Mineralogy. p. C1-C37. Bücker, Ch., Huenges, E., Lippmann, E., Rauen, A., Streit, K.-M., Wienand, J., Soffel, H. C.: KTB Pilot Hole. Results obtained in the KTB Field-Laboratory. D. Geophysics. p. D1-D29. Wächter, J.: KTBase (KTB database) - The Core of a Scientific/Technical Information System. p. E1-E18. Zang, A., Berckhemer, H., Wolter, K.: Inferring the In-Situ State of Stress from Stress Relief Microcracking in Drill Cores. p. F1-F21. Wolter, K., Röckel, Th., Bücker, Ch., Dietrich, H.-G., Berckhemer, H.: Core Disking in the KTB Cores and the Determination of the in situ Stress Orientation. p. G1-G13. Röckel, Th., Natau, O.: Results From Rock Mechanical Index Tests of the Pilot Hole KTB Oberpfalz VB. p. H1-H13. Huenges, E., Wienand, J., Nover, G.: KTB Pilot Hole: Permeability Profile. p. I1-I6. Weber, K.: Observations on the Ductile Deformation Path of the Paragneisses of the KTB Pilot Hole. p. J1-J19.

Description: Kessels, W.: Zielsetzung und Durchführung hydraulischer Untersuchungen in der Bohrung KTB-Oberpfalz VB. p. 3-17. Engeser, B., Kessels, W.: Technische Durchführung hydraulischer Teste in der KTB-Oberpfalz VB. p. 21-81. Weise, S.: Untertage-Probennahmesysteme zur Gewinnung von in situ-Fluidproben. p. 85-120. Heinisch, M.: Probennahme in situ und Übertage. p. 123-135. Kessels, W., Pusch, G.: Auswahl hydraulischer Testzonen in der KTB-Oberpfalz VB anhand von Bohrlochmessungen. p. 139-164. Jobmann, M., Reifenstahl, F.: Vergleich der Ergebnisse von Absenk- und Injektionstest im Hinblick auf Klufterkennung. p. 167-169. Enacescu, C., Miehe, R., Pusch, G.: Auswertung geohydraulischer Tests in der Bohrphase der KTB-Vorbohrung. p. 173-232. Zoth, G.: Erste Ergebnisse eines Absenkungs- und Injektionstestes in der KTB-Oberpfalz VB. p. 235-283. Reifenstahl, F., Stober, I.: Hydraulische Auswertung des Absenk-/Injektionstests und des Leitfähigkeits-Fluid-Loggings. p. 287-315. Jobmann, M.: Thermischer Injektionstest. p. 319-329. Baumgärtner, J., Rummel, F.: In situ Permeability Measurements in the KTB Pilot Hole VB Using a Wireline-Operated Hydraulic Fracturing Straddle Packer Assembly. p. 333-340. Kessels, W., Zinner, G.: Abschätzung der beim Pumptest in der KTB-Oberpfalz VB zu erwartenden Zuflußmengen anhand der Ergebnisse des Absenktestes. p. 343-356. Ostrowski, L.: Hydraulisches Testprogramm KTB-VB. Ergebnisse der Feldauswertungen. p. 359-435. Heinschild, H.-J.: Ergebnisse der geochemischen Bearbeitung gewonnener Fluidproben. p. 439-470. Pekdeger, A., Sommer-von Jarmersted, C., Woith, H.: Zwischenbericht über erste Ergebnisse der Hydrochemie (Pumpversuch vom 07.04.90 - 11.04.90) an der KTB-VB. p. 473-481. Weise, S.: Ergebnisse der Helium- und Neonisotopenmessungen. p. 483-494. Lodemann, M., Fritz, P.: Isotopenhydrologische Untersuchungen im Rahmen der Hydraulik- und Fluidtests in der KTB-Vorbohrung - Erste Ergebnisse. p. 497-517. Faber, E.,Whiticar, M. J.: C- und H-Isotopenverhältnisse in leichtflüchtigen Kohlenwasserstoffen, Kohlendioxid und Wasserstoff aus Testuntersuchungen der KTB-Vorbohrung. p. 521-537. Eichinger, L., Forster, M., Hurst, S., Buheitel, F.: Radium-Isotopenuntersuchungen in Wässern aus 3000-4000m Teufe der KTB-Vorbohrung. p. 541-547.

Description: Our understanding of continental rifting is, in large parts, derived from the stratigraphic record. This record is, however, incomplete as it does not often capture the geomorphic and erosional signal of rifting. New 3D seismic reflection data reveals a Late Permian-Early Triassic landscape incised into the pre-rift basement of the northern North Sea. This landscape, which covers at least 542 km2, preserves a drainage system bound by two major tectonic faults. A quantitative geomorphic analysis of the drainage system reveals 68 catchments, with channel steepness and knickpoint analysis of catchment-hosted palaeo-rivers showing that the landscape preserved a 〉2 Myrs long period of transient tectonics. We interpret that this landscape records punctuated uplift of the footwall of a major rift-related normal fault (Vette Fault) at the onset of rifting. The landscape was preserved by a combination of relatively rapid subsidence in the hangingwall of a younger fault (Øygarden Fault) and burial by post-incision sediments. As such, we show how and why erosional landscapes are preserved in the stratigraphic record, and how they can help us understand the tectono-stratigraphic evolution of ancient continental rifts.

Description: Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) experiments are organized within the geodetic, astrometric and astronomical communities for different applications, requiring different observation strategies adopted in scheduling. Currently, the next- generation geodetic and astrometric VLBI Global Observing System (VGOS) is being established. Over the last years, evidence was presented that the delays introduced by the angular structure of the geodetic radio sources contribute significantly to the VGOS observable error budget. Consequently, correcting these structure delays through imaging will play an important part in the future, requiring a different scheduling approach. Within this work, a new source-centric VLBI scheduling approach is presented for improved imaging capabilities of geodetic observations. The algorithm is tested for a seven- and nine-station network and compared with classical geodetic schedules. Monte Carlo simulations are utilized to determine the expected geodetic and astrometric parameter precision, and two independent processing pipelines are used to assess the potential for astronomical source imaging. Based on the simulation results, it is revealed that with the new scheduling approach twice as many sources can be properly imaged. Furthermore, the precision of the Earth orientation parameter estimates is improved on average by 15%, while the source position coordinate estimates are on average improved by 50%. Tests with two VGOS networks of twelve and 29 antennas further reveal that the scheduling approach is also applicable to future VGOS networks.

Description: Biotite plays an important role in controlling Nb/Ta fractionation during subduction-related, dehydration reactions. It is probable that Nb–Ta-bearing minerals and Nb–Ta oxides could form from Nb–Ta-rich biotite as a result of fluid-aided alteration. However, the mechanism by how this alteration occurs is not well understood. In this study, a Nb-rich, Li-bearing biotite (up to 1232 ppm Nb) with REE-bearing inclusions (e.g., bastnäsite) is altered using pure H2O, as well as HCl-, NaOH-, NaF-, KF-, and MnF2-bearing solutions in a rapid-quench, cold-seal pressure vessel at 200 MPa, and 300 to 600 °C. A set of Nb-Ta-Ti alteration products (titanomagnetite, ilmenite, Nb-rutile, fergusonite, and aeschynite) formed successively over a series of temperatures, i.e., Nb-rutile + aeschynite formed first at 600 °C, followed by fergusonite + titanomagnetite ± ilmenite at 400 to 500 °C, and lastly titanomagnetite at 300 °C. The results from this study indicate that Nb–Ta-bearing oxides (titanomagnetite and ilmenite) and Nb–Ta oxides (Nb-rutile, fergusonite and aeschynite) can form via metasomatic reactions between Nb-rich, Li-bearing biotite and a variety of low pH, high pH, and F-bearing fluids. The formation of Nb-rutile with much higher Nb/Ta ratios (76.60) compared with Nb-rich, Li-bearing biotite (Nb/Ta: 24.79 in average), provides new insight into explaining the “missing high Nb/Ta reservoir”. Formation of Nb-rutile (Nb2O5: up to 31.71 wt%), fergusonite (Nb2O5: up to 42.62 wt%), and aeschynite (Nb2O5: up to 36.48 wt%) from Nb-bearing biotite indicates that metasomatic processes can lead to Nb mineralization in the form of oxides.

Description: Understanding the future fate of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GIS) in the context of anthropogenic CO2 emissions is crucial to predict sea level rise. With the fully coupled Earth system model of intermediate complexity CLIMBER-X, we study the stability of the GIS and its transient response to CO2 emissions over the next 10 Kyr. Bifurcation points exist at global temperature anomalies of 0.6 and 1.6 K relative to pre-industrial. For system states in the vicinity of the equilibrium ice volumes corresponding to these temperature anomalies, mass loss rate and sensitivity of mass loss to cumulative CO2 emission peak. These critical ice volumes are crossed for cumulative emissions of 1,000 and 2,500 GtC, which would cause long-term sea level rise by 1.8 and 6.9 m respectively. In summary, we find tipping of the GIS within the range of the temperature limits of the Paris agreement.

Description: Every year, millions of deaths are associated with the increased spread of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) in bacteria. With the increasing urbanization of the global population, the spread of ARGs in urban bacteria has become a more severe threat to human health.

Description: Deliverable D2.3 reports the work performed in task 2.3 “Metal complexation and mineral precipitation” within the Reflect project. The task is divided into the subtasks 2.3.1 “Mineral solubility and precipitation kinetics”, 2.3.2 “Mineral precipitation by impedance spectroscopy” and 2.3.3 “Modelling mineral solubility”. A combination of experimental design, performed experiments and numerical modelling have increased the knowledge of mineral solubility and precipitation at high salinity condition in geothermal fluids.

Description: Naxos in the Greek Cyclades preserves a type example of polymetamorphism. The southern and northern parts of the island record different Tertiary P–T histories between Eocene and Miocene times, including a blueschist facies event, one or more amphibolite/greenschist facies overprint(s) and contact metamorphism. Age attributions for these events are inconsistent in the literature. Here, we propose a new approach that combines electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA) characterization of the white mica (WM) with 39Ar-40Ar–Rb-Sr multichronometry. Textural–petrographic–compositional observations reveal that the polygenetic WM consists of five different generations: pre-Eocene relicts, paragonite, high-Si phengite, low-Si phengite and muscovite. EPMA mapping of four WM samples, previously analysed by Rb-Sr, reveals major element compositions heterogeneous down to the μm scale. Each WM consists of chemically distinct generations, documenting submicron-scale retrogression of high-pressure (HP) phengite grains to muscovite. Four WM samples from a N-S traverse across the island were analysed by 39Ar-40Ar stepheating, comparing coarse and fine sieve size fractions to obtain overdetermined K-Ar systematics. Fine sieve fractions are richer in Cl than coarse ones. Linear arrays in Cl/K-age isotope correlation diagrams show two predominant WM generations (one Cl-poor at ca. 38 Ma and one Cl-rich at 〈20 Ma). A lower-grade sample from southern Naxos was less pervasively recrystallized, provides older ages and preserves at least three WM generations, including a relict WM with a pre-Palaeocene K-Ar age, consistent with the high Ar retentivity of WM in the absence of complete recrystallization. The age of the Cl-poor end-member WM approximates the age of the HP event, 38 Ma. Ar inheritance in Cretaceous mica relicts is heterogeneous at the single-grain scale. Comparing the degassing rates of the WM fractions rules out ‘multidomain’ diffusion. As no sample is monomineralic, the degassing rate of each polygenetic mica is instead controlled by the mass balanced sum of the unrelated rate constants of its constituent minerals. Given the commonness of zoned and composite micas, the approach detailed here is potentially useful for reconstructing polyphase metamorphic histories worldwide.

Description: Wetlands are the largest natural source of methane (CH4) to the atmosphere. The eddy covariance method provides robust measurements of net ecosystem exchange of CH4, but interpreting its spatiotemporal variations is challenging due to the co-occurrence of CH4 production, oxidation, and transport dynamics. Here, we estimate these three processes using a data-model fusion approach across 25 wetlands in temperate, boreal, and Arctic regions. Our data-constrained model—iPEACE—reasonably reproduced CH4 emissions at 19 of the 25 sites with normalized root mean square error of 0.59, correlation coefficient of 0.82, and normalized standard deviation of 0.87. Among the three processes, CH4 production appeared to be the most important process, followed by oxidation in explaining inter-site variations in CH4 emissions. Based on a sensitivity analysis, CH4 emissions were generally more sensitive to decreased water table than to increased gross primary productivity or soil temperature. For periods with leaf area index (LAI) of ≥20% of its annual peak, plant-mediated transport appeared to be the major pathway for CH4 transport. Contributions from ebullition and diffusion were relatively high during low LAI (〈20%) periods. The lag time between CH4 production and CH4 emissions tended to be short in fen sites (3 ± 2 days) and long in bog sites (13 ± 10 days). Based on a principal component analysis, we found that parameters for CH4 production, plant-mediated transport, and diffusion through water explained 77% of the variance in the parameters across the 19 sites, highlighting the importance of these parameters for predicting wetland CH4 emissions across biomes. These processes and associated parameters for CH4 emissions among and within the wetlands provide useful insights for interpreting observed net CH4 fluxes, estimating sensitivities to biophysical variables, and modeling global CH4 fluxes.

Description: The quality of groundwater resources in the Pra Basin (Ghana) is threatened by ongoing river pollution from illegal mining. To date, there are very limited data and literature on the hydrochemical characteristics of the basin. For the first time, we provide regional hydrochemical data on surface water and groundwater to gain insight into the geochemical processes and quality for drinking and irrigation purposes. We collected 90 samples from surface water (rivers) and groundwater (boreholes) and analysed them for their chemical parameters. We performed a water quality assessment using conventional water quality rating indices for drinking water and irrigation. Cluster and factor analysis were performed on the hydrochemical data to learn the chemical variations in the hydrochemical data. Bivariate ion plots were used to interpret the plausible geochemical processes controlling the composition of dissolved ions in surface water and groundwater. The water quality assessment using Water Quality Index (WQI) revealed that 74% of surface water and 20% of groundwater samples are of poor drinking quality and, therefore, cannot be used for drinking purposes. For irrigation, surface water and groundwater are of good quality based on Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), Wilcox diagram and United States Salinity (USSL) indices. However, Mn and Fe (total) concentrations observed in most surface water samples are above the acceptable limit for irrigation and therefore require treatment to avoid soil acidification and loss of availability of vital soil nutrients. Manganese and iron (total) are identified as the main contaminants affecting the basin’s water quality. The hierarchical cluster analysis highlights the heterogeneity in the regional hydrochemical data, which showed three distinct spatial associations based on elevation differences. Groundwater composition chemically evolves from a Ca–HCO3 to a Na–HCO3 and finally to a Na–Cl water type along the flow regime from the recharge to the discharge zone. The bivariate ion plot and the factor analysis underscore silicate weathering, carbonate dissolution and ion exchange as the most likely geochemical processes driving the hydrochemical evolution of the Pra Basin groundwater. Going forward, geochemical models should be implemented to elucidate the dominant reaction pathways driving the evolution of groundwater chemistry in the Pra Basin.

Description: Carbonate rocks are highly reactive and can have higher ratios of chemical weathering to total denudation relative to most other rock types. Their chemical reactivity affects the first-order morphology of carbonate-dominated landscapes and their climate sensitivity to weathering. However, there have been few efforts to quantify the partitioning of denudation into mechanical erosion and chemical weathering in carbonate landscapes such that their sensitivity to changing climatic and tectonic conditions remains elusive. Here, we compile bedrock and catchment-averaged cosmogenic calcite–36Cl denudation rates and compare them to weathering rates derived from stream water chemistry from the same regions. Local bedrock denudation and weathering rates are comparable, ∼20–40 mm ka−1, whereas catchment-averaged denudation rates are ∼2.7 times higher. The discrepancy between bedrock and catchment-averaged denudation is 5 times lower compared to silicate-rich rocks, illustrating that elevated weathering rates make denudation more spatially uniform in carbonate-dominated landscapes. Catchment-averaged denudation rates correlate well with topographic relief and hillslope gradients, and moderate correlations with runoff can be explained by concurrent increases in weathering rates. Comparing denudation rates with weathering rates shows that mechanical erosion processes contribute ∼50 % of denudation in southern France and ∼70 % in Greece and Israel. Our results indicate that the partitioning between largely slope-independent chemical weathering and slope-dependent mechanical erosion varies based on climate and tectonics and impacts the landscape morphology. This leads us to propose a conceptual model whereby in humid, slowly uplifting regions, carbonates are associated with low-lying, flat topography because slope-independent chemical weathering dominates denudation. In contrast, in arid climates with rapid rock uplift rates, carbonate rocks form steep mountains that facilitate rapid, slope-dependent mechanical erosion required to compensate for inefficient chemical weathering and runoff loss to groundwater systems. This result suggests that carbonates represent an end member for interactions between climate, tectonics, and lithology.

Description: Marine heatwaves (MHWs) are prolonged extreme oceanic warm water events, that can cause substantial and sometimes devastating impacts on marine ecosystems. Our knowledge of regional and remote drivers, teleconnections, and local-scale processes underpinning large-scale and iconic MHWs has improved significantly over the past decade because of focused research efforts around the world. Dynamical knowledge of MHW drivers, including those from remote sources such as modes of climate variability and their teleconnections, coupled with local MHW amplification or decay processes, is critical to the process-based understanding of MHW predictability. However, the key development needed for effective adaptation and mitigation efforts by marine conservation and fisheries managers is better MHW prediction skill. MHW predictability depends on multiple factors including how we define MHWs, the regions in which they occur – e.g., coastal versus offshore, western boundary versus eastern boundary regions –, the spatial and temporal scales of the events, atmospheric heat flux versus ocean advection-driven events, and driver persistence. This presentation will explore MHW predictability on various timescales, focusing on the physical processes that offer a prediction. Some significant MHW events around Australia will be central to this discussion.

Description: It is possible to measure ocean wave data by drifting buoys even at far locations from the land and in the presence of strong currents such as the western boundary current. The author assessed how much the discrepancy between ERA5 wave data and drifting buoy wave data depended on the surface current speeds evaluated from the locations of the drifting buoys. The difference between ERA5 wave height and buoy wave height increases with increasing surface current speed. When the current is in the opposite direction from the mean wave direction, the ERA5 wave height is noticeably underestimated, and when the current is in the opposite direction from the mean wave direction, the wave height is overestimated. The maximum difference was about 20%. In the case of opposing and following currents, the wave periods from the ERA5 data and the drifting buoy also differ, mostly because of the Doppler shift.

Description: Northeast Japan is one of the world's most active subduction zones, having great earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, such as the M9.1 Tohoku Earthquake in 2011. Efforts to understand the subsurface structure via magnetotelluric studies have been extensive because electrical resistivity is sensitive to fluids in the crust and upper mantle. As a result, the deep, regional resistivity structure has been obtained beneath the northern and central parts of Northeast Japan (Ogawa et al., 1986; Ichiki et al., 2015). In this study, we aimed to image the southern part. This area has quaternary volcanoes on the backbone range and the back-arc side, active deformation regions, and shallow to deep seismic activities. Such activities are generally viewed to be caused by fluids in the crust and upper mantle that originated from the subducting slab (e.g., Iwamori, 1998; Wallace, 2005). So, we performed a wide-band magnetotelluric study by deploying electromagnetic field recording stations on three parallel NW-SE profile lines across the island arc. Each line consists of about 15 stations with nearly 10 km intervals. We estimated the MT impedance, vertical magnetic field transfer function (VMTF), and inter-station horizontal magnetic field transfer function (HMTF) at periods 0.03 - 13,000 seconds using the BIRRP code (Chave and Thomson, 2004). FEMTIC inversion code (Usui, 2015; Usui et al., 2017) was used for three-dimensional inversion because it can jointly invert the three response functions. In the presentation, we discuss the resulting resistivity structure and its correlation with active volcanoes and seismic activities.

Description: The mid-latitude ocean front has a considerable impact on the local climate and that the representation of the atmospheric structure was well reproduced for simulations using finer SST resolutions with models driven by SST with different resolutions. Although the mid-latitude oceanic front would play a role in improving the accuracy of seasonal forecasts, the impact on forecast accuracy is still poorly understood. Thus, in this study, we investigate the influence of the mid-latitude oceanic front on forecasting using the latest seasonal forecasting system of the Japan Meteorological Agency. Here, we focus on intra-seasonal predictions (mainly 3-4th week predictions) in the North Atlantic region in winter, by comparing hindcast experiments with different ocean model resolutions in 30 years of 1991-2020. It is found that the low-resolution model shows SST cooling south of the mid-latitude oceanic front and the weakening of local lower tropospheric circulation in response to the SST, consistent with previous studies. The accuracy of the predicted SST is high for the low-resolution model at the 100-km order scale, whereas the high-resolution model is more accurate for the region-averaged SST at the 1000-km scale. This accuracy deterioration for the finer scales is probably caused by the phase shift of oceanic eddies. There are high correlations of variabilities between the mid-latitude oceanic frontal region-wide averaged SST (40-75W, 35-45N) and atmospheric variables near the frontal zone. We also confirm that their ACCs are improved by about 0.1-0.2.

Description: Heat waves with higher frequencies and longer durations are spreading across the world, posing higher human health risks such as heatstroke, especially for outdoor pedestrians and workers. Particularly in subtropical and tropical cities, the concurrence of high temperature and high humidity can be deadly. In this study, we developed a street-level human thermal stress prediction system in Hong Kong, a subtropical megacity, by embedding a human heat balance model named HEATS into a mesoscale Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model with fine-resolution land utilization datasets from world urban database (WUDAPT) and Planning Department of Hong Kong SAR, China. First, the spatiotemporal patterns of air temperature and humidity during a typical heat wave period were simulated and validated against observations over the whole city, with mechanisms explained from different characteristics of local climate zones, anthropogenic emissions, sea-land breeze, and mountain barrier effect. Then hotspots of extreme heat stress along different streets in the most densely populated region of the city were evaluated during heatwave periods, which show different patterns compared to normal periods. In particular, the extra heat risk of older adults and the additional heat stress due to mask wearing were also examined over Hong Kong, where 95% people wearing facemasks outdoor during the COVID-19 pandemics since 2020, among which 20% of the population are aged over 65 or above. Our results can provide significant references for public health and urban planning to foster the development of a walkable, pedestrian-friendly, and healthy city.

Description: In the southern Chile subduction zone, the Nazca plate is subducting beneath the South American plate. This region was recently struck by great megathrust earthquakes and is characterized by the existence of a volcanic chain. In this study, we calculated the three-dimensional thermal structure in the southern Chile subduction zone associated with the subduction of the Nazca plate by using numerical simulations. Based on the obtained temperature distribution, we determined the temperature ranges for the coseismic slips of the two megathrust earthquakes and temperatures at the hypocentres of the interplate earthquakes. In addition, the distributions of the water content and dehydration gradient were calculated by using the phase diagrams and were compared with the location of the volcanic chain. As a result, we found that coseismic slips occurred only at temperatures lower than the 350 °C isotherm. This finding occurs because the effective friction coefficient increases as the slip velocity increases at the plate boundary where the temperature is higher than 350 °C. In addition, the hydrous minerals in and above the slab release fluids through dehydration reactions, which decrease the melting point of the mantle wedge, contributing to the formation of the volcanic chain.

Description: The 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake with M 9 occurred on March, 11, 2011. Many remarkable changes of crustal activity were observed in Japan after the earthquake. The Iwaki area, northeastern Japan, is one of the places that the seismic activity increased drastically. The high seismic activity area is located in a triangle area with one side length of about 50 km. The two boundaries at the depth of around 30 km and 15-23 km were detected in this area by the analysis of waveforms (Usuda et al., 2022). The two boundaries were identified as Moho and mid-crustal boundaries. It was suggested that the mid-crustal boundary was related to crustal fluid. The relationship between the time sequence of the seismicity (data of Japan Meteorological Agency) and the reflector of the mid-crustal boundary (Usuda et al., 2022) is researched in this study. The mid-crustal boundary dips northeast direction. The seismic activity began at just above the mid-crustal reflector at the southern part of the reflector. The seismicity spread to wide area on and around the mid-crustal reflector. The seismicity gap was found at the central part of the area. The large intraplate earthquake, 2011 Hamadoori earthquake (Mw 6.6), occurred on April 11, 2011 at the seismicity gap. The active seismicity area formed large triangle area. In Japan, it has been suggested that the source of large earthquake is related to crustal fluid. It is considered that the crustal earthquakes in Iwaki area are also related to the crustal fluid.

Description: Iceberg calving is a key process of mass loss at lake-calving glaciers, but there is uncertainty about implementing this process into glacier evolution models. An eight-year timeseries of images from a fixed camera near the terminus of Haupapa/Tasman Glacier is used to derive timeseries of (a) terminus position, (b) ice velocity, (c) height of the terminal ice cliff, and (d) height above flotation. Our results show that the terminus retreated 968 ± 5 m between 2013 and 2021. Ice velocity at the moving terminus averaged 43 ± 2 m/a. Seven large calving events (each greater than 10〈sup〉6〈/sup〉 m〈sup〉3〈/sup〉) accounted for 46% of the retreat of the glacier, while the rest resulted from sub-aerial calving and terminus melt. Buoyancy-driven calving events are associated with terminus uplift of up to 5.2 m over 2-3 days before calving, but the timing of calving is not related to the height of the terminal ice cliff. Repeat bathymetry shows that a sub-aqueous ice-ramp intermittently forms in front of the terminus, increasing the buoyancy of the terminus. We hypothesise that a small height above flotation is a necessary, but not sufficient, condition for calving. Another factor, i.e. an ice ramp or basal crevassing, is needed to initiate calving. The height above flotation stays within a narrow range (0-9%), which is used as a terminus boundary condition for a glacier evolution model to examine how sensitive the future state of the glacier is to details of the terminus boundary condition, and its parameters.

Description: Mirror modes are a universal plasma process, which has been observed across diverse plasma environments such as planetary magnetospheres, comets, and the solar wind. Their growth is due to free energy from anisotropies in the pressure and they play a pivotal role in constraining the plasma to marginal stability. In this study, Solar Orbiter was used to analyze trains of mirror mode structures in the solar wind and inside solar wind structures across heliocentric distances between 0.5-1 AU. These types of mirror modes are called mirror mode storms and differ from the more isolated, higher amplitude, and larger-scale structures that are more typically observed in these regions. We have investigated several fundamental properties of mirror mode storms: their dependence on heliospheric distance, association with local plasma properties, temporal/spatial scale, amplitude, and connections with larger-scale solar wind transients such as CMEs and SIRs. The main findings are that mirror mode storms can approach local ion scales and deviate from the typically assumed long-wavelength limit. They are frequently observed close to current sheets and on occasion found downstream of interplanetary shocks. The relative occurrence of these events is low and appeared to be observed during moderate-slow solar wind speeds.

Description: Convectively coupled equatorial Rossby waves (CCERWs) are an intrinsic part of the spectrum of tropical weather systems, and can bring extreme precipitation to tropical locations. They are usually interpreted as modified versions of the theoretical dry equatorial Rossby wave solutions of the shallow water equations. However, the structure and dynamics of CCERWs are rather different to their theoretical cousins. Here, a vorticity budget is presented for both theoretical equatorial Rossby waves and for CCERWs (based on reanalysis data). The different strengths of the vorticity budget terms between the theoretical waves and CCERWs gives insights into CCERW propagation and growth mechanisms, and provides a focus and testbed for future model and forecast improvements.

Description: Electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) emissions in the Earth’s inner magnetosphere are a significant driver of relativistic electron precipitation into the atmosphere. The amplitudes of EMIC waves often exceed 1 nT, introducing nonlinear effects not included in the diffusive quasi-linear theory. While the nonlinear effects have been previously studied analytically and by test-particle simulations, most studies focus on parallel-propagating monochromatic waves. Here we present results from test-particle simulations of relativistic electrons interacting with EMIC waves of different amplitudes and wave normal angles. Diffusive and advective components of pitch-angle scattering are analyzed, highlighting the important effect of harmonic resonances on both co-streaming and counter-streaming electrons. Backward-in-time simulations are used to obtain the perturbed phase space density distribution and study the loss-cone electron population. It is demonstrated that the net effect of advective and diffusive motion during one quarter-bounce results in near isotropization of the distribution unless the nonlinear phase-trapping effects become dominant. It is further revealed that particles below the fundamental resonance energy experience not only nonresonant scattering caused by the amplitude modulations but also fractional-resonant scattering stemming from nonlinearly perturbed trajectories. Finally, the simple monochromatic wave model with constant obliquity is replaced with a full-wave model based on finite-difference time-domain simulations initialized with waveforms from spacecraft measurements. Differences between the two models are discussed, assessing the limitations of monochromatic models in the analysis of relativistic electron scattering and precipitation.

Description: Hydrometeorological impacts, like floods, heat waves or droughts, affect many aspects of daily life and economic sectors in Central Europe such as health, water supply, agriculture, hydropower or transport. Within the last decade, the transport along the major European waterways heavily suffered from multiple droughts leading to remarkable low flow events resulting in disruptions in industrial production, limitations in fuel supply and significant economic losses. Future climate change is expected to lead to prolonged, more intense and more frequent low flow situations.In this context, the Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG) developed and implemented multiple operational services providing hydrological information for the waterways in Germany on different time-scales: (1) An observation-based nationwide low flow information system is being developed, which will merge the multitude of information in order to facilitate a consistent evaluation and classification of low flow situations. (2) The well-established short-range water level forecasts are complemented by probabilistic medium-range to sub-seasonal forecasts for relevant gauges. Flow and water-level forecasts up to 6 weeks ahead are already operational (https://www.elwis.de/), forecasts on seasonal and decadal time scales are subject of current research. (3) On the multidecadal- to centennial time scale, BfG provides projections of future river flow, water levels, water temperatures and further ecological parameters. This service is part of a national “core service climate and water" supporting the German adaptation strategy since 2020 (https://ws-klimaportal.bafg.de/). The combination of these services supports operational and strategical decision making and contributes to an increased resilience of waterway transport with regards to hydrological hazards.

Description: 〉New results on Southern Ocean heat exchange and wind forcing are presented with a focus on zonal asymmetry between surface ocean heat gain in the Atlantic/Indian sector and heat loss in the Pacific sector. The asymmetry arises from an intersector variation in the humidity gradient between the sea surface and near surface atmosphere. This gradient increases by 60% in the Pacific sector enabling a 20 Wm〈sup〉-2〈/sup〉 stronger latent heat loss compared to the Atlantic/Indian sector. A new zonal asymmetry metric is used for intercomparison of atmospheric reanalyses and CMIP6 climate simulations. CMIP6 has weaker Atlantic/Indian sector heat gain compared to the reanalyses primarily due to Indian Ocean sector differences. The potential for surface flux buoys to provide an observation-based counterpart to the asymmetry metric is explored. Over the past decade, flux buoys have been deployed at two sites (south of Tasmania and upstream of Drake Passage). The data record provided by these moorings is assessed and an argument developed for a third buoy to sample the Atlantic/Indian sector of the asymmetry metric. In addition, we assess evidence that the main westerly wind belt has strengthened and moved southward in recent decades using the ERA5 reanalysis. We find only marginal evidence of a southward broadening of the belt in the Atlantic /Indian sector and northward broadening in the Pacific sector and that the latitude of maximum wind speed remains essentially unchanged.

Description: While 12 years have already passed since the 2011 Tohoku-oki earthquake (M9.0), postseismic deformation of the earthquake is still ongoing. In order to detect the postseismic deformation of the Tohoku-oki earthquake, we have been performing repeating observations at seafloor sites for the GNSS-Acoustic (GNSS-A) geodetic observation technique since 2012 using both manned research vessels and an unmanned surface vehicle, called Wave Glider (WG), as a sea surface platform. We developed and tested a system to conduct the GNSS-A observations using the WG in 2019 and have continuously operated the system twice a year since 2020, visiting many (around 15) observation sites. Based on the observation data collected using research vessels and the WG, we estimated the displacement time series of the seafloor transponder array of each site. The spatio-temporal variations in seafloor crustal deformation after the 2011 Tohoku-oki earthquake indicate that the viscoelastic relaxation is the primary cause of the westward motion around the main rupture area of the M9 event, while the afterslip on the shallow plate interface played an important role in producing eastward displacements in the region south to the main rupture area. With respect to the region north to the main rupture area, no distinct spatial deformation pattern has been observed. This implies that multiple factors, i.e., viscoelastic relaxation, afterslip, interplate locking, and episodic slow slip events, are responsible for the complicated spatial deformation in this region. We will also report the current conditions of the equipment for GNSS-A observations in the presentation.

Description: 〉Glaciers in West Antarctica are accelerating extremely rapidly and discharging enormous quantities of ice into the ocean, adding to global sea level. However, while ice loss factors in this region are important to consider, the other side of the mass balance equation – accumulation - also has a strong bearing on overall ice mass. In this study, we examine extreme accumulation events over the West Antarctic region focusing on the Thwaites and Pine Island glaciers. Several regional climate models (MetUM, HCLIM and Polar-WRF) are used to dynamically downscale ERA5 reanalysis to 12 km, 3 km and 1 km resolution and we compare against AMIGOS snow accumulation data to validate and add value to the model simulations. In this work we will explore the characteristics of extreme precipitation events and evaluate how enhanced resolution impacts the quality of simulations.

Description: With the strong rise of the current solar cycle 25 also the number of solar eruptions, like solar flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs), increases. These solar events have the capability to trigger geomagnetic storms, which may disrupt and damage satellites in space as well as technical infrastructure on Earth. The forecasting tool SODA (Satellite Orbit DecAy) is based on an interdisciplinary analysis of geodetic observations and solar wind in-situ measurements, and was developed in cooperation between the University of Graz and the Graz University of Technology. It allows the prediction of the impact of CME events on the altitude of low Earth orbiting satellites with a lead time of 15 hours. To calculate the storm induced orbit decay we analyzed 299 CME events over a period of 15 years. Appropriated variations in the thermospheric neutral mass density, were derived from measurements of the CHAMP, GRACE and SWARM satellite missions. In addition we investigated deviations in the magnetic field component Bz measured by the ACE and the DSCOVR spacecraft at the L1 point. The analysis of the CME induced orbit decays and the interplanetary magnetic field showed a strong correlation as well as a time delay between the CME and the associated thermospheric response. This correlation is implemented in the real time forecasting tool SODA, which is implemented in the ESA Space Safety Program (Ionospheric Weather Expert Service Center).

Description: Lentic small water bodies (LSWB) are widespread globally. They fulfill a variety of ecohydrological tasks and are of central importance for biodiversity in rural areas. Due to their size and location, they interact with their environment in complex ways not found in other types of water bodies. Plant protection products (PPP) and their transformation products (TP) pose a particular risk to them. However, the database of their contamination is low and inhomogeneous and transport pathways have not been sufficiently investigated so far. This study focuses on two LSWB in northern Germany that were monitored for their PSM/TP contamination and hydrological connectivity in a high-resolution measurement campaign from 10/1/20 to 10/31/21. Surface runoff, lateral flow, groundwater, drainage water, and surface water of the LSWB were analyzed for 26 PPP/TP. Based on recorded hydrological data and tracer experiments, water balances were established. Results show multiple findings of up to eight PPP/TP in all samples. In addition, several input and output pathways as well as different temporal dynamics of the various PPP/TP concentrations were identified. A pronounced interaction between the LSWB and the shallow groundwater enabling a PPP/TP exchange was observed. LSWB and shallow groundwater showed a constant and high load of the non-applied TP metazachlor-ESA. Metazachlor-ESA was measured with the highest concentrations of up to 11.66 µg L〈sup〉-1〈/sup〉 in the shallow groundwater and loads of up to 3.12 g in a single inflow per month. For one of the LSWB, a drainage system was a major input pathway for PPP/TP.

Description: We revisit observed zonal wind trends using 40 years of satellite-era reanalysis products and find evidence that general poleward shifts are emerging, often with low significance but notable similarity across different seasons and hemispheres. While much recent work has focused on the jet response to amplified Arctic warming, the observed trends are more consistent with the known sensitivity of the circulation to tropical warming. The circulation trends are within the range of historical model simulations but are relatively large compared to the models when the accompanying trends in upper tropospheric temperature gradients are considered. The balance between tropical warming and jet shifts should therefore be closely monitored in the near future. We also present a new hypothesis concerning the sensitivity of the circulation response to tropical heating which may be one factor affecting this balance.

Description: Sea-level rise, changes in storminess and population growth are increasing the risks of coastal flooding. The impacts are amplified in coastal cities due to the high concentration of inhabitants, infrastructure and services. Storm surge barriers can provide flood protection in these low-lying areas with long exposed coastlines. Maintenance is vital to ensure these complex and unique structures remain reliable and comply with legal protection standards. To ensure safe working conditions, water level thresholds above which maintenance work must stop are defined. This study evaluates the changes in past and future water levels exceeding the maintenance threshold to inform management, maintenance and operation strategies of storm surge barriers. The Maeslant barrier in the Netherlands is used as a case study. Results show that 13% of maintenance threshold exceedances occurred during the maintenance season. The effect of sea-level rise and natural inter-annual tidal cycles on future threshold exceedances is also assessed. Findings reveal that the maintenance window will shift earlier in the year and narrow until exceedances occur regularly all year-round. As sea-levels rise, tides play an increasingly dominant role in maintenance threshold exceedances, which in turn will significantly influence maintenance work. This analysis highlights that maintenance strategies at the Maeslant barrier need to be adapted for the barrier to remain operational until its design life of 2100. This analysis can be applied to other existing barriers to assess future intervention points and for barriers in the design phase to verify the implications of design decisions on planned maintenance

Description: The abyssal ocean circulation is a key component of the global meridional overturning circulation, cycling heat, carbon, oxygen and nutrients throughout the world ocean. The strongest historical trend observed in the abyssal ocean is warming at high southern latitudes, yet it is unclear what processes have driven this warming, and whether it is linked to a slowdown in the ocean's overturning circulation. Furthermore, future change in the abyssal overturning remains uncertain, with the latest CMIP6 projections not accounting for dynamic ice-sheet melt. In this talk I will present new transient forced high-resolution coupled ocean – sea-ice model simulations to show that under a high emissions scenario, abyssal warming is set to accelerate over the next 30 years. We find that meltwater input around Antarctica drives a contraction of Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW), opening a pathway that allows warm Circumpolar Deep Water greater access to the continental shelf. The reduction in AABW formation results in warming and ageing of the abyssal ocean, consistent with recent measurements. In contrast, projected wind and thermal forcing has little impact on the properties, age, and volume of AABW. These results highlight the critical importance of Antarctic meltwater in setting the abyssal ocean overturning, with implications for global ocean biogeochemistry and climate that could last for centuries.

Description: Heat waves are among the deadliest climate hazards. Yet the relative importance of the physical processes causing their near-surface temperature anomalies (′)—advection of air from climatologically warmer regions, adiabatic warming in subsiding air and diabatic heating—is still a matter of debate. Here we quantify the importance of these processes by evaluating the ′ budget along air-parcel backward trajectories. We first show that the extreme near-surface ′ during the June 2021 heat wave in western North America was produced primarily by diabatic heating and, to a smaller extent, by adiabatic warming. Systematically decomposing ′ during the hottest days of each year (TX1day events) in 1979–2020 globally, we find strong geographical variations with a dominance of advection over mid-latitude oceans, adiabatic warming near mountain ranges and diabatic heating over tropical and subtropical land masses. In many regions, however, TX1day events arise from a combination of these processes. In the global mean, TX1day anomalies form along trajectories over roughly 60 h and 1,000 km, although with large regional variability. This study thus reveals inherently non-local and regionally distinct formation pathways of hot extremes, quantifies the crucial factors determining their magnitude and enables new quantitative ways of climate model evaluation regarding hot extremes.

Description: The Sun has an obvious quasi-11-year cycle and numerous short-term eruptive activities. From the aspect of energy, there are four processes of energy transmission in the effectuation chain of solar forcing to the climate system: the solar energy input to the atmosphere, the atmospheric absorption to the input energy, the transformation of the absorbed energy to dynamic and thermodynamic responses in the atmosphere, and the coupling among all the layers affected by solar forcings. However, the four processes have not been discussed in their entirety. In this present paper, studies in recent decade on how the solar radiation varies during the solar cycle as well as the eruptions, and correspondingly how the terrestrial atmosphere absorbs the input solar energy are reviewed.

Description: Hybrid simulations of tail dynamics created with the Auburn Global Hybrid Code in 3-D (ANGIE3D) suggest that tail flows caused by reconnection events are closely related to the dynamics of Alfvén waves propagating from the magnetotail to the ionosphere. To understand the dynamical coupling process described by the simulations, we consider a simulated time series of plasma sheet structures associated with tail flows. As these structures drift inward, they appear to cause responses in the Poynting flux into the ionosphere. We utilize transfer entropy to identify causal, non-linear relationships between the tail flows and the Poynting flux into the ionosphere. We present 2-D and 3-D plots showing these relationships over time and the locations at which they occur. Results suggest that flows in the plasma sheet are the primary driver of the Poynting flux, which is consistent with expectations. They also illustrate the behaviors and relative locations of simulated structures on small and large timescales. This work demonstrates how system science tools such as transfer entropy can be used in conjunction with complex simulations to describe the underlying system dynamics and provide a framework for understanding the interrelated components, functions, and causalities in the system.

Description: 〉While near-freezing precipitation events have large impacts on human and natural systems, fundamental challenges remain in our ability to adequately observe, diagnose, simulate, and predict these events. The Winter Precipitation Type Research Multiscale Experiment (WINTRE-MIX) was designed to study the multiscale processes influencing the variability and predictability of p-type (rain, drizzle, freezing rain, freezing drizzle, wet snow, ice pellets, and snow) as well as the precipitation accumulation under near-freezing surface conditions. The experiment was conducted in February-March 2022 in the vicinity of Montreal. The field campaign utilized operational networks (New York State Mesonet, Canada Foundation of Innovation Climate Sentinels) and research instruments like the NRC Convair-580 research aircraft with a suite of in-situ and remote sensors, one C-band on Wheels (COW), two X-band Doppler on Wheels (DOWs) radars, mobile sounding systems, and manual p-type observation stations. We will analyze the variability of mesoscale cloud and precipitation structures and mesoscale flow during near-freezing surface conditions. Small-scale vertical motions within clouds (convective generating cells, coherent wave motions, and shear-driven turbulence) are shown to enhance the formation of ice in supercooled clouds, leading to the enhancement of surface snow or rain. Mesoscale precipitation bands, produced by either convergence of mesoscale terrain-channeled flows or by embedded disturbances within synoptic storms, locally enhance vertical motion, increase cloud depth, and intensify precipitation rates.

Description: 〉The Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) is crucial in regulating the global climate, and understanding its potential changes under climate change is important. There is growing concern about the impact of natural processes, such as Antarctic meltwater discharge, that are not accounted for in current climate models on a global scale. In this study, we hence carried out idealized experiments to investigate the AMOC's response to Antarctic meltwater input, finding a non-monotonic response of AMOC. The meltwater-instigated cold SST propagates globally, ultimately strengthening the AMOC through enhanced convection in the subpolar northern Atlantic. However, in the early stages, a tropical SST pattern excites an atmospheric teleconnection, weakening the convection, and resulting in even weaker AMOC. This non-monotonic impact highlights the importance of the atmosphere in pole-to-pole interactions and raises the possibility of abrupt climate change in the future.

Description: On January 2023, NASA's Parker Solar Probe (PSP) mission had completed 14 of its scheduled 24 orbits around the Sun, with the closest approach (i.e., perihelion) of 13.28 solar radii from the Sun's center. PSP's primary science goal is to determine the structure and dynamics of the Sun's coronal magnetic field, understand how the solar corona and wind are heated and accelerated, and determine what processes accelerate energetic particles. The science data returned by PSP led to significant discoveries and potential breakthroughs, yielding more than 700 peer-reviewed publications. The first four years of the prime mission were mainly during the solar cycle minimum. With the rise of solar activity, PSP will explore solar wind variability as the cycle progress to its maximum. I will present an overview of the major scientific discoveries by PSP and the mission's outlook.

Description: 〉The improvement of GRACE-FO monthly gravity field models requires, on the one hand, updated observation data and background force models, and on the other hand refined data processing strategies. In this contribution, we investigate the impact of different accelerometer and orbit data processing strategies on the quality of gravity field models recovered from GRACE-FO L1B data using the classical dynamic approach. For accelerometer modeling, various calibration parameterizations and different transplant products, i.e., those produced by JPL (ACT and ACH) and TU Graz, are compared. Our results indicate that heavy parameterizations, e.g., daily scale parameters, tend to have unfavorable effects on gravity field solutions, especially for resonant spherical harmonics, which can be attributed to the fact that the GRACE-D accelerometer uses transplanted instead of real data. For orbit modeling, the issues of spectral sensitivities, sampling rates, optimal weights, and stochastic modeling are systematically discussed in terms of both numerical simulations and real data cases, which tries to address the long-standing concern, that is, how to optimally use orbit data in GRACE/GRACE-FO gravity field recovery.

Description: The North China Craton (NCC) is one of the oldest craton in the world. Since the Cenozoic, the NCC has experienced strong lithospheric thinning, accompanied by extensive tectonic deformation and volcanic activities. To better constrain the geodynamic processes and mechanisms of the lithospheric deformation, we used a linear damped least squares method to inverse simultaneously Rayleigh wave phase velocity and azimuthal anisotropy at periods of 10-80 s with teleseismic data recorded by 388 permanent stations in the NCC and its adjacent areas. The results reveal that the anomalies of Rayleigh wave phase velocity and azimuthal anisotropy are in good agreement with the tectonic domains in the NCC. The whole lithosphere of the Ordos block shows a high-phase velocity and rotated fast axis, which is related to the well-preserved thick lithospheric root and counterclockwise rotation of the Ordos block. The horizontal extension of the upwelling materials within the lower crust under the Datong volcano contributes to the regional rotation pattern of the fast axis direction of Rayleigh wave together with a distinct low-velocity anomaly. A NW-SE trending azimuthal anisotropy and a low-velocity anomaly originated from the Datong volcano at atop of the asthenosphere are revealed to be subparallel to the Zhangbo fault zone. This observation may be caused by the upwelling magma of the Datong volcano flow into the asthenosphere of the eastern NCC, which also provides new insights into the understanding of the lithospheric thinning of the eastern NCC.

Description: Sustaining phytoplankton primary production requires the physical supply of nutrients to the thermocline and the mixed layer. In the extensive downwelling regions of the subtropical gyres, the pathways of this nutrient supply remain unclear. Global estimates of mesoscale eddy mixing and internal-wave driven diapycnal mixing and climatological nitrate, salinity, and temperature data are combined to explore the relative importance of microscale turbulence and eddy stirring in supplying nutrients to phytoplankton in the North Atlantic subtropical gyre. The nutrient fluxes by eddy stirring and microscale turbulence are estimated in terms of their advective and diffusive transfers associated with the evolution of a nutrient. Mesoscale eddy stirring and microscale turbulence together supply an average of 0.10 mol N m〈sup〉-2〈/sup〉 yr〈sup〉-1〈/sup〉 to the mixed layer over the gyre. There is substantial spatial variation in the relative importance of the eddy- and turbulence-driven supplies across the gyre, where eddy stirring dominates over microscale turbulence in the northern and south-western gyre and vice versa in the south-eastern gyre. Given the combined nitrate supply by eddy stirring and microscale turbulence to the mixed layer falls short of nitrate export over 90% of the gyre, we suggest that mesoscale eddy stirring and microscale turbulence does not sustain phytoplankton primary production in the subtropical gyres alone. Other mixing mechanisms such as time-varying eddy circulations and double diffusion by salt fingers are expected to be important.