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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2010-06-19
    Description: The Kuiper belt is a collection of small bodies (Kuiper belt objects, KBOs) that lie beyond the orbit of Neptune and which are believed to have formed contemporaneously with the planets. Their small size and great distance make them difficult to study. KBO 55636 (2002 TX(300)) is a member of the water-ice-rich Haumea KBO collisional family. The Haumea family are among the most highly reflective objects in the Solar System. Dynamical calculations indicate that the collision that created KBO 55636 occurred at least 1 Gyr ago. Here we report observations of a multi-chord stellar occultation by KBO 55636, which occurred on 9 October 2009 ut. We find that it has a mean radius of 143 +/- 5 km (assuming a circular solution). Allowing for possible elliptical shapes, we find a geometric albedo of in the V photometric band, which establishes that KBO 55636 is smaller than previously thought and that, like its parent body, it is highly reflective. The dynamical age implies either that KBO 55636 has an active resurfacing mechanism, or that fresh water-ice in the outer Solar System can persist for gigayear timescales.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Elliot, J L -- Person, M J -- Zuluaga, C A -- Bosh, A S -- Adams, E R -- Brothers, T C -- Gulbis, A A S -- Levine, S E -- Lockhart, M -- Zangari, A M -- Babcock, B A -- Dupre, K -- Pasachoff, J M -- Souza, S P -- Rosing, W -- Secrest, N -- Bright, L -- Dunham, E W -- Sheppard, S S -- Kakkala, M -- Tilleman, T -- Berger, B -- Briggs, J W -- Jacobson, G -- Valleli, P -- Volz, B -- Rapoport, S -- Hart, R -- Brucker, M -- Michel, R -- Mattingly, A -- Zambrano-Marin, L -- Meyer, A W -- Wolf, J -- Ryan, E V -- Ryan, W H -- Morzinski, K -- Grigsby, B -- Brimacombe, J -- Ragozzine, D -- Montano, H G -- Gilmore, A -- England -- Nature. 2010 Jun 17;465(7300):897-900. doi: 10.1038/nature09109.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA. jle@mit.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20559381" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2010-01-09
    Description: The Kepler mission was designed to determine the frequency of Earth-sized planets in and near the habitable zone of Sun-like stars. The habitable zone is the region where planetary temperatures are suitable for water to exist on a planet's surface. During the first 6 weeks of observations, Kepler monitored 156,000 stars, and five new exoplanets with sizes between 0.37 and 1.6 Jupiter radii and orbital periods from 3.2 to 4.9 days were discovered. The density of the Neptune-sized Kepler-4b is similar to that of Neptune and GJ 436b, even though the irradiation level is 800,000 times higher. Kepler-7b is one of the lowest-density planets (approximately 0.17 gram per cubic centimeter) yet detected. Kepler-5b, -6b, and -8b confirm the existence of planets with densities lower than those predicted for gas giant planets.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Borucki, William J -- Koch, David -- Basri, Gibor -- Batalha, Natalie -- Brown, Timothy -- Caldwell, Douglas -- Caldwell, John -- Christensen-Dalsgaard, Jorgen -- Cochran, William D -- DeVore, Edna -- Dunham, Edward W -- Dupree, Andrea K -- Gautier, Thomas N 3rd -- Geary, John C -- Gilliland, Ronald -- Gould, Alan -- Howell, Steve B -- Jenkins, Jon M -- Kondo, Yoji -- Latham, David W -- Marcy, Geoffrey W -- Meibom, Soren -- Kjeldsen, Hans -- Lissauer, Jack J -- Monet, David G -- Morrison, David -- Sasselov, Dimitar -- Tarter, Jill -- Boss, Alan -- Brownlee, Don -- Owen, Toby -- Buzasi, Derek -- Charbonneau, David -- Doyle, Laurance -- Fortney, Jonathan -- Ford, Eric B -- Holman, Matthew J -- Seager, Sara -- Steffen, Jason H -- Welsh, William F -- Rowe, Jason -- Anderson, Howard -- Buchhave, Lars -- Ciardi, David -- Walkowicz, Lucianne -- Sherry, William -- Horch, Elliott -- Isaacson, Howard -- Everett, Mark E -- Fischer, Debra -- Torres, Guillermo -- Johnson, John Asher -- Endl, Michael -- MacQueen, Phillip -- Bryson, Stephen T -- Dotson, Jessie -- Haas, Michael -- Kolodziejczak, Jeffrey -- Van Cleve, Jeffrey -- Chandrasekaran, Hema -- Twicken, Joseph D -- Quintana, Elisa V -- Clarke, Bruce D -- Allen, Christopher -- Li, Jie -- Wu, Haley -- Tenenbaum, Peter -- Verner, Ekaterina -- Bruhweiler, Frederick -- Barnes, Jason -- Prsa, Andrej -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Feb 19;327(5968):977-80. doi: 10.1126/science.1185402. Epub 2010 Jan 7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA. William.J.Borucki@nasa.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20056856" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2011-09-17
    Description: We report the detection of a planet whose orbit surrounds a pair of low-mass stars. Data from the Kepler spacecraft reveal transits of the planet across both stars, in addition to the mutual eclipses of the stars, giving precise constraints on the absolute dimensions of all three bodies. The planet is comparable to Saturn in mass and size and is on a nearly circular 229-day orbit around its two parent stars. The eclipsing stars are 20 and 69% as massive as the Sun and have an eccentric 41-day orbit. The motions of all three bodies are confined to within 0.5 degrees of a single plane, suggesting that the planet formed within a circumbinary disk.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Doyle, Laurance R -- Carter, Joshua A -- Fabrycky, Daniel C -- Slawson, Robert W -- Howell, Steve B -- Winn, Joshua N -- Orosz, Jerome A -- Prsa, Andrej -- Welsh, William F -- Quinn, Samuel N -- Latham, David -- Torres, Guillermo -- Buchhave, Lars A -- Marcy, Geoffrey W -- Fortney, Jonathan J -- Shporer, Avi -- Ford, Eric B -- Lissauer, Jack J -- Ragozzine, Darin -- Rucker, Michael -- Batalha, Natalie -- Jenkins, Jon M -- Borucki, William J -- Koch, David -- Middour, Christopher K -- Hall, Jennifer R -- McCauliff, Sean -- Fanelli, Michael N -- Quintana, Elisa V -- Holman, Matthew J -- Caldwell, Douglas A -- Still, Martin -- Stefanik, Robert P -- Brown, Warren R -- Esquerdo, Gilbert A -- Tang, Sumin -- Furesz, Gabor -- Geary, John C -- Berlind, Perry -- Calkins, Michael L -- Short, Donald R -- Steffen, Jason H -- Sasselov, Dimitar -- Dunham, Edward W -- Cochran, William D -- Boss, Alan -- Haas, Michael R -- Buzasi, Derek -- Fischer, Debra -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Sep 16;333(6049):1602-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1210923.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Carl Sagan Center for the Study of Life in the Universe, SETI Institute, 189 Bernardo Avenue, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA. ldoyle@seti.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21921192" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2011-02-05
    Description: When an extrasolar planet passes in front of (transits) its star, its radius can be measured from the decrease in starlight and its orbital period from the time between transits. Multiple planets transiting the same star reveal much more: period ratios determine stability and dynamics, mutual gravitational interactions reflect planet masses and orbital shapes, and the fraction of transiting planets observed as multiples has implications for the planarity of planetary systems. But few stars have more than one known transiting planet, and none has more than three. Here we report Kepler spacecraft observations of a single Sun-like star, which we call Kepler-11, that reveal six transiting planets, five with orbital periods between 10 and 47 days and a sixth planet with a longer period. The five inner planets are among the smallest for which mass and size have both been measured, and these measurements imply substantial envelopes of light gases. The degree of coplanarity and proximity of the planetary orbits imply energy dissipation near the end of planet formation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lissauer, Jack J -- Fabrycky, Daniel C -- Ford, Eric B -- Borucki, William J -- Fressin, Francois -- Marcy, Geoffrey W -- Orosz, Jerome A -- Rowe, Jason F -- Torres, Guillermo -- Welsh, William F -- Batalha, Natalie M -- Bryson, Stephen T -- Buchhave, Lars A -- Caldwell, Douglas A -- Carter, Joshua A -- Charbonneau, David -- Christiansen, Jessie L -- Cochran, William D -- Desert, Jean-Michel -- Dunham, Edward W -- Fanelli, Michael N -- Fortney, Jonathan J -- Gautier, Thomas N 3rd -- Geary, John C -- Gilliland, Ronald L -- Haas, Michael R -- Hall, Jennifer R -- Holman, Matthew J -- Koch, David G -- Latham, David W -- Lopez, Eric -- McCauliff, Sean -- Miller, Neil -- Morehead, Robert C -- Quintana, Elisa V -- Ragozzine, Darin -- Sasselov, Dimitar -- Short, Donald R -- Steffen, Jason H -- England -- Nature. 2011 Feb 3;470(7332):53-8. doi: 10.1038/nature09760.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California 94035, USA. jack.lissauer@nasa.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21293371" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2010-08-28
    Description: The Kepler spacecraft is monitoring more than 150,000 stars for evidence of planets transiting those stars. We report the detection of two Saturn-size planets that transit the same Sun-like star, based on 7 months of Kepler observations. Their 19.2- and 38.9-day periods are presently increasing and decreasing at respective average rates of 4 and 39 minutes per orbit; in addition, the transit times of the inner body display an alternating variation of smaller amplitude. These signatures are characteristic of gravitational interaction of two planets near a 2:1 orbital resonance. Six radial-velocity observations show that these two planets are the most massive objects orbiting close to the star and substantially improve the estimates of their masses. After removing the signal of the two confirmed giant planets, we identified an additional transiting super-Earth-size planet candidate with a period of 1.6 days.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Holman, Matthew J -- Fabrycky, Daniel C -- Ragozzine, Darin -- Ford, Eric B -- Steffen, Jason H -- Welsh, William F -- Lissauer, Jack J -- Latham, David W -- Marcy, Geoffrey W -- Walkowicz, Lucianne M -- Batalha, Natalie M -- Jenkins, Jon M -- Rowe, Jason F -- Cochran, William D -- Fressin, Francois -- Torres, Guillermo -- Buchhave, Lars A -- Sasselov, Dimitar D -- Borucki, William J -- Koch, David G -- Basri, Gibor -- Brown, Timothy M -- Caldwell, Douglas A -- Charbonneau, David -- Dunham, Edward W -- Gautier, Thomas N 3rd -- Geary, John C -- Gilliland, Ronald L -- Haas, Michael R -- Howell, Steve B -- Ciardi, David R -- Endl, Michael -- Fischer, Debra -- Furesz, Gabor -- Hartman, Joel D -- Isaacson, Howard -- Johnson, John A -- MacQueen, Phillip J -- Moorhead, Althea V -- Morehead, Robert C -- Orosz, Jerome A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Oct 1;330(6000):51-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1195778. Epub 2010 Aug 26.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. mholman@cfa.harvard.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20798283" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Stellar occultations—the passing of a relatively nearby body in front of a background star—can be used to probe the atmosphere of the closer body with a spatial resolution of a few kilometres (ref. 1). Such observations can yield the scale height, temperature profile, and ...
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Triton, Neptune's largest moon, has been predicted to undergo significant seasonal changes that would reveal themselves as changes in its mean frost temperature. But whether this temperature should at the present time be increasing, decreasing or constant depends on a number of parameters (such ...
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The 9 March 1994 occultation of Ch08 (GSC248-01674)9 by Chiron was successfully observed with two telescopes: the 0.9-m telescope aboard NASA's Kuiper Airborne Observatory (KAO) flying near Recife, Brazil and the 0.5-m telescope at the South African Astronomical Observatory (SAAO) at Sutherland. We ...
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1572-946X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract FRESIP (FRequency of Earth-Sized Inner Planets) is a mission designed to detect and characterize Earth-sizes planets around solar-like stars. The sizes of the planets are determined from the decrease in light from a star that occurs during planetary transits, while the orbital period is determined from the repeatability of the transits. Measurements of these parameters can be compared to theories that predict the spacing of planets, their distribution of size with orbital distance, and the variation of these quantities with stellar type and multiplicity. Because thousands of stars must be continually monitored to detect the transits, much information on the stars can be obtained on their rotation rates and activity cycles. Observations of p-mode oscillations also provide information on their age and composition. These goals are accomplished by continuously and simultaneously monitoring 500 solar-like stars for evidence of brightness changes caused by Earth-sized or larger planetary transits. To obtain the high precision needed to find planets as small as the Earth and Venus around solar-like stars, a wide field of view Schmidt telescope with an array of CCD detectors at its focal plane must be located outside of the Earth's at mosphere. SMM (Solar Maximum Mission) observations of the low-level variability of the Sun (∼1:100,000) on the time scales of a transit (4 to 16 hours), and our laboratory measurements of the photometric precision of charge-coupled devices (1:100,000) show that the detection of planets as small as the Earth is practical. The probability for detecting transits is quite favorable for planets in inner orbits. If other planetary systems are similar to our own, then approximately 1% of those systems will show transits resulting in the discovery of 50 planetary systems in or near the habitable zone of solar-like stars.
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 1974-03-01
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
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