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  • 1
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    Ozone depletion: ultraviolet radiation and phytoplankton biology in antarctic waters (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-02-21
    Description: The springtime stratospheric ozone (O3) layer over the Antarctic is thinning by as much as 50 percent, resulting in increased midultraviolet (UVB) radiation reaching the surface of the Southern Ocean. There is concern that phytoplankton communities confined to near-surface waters of the marginal ice zone will be harmed by increased UVB irradiance penetrating the ocean surface, thereby altering the dynamics of Antarctic marine ecosystems. Results from a 6-week cruise (Icecolors) in the marginal ice zone of the Bellingshausen Sea in austral spring of 1990 indicated that as the O3 layer thinned: (i) sea surface- and depth-dependent ratios of UVB irradiance (280 to 320 nanometers) to total irradiance (280 to 700 nanometers) increased and (ii) UVB inhibition of photosynthesis increased. These and other Icecolors findings suggest that O3-dependent shifts of in-water spectral irradiances alter the balance of spectrally dependent phytoplankton processes, including photoinhibition, photoreactivation, photoprotection, and photosynthesis. A minimum 6 to 12 percent reduction in primary production associated with O3 depletion was estimated for the duration of the cruise.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Smith, R C -- Prezelin, B B -- Baker, K S -- Bidigare, R R -- Boucher, N P -- Coley, T -- Karentz, D -- MacIntyre, S -- Matlick, H A -- Menzies, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Feb 21;255(5047):952-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geography, University of California, Santa Barbara 93106.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1546292" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Antarctic Regions ; Cell Division ; *Ozone ; Phytoplankton/*physiology/radiation effects ; Seasons ; Ultraviolet Rays
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Revisiting carbon flux through the ocean's twilight zone (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-04-28
    Description: The oceanic biological pump drives sequestration of carbon dioxide in the deep sea via sinking particles. Rapid biological consumption and remineralization of carbon in the "twilight zone" (depths between the euphotic zone and 1000 meters) reduce the efficiency of sequestration. By using neutrally buoyant sediment traps to sample this chronically understudied realm, we measured a transfer efficiency of sinking particulate organic carbon between 150 and 500 meters of 20 and 50% at two contrasting sites. This large variability in transfer efficiency is poorly represented in biogeochemical models. If applied globally, this is equivalent to a difference in carbon sequestration of more than 3 petagrams of carbon per year.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Buesseler, Ken O -- Lamborg, Carl H -- Boyd, Philip W -- Lam, Phoebe J -- Trull, Thomas W -- Bidigare, Robert R -- Bishop, James K B -- Casciotti, Karen L -- Dehairs, Frank -- Elskens, Marc -- Honda, Makio -- Karl, David M -- Siegel, David A -- Silver, Mary W -- Steinberg, Deborah K -- Valdes, Jim -- Van Mooy, Benjamin -- Wilson, Stephanie -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Apr 27;316(5824):567-70.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA. kbuesseler@whoi.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17463282" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Carbon/metabolism ; Carbon Dioxide ; Copepoda/physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Food Chain ; Geologic Sediments/chemistry ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Pacific Ocean ; Phytoplankton/physiology ; *Seawater/chemistry ; Zooplankton/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    Southern Ocean iron enrichment experiment: carbon cycling in high- and low-Si waters (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-04-17
    Description: The availability of iron is known to exert a controlling influence on biological productivity in surface waters over large areas of the ocean and may have been an important factor in the variation of the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide over glacial cycles. The effect of iron in the Southern Ocean is particularly important because of its large area and abundant nitrate, yet iron-enhanced growth of phytoplankton may be differentially expressed between waters with high silicic acid in the south and low silicic acid in the north, where diatom growth may be limited by both silicic acid and iron. Two mesoscale experiments, designed to investigate the effects of iron enrichment in regions with high and low concentrations of silicic acid, were performed in the Southern Ocean. These experiments demonstrate iron's pivotal role in controlling carbon uptake and regulating atmospheric partial pressure of carbon dioxide.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Coale, Kenneth H -- Johnson, Kenneth S -- Chavez, Francisco P -- Buesseler, Ken O -- Barber, Richard T -- Brzezinski, Mark A -- Cochlan, William P -- Millero, Frank J -- Falkowski, Paul G -- Bauer, James E -- Wanninkhof, Rik H -- Kudela, Raphael M -- Altabet, Mark A -- Hales, Burke E -- Takahashi, Taro -- Landry, Michael R -- Bidigare, Robert R -- Wang, Xiujun -- Chase, Zanna -- Strutton, Pete G -- Friederich, Gernot E -- Gorbunov, Maxim Y -- Lance, Veronica P -- Hilting, Anna K -- Hiscock, Michael R -- Demarest, Mark -- Hiscock, William T -- Sullivan, Kevin F -- Tanner, Sara J -- Gordon, R Mike -- Hunter, Craig N -- Elrod, Virginia A -- Fitzwater, Steve E -- Jones, Janice L -- Tozzi, Sasha -- Koblizek, Michal -- Roberts, Alice E -- Herndon, Julian -- Brewster, Jodi -- Ladizinsky, Nicolas -- Smith, Geoffrey -- Cooper, David -- Timothy, David -- Brown, Susan L -- Selph, Karen E -- Sheridan, Cecelia C -- Twining, Benjamin S -- Johnson, Zackary I -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Apr 16;304(5669):408-14.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, 8272 Moss Landing Road, Moss Landing, CA 95039-9647, USA. coale@mlml.calstate.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15087542" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; Biomass ; Carbon/analysis/*metabolism ; Carbon Dioxide/analysis/metabolism ; Chlorophyll/analysis ; Diatoms/growth & development/metabolism ; Ecosystem ; *Iron/analysis/metabolism ; Nitrates/analysis/metabolism ; Nitrogen/analysis/metabolism ; Oceans and Seas ; Photosynthesis ; Phytoplankton/*growth & development/metabolism ; Seawater/chemistry ; *Silicic Acid/analysis/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 4
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    Is there a decline in marine phytoplankton? (2011)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-04-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉McQuatters-Gollop, Abigail -- Reid, Philip C -- Edwards, Martin -- Burkill, Peter H -- Castellani, Claudia -- Batten, Sonia -- Gieskes, Winfried -- Beare, Doug -- Bidigare, Robert R -- Head, Erica -- Johnson, Rod -- Kahru, Mati -- Koslow, J Anthony -- Pena, Angelica -- England -- Nature. 2011 Apr 14;472(7342):E6-7; discussion E8-9. doi: 10.1038/nature09950.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Science, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth, PL1 2PB, UK. abiqua@sahfos.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21490625" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aquatic Organisms/growth & development/*isolation & purification/metabolism ; Atlantic Ocean ; Bias (Epidemiology) ; Biomass ; Chlorophyll/analysis ; Data Collection/methods ; *Ecosystem ; Fisheries ; Phytoplankton/growth & development/*isolation & purification/metabolism ; Reproducibility of Results ; Seawater/chemistry/microbiology ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 5
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    Mesoscale eddies drive increased silica export in the subtropical Pacific Ocean (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-05-19
    Description: Mesoscale eddies may play a critical role in ocean biogeochemistry by increasing nutrient supply, primary production, and efficiency of the biological pump, that is, the ratio of carbon export to primary production in otherwise nutrient-deficient waters. We examined a diatom bloom within a cold-core cyclonic eddy off Hawaii. Eddy primary production, community biomass, and size composition were markedly enhanced but had little effect on the carbon export ratio. Instead, the system functioned as a selective silica pump. Strong trophic coupling and inefficient organic export may be general characteristics of community perturbation responses in the warm waters of the Pacific Ocean.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Benitez-Nelson, Claudia R -- Bidigare, Robert R -- Dickey, Tommy D -- Landry, Michael R -- Leonard, Carrie L -- Brown, Susan L -- Nencioli, Francesco -- Rii, Yoshimi M -- Maiti, Kanchan -- Becker, Jamie W -- Bibby, Thomas S -- Black, Wil -- Cai, Wei-Jun -- Carlson, Craig A -- Chen, Feizhou -- Kuwahara, Victor S -- Mahaffey, Claire -- McAndrew, Patricia M -- Quay, Paul D -- Rappe, Michael S -- Selph, Karen E -- Simmons, Melinda P -- Yang, Eun Jin -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 May 18;316(5827):1017-21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geological Sciences and Marine Science Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA. cbnelson@geol.sc.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17510362" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bacteria/growth & development ; Biomass ; Carbon/analysis ; Chlorophyll/analysis ; Diatoms/*growth & development/physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Hawaii ; Nitrates ; Nitrites/analysis ; Pacific Ocean ; Photosynthesis ; Phytoplankton/growth & development/physiology ; *Seawater/chemistry ; Silicic Acid/analysis ; Silicon Dioxide/*analysis ; Temperature ; *Water Movements ; Zooplankton/growth & development/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    Deep-sea hydrocarbon seep communities: evidence for energy and nutritional carbon sources (1987)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1987-11-20
    Description: Mussels, clams, and tube worms collected in the vicinity of hydrocarbon seeps on the Louisiana slope contain mostly "dead" carbon, indicating that dietary carbon is largely derived from seeping oil and gas. Enzyme assays, elemental sulfur analysis, and carbon dioxide fixation studies demonstrate that vestimentiferan tube worms and three clam species contain intracellular, autotrophic sulfur bacterial symbionts. Carbon isotopic ratios of 246 individual animal tissues were used to differentiate heterotrophic (8(13)C = -14 to -20 per mil), sulfur-based (8(13)C = -30 to -42 per mil), and methane-based (8(13)C = 〈-40 per mil) energy sources. Mussels with symbiotic methanotrophic bacteria reflect the carbon isotopic composition of the methane source. Isotopically light nitrogen and sulfur confirm the chemoautotrophic nature of the seep animals. Sulfur-based chemosynthetic animals contain isotopically light sulfur, whereas methane-based symbiotic mussels more closely reflect the heavier oceanic sulfate pool. The nitrogen requirement of some seep animals may be supported by nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Some grazing neogastropods have isotopic values characteristic of chemosynthetic animals, suggesting the transfer of carbon into the background deep-sea fauna.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Brooks, J M -- Kennicutt, M C 2nd -- Fisher, C R -- Macko, S A -- Cole, K -- Childress, J J -- Bidigare, R R -- Vetter, R D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1987 Nov 20;238(4830):1138-42.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17839368" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Novel chlorophyll-related compounds in marine phytoplankton: distributions and geochemical implications (1990)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Energy & fuels 4 (1990), S. 653-657 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-5029
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef00024a006
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The importance of methane and thiosulfate in the metabolism of the bacterial symbionts of two deep-sea mussels (1987)
    Springer
    Marine biology 96 (1987), S. 59-71 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Undescribed hydrocarbon-seep mussels were collected from the Louisiana Slope, Gulf of Mexico, during March 1986, and the ultrastructure of their gills was examined and compared to Bathymodiolus thermophilus, a mussel collected from the deep-sea hydrothermal vents on the Galápagos Rift in March 1985. These closely related mytilids both contain abundant symbiotic bacteria in their gills. However, the bacteria from the two species are distinctly different in both morphology and biochemistry, and are housed differently within the gills of the two mussels. The symbionts from the seep mussel are larger than the symbionts from B. thermophilus and, unlike the latter, contain stacked intracytoplasmic membranes. In the seep mussel three or fewer symbionts appear to be contained in each host-cell vacuole, while in B. thermophilus there are often more than twenty bacteria visible in a single section through a vacuole. The methanotrophic nature of the seep-mussel symbionts was confirmed in 14C-methane uptake experiments by the appearance of label in both CO2 and acid-stable, non-volatile, organic compounds after a 3 h incubation of isolated gill tissue. Furthermore, methane consumption was correlated with methanol dehydrogenase activity in isolated gill tissue. Activity of ribulose-1,5-biphosphate (RuBP) carboxylase and 14CO2 assimilation studies indicate the presence of either a second type of symbiont or contaminating bacteria on the gills of freshly captured seep mussels. A reevaluation of the nutrition of the symbionts in B. thermophilus indicates that while the major symbiont is not a methanotroph, its status as a sulfur-oxidizing chemoautotroph, as has been suggested previously, is far from proven.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00394838
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diurnal patterns of size-fractioned primary productivity across a coastal front (1987)
    Springer
    Marine biology 96 (1987), S. 563-574 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In July 1985, diurnal patterns of photosynthesis and pigmentation were characterized for whole water (〉0.4 μm) and size-fractioned (〉5 μm and 0.4 to 5 μm) communities from three light depths sampled across a coastal thermal front in the Southern California Bight. Samples were collected predawn and held for 20 h in deck incubators. Variations in chlorophyll a and accessory pigment-to-chlorophyll a ratios showed no obvious diurnal trends. Timing of peak photosynthetic potential (P max) and its coincidence with variations in light-limited rates of photosynthesis (alpha), as well as diurnal amplitudes in P max and alpha, often differed between size fractions sampled within the same community. The same was true for identical size fractions collected from different depths and stations transecting the front. Primary productivity was 20-fold greater on the cold water side, where 〉5 μm diatoms dominated the mixed layer and accounted for 80% of daytime productivity. Diatoms collected from the top and bottom of the upper mixed layer displayed nearly identical diurnal patterns in P max and alpha, with midday peaks exceeding predawn values by four-fold and two-fold respectively. Above the pycnocline, the 0.4 to 5 μm fraction had lower assimilation rates than the 〉5 μm fraction and smaller diurnal amplitudes in P max and/or alpha, with daytime patterns often characterized by two peaks interspersed by a short period of photoinhibition. Within the front, the 0.4 to 5 μm fraction accounted for two-thirds of plant biomass and 〉90% of primary production. Pigment analyses by high-performance liquid chromatography revealed enrichment in 19′-hexanoyloxyfucoxanthin, indicative of enhanced numbers of prymnesiophtes. Photosynthetic activity in confined surface communities was susceptible to daytime photoinhibition, but subsurface communities exhibited midday P max peaks that were three-to seven-fold predawn values. In the warm-water mass, both algal size fractions contributed equally to photosynthesis and chlorophyll a in surface waters, with the 0.4 to 5 μm fraction becoming dominant at the base of the euphotic zone. At all depths, peak P max of the 0.4 to 5 μm fraction occurred before noon, while P max of the 〉5 μm fraction was clearly evident in the afternoon. Elevated chlorophyll b-, 19′hexanoyloxyfucoxanthin- and zeaxanthin-to-chlorophyll a ratios indicated a mixture of algal groups, including chlorophytes, cyanobacteria and prymnesiophytes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00397975
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Catalase in sulfide- and methane-dependent macrofauna from petroleum seeps (1989)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 45 (1989), S. 198-200 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Catalase ; sulfide ; methane ; oxygen ; petroleum seep ; bivalve ; vestimentiferan
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Vesicomyid and lucinid clams and tubeworms from Gulf of Mexico petroleum seeps, all of which bear symbiotic sulfide-oxidizing bacteria, have much lower catalase activities than shallow-water species lacking symbionts. A petroleum seep mussel bearing methane-oxidizing bacteria is unusual in having catalase activities as high as shallow-water bivalves. Unlike sulfide-dependent meiofauna from shallow-water marine sands, catalase from all petroleum seep species was inhibited by 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01954876
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