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  • Transfection  (131)
  • Temperature  (115)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (246)
  • 2000-2004  (197)
  • 1985-1989  (49)
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  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (246)
  • Springer  (15)
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  • 1
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    Collapse of the California Current during glacial maxima linked to climate change on land (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-07-07
    Description: Time series of alkenone unsaturation indices gathered along the California margin reveal large (4 degrees to 8 degrees C) glacial-interglacial changes in sea surface temperature (SST) over the past 550,000 years. Interglacial times with SSTs equal to or exceeding that of the Holocene contain peak abundances in the pollen of redwood, the distinctive component of the temperate rainforest of the northwest coast of California. In the region now dominated by the California Current, SSTs warmed 10,000 to 15,000 years in advance of deglaciation at each of the past five glacial maxima. SSTs did not rise in advance of deglaciation south of the modern California Current front. Glacial warming along the California margin therefore is a regional signal of the weakening of the California Current during times when large ice sheets reorganized wind systems over the North Pacific. Both the timing and magnitude of the SST estimates suggest that the Devils Hole (Nevada) calcite record represents regional but not global paleotemperatures, and hence does not pose a fundamental challenge to the orbital ("Milankovitch") theory of the Ice Ages.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Herbert, T D -- Schuffert, J D -- Andreasen, D -- Heusser, L -- Lyle, M -- Mix, A -- Ravelo, A C -- Stott, L D -- Herguera, J C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jul 6;293(5527):71-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11441174" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Calcium Carbonate ; California ; *Climate ; Diatoms/physiology ; *Ice ; Models, Biological ; Nevada ; Pacific Ocean ; Pollen ; *Seawater/analysis ; Temperature ; Trees/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
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    A natural product that lowers cholesterol as an antagonist ligand for FXR (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-05-04
    Description: Extracts of the resin of the guggul tree (Commiphora mukul) lower LDL (low-density lipoprotein) cholesterol levels in humans. The plant sterol guggulsterone [4,17(20)-pregnadiene-3,16-dione] is the active agent in this extract. We show that guggulsterone is a highly efficacious antagonist of the farnesoid X receptor (FXR), a nuclear hormone receptor that is activated by bile acids. Guggulsterone treatment decreases hepatic cholesterol in wild-type mice fed a high-cholesterol diet but is not effective in FXR-null mice. Thus, we propose that inhibition of FXR activation is the basis for the cholesterol-lowering activity of guggulsterone. Other natural products with specific biologic effects may modulate the activity of FXR or other relatively promiscuous nuclear hormone receptors.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Urizar, Nancy L -- Liverman, Amy B -- Dodds, D'Nette T -- Silva, Frank Valentin -- Ordentlich, Peter -- Yan, Yingzhuo -- Gonzalez, Frank J -- Heyman, Richard A -- Mangelsdorf, David J -- Moore, David D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 May 31;296(5573):1703-6. Epub 2002 May 2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11988537" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Binding Sites ; Caco-2 Cells ; Carrier Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Chenodeoxycholic Acid/pharmacology ; Cholesterol/*metabolism ; Cholesterol, Dietary/administration & dosage ; DNA/metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins/*antagonists & inhibitors/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Hepatocytes/metabolism ; Histone Acetyltransferases ; Humans ; *Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases ; Hypolipidemic Agents/metabolism/*pharmacology ; Ligands ; Liver/metabolism ; *Membrane Glycoproteins ; Mice ; Nuclear Receptor Coactivator 1 ; Pregnenediones/metabolism/*pharmacology ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/antagonists & inhibitors/genetics/metabolism ; Receptors, Steroid/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Transcription Factors/*antagonists & inhibitors/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Transcriptional Activation/drug effects ; Transfection ; Tumor Cells, Cultured
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    Observations of comet 19P/Borrelly by the miniature integrated camera and spectrometer aboard Deep Space 1 (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-04-06
    Description: The nucleus of the Jupiter-family comet 19P/Borrelly was closely observed by the Miniature Integrated Camera and Spectrometer aboard the Deep Space 1 spacecraft on 22 September 2001. The 8-kilometer-long body is highly variegated on a scale of 200 meters, exhibiting large albedo variations (0.01 to 0.03) and complex geologic relationships. Short-wavelength infrared spectra (1.3 to 2.6 micrometers) show a slope toward the red and a hot, dry surface (〈/=345 kelvin, with no trace of water ice or hydrated minerals), consistent with approximately 10% or less of the surface actively sublimating. Borrelly's coma exhibits two types of dust features: fans and highly collimated jets. At encounter, the near-nucleus coma was dominated by a prominent dust jet that resolved into at least three smaller jets emanating from a broad basin in the middle of the nucleus. Because the major dust jet remained fixed in orientation, it is evidently aligned near the rotation axis of the nucleus.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Soderblom, L A -- Becker, T L -- Bennett, G -- Boice, D C -- Britt, D T -- Brown, R H -- Buratti, B J -- Isbell, C -- Giese, B -- Hare, T -- Hicks, M D -- Howington-Kraus, E -- Kirk, R L -- Lee, M -- Nelson, R M -- Oberst, J -- Owen, T C -- Rayman, M D -- Sandel, B R -- Stern, S A -- Thomas, N -- Yelle, R V -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 May 10;296(5570):1087-91. Epub 2002 Apr 4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉United States Geological Survey, 2255 North Gemini Drive, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA. lsoderblom@usgs.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11934989" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Carbon/analysis ; Cosmic Dust ; Hydrocarbons/analysis ; *Meteoroids ; Spectrum Analysis ; Temperature
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    Jupiter's atmospheric composition from the Cassini thermal infrared spectroscopy experiment (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-08-21
    Description: The Composite Infrared Spectrometer observed Jupiter in the thermal infrared during the swing-by of the Cassini spacecraft. Results include the detection of two new stratospheric species, the methyl radical and diacetylene, gaseous species present in the north and south auroral infrared hot spots; determination of the variations with latitude of acetylene and ethane, the latter a tracer of atmospheric motion; observations of unexpected spatial distributions of carbon dioxide and hydrogen cyanide, both considered to be products of comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 impacts; characterization of the morphology of the auroral infrared hot spot acetylene emission; and a new evaluation of the energetics of the northern auroral infrared hot spot.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kunde, V G -- Flasar, F M -- Jennings, D E -- Bezard, B -- Strobel, D F -- Conrath, B J -- Nixon, C A -- Bjoraker, G L -- Romani, P N -- Achterberg, R K -- Simon-Miller, A A -- Irwin, P -- Brasunas, J C -- Pearl, J C -- Smith, M D -- Orton, G S -- Gierasch, P J -- Spilker, L J -- Carlson, R C -- Mamoutkine, A A -- Calcutt, S B -- Read, P L -- Taylor, F W -- Fouchet, T -- Parrish, P -- Barucci, A -- Courtin, R -- Coustenis, A -- Gautier, D -- Lellouch, E -- Marten, A -- Prange, R -- Biraud, Y -- Ferrari, C -- Owen, T C -- Abbas, M M -- Samuelson, R E -- Raulin, F -- Ade, P -- Cesarsky, C J -- Grossman, K U -- Coradini, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Sep 10;305(5690):1582-6. Epub 2004 Aug 19.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA. Virgil.G.Kunde.1@gsfc.nasa.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15319491" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acetylene ; Atmosphere ; *Carbon Dioxide ; Ethane ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; *Hydrocarbons ; *Hydrogen Cyanide ; *Jupiter ; Spacecraft ; Spectrum Analysis ; Temperature
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    Oscillations in NF-kappaB signaling control the dynamics of gene expression (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-10-23
    Description: Signaling by the transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) involves its release from inhibitor kappa B (IkappaB) in the cytosol, followed by translocation into the nucleus. NF-kappaB regulation of IkappaBalpha transcription represents a delayed negative feedback loop that drives oscillations in NF-kappaB translocation. Single-cell time-lapse imaging and computational modeling of NF-kappaB (RelA) localization showed asynchronous oscillations following cell stimulation that decreased in frequency with increased IkappaBalpha transcription. Transcription of target genes depended on oscillation persistence, involving cycles of RelA phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. The functional consequences of NF-kappaB signaling may thus depend on number, period, and amplitude of oscillations.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nelson, D E -- Ihekwaba, A E C -- Elliott, M -- Johnson, J R -- Gibney, C A -- Foreman, B E -- Nelson, G -- See, V -- Horton, C A -- Spiller, D G -- Edwards, S W -- McDowell, H P -- Unitt, J F -- Sullivan, E -- Grimley, R -- Benson, N -- Broomhead, D -- Kell, D B -- White, M R H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Oct 22;306(5696):704-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centre for Cell Imaging, School of Biological Sciences, Bioscience Research Building, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15499023" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Active Transport, Cell Nucleus ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Nucleus/metabolism ; Computer Simulation ; Cytoplasm/metabolism ; Etoposide/pharmacology ; Feedback, Physiological ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; I-kappa B Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Models, Biological ; NF-kappa B/*metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; *Signal Transduction ; Transcription Factor RelA ; Transcription, Genetic ; Transfection ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/pharmacology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    Initial results from the Mini-TES experiment in Gusev Crater from the Spirit Rover (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-08-07
    Description: The Miniature Thermal Emission Spectrometer (Mini-TES) on Spirit has studied the mineralogy and thermophysical properties at Gusev crater. Undisturbed soil spectra show evidence for minor carbonates and bound water. Rocks are olivinerich basalts with varying degrees of dust and other coatings. Dark-toned soils observed on disturbed surfaces may be derived from rocks and have derived mineralogy (+/-5 to 10%) of 45% pyroxene (20% Ca-rich pyroxene and 25% pigeonite), 40% sodic to intermediate plagioclase, and 15% olivine (forsterite 45% +/-5 to 10). Two spectrally distinct coatings are observed on rocks, a possible indicator of the interaction of water, rock, and airfall dust. Diurnal temperature data indicate particle sizes from 40 to 80 microm in hollows to approximately 0.5 to 3 mm in soils.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Christensen, P R -- Ruff, S W -- Fergason, R L -- Knudson, A T -- Anwar, S -- Arvidson, R E -- Bandfield, J L -- Blaney, D L -- Budney, C -- Calvin, W M -- Glotch, T D -- Golombek, M P -- Gorelick, N -- Graff, T G -- Hamilton, V E -- Hayes, A -- Johnson, J R -- McSween, H Y Jr -- Mehall, G L -- Mehall, L K -- Moersch, J E -- Morris, R V -- Rogers, A D -- Smith, M D -- Squyres, S W -- Wolff, M J -- Wyatt, M B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Aug 6;305(5685):837-42.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geological Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA. phil.christensen@asu.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15297667" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Carbonates ; Geologic Sediments ; Interferometry ; Iron Compounds ; Magnesium Compounds ; *Mars ; *Minerals ; Oxides ; Silicates ; Spectrum Analysis ; Temperature ; Water
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    Paleobotanical evidence for near present-day levels of atmospheric Co2 during part of the tertiary (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-06-26
    Description: Understanding the link between the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide (CO(2)) and Earth's temperature underpins much of paleoclimatology and our predictions of future global warming. Here, we use the inverse relationship between leaf stomatal indices and the partial pressure of CO(2) in modern Ginkgo biloba and Metasequoia glyptostroboides to develop a CO(2) reconstruction based on fossil Ginkgo and Metasequoia cuticles for the middle Paleocene to early Eocene and middle Miocene. Our reconstruction indicates that CO(2) remained between 300 and 450 parts per million by volume for these intervals with the exception of a single high estimate near the Paleocene/Eocene boundary. These results suggest that factors in addition to CO(2) are required to explain these past intervals of global warmth.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Royer, D L -- Wing, S L -- Beerling, D J -- Jolley, D W -- Koch, P L -- Hickey, L J -- Berner, R A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jun 22;292(5525):2310-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, Post Office Box 208109, New Haven, CT 06520-8109, USA. dana.royer@yale.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11423657" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Atmosphere ; *Carbon Dioxide ; Climate ; *Fossils ; Ginkgo biloba ; Gymnosperms/*cytology ; Partial Pressure ; Plant Leaves/cytology ; Plants, Medicinal ; Temperature ; Time
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    Internal structure and early thermal evolution of Mars from Mars Global Surveyor topography and gravity (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-03-10
    Description: Topography and gravity measured by the Mars Global Surveyor have enabled determination of the global crust and upper mantle structure of Mars. The planet displays two distinct crustal zones that do not correlate globally with the geologic dichotomy: a region of crust that thins progressively from south to north and encompasses much of the southern highlands and Tharsis province and a region of approximately uniform crustal thickness that includes the northern lowlands and Arabia Terra. The strength of the lithosphere beneath the ancient southern highlands suggests that the northern hemisphere was a locus of high heat flow early in martian history. The thickness of the elastic lithosphere increases with time of loading in the northern plains and Tharsis. The northern lowlands contain structures interpreted as large buried channels that are consistent with northward transport of water and sediment to the lowlands before the end of northern hemisphere resurfacing.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zuber, M T -- Solomon, S C -- Phillips, R J -- Smith, D E -- Tyler, G L -- Aharonson, O -- Balmino, G -- Banerdt, W B -- Head, J W -- Johnson, C L -- Lemoine, F G -- McGovern, P J -- Neumann, G A -- Rowlands, D D -- Zhong, S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Mar 10;287(5459):1788-93.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. zuber@mit.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10710301" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; *Evolution, Planetary ; *Extraterrestrial Environment ; Geologic Sediments ; Gravitation ; *Mars ; Temperature ; Water
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
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    Migratory movements, depth preferences, and thermal biology of Atlantic bluefin tuna (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-08-18
    Description: The deployment of electronic data storage tags that are surgically implanted or satellite-linked provides marine researchers with new ways to examine the movements, environmental preferences, and physiology of pelagic vertebrates. We report the results obtained from tagging of Atlantic bluefin tuna with implantable archival and pop-up satellite archival tags. The electronic tagging data provide insights into the seasonal movements and environmental preferences of this species. Bluefin tuna dive to depths of 〉1000 meters and maintain a warm body temperature. Western-tagged bluefin tuna make trans-Atlantic migrations and they frequent spawning grounds in the Gulf of Mexico and eastern Mediterranean. These data are critical for the future management and conservation of bluefin tuna in the Atlantic.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Block, B A -- Dewar, H -- Blackwell, S B -- Williams, T D -- Prince, E D -- Farwell, C J -- Boustany, A -- Teo, S L -- Seitz, A -- Walli, A -- Fudge, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Aug 17;293(5533):1310-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Tuna Research and Conservation Center, Stanford University, Hopkins Marine Station, Oceanview Boulevard, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA. bblock@stanford.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11509729" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animal Identification Systems ; Animals ; Atlantic Ocean ; *Behavior, Animal ; Body Temperature ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Diving ; *Ecosystem ; Female ; Fisheries ; Male ; Reproduction ; Seasons ; Swimming ; Temperature ; Tuna/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
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    The MHC-binding and gp120-binding functions of CD4 are separable (1989)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1989-08-18
    Description: CD4 is a cell surface glycoprotein that is thought to interact with nonpolymorphic determinants of class II major histocompatibility (MHC) molecules. CD4 is also the receptor for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), binding with high affinity to the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein, gp120. Homolog-scanning mutagenesis was used to identify CD4 regions that are important in class II MHC binding and to determine whether the gp120 and class II MHC binding sites of CD4 are related. Class II MHC binding was abolished by mutations in each of the first three immunoglobulin-like domains of CD4. The gp120 binding could be abolished without affecting class II MHC binding and vice versa, although at least one mutation examined reduced both functions significantly. These findings indicate that, while there may be overlap between the gp120 and class II MHC binding sites of CD4, these sites are distinct and can be separated. Thus it should be possible to design CD4 analogs that can block HIV infectivity but intrinsically lack the ability to affect the normal immune response by binding to class II MHC molecules.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lamarre, D -- Ashkenazi, A -- Fleury, S -- Smith, D H -- Sekaly, R P -- Capon, D J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1989 Aug 18;245(4919):743-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montreal, Quebec, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2549633" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Antigens, Surface ; Binding Sites ; DNA, Recombinant ; HIV/*metabolism ; HIV Envelope Protein gp120 ; HLA-DP Antigens/immunology ; Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/*immunology ; Humans ; Hybridomas ; Mice ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Receptors, HIV ; Receptors, Virus/genetics/immunology/*metabolism ; Retroviridae Proteins/immunology/*metabolism ; Rosette Formation ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; T-Lymphocytes/immunology/metabolism ; Transfection
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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