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  • 1
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    Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). Contact: bco-dmo-data@whoi.edu
    Publication Date: 2022-10-31
    Description: Dataset: Physiological data
    Description: Five genotypes of Breviolum Antillogorgia were grown at three temperatures where growth rate, carrying capacity, respiration, gross photosynthesis, and new photosynthesis were quantified. This work was conducted in laboratory growth chambers in Los Angeles, California, USA in 2021. For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/874587
    Description: NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-1559105
    Keywords: Symbiodiniaceae ; Symbionts ; Genetic variation ; Mutualism
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2022-10-31
    Description: Dataset: Culture Data
    Description: This dataset includes measurements of respiration, net photosynthesis, and gross photosynthesis of five different genotypes of Symbiodinium microadriaticum in culture at three different temperatures. This study was conducted in laboratory growth chambers in Los Angeles, California, USA in October 2019. For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/874597
    Description: NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-1559105
    Keywords: Symbiodiniaceae ; Symbionts ; Genetic variation ; Mutualism
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 3
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    Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). Contact: bco-dmo-data@whoi.edu
    Publication Date: 2022-10-31
    Description: Dataset: Population Growth
    Description: This dataset includes measurements of per-capita growth and carrying capacity of five different genotypes of Symbiodinium microadriaticum in culture at three different temperatures. This work was conducted in laboratory growth chambers in Los Angeles, California, USA, in May and July 2019. For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/874619
    Description: NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-1559105
    Keywords: Symbiodiniaceae ; Symbionts ; Genetic variation ; Mutualism
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2022-10-31
    Description: Dataset: Polyp Fitness
    Description: This dataset includes measurements of the responses of polyps (survival, inoculation time, time to strobilation, time to ephyra production, bud production, ephyra production) to exposure to five different algal symbiont genotypes. This work was conducted in laboratory growth chambers in Los Angeles, California, USA. For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/874609
    Description: NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-1559105
    Keywords: Symbiodiniaceae ; Symbionts ; Genetic variation ; Mutualism
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 5
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    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/9256 | 115 | 2012-11-30 08:40:46 | 9256 | WorldFish Center
    Publication Date: 2021-07-04
    Description: Analysis of RAPD loci in Indian mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta), as generated by the arbitrary primer OPA 07 (GAAACGGGTG), revealed a maximum within-region genetic variability for samples from the east coast of India. Dendograms did not show clear centre-specific clusters. Restricted intermixing among the individuals between the east and west coasts in suggested.
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Biopolymorphism ; DNA ; Population genetics ; Stock identification ; Genetic variation ; Mackerel fisheries ; India ; Ratrelliger kanagurta
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2021-07-16
    Description: In this study population genetic structure of Mnemiopsis leidyi were examined by 200 samples from the Caspian Sea. Samples were collected from Guilan province (Astara region), Mazandaran province (Amir Abad region), Golestan province (Gomishan region) and north part of the Caspian Sea. 50 samples were collected from each region. DNA was extracted by phenol - chlorophorm method and its concentration was 50 to 100 nanogram. PCR was performed using 18s rRNA gene. The PCR products of samples were digested by 12 restriction endonuclease enzymes. The digested products accompanied with standard marker (50 bp lader ). In order to measure fragment size samples were run on a 6% vertical polyacrylamide gel. The fragments were visualized by silver staining of the polyacrylamide gel. In this study, Dra I and Alu I enzymes showed different digestion pattern, as each of these enzymes had two genotypes. Other enzymes had similar digestion pattern. RAPD method used by 19 random primers. Ten of nineteen primers showed polymorphism patterns. Statistical analysis of data was performed by Popgene software. In this study, the maximum of genetic variation was in north of the Caspian Sea. Also, the maximum of genetic distance was between north area and Golestan coasts (0.089) and the minimum of genetic distance was between Mazandaran and Guilan coasts (0.001). The UOGMA dendogram showed two clusters. The samples of Mazandaran , Guilan and Golestan coasts placed in one cluster and samples of north area in other cluster The genetic diversity was significantly different between samples of north area and Golestan coasts (p≤0.05). As result, there is a significant genetic divergence between some of samples. Therefore, two genetic group of Mnemiopsis leidyi were identified in the Caspian Sea.
    Keywords: Biology ; Iran ; Caspian Sea ; Guilan province ; Mazandaran province ; Golestan province ; RFLP ; RAPD ; Mnemiopsis leidyi ; Genetic variation ; Population ; Molecular Test ; Samples ; Enzymes ; Genotype
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  • 7
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    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/22619 | 18721 | 2018-05-02 22:54:08 | 22619 | Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute
    Publication Date: 2021-07-08
    Description: In the present study we evaluated the amount and distribution of genetic variation by using RAPD marker variation of 12 markers loci in three broodstock groups of rainbow trout. A total of 47 polymorphic bands were observed in Iranian strain, average number of bands was 10 and average number of polymorphic bands per primer was 3.92. The total detected bands in rainbow trout strain originated from French, was 120 bands with an average number of 10 bands per RAPD primer. A total of 117 amplified were detected in Norwegian population, with an average number of bands and average number of polymorphic bands per primer was 9.75 and 2.58, respectively. Data for observed and effective number of alleles, Nei’s genetic diversity and Shannon’s information index for all the three populations were 1.31, 1.20, 0.120 and 0.170, respectively. The mean coefficient of gene differentiation value and the estimate of gene flow across the populations were found as 0.299 and 0.171, respectively. The Nei measures of genetic distance and identity between pairs of rainbow trout strains indicate that the strain originated from France and Iran has the highest genetic identity, while the fish originated from Norway and France showed the greatest genetic distance.
    Keywords: Aquaculture ; Biology ; Fisheries ; Genetic variation ; Rainbow trout ; Polymorphism ; RAPD ; Iran ; Oncorhynchus mykiss ; molecular
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  • 8
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    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/23815 | 18721 | 2018-07-27 15:37:21 | 23815 | Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute
    Publication Date: 2021-07-15
    Description: Genetic diversity of Neogobios gorlap population was examined on 133 samples from regions in southern parts of the Caspian Sea (Golestan 28 samples, Mazandaran 53 samples and Guilan 52 samples). Genomic DNA was extracted from fin tissue by phenol-chlorophorm method. PCR was performed using 6 microsatellite primers. The PCR products of samples were accompanied with standard marker (50 by ladder). To measure fragment size, samples were run on a 6% polyacrylamid gel. Allele count and frequency, the effective and real allele, expected heterozygosity and observed heterozygosity, genetic diversity; Shannon Information Index, genetic identity and genetic distance, Fst, Rst, gene flow and Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium based on Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) were calculated using the Gene Alex software. All studied loci were polymorph. The mean observed and effective allele number was 11.44 and 7.28 respectively. Also, the maximum observed and expected heterozygosity was 0.964 and 0.932 respectively. Specimens from all regions (with the exception of locus NG71 and NG111 in Golestan region) were not in Hardy-Weinberg Equibrium in all of the loci (P〈0.05). The maximum F5t (0.06) was observed between Golestan and Guilan regions (Nrn 1.40). The minimum Fist (0.03) was observed between Mazandaran and Guilan (Nm=3.43). The highest genetic distance (0.71) and the lowest genetic distance (0.49) was observed between specimens from Guilan and Golestan regions. Based on Fst results, we found that there is a significant genetic divergence between some samples. Therefore, we suggest three genetic groups of Neogobios gorlap for the southern part of the Caspian Sea.
    Keywords: Biology ; Genetic variation ; Electrophoresis ; Caspian Sea ; Iran
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  • 9
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    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/23892 | 18721 | 2018-08-01 08:02:09 | 23892 | Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute
    Publication Date: 2021-07-15
    Description: For identifying the populations of the Acipenser persicus (Persian sturgeon) a survey were done by use of the electrophoretic technique and also morphological characteristics. The matrix was Acetate cellolus. 5ml blood from each gill arch were obtained and separated serum from blood. Separation of proteins were done, using a voltage of 180 volt during 15 minutes. After separating the solution proteins, the bands were stained by ponceau-s, Decolouring of plates was done by Acetic acid 5% during three steps. Scanning of the plates was done by densitometer with the wave length of 525 nm. Several genetic variations observed in the electrophorograms of samples. It seems that population of some localities can be characterized as a genetically distinguishable unit. Morphological differences observed between the fish which located in Sephid Rud region and Gorgan region, like the eye diameter and head height. The mean of eye diameter in Sephid Rud population was 20.16 mm and in Gorgan population 22.47 mm and the mean of head height was 8.15 cm and 7.25 cm respectively.
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Survey ; Acipenser persicus ; Population ; Electrophoretic Technique ; Morphological Characteristics ; Persian sturgeon ; Matrix ; Acetate cellolus ; Gill ; Blood serum ; Proteins ; Solution ; Ponceau-s ; Decolouring ; Acetic acid ; Scanning ; densitometer ; Length ; Genetic variation ; Electrophorograms ; Fish ; Eye diameter ; Head height ; Characterized ; Genetically ; Distinguishable unit ; Gorgan ; Sephid Rud ; Iran
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  • 10
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    Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute | Tehran, Iran
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/25375 | 18721 | 2018-09-14 07:39:13 | 25375 | Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute
    Publication Date: 2021-07-16
    Description: Two of the three objectives of project was carried out success that one of them is following: The genetic diversity of Liza salien(Risso,1810) in the south part of Caspian sea using the Mitochondrial DNA sequencing (mtDNA) was carried out as first objective of project that based on the mitochondrial DNA sequencing (mtDNA) of 16S rRNA was used in order to clarify genetic structure and genetic diversity of lizasaliens in three western (Anzali), middle (sari), and eastern (Gomishan lagoon) of south part of Caspian sea. As a result we obtained 552base pairs of 16SrRNA sequence. A total of 6 different haplotypes and 29 variable sites were identified .The average nucleotide diversity(π) and haplotype diversity(h) in samples of all regions were 0.29 , and 0.004 respectively. The results obtained from genetic distance showed low rate in that of 3 regions. Estimates of gene flow indicated there is no reproductive isolation between three regions and also there was not significant genetic differentiation between differentregions (p〉0.05). the findings from the present study suggest that there is equal population of Liza saliens in the studied regions: Genetic differences and phylogenic relationships among six Mugilidae species (Mugilcephalus, M. capito, Liza subviridis, L. saliens, L. aurata, Valamugilbuchanani) were determined using PCR-sequencing as second objective of project. M. cephalus, L. subviridis and V. buchanani from the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea, and L. aurata and L. saliens from the Caspian Sea were collected. Samples of an imported, Egyptian species M. capito (this species was mixed with the main imported species as M. cephalusfingerling) were obtained from the Gomishan Research Center in Gorgan. Total DNA from the samples were extracted according to phenol-chloroform method Mithochondrial DNA ,16s RNA was amplified using thermo cyclermachine with universal primers and thensequenced by sending to Takapoozist Company and thereafter to France. Analysis of the sequences showed great differences between Mugil species and the other studied species. The phylogenetic tree obtained through Neighbor-Joining method revealed that L. saliensand L. aurata were in the same branch while L. subviridis was in a separate branch. In contrast, Maximum Parsimony tree located L. subviridis and L. aurata in a single branch and assigned L. saliens to a distinct branch. This result brings in the question of monophyletic origin of the genus Liza.Also.
    Keywords: Aquaculture ; Iran ; Persian Gulf ; Oman Sea ; Caspian Sea ; Anzali ; Sari ; Gomishan Lagoon ; Mugillidae ; Phylogeny ; Population ; mtDNA ; PCR ; Genetic variation ; Grey mullet ; Mugilcephalus ; Diversity ; M. capito ; Liza subviridis ; L. saliens ; L. aurata
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  • 11
    Publication Date: 2021-07-16
    Description: Frequently,the development of quantitative traits in livestock based on breeding programs has been more important. In spite of higher selection response in fish than in farm animal, it is no progress in fish breeding programs in some regions such as IRAN, because of little information of genetic variation of stock, disconstructed or undesigned base population, the deterioration of genetic resourse and don’t well informed educated researchers, extension workers and aquaculturist in breeding theory and its practical issues. At first step, in Yasouj Coldwater Fishes Breeding Research Center, in order to conducting combined selection program in rainbow trout broodstock as base population and their off springs in mixed age parents,150 female and male broods with higher mean weight were selected, striped in 6 stage and eggs were incubated. One-year Fishes(45000 pcs.) of the six groups with higher mean weight in 5 stage were selected(438 pcs.) and remainder was discarded. Before selection, a few fishes of six aged-groups as control group were cultured apart. Difference (p〈0.05) induced between mean weight of the selected groups and with control group was because of age difference in them and of no deletion in control group(don’t throw out small individuals) by selection. The whole groups don’t have significant difference (p〉0.05) in FCR and FER. Based on results, it isn’t told that difference between experimental and control groups is a result of genetic improvement of growth rate trait induced of selection process in one generation and the continue of this program for several generations in order to reveal the development of a quantitative trait is unevitable and mating of selected broods (438 fish) in a crossbreeding program and the selection of off springs is essential.
    Keywords: Aquaculture ; Iran ; Yasouj ; Rainbow trout ; Breeding ; Selection ; Broodstock ; Genetic variation ; Genetic ; Growth Rate ; Generation
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
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  • 12
    Publication Date: 2021-07-16
    Description: In this study genetic characterization of Barbus brachycephalus caspius, Lucioperca lucioperca, Rutilus rutilus caspius, Rutilus frisi kutum and Salmo trutta caspius were examined by 611 samples from regions in East (Guilan province), Middle (Mazandaran province) and west (Golestan province) of southen part of the Caspian Sea. DNA was extracted from fin tissue by phenol -chlorophorm method and then PCR was performed using special primers. Statistical analysis of data was performed by Gene Alex, MEGA and Arlequin softwares. -Rutilus frisi kutum: The results showed that nine of ten primers were polymorphic loci. The mean of effective and observed alleles were 7.26±0.49 and 4.37±0.35 respectively. Also, the mean of expected and observed heterozygosity were 0.55±0.03 and 0.69±0.02 respectively Of the analysed loci, all of the samples (except Tajan and samples in LOC4 and Gilan samples in MFW2) possible tests were found to deviate significantly from the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (P〈0.05). The genetic diversity was significantly different between samples of Golestan and Gilan, Golestan and sefidrood, Golestan and Tajan, Mazandaran and sefidrood and Gilan and Tajan (p〈0.05). -Rutilus rutilus caspius: Sevan variable microsatellite loci were used to investigate genetic diversity and population structure of R. rutilus caspius. The mean of effective and observed alleles were 5.75±0.30 and 4.76±0.25 respectively. Also, the mean of expected and observed heterozygosity were 0.58±0.18 and 0.73±0.01 respectively. All of the samples (except golestan samples in LOC3) possible tests were found to deviate significantly from the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (P〈0.05) Of the analysed loci, the genetic divergence was significantly different between samples of Golestan and Gilan, Gilan and Mazandaran and Gilan with Gorgan bay (p〈0.05). -Salmo trutta caspius: Genetic characterization of S. trutta caspius was comparatively analyzed with mitochondrial DNA sequencing that 45 haplotypes was observed. The average of expected and observed heterozygosity were 0.61±0.35 and 0.33±0.12 respectively. The maximum of haplotype diversity (0.089±0.04) was in sardabrood river and the minimum was in Astara river (0.81±0.02). Also, the maximum of nucleotid diversity was 0.13±0.07 in Sardabrood and Chalos rivers and the minimum was 0.11±0.06 in Tonekabon river. In addition, the maximum and minimum of FST was 0.08 and 0.01 respectively. Of the analysed loci, the genetic divergence was significantly different between samples of Astara and Chalos, Astara and Tonekabon, Chalos and Karganrood and Tonekabon with Kaganrood (p〈0.05). - Barbus brachycephalus caspius: The size of amplified fragment was 800 bp in all of the samples. There were 24 variable loci and 12 haplotype that the maximum of haplotype was in Gilan area (8 haplotype). The average of expected and observed heterozygosity were 0.003±0.35 and 0.42±0.12 respectively. The results showed that the haplotype diversity was significantly different between samples of Sefidrood whit other samples (p〈0.05). In addition The maximum of nocleotid diversity was 0.005±0.003 in Sefidrood and minimum was 0.001± 0.001 in Tajan river. Of the analysed loci, the genetic divergence was significantly different between samples of Gilan and Tajan, Mazandaran and Sefidrood (p〈0.05). -Lucioperca lucioperca: The genetic diversity of L. lucioperca was analyzed by using microsatellite markers. Seven primer sequences available for were tested to amplify microsatellite loci that all of loci were polymorphic. The mean of effective and observed alleles were 6.14±0.45 and 3.88±0.34 respectively. Also, the mean of expected and observed heterozygosity were 0.662±0.03 and 0.70±0.02 respectively. The most of samples in PflaL6, PflaL7and PflaL8 loci possible tests were found to deviate significantly from the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (P〈0.05). The maximum of FST was 0.30 between Gilan and Mazandaran samples that there were minimum gene flow (8.18). The genetic divergence was significantly different between samples of Gilan and Mazandaran and Golestan whit mazandaran (p〈0.05).
    Keywords: Biology ; Iran ; Caspian Sea ; Genetic variation ; Barbus brachycephalus caspius ; Lucioperca lucioperca ; Rutilus rutilus caspius ; Rutilus frisi kutum ; Salmo trutta caspius ; Identification ; Population ; Genetic ; DNA ; DNA bank ; Molecular ; Microsatellites
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  • 13
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    Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute | Tehran, Iran
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/25777 | 18721 | 2018-10-13 08:20:28 | 25777 | Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute
    Publication Date: 2021-07-16
    Description: The aim of this study was stablish of gene bank on The Caspian Sea bony fish, identification genetic characterization and population of Barbus brachycephalus caspius, Lucioperca lucioperca, Rutilus rutilus caspius, Rutilus frisi kutum and Salmo trutta caspius in southern part of the Caspian Sea by molecular method (Microsatellites) and formation DNA bank, create of cryopreservation bank of bony fish and the feasibility of creating a natural habitat for spawning of bony fish in the Caspian Sea in order to preserve biodiversity and genetic risk. The results showed that The genetic diversity was significantly different between samples of Golestan (Goegan Gulf), Gilan (Sefidrood, Karganrood and Astara rivers) and Mazandaran (Tajan, Tonekabon, Sardabrood and Chaloos rivers) (p〈0.05) and there were different genetic groups. In addition, DNA bank of these species was carried out. After sperm sampling of Rutilus frisi kutum and Salmo trutta caspius, their quality were tested and some parameters such as motility, duration of mobility, density, pH and osmolality were measured. The results showed that, percentage of motile sperm, timing motility and sperm density of Caspian trout were higher than those of Caspian kutum but osmolality and pH of Caspian trout were lower than those of Caspian kutum. Over time, the percentage of sperm motility and mobility for both species declined compared with fresh samples. After thawing, percentage of motile sperm and timing motility of Caspian kutum were lower than those factors Caspian trout. The results showed that the sample of Caspian kutum sperm that were diluted by ethylene glycol after thawing and were immotile all of them. However, the samples were diluted by glycerol, after thawing, were alive and motile. According to the results, it seems very important species differences that must be fully considered in the process of freezing sperm. The use of a single protocol would not be successful in cryopreservation because the reaction of sperm against to chemical agents is variable. Sampling of physical and chemical parameters of water, macrobenthic invertebrates and fish fauna was conducted seasonally in each rivers (Tajan, Haraz, Sardabrood and Chaloos rivers) at selected stations during one year. A total of 53 taxa of macrobentic invertabrates were identified in the four mentioned rivers. 15 species of fish were determined in the studied rivers that 6 of them were non-native species. All identified fish species were native and the anadermous fish was not catch. The results showed that, the relative abundance of fish species resistant to pollution and hard environmental conditions were much more that sensitive species. Physicochemical parameters of water, turbidity, nutrients, biodiversity, nutrition functioning group and present or absent of fish species showed that there are significant decrease in water qualities from upstream ratio to downstream and there is not any possibility to natural reproduction of migrated species that are dominant and in danger at downstream. In Shahid- Rajaei dam the maximum relative abundance of fish species belonged to Capoeta capoeta, Luciobarbus capito and Squalius cephalus, respectively. The resurvey of this dam and its upstream have been preparing such a favorable condition that seems there are potential of introduction and inhabitant of some of the in danger fish species as a genetic reserve for biodiversity preservation.
    Keywords: Biology ; Iran ; Caspian Sea ; Shahid-Rajaei dam ; Genetic variation ; Gene bank ; Freezing sperm ; Natural reproduction ; Squalius cephalus ; Luciobarbus capito ; Capoeta capoeta ; Barbus brachycephalus caspius ; Lucioperca lucioperca ; Rutilus rutilus caspius ; Rutilus frisi kutum ; Salmo trutta caspius
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  • 14
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    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/24766 | 18721 | 2018-08-06 07:47:27 | 24766 | Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute
    Publication Date: 2021-07-15
    Description: In this study 60 samples were collected from the southern Caspian Sea and some rivers of Mazandaran and Guilan provinces. Genetic variation and probable population differentiation of Barbus capito were studied based on the mitochondrial cytochrom-b gene. The mitochondrial DNA was extracted from fish fin using phenol-chlorophorm method. The specific primers were designed for B. capito and the PCR experiments were done on 60 samples. 11 restriction endonuclease enzymes were applied for RFLP analysis (ALuI, AvaI, AvaII, HinfI, DdeI, HincI, HpaII, RsaI, Sau3AI, HaeIII, TaqI). PCR products (1062 pb) and DNA digests were subjected to agarose and polyacrilamid gel electrophoresis to seperate fragments according to their molecular weight. These patterns were identified similar fpr all samples. Regarding to this patterns, it can be seen that polymorphysm phenomena cannot be observed by above mentioned enzymes and cytochrome-b gene, and there is no seperate population of B. capito in the southern Caspian Sea.
    Keywords: Biology ; mtDNA ; RFLP ; PCR ; Barbus capito ; Genetic variation ; Southern Caspian Sea ; Mazandaran Province ; Guilan Province ; Iran
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  • 15
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    Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute | Tehran, Iran
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/25101 | 18721 | 2018-08-23 05:22:05 | 25101 | Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute
    Publication Date: 2021-07-16
    Description: In this study genetic variation of clupeonidea using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of the mtDNA control region. Samples were collected from Amirabad port (50 individuals for each species) and Anzaly port (50 individuals for each species) regions in East and west of southern part of Caspian Sea. DNA was extracted from fin tissue by phenol - chlorophorm method. PCR was performed using D- Loop region, as result PCR product was about 1015 bp in all samples. The PCR products of samples ware digested by 19 restriction endonuclease enzymes. Ten out of nineteen restriction enzyme were polymorphic for D- Loop region. 12 different haplotypes were detected in C. engrauliformis and 9 haplotypes in C. grimmi and C. cultriventris. The mean value of haplotypes diversity among 71 Populations Was 0/786, 0/734, 0/426 and nucleotide diversity was 0/0092, 0/0099 and 0/0079, respectively. The nucleotide divergence among populations in C. engrauliformis, C. caltriventreis and C.grimmi was 0/01%, 0/01% and 0/003%, respectively. The results showed that the hoplotype differences in C. engrauliformis and C. cultriventris were significant (p〈0.01) and in C.grimmi was not significant (p〉0.01).
    Keywords: Biology ; Iran ; Caspian Sea ; Anzali ; Clupeonidae ; C. engrauliformis ; C. caltriventris ; C. grimmi ; mtDNA ; RFLP ; Genetic variation ; Clupeonella caltriventris ; Length ; Enzymes
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  • 16
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Up to now, twelve species of the genus Alburnoides belonged to Cyprinidae have been described from Iranian inland water solely based on the morphological characteristics. The described key characters for these species have no efficiency for their discrimination, and cannot help their precise diagnosis. Therefore, this study was conducted to study the phylogenetic relationship and verification of these species based on COI gene. For this purpose, 70 specimens of Alburnoides species were collected from 20 sampling sites in six Iranian inland water basins. To determination of inter- and intra-species genetic differences, the DNA of sampled specimens were extracted based on Phenol-chloroform method, their COI gene were amplified using thermal cycler and were sequenced after purifications. Based on the results, the members of the Iranian species of the genus Alburnoides were divided into seven linages. Maximum and minimum intra-species genetic distances based on K2P criterion were found between the populations of A. samiii, and A. coadi, A. holciki, A. parhami and A. nicolausi, respectively. Furthermore, maximum and minimum inter-species genetic distances based on K2P criterion were calculated between A. qanati and A. holciki (7.56), and A. parhami and A. holciki (0.33). Based on the results of this study using COI gene, the validity of A. parhami, A. coadi and A. nicolausi were not confirmed and it is suggested to be synonym of A. holciki, A. namaki and A. idignensis, respectively.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Alburnoides species ; Fish ; Genetic variation ; Taxonomy ; Gene ; Cyprinidae
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.125-136
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  • 17
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    Unknown
    Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). Contact: bco-dmo-data@whoi.edu
    Publication Date: 2022-10-31
    Description: Dataset: Symbiodinium genotype responses to temperature
    Description: Traits of three genotypes measured at ambient and elevated temperatures. Replicates of each Symbiodinium genotype were grown in ambient (26 degrees) and elevated (30 degrees) temperatures, after which were measured physiological parameters, including the number of cells, quantum yield, variable fluorescence, and chlorophyll content. For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/738212
    Description: NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-1559105
    Keywords: Climate change ; Coral reefs ; Evolutionary rescue ; Genetic variation ; Mutualism ; Natural selection ; Symbiodinium ; Symbionts
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Dataset
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  • 18
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: In the present study we evaluated the amount and distribution of genetic variation by using RAPD marker variation of 12 markers loci in three broodstock groups of rainbow trout. A total of 47 polymorphic bands were observed in Iranian strain, average number of bands was 10 and average number of polymorphic bands per primer was 3.92. The total detected bands in rainbow trout strain originated from French, was 120 bands with an average number of 10 bands per RAPD primer. A total of 117 amplified were detected in Norwegian population, with an average number of bands and average number of polymorphic bands per primer was 9.75 and 2.58, respectively. Data for observed and effective number of alleles, Nei’s genetic diversity and Shannon’s information index for all the three populations were 1.31, 1.20, 0.120 and 0.170, respectively. The mean coefficient of gene differentiation value and the estimate of gene flow across the populations were found as 0.299 and 0.171, respectively. The Nei measures of genetic distance and identity between pairs of rainbow trout strains indicate that the strain originated from France and Iran has the highest genetic identity, while the fish originated from Norway and France showed the greatest genetic distance.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Genetics ; Oncorhynchus mykiss ; Molecular ; Genetic variation ; Rainbow trout ; Polymorphism ; RAPD ; Populations
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.511-521
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  • 19
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: For identifying the populations of the Acipenser persicus (Persian sturgeon) a survey were done by use of the electrophoretic technique and also morphological characteristics. The matrix was Acetate cellolus. 5ml blood from each gill arch were obtained and separated serum from blood. Separation of proteins were done, using a voltage of 180 volt during 15 minutes. After separating the solution proteins, the bands were stained by ponceau-s, Decolouring of plates was done by Acetic acid 5% during three steps. Scanning of the plates was done by densitometer with the wave length of 525 nm. Several genetic variations observed in the electrophorograms of samples. It seems that population of some localities can be characterized as a genetically distinguishable unit. Morphological differences observed between the fish which located in Sephid Rud region and Gorgan region, like the eye diameter and head height. The mean of eye diameter in Sephid Rud population was 20.16 mm and in Gorgan population 22.47 mm and the mean of head height was 8.15 cm and 7.25 cm respectively.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Characterized ; Genetically ; Distinguishable unit ; Survey ; Acipenser persicus ; Population ; Electrophoretic Technique ; Morphological Characteristics ; Persian sturgeon ; Matrix ; Acetate cellolus ; Gill ; Blood serum ; Proteins ; Solution ; Ponceau-s ; Decolouring ; Acetic acid ; Scanning ; densitometer ; Length ; Genetic variation ; Electrophorograms ; Fish ; Eye diameter ; Head height
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.41-50
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  • 20
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    Unknown
    Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute | Tehran, Iran
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: The aim of this study was stablish of gene bank on The Caspian Sea bony fish, identification genetic characterization and population of Barbus brachycephalus caspius, Lucioperca lucioperca , Rutilus rutilus caspius , Rutilus frisi kutum and Salmo trutta caspius in southern part of the Caspian Sea by molecular method (Microsatellites) and formation DNA bank, create of cryopreservation bank of bony fish and the feasibility of creating a natural habitat for spawning of bony fish in the Caspian Sea in order to preserve biodiversity and genetic risk. The results showed that The genetic diversity was significantly different between samples of Golestan (Goegan Gulf), Gilan (Sefidrood, Karganrood and Astara rivers) and Mazandaran (Tajan, Tonekabon, Sardabrood and Chaloos rivers) (p〈0.05) and there were different genetic groups. In addition, DNA bank of these species was carried out. After sperm sampling of Rutilus frisi kutum and Salmo trutta caspius, their quality were tested and some parameters such as motility, duration of mobility, density, pH and osmolality were measured. The results showed that, percentage of motile sperm, timing motility and sperm density of Caspian trout were higher than those of Caspian kutum but osmolality and pH of Caspian trout were lower than those of Caspian kutum. Over time, the percentage of sperm motility and mobility for both species declined compared with fresh samples. After thawing, percentage of motile sperm and timing motility of Caspian kutum were lower than those factors Caspian trout. The results showed that the sample of Caspian kutum sperm that were diluted by ethylene glycol after thawing and were immotile all of them. However, the samples were diluted by glycerol, after thawing, were alive and motile. According to the results, it seems very important species differences that must be fully considered in the process of freezing sperm. The use of a single protocol would not be successful in cryopreservation because the reaction of sperm against to chemical agents is variable. Sampling of physical and chemical parameters of water, macrobenthic invertebrates and fish fauna was conducted seasonally in each rivers (Tajan, Haraz, Sardabrood and Chaloos rivers) at selected stations during one year. A total of 53 taxa of macrobentic invertabrates were identified in the four mentioned rivers. 15 species of fish were determined in the studied rivers that 6 of them were non-native species. All identified fish species were native and the anadermous fish was not catch. The results showed that, the relative abundance of fish species resistant to pollution and hard environmental conditions were much more that sensitive species. Physicochemical parameters of water, turbidity, nutrients, biodiversity, nutrition functioning group and present or absent of fish species showed that there are significant decrease in water qualities from upstream ratio to downstream and there is not any possibility to natural reproduction of migrated species that are dominant and in danger at downstream. In Shahid- Rajaei dam the maximum relative abundance of fish species belonged to Capoeta capoeta, Luciobarbus capito and Squalius cephalus, respectively. The resurvey of this dam and its upstream have been preparing such a favorable condition that seems there are potential of introduction and inhabitant of some of the in danger fish species as a genetic reserve for biodiversity preservation.
    Description: Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Genetic variation ; Gene bank ; Freezing sperm ; Natural reproduction ; Squalius cephalus ; Luciobarbus capito ; Capoeta capoeta ; Barbus brachycephalus caspius ; Lucioperca lucioperca ; Rutilus rutilus caspius ; Rutilus frisi kutum ; Salmo trutta caspius
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Report , Refereed
    Format: 100pp.
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  • 21
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Genetic diversity of Neogobios gorlap population was examined on 133 samples from regions in southern parts of the Caspian Sea (Golestan 28 samples, Mazandaran 53 samples and Guilan 52 samples). Genomic DNA was extracted from fin tissue by phenol-chlorophorm method. PCR was performed using 6 microsatellite primers. The PCR products of samples were accompanied with standard marker (50 by ladder). To measure fragment size, samples were run on a 6% polyacrylamid gel. Allele count and frequency, the effective and real allele, expected heterozygosity and observed heterozygosity, genetic diversity; Shannon Information Index, genetic identity and genetic distance, Fst, Rst, gene flow and Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium based on Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) were calculated using the Gene Alex software. All studied loci were polymorph. The mean observed and effective allele number was 11.44 and 7.28 respectively. Also, the maximum observed and expected heterozygosity was 0.964 and 0.932 respectively. Specimens from all regions (with the exception of locus NG71 and NG111 in Golestan region) were not in Hardy-Weinberg Equibrium in all of the loci (P〈0.05). The maximum F5t (0.06) was observed between Golestan and Guilan regions (Nrn 1.40). The minimum Fist (0.03) was observed between Mazandaran and Guilan (Nm=3.43). The highest genetic distance (0.71) and the lowest genetic distance (0.49) was observed between specimens from Guilan and Golestan regions. Based on Fst results, we found that there is a significant genetic divergence between some samples. Therefore, we suggest three genetic groups of Neogobios gorlap for the southern part of the Caspian Sea.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Genetic variation ; Electrophoresis ; DNA
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.25-34
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  • 22
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: In this study 60 samples were collected from the southern Caspian Sea and some rivers of Mazandaran and Guilan provinces. Genetic variation and probable population differentiation of Barbus capito were studied based on the mitochondrial cytochrom-b gene. The mitochondrial DNA was extracted from fish fin using phenol-chlorophorm method. The specific primers were designed for B. capito and the PCR experiments were done on 60 samples. 11 restriction endonuclease enzymes were applied for RFLP analysis (ALuI, AvaI, AvaII, HinfI, DdeI, HincI, HpaII, RsaI, Sau3AI, HaeIII, TaqI). PCR products (1062 pb) and DNA digests were subjected to agarose and polyacrilamid gel electrophoresis to seperate fragments according to their molecular weight. These patterns were identified similar fpr all samples. Regarding to this patterns, it can be seen that polymorphysm phenomena cannot be observed by above mentioned enzymes and cytochrome-b gene, and there is no seperate population of B. capito in the southern Caspian Sea.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: mtDNA ; RFLP ; PCR ; Barbus capito ; Genetic variation ; Samples ; Mitochondrial cytochrom-b ; DNA ; Phenol-chlorophorm ; ALuI ; AvaI ; AvaII ; HinfI ; DdeI ; B. capito
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.117-130
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  • 23
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: In this study genetic variation of clupeonidea using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of the mtDNA control region. Samples were collected from Amirabad port (50 individuals for each species) and Anzaly port (50 individuals for each species) regions in East and west of southern part of Caspian Sea. DNA was extracted from fin tissue by phenol - chlorophorm method. PCR was performed using D- Loop region, as result PCR product was about 1015 bp in all samples. The PCR products of samples ware digested by 19 restriction endonuclease enzymes. Ten out of nineteen restriction enzyme were polymorphic for D- Loop region. 12 different haplotypes were detected in C. engrauliformis and 9 haplotypes in C. grimmi and C. cultriventris. The mean value of haplotypes diversity among 71 Populations Was 0/786, 0/734, 0/426 and nucleotide diversity was 0/0092, 0/0099 and 0/0079, respectively. The nucleotide divergence among populations in C. engrauliformis, C. caltriventreis and C.grimmi was 0/01%, 0/01% and 0/003%, respectively. The results showed that the hoplotype differences in C. engrauliformis and C. cultriventris were significant (p〈0.01) and in C.grimmi was not significant (p〉0.01).
    Description: Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Clupeonidae ; C. engrauliformis ; C. caltriventris ; C. grimmi ; mtDNA ; RFLP ; Genetic variation ; Clupeonella caltriventris ; Length ; Enzymes
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Report , Refereed
    Format: 72pp.
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  • 24
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: In this study genetic characterization of Barbus brachycephalus caspius, Lucioperca lucioperca , Rutilus rutilus caspius , Rutilus frisi kutum and Salmo trutta caspius were examined by 611 samples from regions in East (Guilan province), Middle (Mazandaran province) and west (Golestan province) of southen part of the Caspian Sea. DNA was extracted from fin tissue by phenol - chlorophorm method and then PCR was performed using special primers. Statistical analysis of data was performed by Gene Alex, MEGA and Arlequin softwares. - Rutilus frisi kutum: The results showed that nine of ten primers were polymorphic loci. The mean of effective and observed alleles were 7.26±0.49 and 4.37± 0.35 respectively. Also, the mean of expected and observed heterozygosity were 0.55±0.03 and 0.69±0.02 respectively. Of the analysed loci, all of the samples (except Tajan and samples in LOC4 and Gilan samples in MFW2) possible tests were found to deviate significantly from the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium(P〈0.05). The genetic diversity was significantly different between samples of Golestan and Gilan, Golestan and sefidrood, Golestan and Tajan, Mazandaran and sefidrood and Gilan and Tajan (p〈0.05). - Rutilus rutilus caspius: Sevan variable microsatellite loci were used to investigate genetic diversity and population structure of R. rutilus caspius. The mean of effective and observed alleles were 5.75±0.30 and 4.76± 0.25 respectively. Also, the mean of expected and observed heterozygosity were 0.58±0.18 and 0.73±0.01 respectively. All of the samples (except golestan samples in LOC3) possible tests were found to deviate significantly from the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium(P〈0.05). Of the analysed loci, the genetic divergence was significantly different between samples of Golestan and Gilan, Gilan and Mazandaran and Gilan with Gorgan bay (p〈0.05). - Salmo trutta caspius: Genetic characterization of S. trutta caspius was comparatively analyzed with mitochondrial DNA sequencing that 45 haplotypes was observed. The average of expected and observed heterozygosity were 0.61±0.35 and 0.33±0.12 respectively. The maximum of haplotype diversity (0.089±0.04) was in sardabrood river and the minimum was in Astara river (0.81±0.02). Also, the maximum of nucleotid diversity was 0.13±0.07 in Sardabrood and Chalos rivers and the minimum was 0.11±0.06 in Tonekabon river. In addition, the maximum and minimum of FST was 0.08 and 0.01 respectively. Of the analysed loci, the genetic divergence was significantly different between samples of Astara and Chalos, Astara and Tonekabon, Chalos and Karganrood and Tonekabon with Kaganrood (p〈0.05). - Barbus brachycephalus caspius: The size of amplified fragment was 800 bp in all of the samples. There were 24 variable loci and 12 haplotype that the maximum of haplotype was in Gilan area (8 haplotype). The average of expected and observed heterozygosity were 0.003±0.35 and 0.42±0.12 respectively. The results showed that the haplotype diversity was significantly different between samples of Sefidrood whit other samples (p〈0.05). In addition The maximum of nocleotid diversity was 0.005±0.003 in Sefidrood and minimum was 0.001± 0.001 in Tajan river. Of the analysed loci, the genetic divergence was significantly different between samples of Gilan and Tajan, Mazandaran and Sefidrood (p〈0.05). - Lucioperca lucioperca: The genetic diversity of L. lucioperca was analyzed by using microsatellite markers. Seven primer sequences available for were tested to amplify microsatellite loci that all of loci were polymorphic. The mean of effective and observed alleles were 6.14±0.45 and 3.88±0.34 respectively. Also, the mean of expected and observed heterozygosity were 0.662±0.03 and 0.70±0.02 respectively. The most of samples in PflaL6 , PflaL7and PflaL8 loci possible tests were found to deviate significantly from the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (P〈0.05). The maximum of FST was 0.30 between Gilan and Mazandaran samples that there were minimum gene flow (8.18). The genetic divergence was significantly different between samples of Gilan and Mazandaran and Golestan whit mazandaran (p〈0.05).
    Description: Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Genetic variation ; Barbus brachycephalus caspius ; Lucioperca lucioperca ; Rutilus rutilus caspius ; Rutilus frisi kutum ; Salmo trutta caspius ; Identification ; Population ; Genetic ; DNA ; DNA bank ; Molecular ; Microsatellites
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Report , Refereed
    Format: 82pp.
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  • 25
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: The present work estimated the genetic variability and relatedness index of the fifth stock of Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, imported into Cuba for farming purposes from the US Shrimp Improvement System (SIS). Ge- netic variability was estimated by genotyping 33 samples for four microsatellite loci: M1, Pvan 1815, Pvan 0040 and Pvan 1758. This stock had average expected and observed heterozygosities of 0.37 and 0.27 respectively; the lowest of all stocks previously introduced in Cuba. The above, together with the low amount of allelic variants detected for each microsatellite, was suggestive of low genetic variability. In addition, pairwise relatedness coefficients clustered around unity, indicating a high degree of consanguinity. Taken as a whole, the data suggests that this breeding stock should be crossed first with other individuals from a different source or with higher genetic variability.
    Description: Published
    Description: Litopenaeus vannamei
    Description: microsatellites
    Keywords: Genetic variation ; Shrimp culture
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Refereed , Article
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  • 26
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Se estimó la variabilidad genética y el índice de parentesco entre lotes de camarón blanco del Pacífico, Litopenaeus vannamei, introducidos por quinta ocasión en Cuba, procedentes del Centro de mejora del camarón, de Estados Unidos (Shrimp Improving System: SIS), para su cultivo. La variabilidad genética se estimó mediante el genotipo de 33 muestras con cuatro loci microsatélites: M1, Pvan 1815, Pvan 0040 y Pvan 1758. El quinto lote de Litopenaeus vannamei tuvo los valores promedios de heterocigosidad esperada y observada, más bajos de todos los introduci- dos en Cuba: 0.37 y 0.27, respectivamente. Esto, unido a la poca cantidad de variantes alélicas para cada región microsatélite, indica una escasa variabilidad genética. Los valores del coeficiente de parentesco alrededor de la unidad expresan una alta consanguinidad. Todo ello sugiere el cruce de los individuos de esta introducción con otros de diferente origen o más variables genéticamente.
    Description: The present work estimated the genetic variability and relatedness index of the fifth stock of Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, imported into Cuba for farming purposes from the US Shrimp Improve- ment System (SIS). Genetic variability was estimated by genotyping 33 samples for four microsatellite loci: M1, Pvan 1815, Pvan 0040 and Pvan 1758. This stock had average expected and observed heterozygosities of 0.37 and 0.27 respectively; the lowest of all stocks previously introduced in Cuba. The above, together with the low amount of allelic variants detected for each microsatellite, was suggestive of low genetic variability. In addition, pairwise relatedness coefficients clustered around unity, indicating a high degree of consanguinity. Taken as a whole, the data suggests that this breeding stock should be crossed first with other individuals from a different source or with higher genetic variability.
    Description: Published
    Description: microsatellites
    Description: Litopenaeus vannamei
    Keywords: Genetic variation
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Refereed , Article
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  • 27
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: La variabilité génétique entre les classes d’âge du pageot commun, Pagellus erythrinus (Linnaeus, 1758 ; Sparidae) a été appréhendée par une analyse isoenzymatique. L’étude aà été portée sur 251 spécimens des côtes Nord de la Tunisie. L’âge des poissons a été estimé indirectement par analyse otolithométrique. Les quatorze systèmes enzymatiques utilisés sont codés par 21 loci dont 10 sont polymorphes au seuil de 99%. Le taux d’hétérozygotie attendu non biaisé moyen (Hnb = 0,048) est comparable à celui rapporté chez les espèces ichtyologiques, notamment les Sparidés. La vérification de l’équilibre de Hardy-Weinberg montre un écart significatif à la panmixie dans le sens d’un déficit en Hétérozygotes (FIS = 0,116, p 〈 0,001). L’indice de diversité génétique (FST) obtenue est de 0,0004. Cette valeur n’indique aucune différenciation génétique significative entre les classes d’âge suggérant ainsi une stabilité temporelle. Enfin, la comparaison de la diversité génétique dévoile une augmentation des valeurs Hnb avec l’âge des poissons supportant ainsi l’hypothèse de la haute variance dans le succès reproducteur.
    Description: Genetic variability between age groups of the common pandora, Pagellus erythrinus (Linnaeus, on 1758; Sparidae) was examined by allozyme markers. The study was carried out using 251 specimens, collected from the North Tunisians coasts. Ages were estimated indirectly from fish otoliths. The fourteen enzymatic systems used are encoded by 21 loci, among which 10 are polymorphic at a level of 99%. The mean unbiased expected heterozygosity (Hnb = 0.048) is comparable to those who was reported in ichthyologic species, including Sparid family. The verification of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium showed a significant deviation from panmixia with heterozygotes deficiency (FIS = 0.116, p 〈 0.001). The genetic diversity index (FST) obtained was 0.0004. This value indicates no significant genetic differentiation between age groups suggesting temporal stability. Finally, comparison of genetic diversity revealed an increasing of Hnb values concurrent with age, supporting the sweepstakes-chance matching hypothesis.
    Description: لقد تم دراسة التنوع الوراثي بين الفئات العمرية لدى سمك المرجان بواسطة تقنية الرّحْل الكهربائي الأنزيمي. شملت هذه الدراسة على 251 عينة، جمعت من الساحل الشمالي للبلاد التونسية. وقع تقدير سن الأسماك بطريقة غير مباشرة، عبر معاينة حصاة الأذن. المنظومات الأنزيمية الأربع عشرة التي استخدمت، تبين أنها مندرجة من إحدى وعشرون موضعا جينيا، منها عشرة مواضع متعددة الأشكال على مستوى 99 بالمائة. وقد بلغ معدل متباين الألائل المتوقع والغير متحيز 0,048، وتبقى هذه النسبة مماثلة لما أفيدت به الدراسات الأخرى للكائنات السمكية، بما في ذلك عائلة الصبارص. التحقق من توازن "هاردي – ونبرغ" يظهر خروجا ذو معنى لما هو معهود به في حالة التكاثر العشوائي مع نقص في أفراد متباين الألائل. أما بالنسبة لمؤشر التنوع الوراثي، فقد بلغ 0,0004. هذا التقدير لا يبين أي اختلاف وراثي ذو معنى بين الفئات العمرية، دالا بذلك على وجود استقرار زمني. أخيرا، عند مقارنة التنوع الجيني بين الفئات العمرية تبين أن هنالك ارتفاع في نسبة متباين الألائل متماشية مع سن الأسماك، مؤيدة بذلك فرضية ارتفاع الفرق في الإنجاب بنجاح.
    Description: Published
    Description: Pagellus erythrinus, marqueurs allozymiques, diversité génétique, stabilité temporelle
    Keywords: Genetic variation ; Allozymes ; Sea bream fisheries
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Refereed , Article
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  • 28
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2013. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Nature 499 (2013): 209–213, doi:10.1038/nature12221.
    Description: Coccolithophores have influenced the global climate for over 200 million years1. These marine phytoplankton can account for 20 per cent of total carbon fixation in some systems2. They form blooms that can occupy hundreds of thousands of square kilometres and are distinguished by their elegantly sculpted calcium carbonate exoskeletons (coccoliths), rendering them visible from space3. Although coccolithophores export carbon in the form of organic matter and calcite to the sea floor, they also release CO2 in the calcification process. Hence, they have a complex influence on the carbon cycle, driving either CO2 production or uptake, sequestration and export to the deep ocean4. Here we report the first haptophyte reference genome, from the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi strain CCMP1516, and sequences from 13 additional isolates. Our analyses reveal a pan genome (core genes plus genes distributed variably between strains) probably supported by an atypical complement of repetitive sequence in the genome. Comparisons across strains demonstrate that E. huxleyi, which has long been considered a single species, harbours extensive genome variability reflected in different metabolic repertoires. Genome variability within this species complex seems to underpin its capacity both to thrive in habitats ranging from the equator to the subarctic and to form large-scale episodic blooms under a wide variety of environmental conditions.
    Description: Joint Genome Institute (JGI) contributions were supported by the Office of Science of the US Department of Energy (DOE) under contract no. 7DE-AC02-05CH11231.
    Keywords: Genetic variation
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/vnd.ms-excel
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Keywords: Key words Hominidae ; Pan troglodytes ; Genetic variation ; MHC class I genes ; Selection (genetics)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  MHC class I polymorphism improves the defense of vertebrate species against viruses and other intracellular pathogens. To see how polymorphism at the same class I genes can evolve in different species we compared the MHC-A, MHC-B, and MHC-C loci of common chimpanzees and humans. Diversity in 23 Patr-A, 32 Patr-B, and 18 Patr-C alleles obtained from study of 48 chimpanzees was compared to diversity in 66 HLA-A, 149 HLA-B, and 41 HLA-C alleles obtained from a study of over 1 million humans. At each locus, alleles group hierarchically into families and then lineages. No alleles or families are shared by the two species, commonality being seen only at the lineage level. The overall nucleotide sequence diversity of MHC class I is estimated to be greater for modern chimpanzees than humans. Considering the numbers of lineages, families, and alleles, Patr-B and Patr-C have greater diversity than the HLA-B and HLA-C, respectively. In contrast, Patr-A has less polymorphism than HLA-A, due to the absence of A2 lineage alleles. The results are consistent with ancestral humans having passed through a narrower population bottleneck than chimpanzees, and with pathogen-mediated selection having favored either preservation of A2 lineage alleles on the human line and/or their extinction on the chimpanzee line.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 30
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Vitis ; Microsatellites ; Genetic variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Nine microsatellite markers (VVMD5, VVMD7, VVS2, ssrVrZAG21, ssrVrZAG47, ssrVrZAG62, ssrVrZAG64, ssrVrZAG79 and ssrVrZAG83) were chosen for the analysis of marker information content, the genetic structure of grapevine cultivar gene pools, and differentiation among grapevines sampled from seven European vine-growing regions (Greece, Croatia, North Italy, Austria and Germany, France, Spain and Portugal). The markers were found to be highly informative in all cultivar groups and therefore constitute a useful set for the genetic characterization of European grapevines. Similar and high levels of genetic variability were detected in all investigated grapevine gene pools. Genetic differentiation among cultivars from different regions was significant, even in the case of adjacent groups such as the Spanish and Portuguese cultivars. No genetic differentiation could be detected between vines with blue and white grapes, indicating that they have undergone the processes of cultivar development jointly. The observed genetic differentiation among vine-growing regions suggested that cultivars could possibly be assigned to their regions of origin according to their genotypes. This might allow one to determine the geographical origin of cultivars with an unknown background. The assignment procedure proved to work for cultivars from the higher differentiated regions, as for example from Austria and Portugal.
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  • 31
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Allelism test ; Lycopersicon esculentum ; Avirulence ; Hypersensitive response ; Genetic variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  In the past, numerous Lycopersicon accessions have been described that harbor resistance genes to Cladosporium fulvum (Cf genes). Several Cf genes have been isolated, like Cf-4, Cf-4A and Cf-9, which are present on the short arm of Chromosome 1, and Cf-2 and Cf-5, which reside on Chromosome 6. To identify Cf genes linked to the Hcr9 cluster ”Milky Way” on the short arm of Chromosome 1, we test-crossed 66 resistant Lycopersicon accessions to the near-isogenic line Moneymaker-Cf4, and the F1s were crossed to the susceptible tomato cultivar Moneymaker. Putative linkage between an unknown Cf gene and Cf-4 was concluded based on small-scale allelic tests from an under-representation of susceptible genotypes in the progenies of 24 plants after inoculation with race 0 of C. fulvum. In this way, of the 21 resistant lines tested, 10 harbored a Cf gene that was linked to the Hcr9 Milky Way cluster. Moreover, one of the lines harboring a Cf gene closely linked to Cf-4 specifically recognizes the extracellular protein ECP5 of C. fulvum and was designated Cf-ECP5. Using a testcross population of 338 plants, we mapped Cf-ECP5 more accurately at 4 cM proximal to the Hcr9 Milky Way locus. This report shows that the method of small-scale allelic tests provides a useful tool to rapidly screen for Cf genes on the short arm of Chromosome 1. Further analysis of these Cf genes will elucidate the complex genetic organization of Cf genes on Chromosome 1 of tomato.
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  • 32
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: Genetic variation ; Leaf hairs ; Narrow-leaved plantain ; Plant growth ; Plantago lanceolata
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Narrow-leaved plantain (Plantago lanceolata L.), a perennial forb, flowers for virtually the full length of the growing season in temperate latitudes and as a result it is exposed to widely variable intensities of shortwave (UV-B) radiation. In order to determine effects of spring and summer levels of UV-B exposure on growth and development, representatives of 42 maternal families were grown for 85 days at 3.2 and 6.4 kJ m−2 day−1 BE300, levels corresponding to early spring and mid-summer in central Illinois. Impacts on early vegetative stages were most pronounced; early vegetative growth was decreased by higher levels of UV-B and both leaf angle (a measure of erectness) and leaf hair density were increased. At harvest, vegetative growth was significantly affected by higher levels of UV-B as well; the mass of senescent leaves and crown tissue were both decreased. Although exposure to higher levels of UV-B decreased inflorescence number by nearly 15%, it did not significantly alter reproductive biomass. Significant variation attributable to maternal families was present in nearly all measurements and the range of variation among families was wider than among UV-B treatments. A marginally significant (p=0.07) maternal family by UV-B interaction was found for the number of inflorescences, suggesting that, within populations of this plant, some small amount of genetic variation exists to allow for differential reproductive performance under a regime simulating spring and summer differences in UV-B exposure. For the most part, however, in this cosmopolitan species the level of adaptation to natural levels of variation in UV-B radiation does not differ dramatically among maternal families.
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  • 33
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: Argentine ; Ecotypic differentiation ; Genetic variation ; Grasses ; Isozymes ; Phenotypic plasticity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Native populations of perennial grasses subjected to heavy grazing are typically shorter and more prostrate than ungrazed or lightly defoliated ones. However, it is often difficult to find out whether the morphological modifications are the result of genetic differentiation or phenotypic plasticity. Piptochaetium napostaense (Speg.) Hack. is a native perennial cool-season palatable grass with a dwarf form abundant in the areas subjected to heavy grazing. In this study, we tried to determine whether the populations with different grazing histories are genetically differentiated. We considered three different grazing conditions: enclosure (prevented from grazing during 20 years), livestock grazing, and burrow (heavily grazed by cattle and a wild rodent herbivore, the vizcacha). Isozyme analyses were carried out in order to assess the genetic variability of the populations under study. We further studied the progeny of plants with different grazing histories to determine whether the morphological differences are transmitted to the next generation. Seedlings obtained from seeds belonging to enclosure and burrow were grown in the greenhouse and their vegetative and reproductive response under different water and nutrient availability levels were recorded. From the isozymes analyses we found low levels of genetic variation in the populations studied, with an average of 20.5% polymorphic loci, 1.2 alleles per locus and 0.015 mean expected heterozygosity. From the total genetic diversity, only 1.4% was due to differences among population. In addition, either enclosure or burrow populations had the same growth and reproductive response over treatments differing in water and nutrient levels. The morphological differentiation among plants with different grazing histories appears to be the outcome of a phenotypically plastic response of adapted genotypes.
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  • 34
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Key words Ascorbate ; Glutathione reductase ; Superoxide dismutase ; Tree line growth ; Genetic variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Clones of Norway spruce (Picea abies L.) were grown for several years on an altitudinal gradient (1750 m, 1150 m and 800 m above sea level) to study the effects of environmental × genetic interactions on growth and foliar metabolites (protein, pigments, antioxidants). Clones at the tree line showed 4.3-fold lower growth rates and contained 60% less chlorophyll (per gram of dry matter) than those at valley level. The extent of growth reduction was clone-dependent. The mortality of the clones was low and not altitude-dependent. At valley level, but not at high altitude, needles of mature spruce trees showed lower pigment and protein concentrations than clones. In general, antioxidative systems in needles of the mature trees and young clones did not increase with increasing altitude. Needles of all trees at high altitude showed higher concentrations of dehydroascorbate than at lower altitudes, indicating higher oxidative stress. In one clone, previously identified as sensitive to acute ozone doses, this increase was significantly higher and the growth reduction was stronger than in the other genotypes. This clone also displayed a significant reduction in glutathione reductase activity at high altitude. These results suggest that induction of antioxidative systems is apparently not a general prerequisite to cope with altitude in clones whose mother plants originated from higher altitudes (about 650–1100 m above sea level, Hercycnic-Carpathian distribution area), but that the genetic constitution for maintenance of high antioxidative protection is important for stress compensation at the tree line.
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  • 35
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 98 (1999), S. 1054-1062 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Stylosanthes sp. ; Sequence-tagged site (STS) marker ; Genetic variation ; Polyploidy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Nineteen sequence-tagged site (STS) primer pairs were designed on coding and non-coding regions in nine published Stylosanthes genes, which were mostly derived from cDNA. Direct sequencing of PCR products derived from genomic DNA allowed us to identify introns and to design specific primers flanking these introns. The use of 24 STS primer pairs for the detection of intra- and inter-specific variation in Stylosanthes based on size differences was tested on a core set of Stylosanthes species. Based on these results, 20 STS markers were selected to determine genetic relationships among 63 genotypes representing 24 Stylosanthes species. A total of 148 alleles were amplified and analyzed, resulting in a genetic similarity value ranging from 0.62 to 0.98 among the species. Based on cluster analysis, three main groups and three subgroups were determined, and most of the species were classified unambiguously. Alloploid species were recognized by the occurrence of more than one allele per STS marker, indicating fixed heterozygosity. Sixteen STS markers were useful for the identification of genotypes within a species. Inter-species relationships, as revealed by STS, were in general agreement with previous morphological and molecular relationship studies. These STS markers are useful as an additional tool for the identification of species, subspecies and genotypes in Stylosanthes, with a view to plant conservation and breeding.
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  • 36
    ISSN: 1573-9104
    Keywords: Genetic variation ; Lens culinaris ; Macrosperma ; Microsperma ; Quality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Ten physicochemical and nutritional quality traits (100-seedweight, seed volume, seed density, bulk density, hydrationcapacity, hydration index, swelling capacity, protein, tryptophanand energy value) were examined in the seed samples of parents,F2 and F3 generations of three microsperma ×microsperma and two microsperma × macrospermacrosses of lentils. Significant variation for different traits wasobserved among the genotypes in both the groups and also amongboth types of crosses in F2 and F3 generations. Ranges,means and coefficients of variation (CV %) for various traitsamong parents, F2 and F3 generations of different crosses,along with the deviations between F2 and F3 generationmeans for various traits in different crosses are discussed. Alsosuggested is a breeding strategy for evolving lentil varieties withimproved seed yield and nutritional quality parameters.
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  • 37
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    Plant ecology 141 (1999), S. 151-161 
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: Androdioecy ; Arctic-alpine ; Genetic variation ; Peripheral population ; Reproductive strategies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Concern regarding the conservation status of small, isolated populations of the arctic-alpine plant species Lloydia serotina prompted research to establish the status and performance of this species in Wales, in comparison with large populations in its more typical alpine habitat. Relationships between reproductive strategies and genetic variation were investigated in a number of populations, representing a wide habitat, geographic and population size range. In all populations, vegetative reproduction predominates over sexual reproduction, but seed produced is viable and germinates readily under controlled conditions. Smaller, peripheral populations produced fewer flowers and seeds than the larger ones, but all populations studied supported significant percentages (〉30%) of male plants, due to either the occurrence of androdioecy in this species or to a resource limited breeding system. Analysis of allozyme variation in sixteen populations from North America, the European Alps and Wales showed lower levels of genetic variation in smaller populations which averaged 1.1–1.2 alleles per locus and 10–20% of loci polymorphic, whereas larger populations averaged 1.4 alleles per locus and 30–40% polymorphic loci. This applied especially to the most northerly and southerly populations in North America, suggesting the occurrence of genetic drift in these small, peripheral populations. F-statistics suggest relatively high levels of differentiation among smaller populations, even among those closely related geographically, but genetic variation has been retained in all but one population, possibly due to infrequent sexual reproduction by long lived clones. RAPD analysis of four small populations in Wales provided further evidence of clonal growth and possible inbreeding dominating a mixed mating reproductive system with consequent genetic structuring in these populations.
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  • 38
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: Clonal structure ; Cloudberry ; Genetic variation ; DNA fingerprinting ; RAPD ; Rubus chamaemorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The clonal structure of Rubus chamaemorus populations was investigated using DNA fingerprinting. The PCR-based methods included the use of 10-base RAPD primers and 16-base simple sequence repeat primers. In the hybridization method variation was studied using hypervariable multilocus probes, one derived from the M13 bacteriophage and the other a synthetic (AC)/(TG) polynucleotide. Although R. chamaemorus expresses clear variation in morphology, the level of genetic differentiation appears to be fairly low. The observed numbers of clones in the three populations examined in Finland varied from 2 to 4. The total number of genotypes across populations was 5, of which one was unique. The results obtained using the two fingerprinting methods were comparable but lead to a slightly different grouping of clones.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Key wordsA mating type ; Blue light ; Coprinus cinereus ; Genetic variation ; Sexual and asexual development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Monokaryons of Coprinus cinereus constitutively form small spores (oidia) in the aerial mycelium. Some strains also produce large, inflated single cells (chlamydospores) at the agar/air interface, and hyphal aggregates (hyphal knots) that can develop into sclerotia. Monokaryons show various reactions upon transformation with heterologous A mating type genes. Production of oidia in such A-activated transformants is repressed in the dark and induced by blue light. Five of six monokaryons tested following transformation with A genes showed induced production of hyphal knots and sclerotia in the dark, and at least three strains showed enhanced chlamydospore production in the dark. Continuous incubation under blue light inhibited formation of hyphal knots, sclerotia and chlamydospores in both competent monokaryons and in A-activated transformants. On artificial medium and on a 12 h light/12 h dark regime, A-activated transformants of one distinct monokaryon (218) formed fruit-body primordia that were arrested in development before karyogamy. Our studies show that A mating type genes control all major differentiation processes in Coprinus, but whether developmental processes can proceed depends on the genetic background of the strain.
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  • 40
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    Oecologia 115 (1998), S. 293-301 
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Key wordsArabidopsis thaliana ; Genetic variation ; Latitude ; Plant size ; Relative growth rate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Latitude is an important determinant of local environmental conditions that affect plant growth. Forty ecotypes of Arabidopsis thaliana were selected from a wide range of latitudes (from 16°N to 63°N) to investigate genetic variation in plant size and relative growth rate (RGR) along a latitudinal gradient. Plants were grown in a greenhouse for 31 days, during which period three consecutive harvests were performed. Plants from high latitudes tended to have smaller plant size in terms of seed size, cotyledon width, rosette size, number of rosette leaves, size (leaf area) of the largest leaves, total leaf area, and total dry weight per plant than those from low latitudes. The mean (±SE) RGR across ecotypes was 0.229 (±0.0013) day−1. There was, however, significant ecotypic variation, with RGR being negatively correlated with latitude. The two main components of RGR, leaf area ratio (LAR) and unit leaf rate (ULR), were also correlated with latitude: LAR increased with increasing latitude while ULR decreased with increasing latitude. It was also found that RGR tended to be negatively correlated with LAR, specific leaf area (SLA) and specific root length (SRL) but to be positively correlated with mean area per leaf (MAL) and ULR. The variation in RGR among ecotypes was relatively small compared with that in the other traits. RGR may be a conservative trait, whose variation is constrained by the trade-off between its physiological (i.e. ULR) and morphological (i.e. LAR) components.
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  • 41
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Allelic variation ; Genetic variation ; Dehydrin ; Pea (Pisum sativum L.)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  The electrophoretic patterns of dehydrins extracted from mature seeds of a range of pea (Pisum) species revealed extensive variation in dehydrin polypeptide mobility. Variation was also observed among lines of P. sativum. Crosses between lines with different dehydrin electrophoretic patterns produced F1 seeds with additive patterns, and segregation in the F2 generation was consistent with a 1 : 2 : 1 ratio, indicating allelic variation at each of two dehydrin loci (Dhn2, Dhn3). Genetic linkage was observed between Dhn2 and Dhn3, and the segregation ratios indicated preferential transmission of one allele at the Dhn3 locus. Dehydrin cDNA clones were characterised that encoded the allelic variants at Dhn2 and Dhn3. Their deduced amino-acid sequences were very similar to each other as well as to the product of the Dhn1 locus reported previously. Comparisons were made between the sequences of allelic variants at a single locus, and between the products of different loci. Differences in the electrophoretic mobilities between allelic variants at Dhn2 and Dhn3 were associated with differences in polypeptide length resulting principally from tandem duplications of 21 (Dhn2) or 24 (Dhn3) amino-acid residues. These duplications accounted for much of the difference in length between dehydrins encoded by the different loci. The conserved core of one of the duplicated regions varied in copy number, and small insertions/deletions of amino acids near this core also contributed to length variation both between allelic forms and between loci. Dehydrins possess characteristic highly conserved amino-acid sequence motifs, yet vary considerably in length. Mechanisms involving sequence duplication appear to be responsible for generating the length differences observed between allelic variants as well as between the products of different loci.
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  • 42
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Malus×domestica Borkh. ; Microsatellite markers ; Genetic variation ; Germplasm management ; Core collections
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  A collection of 66 Malus×domestica Borkh. accessions from the USDA-ARS Plant Genetic Resources Unit’s core collection was screened with a set of eight SSR (simple sequence repeat) primers developed at the PGRU in order to determine genetic identities, estimate genetic diversity, and to identify genetic relationships among these accessions. All eight primer pairs generated multiple fragments when used in amplification reactions with DNA from these accessions. High levels of variation were detected with a mean of 12.1 alleles per locus and a mean heterozygosity across all eight loci of 0.693. The eight primer pairs utilized in this study unambiguously differentiated all but seven pairs of accessions in this collection of 66 M.×domestica Borkh. genotypes. The probability of matching any two genotypes at all eight loci in this study was approximately 1 in 1 billion. The markers detected two misnamed accessions in the collection. Genetic-identity data produced a genetic-relatedness phenogram which was concordant with geographic origins and/or known pedigree information. These SSR markers show great promise as tools for managing Malus ex situ germplasm collections as well as for collection and preservation strategies concerning wild Malus populations in situ.
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  • 43
    ISSN: 1573-143X
    Keywords: Genetic variation ; Globin chains ; Haemoglobins ; Species differentiation ; Tilapia (Oreochromis, Sarotherodon, Tilapia)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Haemoglobins of ten tilapia species of the genera Oreochromis, Sarotherodon and Tilapia, three subspecies of the Nile tilapia, O. niloticus, and an artificial hybrid cross were analysed by isoelectric focusing aimed at characterizing the taxonomic value of these oxygen-binding molecules. Heterogeneous haemoglobin phenotypes were observed in haemolysate samples of all the fishes, and species-characteristic as well as subspecies-characteristic patterns could be identified. F1 hybrids were distinguishable from pure parental specimens. Globin chain studies by AU- and AUT-PAGE systems confirmed the heterogeneity and species specificity observed by isoelectric focusing of the tetrameric molecules. A total of eight different α-chains and eight different β-chains were detected by AU-PAGE and species-characteristic globin chain variants were shown to occur in almost all species. Globin chain profiles of hybrid specimens were characterized by the presence of all parental globin chain variants. © Rapid Science Ltd. 1998
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  • 44
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Key words Stomatal conductance ; Leaf biochemistry ; Genetic variation ; Polygonum arenastrum ; Morphology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Terrestrial plant photosynthesis may be limited both by stomatal behavior and leaf biochemical capacity. While inferences have been made about the importance of stomatal and biochemical limitations to photosynthesis in a variety of species in a range of environments, genetic variation in these limitations has never been documented in wild plant populations. Genetic variation provides the raw material for adaptive evolution in rates of carbon assimilation. We examined genetic variation in gas exchange physiology and in stomatal and biochemical traits in 16 genetic lines of the annual plant, Polygonum arenastrum. The photosynthesis against leaf internal CO2 (A−ci) response curve was measured on three greenhouse-grown individuals per line. We measured the photosynthetic rate (A) and stomatal conductance (g), and calculated the internal CO2 concentration (ci) at ambient CO2 levels. In addition, the following stomatal and biochemical characteristics were obtained from the A−ci curve on each individual: the degree of stomatal limitation to photosynthesis (Ls), the maximum ribulose 1,5-biphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase (Rubisco) activity (Vcmax) and electron transport capacity (Jmax). All physiological traits were genetically variable, with broad sense heritabilities ranging from 0.66 for Ls to 0.94 for Jmax. Strong positive genetic correlations were found between Vcmax and Jmax, and between g and biochemical capacity. Path analyses revealed strong causal influences of stomatal conductance and leaf biochemistry on A and ci. Path analysis also indicated that Ls confounds both stomatal and biochemical effects, and is an appropriate measure of stomatal influences on photosynthesis, only when biochemical variation is accounted for. In total, our results indicate that differences among lines in photosynthesis and ci result from simultaneous changes in biochemical and stomatal characteristics and are consistent with theoretical predictions that there should be co-limitation of photosynthesis by ribulose-1,5-biphosphate (RuBP) utilization and regeneration, and by stomatal conductance and leaf biochemistry. Gas exchange characteristics of genetic lines in the present study were generally consistent with measurements of the same lines in a previous field study. Our new results indicate that the mechanisms underlying variation in gas exchange include variation in both stomatal conductance and biochemical capacity. In addition, A, g, and ci in the present study tended also to be positively correlated with carbon isotope discrimination (Δ), and negatively correlated with time to flowering, life span, and leaf size based on earlier work. The pattern of correlation between physiology and life span among genetic lines of P. arenastrum parallels interspecific patterns of character correlations. We suggest that the range of trait constellations among lines in P. arenastrum represents a continuum between stress avoidance (rapid development, high gas exchange metabolism) and stress tolerance (slow development, low gas exchange metabolism), and that genetic variation in these character combinations may be maintained by environmental variation in stress levels in the species’ ruderal habitat.
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  • 45
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Key words Abutilon theophrasti ; Genetic variation ; Plant size ; Phenotypic plasticity ; Reproductive allocation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Seed output is determined by two processes: resource acquisition and the allocation of resources to seeds. In order to clarify how the reaction norm of seed output is controlled by the phenotypic expression of its two components, we examined the genetic components of plasticity of seed dry mass, plant size, and reproductive allocation under different conditions of soil nutrient availability and conspecific competition among eight families of Abutilon theophrasti. Without competition, the reaction norm of seed mass of the families crossed between the lowest and other nutrient levels, although neither of its components, plant size and reproductive allocation, showed such a response. The crossing reaction norm (i.e., reversal of relative fitnesses of different genotypes along the environmental gradient) of seed mass resulted from (1) a trade-off between plant size and reproductive allocation, and (2) changes in the relative magnitude of genetic variances in plant size and reproductive allocation with soil nutrient availability. While allocation was more important in determining seed mass under limiting nutrient conditions, plant size became more important under high-nutrient conditions. There were no significant genetic variances in seed mass, plant size, and reproductive allocation in the competition treatment, except at the highest nutrient level. The results show that plant competition mitigated the effects of genetic differences in plant performance among the families. We discuss the results in relation to maintenance of genetic variation within a population.
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  • 46
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: 15N natural abundance ; Genetic variation ; Hordeum ; Salt stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Given a uniform N source, the δ15N of barley shoots provided a genotypic range within treatments and a separation between control and salt-stress treatments as great as did δ13C*. Plant δ15N has been represented in the literature as a bioassay of external source δ15N and used to infer soil N sources, thus precluding consideration of the plant as a major cause in determining its own 815N. We believe this to be the first report of plant δ15N as a genetic trait. No mechanistic model is needed for use of δ15N as a trait in controlled studies; however, a qualitative model is suggested for further testing.
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  • 47
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 95 (1997), S. 474-478 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Ribosomal DNA ; RAPD ; Fusarium solani ; Genetic variation ; Fungi
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract   Fusarium solani f. sp. phaseoli is the etiological agent of soybean sudden death syndrome (SDS). This form species includes both members that cause SDS and those that do not. Despite the extensive use of SDS isolates in soybean plant breeding studies, no information regarding genetic relatedness of isolates is available. Sequencing of the D2 region of the large-subunit (28S) ribosomal DNA of 19 isolates of F. solani f. sp. phaseoli, both SDS and non-SDS isolates, resulted in identical sequences and thus indicated a very low level of genetic variation within the form species. Sequencing of the ITS region resulted in low-level intra-individual as well as intra-specific variation. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis was used for a genome-wide estimate of genetic variation and was able to resolve only two amplitypes of the SDS isolates. Thus, SDS isolates from throughout the U.S. comprise an almost clonal population with an extremely low level of genetic variation among individuals.
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  • 48
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Dominance ratio ; Genetic variation ; Heritability ; Non-allelic interaction ; Transgression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  A unique set of data recorded on 60 randomly extracted single-seed-descent (F∞) lines of a highly heterotic cross between two varieties of Nicotiana rustica and their 870 reciprocally produced pairwise crosses, the second-cycle hybrids (SCH), are analysed to investigate the true nature of genetical control in the cross and the results are compared with those in earlier publications. The analysis revealed that epistasis, genotype-by-micro-environmental interaction, maternal effects and linkage are significant for several characters and the additive and non-additive components of variation take large values for all of the traits. Epistasis is predominantly duplicate and not complementary. Dominance is high but partial, all estimates of dominance ratio lying between 0.5 and 0.9. Dominance is predominantly unidirectional for leaf length, leaf width and final height, while for the remaining traits, some genes show ambidirectional dominance, although the incidence of unidirectional dominance is much higher throughout. The direction of dominance is predominantly for the increased score, except for flowering time where alleles conferring earliness are up to five times more frequently dominant. The present study has also confirmed that the F2 and SCHi distributions are very similar and that the former can be used to predict the transgression in the latter with confidence. The reduced range of the SCH i families compared to the recombinant inbreds, further indicated that heterosis among many of the SCHi is due to gene dispersion and there is little evidence for the presence of over-dominance.
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  • 49
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 94 (1997), S. 1065-1071 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Trees ; Chloroplast DNA ; PCR-RFLP ; Genetic variation ; Evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  This paper reports on a PCR-RFLP analysis in a chloroplast DNA region consisting of coding and intergenic spacer sequences of trnS and the adjacent psbC gene. This region was PCR-amplified in 62 woody plant species, predominantly tree species, that represent a broad systematic range in both gymnosperms and dicotyledonous angiosperms. The amplification products were digested by the restriction endonuclease HaeIII (GG↓CC). Fourteen different restriction patterns occurred, 5 of which characterised representatives of the gymnosperms, and 9 angiosperm representatives. A single restriction site polymorphism revealed most of the species to share restriction patterns. Groups formed which showed relationships to plant systematic units. This phenomenon is discussed with regard to the psbC gene and the GGCC motif for tracing species’ relationships on a high taxonomic level of gymnosperms and angiosperms.
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  • 50
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    Aquaculture international 5 (1997), S. 197-206 
    ISSN: 1573-143X
    Keywords: Breeding ; Flesh quality ; Genetic gain ; Genetic variation ; Selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In salmonids, which are fat fish, phenotypic and genetic parameters in flesh quality traits have been studied in several investigations while little has been done in other fish species. For traits like fat percentage, area of fat depot, and flesh colour in salmonids, relatively large genetic variation has been found. There is an unfavourable genetic correlation between body weight and the traits fat percentage and area of fat depot. The expected response to selection in quality traits, considering single trait selection, varies between 5 and 15% per generation. Quality traits can usually be recorded only on dead animals, and therefore family selection mush be practised in a breeding programme.
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  • 51
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    Aquaculture international 5 (1997), S. 339-349 
    ISSN: 1573-143X
    Keywords: Electrophoresis ; Genetic variation ; Introgression ; Tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus and O. niloticus)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract An electrophoretic analysis of six populations of Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters) and four populations of O. niloticus (L.) from several rivers and a fish hatchery in Sri Lanka was conducted to determine the degree of mixing within and between stocks. Genetic characterization of the O. mossambicus stocks showed that some degree of mixing with O. niloticus occurred in all but two of the populations examined, while in the case of the O. niloticus, all the populations had some degree of mixing of O. mossambicus alleles. Genetic identity calculated using Nei's coefficient gave values ranging from 0.9484 to 0.9895 for O. niloticus populations and 1.0 to 0.9940 for O. mossambicus populations, while interspecies comparisons ranged from 0.7531 to 0.9002. The implications of these results for fisheries management and aquaculture are discussed.
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  • 52
    ISSN: 0032-8332
    Keywords: Pan troglodytes ; Chimpanzee ; DNA typing ; Paternity test ; Dinucleotide repeats ; GT/CA repeats ; Genetic variation ; Microsatellite
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract DNA “fingerprinting” using polymorphic (CA)-repeat microsatellite markers was used to quantify the level of genetic variation present in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) in the Australasian region. These markers were also used to determine the paternity of chimpanzees born at Taronga Zoo over a 20-year period. The results suggested that the dominant male in the colony was responsible for siring most, but not all, of the offspring. Where the dominant male was excluded from paternity, the sire was identifiable if all candidate males were available for typing. This enabled us to prove the captive origin of offspring born in the colony during this period. Thus, microsatellite analysis was a useful tool for assignment of familial relationships and improving genetic management of breeding colonies.
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  • 53
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Genetic variation ; Lead ; Mineral nutrients ; Population differentiation ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In continental Europe, the heavy metal hyperaccumulator Thlaspi caerulescens occurs both on heavy-metal polluted soils (subsp. calaminare) and on soils with normal heavy metal content (subsp. caerulescens). In order to assess the extent and partitioning of variation in heavy metal tolerance and foliar mineral composition, twelve families from two populations of each subspecies were grown in pots in four soil treatments differing in heavy metal (Zn, Pb) and macronutrient concentrations. The two subspecies differed systematically in many respects. Subsp. calaminare had a higher survival at high levels of heavy metals and a higher tolerance index in all treatments. It also had three times lower foliar zinc and lead concentrations when grown at moderate levels of heavy metals. This, together with a negative correlation of foliar Pb concentration with growth in subsp. caerulescens, suggests that heavy metal accumulation per se is not a mechanism of tolerance in this species. Variation among families within populations accounted for a larger proportion of total variance in growth and mineral composition than variation between populations. Additionally, within population variation in heavy metal tolerance and accumulation was significantly lower in subsp. calaminare. This suggests that, adding to a background constitutive tolerance at the species level, natural selection has increased heavy metal tolerance in metallicolous populations of Thlaspi caerulescens.
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  • 54
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    Electrophoresis 18 (1997), S. 1693-1700 
    ISSN: 0173-0835
    Keywords: Genetic variation ; Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA ; Microsatellites ; Lions ; Tigers ; Conservation ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Previous reports have suggested that Asiatic lions and tigers are highly inbred and exhibit very low levels of genetic variation. Our analyses on these species have shown much higher degrees of polymorphism than reported. Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis of 38 Asiatic lions, which exist as a single population in the Gir Forest Sanctuary in India, shows an average heterozygosity of 25.82% with four primers. Sperm motility studies by our colleagues corroborate this data. In Indian tigers, microsatellite analysis of five CA repeat loci and multilocus fingerprinting using Bkm 2(8) probe on a population of 22 individuals revealed a heterozygosity of 22.65%. Microsatellite analysis at loci Fca 77 and Fca 126 revealed polymorphism amongst the Asiatic X African lion hybrids, which has enabled us to use these as markers to discriminate the pure Asiatic lions from the hybrids. A similar analysis was used to identify hybrids of Indian and Siberian tigers through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of hair samples. To ascertain the variation which existed before the population bottleneck at the turn of the present century, microsatellite analysis was performed on 50- to 125-year-old skin samples from museum specimens. Our results show similar levels of genetic variability as in the present population (21.01%). This suggests that low genetic variability may be the characteristic feature of these species and not the result of intensive inbreeding. DNA fingerprinting studies of Asiatic lions and tigers have helped in identifying individuals with high genetic variability which can be used for conservation breeding programs.
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    Journal of molecular evolution 42 (1996), S. 676-684 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Hoatzin ; Stomach lysozyme ; Foregut fermentation ; Gene sequences ; Gene duplication ; Genetic variation ; Lysozyme evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Multiple genes of the hoatzin encoding stomach lysozyme c and closely related members of this calcium-binding lysozyme c group were cloned from a genomic DNA library and sequenced. There are a minimum of five genes represented among these sequences that encode two distinct groups of protein sequences. One group of three genes corresponds to the stomach lysozyme amino acid sequences, and the remaining genes encode predicted proteins that are more basic in character and share several sequence identities with the pigeon egg-white lysozyme rather than with the hoatzin stomach lysozymes. Despite these structural similarities between some of the hoatzin gene products and the pigeon lysozyme, phylogenetic analyses indicate that all of the hoatzin sequences are closely related to one another. This is borne out by the relatively small genetic distances even in the intronic regions, which are not subject to the selective pressures operating on the coding regions of the stomach lysozymes. These results suggest that multiple gene duplication events have occurred during the evolution of hoatzin lysozymes.
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  • 56
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Key words Crossing procedure ; Epidemiology ; Genetic variation ; Heterothallism ; Mating system ; Septoria tritici
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Monospore isolates of Mycosphaerella graminicola considered to originate from one ascus were analysed by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with 32 RAPD primers. Eighteen of these revealed three classes of polymorphisms, which enabled a RAPD-based tetrad analysis. Four pairs of isolates resulting from a single diploid nucleus were determined. A procedure to cross these isolates was developed to investigate the mating system. Three of six crosses were successful, and the segregation of mating types in accordance with the tetrad analysis strongly points to a bipolar heterothallic mating system in M. graminicola. Random ascospore progenies from the successful crosses, each comprising 54 isolates, were studied with three primers to determine the mode of inheritance of the RAPD markers. Mendelian segregation and recombination of RAPD markers was observed in all progenies.
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  • 57
    ISSN: 1618-0860
    Keywords: Clonal diversity ; Genetic drift ; Genetic variation ; Vitex rotundifolia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Vitex rotundifolia L.f. is a woody perennial and has sexual and asexual modes of reproduction. Allozyme study was conducted on 550 plants in 13 Korean populations. The levels of genetic variability and divergence within and among populations, respectively, are considerably lower and higher than the mean values for woody plants with similar life history tralts. Mean percentage of polymorphic loci (P P), mean number of alleles per locus (A P), and mean genetic diversity (He P) within populations ofV. rotundifolia were: 16.7%, 1.21, and 0.047. On average, about 79% of the total variation inV. rotundifolia was common to all populations (meanG ST=0.208). In addition, significant differences in allele frequencies among populations were found in all polymorphic loci examined (P〈0.001). On the other hand, levels of genotypic diversity within and among populations were moderate. About 44% (18/41) of multilocus genotypes were “local genotypes” (genotypes occurring in only one population), whereas only one “widespread genotype” (genotypes occurring in more than 75% of the populations) were detected. The mean number of multilocus genotypes per population (G) and mean genotypic diversity index (D G) were 8.4 and 0.74, respectively. Most common multilocus genotypes found in populations were homozygous for five polymorphic loci. The abundance of ramets of these genets is responsible for the low levels of expected heterozygosity within populations. The results indicate that clonal reproduction may act as an enhancer of genetic drift by reducing effective size of local populations ofV. rotundifolia.
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  • 58
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Competition ; Environment ; Fitness ; Genetic variation ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The outcome of interspecific competition of two closely related species may depend upon genetic variation in the two species and the environment in which the experiment is carried out. Interspecific competition in the two sibling species, Drosophila melanogaster and D. simulans, is usually investigated using longterm laboratory stocks that often have mutant markers that distinguish them. To examine competition in flies that genetically more closely resemble flies in nature, we utilized freshly caught wildtype isofemale lines of the two species collected at the same site in San Carlos, Mexico. Under ordinary laboratory conditions, D. melanogaster always won in competition. However, in hotter and drier conditions, D. simulans competed much more effectively. In these environmental conditions, there were genetic differences in competitive ability among lines with the outcome of competition primarily dependent upon the line of D. melanogaster used but in some cases also influenced by the line of D. simulans used. Differences in the measures of productivity and developmental time did not explain the differences in competitive ability among lines. This suggests that the outcome of competition was not due to differences in major fitness components among the isofemale lines but to some other attribute(s) that influenced competitive ability. When lines of flies were combined, the outcome of competition was generally consistent with competitive outcomes between pairs of lines. In several cases, the combination of lines performed better than the best of the constituent lines, suggesting that competitive ability was combined heterotically and that the total amount of genetic variation was important in the outcome of interspecific competition.
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  • 59
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words  Pinus ; Allozymes ; Chloroplast DNA ; Genetic variation ; Evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract   We studied allozyme and chloroplast (cp) DNA variation in natural populations of Pinus kesiya and P. merkusii from Thailand and Vietnam. The results showed striking differences between the two species in the amount and distribution of allozyme variation. P. kesiya harboured considerable allozyme variation and showed weak interpopulational differentiation. In contrast, P. merkusii had very low intrapopulational variability but a high level of interpopulational differentiation. The average Nei's genetic distance separating the two species was exceptionally high (0.701) taking into account their close taxonomic placement in the same subsection Sylvestres. The constructed phylogenetic trees revealed very early divergence of P. kesiya and P. merkusii. The present analysis of cpDNA variation also confirmed the dissimilar character of these two species and was compatible with other evidence indicating the outstanding position of P. merkusii as compared to other Asian members of the subsection Sylvestres. Analysis of cpDNA variation in sympatric populations of P. kesiya and P. merkusii revealed that they are pure representatives of the species in question. This result indicates that despite an overlapping distribution P. kesiya and P. merkusii do not hybridise in nature. We suggest that the distinctive character of P. merkusii is a result of an early separation from other Eurasian pines. Despite spatial proximity, P. kesiya and P. merkusii are kept apart by strong reproductive barriers. The low genetic variability of P. merkusii may be explained by previous bottlenecks, reduced gene flow among populations, and an inbreeding due to small population size and asynchronous flowering.
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 92 (1996), S. 334-339 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Random amplified polymorphic DNA ; Hop ; Genetic variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The level of genetic variation in 24 hop genotypes was studied using the recently developed technique for producing random amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs). Of the 60 primers screened, eight produced polymorphic RAPD bands, 38 produced bands that were monomorphic for all genotypes and 19 did not produce any amplification product. It appeared that the level of polymorphism among the genotypes was generally low. Three of the primers, A11, A17 and C9, were used to determine the stability and segregation of RAPD markers in five families with a total of 182 F1 progeny. The segregation ratios of these markers in the f1 progeny suggested that they were inherited in a Mendelian manner. RAPD markers were stable and may be useful for the construction of linkage maps in hop.
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  • 61
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Pinus ; Allozymes ; Chloroplast DNA ; Genetic variation ; Evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We studied allozyme and chloroplast (cp) DNA variation in natural populations of Pinus kesiya and P. merkusii from Thailand and Vietnam. The results showed striking differences between the two species in the amount and distribution of allozyme variation. P. kesiya harboured considerable allozyme variation and showed weak interpopulational differentiation. In contrast, P. merkmii had very low intrapopulational variability but a high level of interpopulational differentiation. The average Nei's genetic distance separating the two species was exceptionally high (0.701) taking into account their close taxonomic placement in the same subsection Sylvestres. The constructed phylogenetic trees revealed very early divergence of P. kesiya and P. merkusii. The present analysis of cpDNA variation also confirmed the dissimilar character of these two species and was compatible with other evidence indicating the outstanding position of P. merkusii as compared to other Asian members of the subsection Sylvestres. Analysis of cpDNA variation in sympatric populations of P. kesiya and P. merkusii revealed that they are pure representatives of the species in question. This result indicates that despite an overlapping distribution P. kesiya and P. merkusii do not hybridise in nature. We suggest that the distinctive character of P. merkusii is a result of an early separation from other Eurasian pines. Despite spatial proximity, P. kesiya and P. merkusii are kept apart by strong reproductive barriers. The low genetic variability of P. merkusii may be explained by previous bottlenecks, reduced gene flow among populations, and an inbreeding due to small population size and asynchronous flowering.
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    Aquaculture international 4 (1996), S. 19-30 
    ISSN: 1573-143X
    Keywords: Genetic variation ; RAPD fingerprinting ; Species differentiation ; Tilapia (Oreochromis aureus, O. mossambicus, O. niloticus)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This study used random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) fingerprinting for estimating genetic variation and species differentiation in three species of tilapia. A 16-mer random primer generated RAPD markers ranging from 250 to 2400 base pairs (bp). Genetic similarity estimates obtained by pairwise comparisons based on the method of Nei and Li (1979) indicated high genetic similarity (mean genetic similarity (± sd), 0.73 (± 0.15) for Nile tilapia; 0.78 (± 0.12) for Mozambique tilapia; and 0.87 (± 0.07) for Aureus tilapia) within each of the tilapia species. The average interspecies genetic similarities obtained among the three species were 0.59 (± 0.07) for Mozambique/Nile tilapia, 0.46 (± 0.09) for Aureus/Nile tilapia and 0.38 (± 0.07) for Aureus/Mozambique tilapia pair. DNA profiles generated in each species of tilapia were unique. A total of 13 RAPD markers differentiating the three species of tilapia were detected. Our study presented RAPD markers as a new class of useful genetic markers for assessment of genetic diversity and species differentiation in tilapia.
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  • 63
    ISSN: 0032-8332
    Keywords: Eulemur macaco ; Island populations ; Protein markers ; Founder effect ; Genetic variation ; Genetic drift
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Analysis for genetic variation of insular and mainland populations ofEulemur macaco has revealed: (1) a different degree of genetic variation between populations; and (2) the phylogenetic relationships between groups, on the islands of Nosy-Be and Nosy-Komba, and in the Peninsula of Ambato (Madagascar). Eleven systems of blood proteins from 157 animals were used as genetic markers. The genetic variation was lower on the island of Nosy-Komba than in the mainland of Ambato. This is consistent with the expectation that genetic variation is lower on islands than on mainlands. In contrast, the genetic variation on the island of Nosy-Be was the highest of the three populations. This finding can best be explained by assuming that the sample of Nosy-Be consists of individuals of several small isolated groups, where genetic drift computation showed the population of Nosy-Be to be distinct, and the populations of Nosy-Komba and Ambato to be close within the same branch of the dendrogram. These findings give an insight into the population history of the island of Nosy-Komba, which might have been populated by mainland groups from Ambato.
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  • 64
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    Plant ecology 123 (1996), S. 65-71 
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: Ecotype ; Genetic variation ; Plant population ; Reciprocal transplant ; Salt tolerance ; Wild barley
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Tillers and seedlings ofHordeum jubatum L. from three sites with contrasting salinity regimes in central Saskatchewan, Canada were reciprocally transplanted in order to examine the tolerance of populations of this species to salinity and related habitat factors. Survival, growth and fecundity of the three populations were controlled more by transplant site characteristics than by genetic differences, i.e. differences among populations at a site tended to be smaller than differences among sites. Survival, growth and reproduction of all three populations were best at the non-saline site. The population originating at the non-saline site showed the poorest growth in the two saline habitats, but still had substantial salt tolerance. Fecundity was greatest when the populations were grow at their site of origin.
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  • 65
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Hybrid zone ; Hybrizyme ; Genetic variation ; Peromyscus ; 6-PGD
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Natural hybrid zones are known to have unusually high levels of novel or otherwise rare electrophoretic variants (the “rare allele phenomenon”). These variant alleles are most likely the result either of high levels of unique mutations in hybrids or of intragenic recombination between divergent alleles from the parental populations. This study uses DNA sequence comparisons to determine which process has produced a rare allele of the 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD) gene in a subspecific hybrid zone of the California field mouse (Peromyscus californicus). About 70% of the coding sequence of 6-PGD was cloned and sequenced from three alleles, including two widespread alleles and one rare allele unique to hybrid populations. Sequence comparisons among the three alleles reveal no patterns that would indicate that the variant was formed by intragenic recombination. Instead, the unique allele of 6-PGD studied seems to have developed by the accumulation of base substitutions, which supports the hypothesis of increased mutation rates in hybrids.
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  • 66
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    Journal of molecular evolution 40 (1995), S. 7-12 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: DNA acquisition ; DNA rearrangement ; Evolutionary function ; Genetic variation ; Genomic plasticity ; Illegitimate recombination ; Selection ; Site-specific recombination ; Spontaneous mutagenesis ; Transposition ; Variation generator
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In the context of a general overview of molecular mechanisms of microbial evolution, several genetic systems known to either promote or restrain the generation of genetic variations are discussed. Particular attention is given to functions involved in DNA rearrangements and DNA acquisition. Sporadic actions by a variety of such systems influencing genetic stability in either way result in a level of genetic plasticity which is tolerable to the overall wealth of microbial populations but which allows for evolutionary change needed for a steady adaptation to variable selective forces. Although these evolutionarily relevant biological functions are encoded by the genome of each individual, their actions are exerted to some degree randomly in rare individuals and are therefore seemingly nondeterministic and become manifest at the population level.
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    Journal of plant research 108 (1995), S. 195-203 
    ISSN: 1618-0860
    Keywords: Conservation ; Genetic variation ; Population genetic structure ; Salsola komarovi ; Sand dune species
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Salsola komarovi lljin is a herbaceous annual native to the sand dunes and beaches of Japan, northern China, Sakhalln and Korea. Starch-gel electrophoresis was conducted on leaves and stems collected from 300 plants in eight Korean populations. The mean number of alleles per locus (A p=1.51), mean expected heterozygosity (He p=0.116), and total genetic diversity (H T=0.279) were comparable with those for species with similar life history and ecological traits. A general conformance of genotype frequencies to Hardy-Weinberg expectations (meanF IS=−0.030) indicates thatS. komarovi is an outcrossing species. Slightly more than 20% of the genetic variation was found among populations (F ST=0.204). In addition, significant differences in allele frequency were detected between populations at all 11 polymorphic loci (P〈0.001). Nei's genetic identities range from 0.885 to 0.985 with a mean of 0.942. However, indirect estimates of the number of migrant per generation (0.97, calculated fromF ST and 0.31, calculated from seven private alleles) indicate that the levels of gene flow is low among Korean populations. Although the species maintains a moderate level of genetic variation within populations, the small, isolated natural populations of the species have been severely destructed by human activities, particularly in summer season. If this is true, conservation efforts should be focused on those populations that currently maintain the most genetic diversity (e.g., populations of Cheju Island and coast of the southwestern Korean Peninsula).
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  • 68
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Aphididae ; Sitobion avenae ; Genetic variation ; Host performance ; Clone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Individuals of the grain aphid Sitobion avenae were collected from wheat and cocksfoot stands around Hampshire, UK, during March and April 1994. Eight wheat and eight cocksfoot aphid clones were chosen on the basis of readily distinguishable RAPD-PCR fingerprint profiles. The performances (weight, fecundity and survival) of successive generations of each of these clones were then carefully monitored in the laboratory as new generations of aphids were transferred either to winter wheat or to cocksfoot in planned sequences. Even those clones that were originally caught on the same host showed significant variability in performance. Clones generally performed better on their host of origin than they did on the alternate host, and they performed less well on the alternate host compared to the clones that had originated there. A comparison of the performance of third generation aphids with first generation aphids showed that the experience of the mother in the second generation often influences the subsequent performance of their offspring. As the sequence of host transfers had more effect on the performance of wheat clones than cocksfoot clones, it is likely that wheat clones are more specialised, such that wheat is a satisfactory host for cocksfoot clones but not vice versa. The study provides evidence of genetic variation in performance on host and evidence for clonal adaptation to particular host species. This adaptation may well be a major cause of the observed consistent genetic differentiability of populations of S. avenae found on wheat and roadside grasses in early spring in southern England.
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  • 69
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 90 (1995), S. 1000-1006 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: DNA fingerprinting ; Genetic variation ; Hypervariable DNA sequences ; Rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The suitability of miniand microsatellite related DNA sequences capable of detecting multiple loci was investigated for their ability to generate DNA fingerprints in rice. These included R18.1, a cattle-derived probe, the M13 repeat probe, pV47, a human minisatellite probe; and repeats in the Per gene, telomere, chi sequence and 3′ hypervariable region of apolipoprotein B. With the R18.1, pV47 and M13 repeat probes, the level of polymorphism was high enough to identify all of the cultivars and wild rice species used in this study. R18.1, which showed the highest level of polymorphism, was estimated to identify up to 2.5×1020 genotypes of rice. In a F2 population of a ‘Basmati-370’ and ‘Taichung-65’ cross, loci detected by R18.1 segregated in a Mendelian fashion. DNA fingerprints were somatically stable and the hybridization patterns were identical among different plants of the same cultivar. Application of the above molecular genetic markers for identification of rice genotypes is reported here for the first time.
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 90 (1995), S. 166-172 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Ribes nigrum ; RAPD ; Genetic variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Ribes nigrum germplasm was screened for random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. Fiftyfour markers were identified which generated individual fingerprints for each of 21 cultivars. Genetic variation within R. nigrum germplasm, as detected by RAPDs, demonstrated that the genetic basis for improvement of blackcurrant is narrower than would be expected by the analysis of parentage.
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  • 71
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Allozymes ; Chloroplast DNA ; RAPD ; Genetic variation ; Abies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Allozyme, chloroplast (cpDNA) and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers have been used to estimate genetic and taxonomic relationships among different populations of Abies alba and the relic population of A. nebrodensis. Twelve isozyme gene loci, as well as restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) at cpDNA spacer regions between t-RNA genes were analysed. Moreover, a set of 60 random sequence 10-mer primers were tested. Over all isozyme loci, evident differences in allele frequencies among A. nebrodensis and A. alba populations were found, particularly at 2 loci, phosphoglucose isomerase (Pgi-a) and shikimate dehydrogenase (Skd-a). More than 10% of the total genetic diversity was due to differences among populations. High values of genetic distances among populations were also found. Out of the 60 primers tested, 12 resulted in a polymorphic banding pattern both within and among populations. A total of 84 RAPD fragments were produced by the 12 selected primers. A phenogram of relationships among populations was constructed based on RAPD band sharing: the differentiation of the A. nebrodensis population was evident. The analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) was used to apportion the variation among individuals within populations and among populations. There was considerable variation within each population: even so, genetic divergence was found among populations. This pattern of genetic variation was very different from that reported for inbred species. Identical cpDNA amplification and restriction patterns were observed among all the individuals sampled from the populations. Taken together, the results of allozyme and RAPDs show a clear differentiation among A. nebrodensis and A. alba populations and provide support for their classification into two different taxonomic groups.
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 91 (1995), S. 1101-1106 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Pinus ; Noncoding cpDNA ; Genetic variation ; Phylogeny ; Conservation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Universal primers were used for PCR amplification of three noncoding regions of chloroplast DNA in order to study restriction site variation in 12 Mexican pine species. Two length mutations were identified that are of diagnostic value for two subgenera or sections of the genus. Phylogenetic analysis of the restriction site and length variation showed patterns of variation largely consistent with previous arrangements of these pines, except for the position of Pinus nelsonii, indicating that Pinus section Parraya Mayr, as circumscribed by Little and Critchfield (1969) and later authors, is not a monophyletic group.
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 91 (1995), S. 346-352 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Brassica campestris ; Brassica oleracea ; Isozymes ; Genetic variation ; Heterozygosity ; Phylogeny
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Genetic variation based on isozymes was studied in 43 landraces and cultivars of Brassica campestris from China, 4 cultivars of B. campestris from Sweden and 1 from India, and 5 cultivars of B. oleracea from Sweden and 1 from China (B. alboglabra). A total of 17 isozyme loci was studied, 10 of these were polymorphic in B. campestris and 6 were polymorphic in B. oleracea. The level of heterozygosity seemed to be reduced in the Swedish cultivars compared to the Chinese landraces and cultivars of B. campestris. The level of heterozygosity in B. oleracea was even lower than that in the Swedish cultivars of B. campestris. A phylogeny of the cultivars and landraces of B. campestris showed that the B. campestris var ‘yellow sarson’ cultivar, originating from India, deviated significantly from the other cultivars of B. campestris. A phylogeny of the cultivars of B. oleracea confirmed the expectations that the cultivar B. alboglabra was not closely related to the cultivated forms of B. oleracea.
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  • 74
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Fusiform rust ; Genetic variation ; RAPD polymorphism ; PCR
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Twelve random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were used to study genetic variability in three populations of Cronartium quercuum f. sp. fusiforme, the causal agent of fusiform rust on pines. Most of the variability (94%) was found within populations while 6% of the total variability was attributable to frequency differences between populations. The frequency of three markers was significantly different between regions of origin on an east-west transect. Three markers were completely absent from one of the populations while present in the others, and one marker was fixed in the western population but polymorphic in the eastern and central populations. However, no significant differences were observed when the western population was omitted from the analysis. The results suggest that C. quercuum f. sp. fusiforme is a highly heterogeneous pathogen with little geographic differentiation and underscores the importance of considering the population structure of the pathogen in resistance breeding programs.
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  • 75
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Cynoglossum officinale ; Pyrrolizidine alkaloids ; Induced defences ; Genetic variation ; Transport
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The constitutive pyrrolizidine alkaloid (PA) concentration of both shoots and roots differed significantly between 17 selfed families. The broad-sense heritability accounted for 33–43% of the variation in PA levels. Families also differed significantly in the amount and the direction of PA induction in both shoots and roots, 24 h after punching 15 holes in the leaves. We found a significantly negative relationship between the changes in PA content of the shoots and changes in PA content of the roots. The total PA content of the plants did not increase. We thus concluded that changes in PA distribution over the plant resulted from transport of PAs within the plant. The direction of transport differed between families: some transported PAs to the shoots, others to the roots. This makes it questionable whether PAs act as damage-induced defences. The effect of damage on the PA concentration is far less than the differences found between families in the constitutive PA concentration. This again strongly suggests that damage-induced defences inCynoglossum officinale do not play an important role. We argue that the general lack of attention that is given to genotype in induction experiments, has led to false conclusions.
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  • 76
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 87 (1994), S. 668-672 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: RAPD ; Genetic variation ; Upland and lowland rice ; Rice genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Genetic variation of nine upland and four lowland rice cultivars (Oryza sativa L.) was investigated at the DNA level using the randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) method via the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Forty-two random primers were used to amplify DNA segments and 260 PCR products were obtained. The results of agarosegel electrophoretic analysis of these PCR products indicated that 208 (80%) were polymorphic. All 42 primers used in this experiment were amplified and typically generated one-to-four major bands. Only two primers showed no polymorphisms. In general, a higher level of polymorphism was found between japonica and indica subspecies while fewer polymorphisms were found between upland and lowland cultivars within the indica subspecies. A dendrogram that shows the genetic distances of 13 rice cultivars was constructed based on their DNA polymorphisms. Classification of rice cultivars based on the results from the RAPD analysis was identical to the previous classification based on isozyme analysis. This study demonstrated that RAPD analysis is a useful tool in determining the genetic relationships among rice cultivars.
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  • 77
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Tomato ; M. incognita ; Virulence ; Genetic variation ; Inheritance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Resistance to the parthenogenetic root-knot nematodeMeloidogyne incognita is controlled in tomato by the single dominant geneMi, against which virulent pathotypes are able to develop. Isofemale lines (i.e., families) were established from a natural avirulent isolate ofM. incognita in order to study the genetic variability and inheritance of the nematode virulence. From the progeny of individual females, the production of egg masses on the root system of theMi-resistant tomato ‘Piersol’ was analyzed in artificial selection experiments. A family analysis revealed, after two successive generations, a strongly significant variation between the 63 isofemale lines tested, and the results obtained for the mothers and their daughters were also significantly correlated. These results together clearly demonstrate the existence of a genetic variability and inheritance for this character. In a second experiment, a four-generation selection was performed on 31 other isofemale lines. The results revealed a significant response to selection apparently limited only to the two families able to produce, in first generation, a significant minimal egg-mass number on the resistant cultivar.
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  • 78
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 504-508 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: RAPDs ; Mahoganies ; Genetic variation ; Conservation ; Genetic Improvement
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Despite the economic importance of mahoganies (Meliaceae) little is known of the pattern of genetic variation within this family of tropical trees. We describe the application of a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based polymorphic DNA assay procedure random amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs) to assess the extent of genetic variation between eight mahogany species from four genera. Pronounced genetic differentiation was found between the species and genera. There was a clear separation of Cedrela odorata from the other species, with 95% of the variable amplification products differing, whereas Lovoa trichilioides, Khaya spp. and Swietenia spp. were more closely grouped. These results are consistent with the current taxonomic viewpoint. A number of markers were found to be diagnostic for particular species, which could be of value in determining the status of putative hybrids. The application of RAPDs to the study of genetic variation in mahoganies is discussed in the context of developing genetic conservation and improvement strategies for these species.
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  • 79
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 88 (1994), S. 490-496 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Peronospora parasitica ; Non-culturable pathogenic fungus ; DNA fingerprinting ; RAPDs ; Genetic variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The fungus Peronospora parasitica (Pers. ex Fr.) Fr. is an obligate biotroph infecting a wide range of host species in the family Cruciferae. Isolates from different hosts are morphologically similar, and pathotypes are usually distinguished on the basis of host range. Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) fingerprints were generated from a range of P. parasitica isolates from different Brassica species. Reaction conditions, in particular DNA template, primer and Mg2+ concentrations, were optimized to ensure that amplifications were reproducible. Possible artefacts arising through host plant DNA were assessed by including such DNA in control reactions. Confirmation that diagnostic RAPD bands were generated from fungal DNA was also obtained by Southern hybridization of a RAPD band to genomic fungal DNA. By screening 20 decamer primers, 2 were found to detect sufficient genetic variation to allow complete differentiation between pathotypes. These results illustrate the potential value of RAPDs for detecting polymorphisms between isolates of a non-culturable plant pathogenic fungus.
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  • 80
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 387-391 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Genetic variation ; Pisum ; Trypsin inhibitor
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A trypsin inhibitor locus (Tri) has been mapped close to Vc-2 on Pisum (pea) linkage group 5 using recombinant inbred lines derived from crosses of genotypes showing qualitative variation in seed trypsin inhibitors. F2 seed populations derived from crosses between lines showing qualitative variation in trypsin inhibitors as well as quantitative variation in inhibitor activity showed an association between the segregation of the structural variation and relative activity levels. Clones complementary to Pisum trypsin inhibitor mRNA were used in hybridization analyses which showed that the segregation of protein polymorphisms reflected directly the segregation of polymorphisms associated with the structural genes.
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  • 81
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Black Aspergilli ; Genetic variation ; RAPD markers ; Ribosomal DNA
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    Notes: Abstract A PCR-based technique, involving the random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD), was used for assessing genomic variability among a wide range of culture collection strains of black Aspergilli and related species. The performance of this technique is compared with that of the two other genetic techniques most commonly used, namely restriction fragment length polymorphisms on rDNA and isozyme analysis. The eight main groups as assigned by RFLP were also distinguished by RAPD patterns. On the basis of 122 polymorphic RAPD products using six random primers, the 17 collection strains examined could be subdivided into 15 distinct sub-groups. We suggest that the RAPD method is a quick and reliable tool for establishing the amount of genetic variability in closely related species. Our study indicates that the complex group of black Aspergilli is characterized by a high degree of genetic differentiation. This is also apparent from the considerable karyotype variation present in the group.
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  • 82
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Genetic variation ; Aphididae ; Life history ; Parthenogenesis
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    Notes: Abstract Many aphid species have shown remarkable adaptability by invading new habitats and agricultural crops, although they are parthenogenetic and might be expected to show limited genetic variation. To determine if the mode of reproduction limits the level of genetic variation in adaptively important traits, we assess variation in 15 life history traits of the pea aphid, Acyrhosiphon pisum (Harris), for five populations sampled along a north-south transect in central North America, and for three traits for three populations from eastern Australia. The traits are developmental times and rates as affected by temperature, body weights as affected by temperature, fecundity, measures of migratory tendency, and photoperiodic responses. The most southerly population from North America is shown to be obligately parthenogenetic, as are the Australian populations, and the four more northerly North American populations are facultatively parthenogenetic with the number of parthenogenetic generations per year increasing from north to south. The broad-sense heritabilities of life history traits varied from 0.36 to 0.71 for nine quantitive traits based on a comparison of within-and between-lineage variances. Using these traits, 7–13 distinct genotypes (i.e. clones) were identified among each of the 18 lines sampled from the North American populations, but the number did not differ significantly among populations. The level of genetic variation differed from trait to trait. For 4 of 12 quantitative traits, the level of variation in the obligately parthenogenetic population from North America was lowest, but significantly lower than all the sexual populations for only 1 trait. The obligately parthenogenetic population had the highest level of genetic variation for two traits, and had intermediate levels for the others. The most northerly population, which was sexual and had relatively few parthenogenetic generations each year, had the lowest level of variation for 5 of 12 traits and the highest level of variation for 2 traits. There was no decline in variability from north to south correlated with the increase in the annual number of parthenogenetic generations. The Australian populations showed no less variation than the North American populations for two of three traits, although the pea aphid was introduced to Australia only 5 years prior to the study, whereas the aphid has been in North America for at least 100 years. The mode of reproduction has not had a substantial impact on the level of genetic variation in life history traits of the pea aphid, but there are population-specific factors that effect the level of variation in certain traits.
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  • 83
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    Oecologia 90 (1992), S. 270-275 
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Diapause ; Genetic variation ; Photoperiodic response ; Temperature response ; Tetranychus urticae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Diapause characteristics of nine local populations of Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acarina: Tetranychidae) occurring on rose in central Japan were investigated. The percentage of females that entered diapause at 18° C and 9L: 15D photoperiod ranged between 0 and 77%. In addition, both photoperiodic and temperature responses varied widely among these populations. We suggest that temperature response might be a better trait than photoperiodic response for selection among local populations. Females in diapause survived −24° C better than those that were not. However, no difference in cold hardiness among these populations was found. The mite responded rapidly to artificial selection for low and high diapause percentage. The response was asymmetrical, being easier in the direction of low diapause percentage. Reciprocal and back crosses using selected low and high diapause percentage cultures showed that the genetic control of diapause was complicated. Neither the “lowdiapause” nor the “high-diapause” trait dominated over the other. However, the “low-diapause” trait seemed to be stronger. The results of this study suggest that variation in diapause response is maintained by (1) adaptation to local environments and (2) the complexity of the genetics of diapause. Such variation may provide the genetic raw material for natural selection and is a prerequisite for the extension of ecological range.
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  • 84
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Lotus corniculatus L. ; Patchiness ; Gene flow ; Pollinator behaviour ; Genetic variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Gene flow was investigated in a natural population of Lotus corniculatus L. (Fabaceae) using a combination of pollen and seed dispersal studies and a recombinant DNA technique. The population is spatially heterogeneous and grows with Empetrum nigrum. L. corniculatus is pollinated by the pollen-collecting bumblebee Bombus lapidarius L. Most pollinator flights occurred within patches, as bees usually visit nearest-neighbour plants, show no marked directionality, and forage mostly within patches. Gene flow by seeds is also limited, reinforcing the pattern of gene flow within patches. However, 2.6% of pollinator flights are between patches and considerable pollen carryover also occurs. Thus, gene flow between patches is potentially sufficient to retard or prevent genetic differentiation in spite of the patchy sub-structuring of the population. A sub-set of the population was analysed for restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) to document the actual gene flow pattern of the population. The DNA analysis revealed significant levels of genetic differentiation between the patches. The level of gene flow that can be inferred from the distribution of genetic variation is surprisingly restricted, as compared to gene flow inferred from pollinator behaviour, and emphasizes that stochastic processes like genetic drift and founder effects may have a strong impact on the prevailing genetic structure.
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  • 85
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Pithecellobium pedicellare ; Seed weight variation ; Maternal effects ; Genetic variation ; Tropical rain forests
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Pithecellobium pedicellare, a mimosoid legume, is a large canopy tree in the tropical rain forests of Costa Rica. We examined the pattern of variation in seed weight, germination date, hypocotyl length (stem), and rachis length (the first leaf) of the seedlings in this species. Seeds collected from widely dispersed individual trees at the La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica, were randomly planted in blocks, and grown under controlled, indoor conditions for about 2 weeks. There-fore, we were able to quantify the effects of maternal family on mean seed weight and the effects of maternal family and microenvironment on the remaining traits examined. A significant effect of maternal family was detected for all traits. In particular, the maternal effects on germination date and seedling size traits which were consistently significant even after controlling the initial seed weight may indicate that the maternal effects reflect, at least to some extent, maternal genetic control over these traits. Despite overall strong maternal effects, the performance of maternal siblings, such as the rachis length, differed among blocks. The sensitivity of maternal siblings to the local environments may contribute to the maintenance of genetic variability in this highly outcrossing tropical species.
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  • 86
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Lycopersicon esculentum ; RFLP ; Resistance gene mapping ; Cladosporium fulvum ; Genetic variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The contribution of introgressed regions derived from wild species to the genetic variation within the species of Lycopersicon esculentum was investigated by comparing the RFLP patterns of 2 introgression-free, obsolete cultivars (‘Moneymaker’ and ‘Premier’) and a modern cultivar (‘Sonatine’) that carries at least 5 introgressed resistance genes. In this analysis 195 mapped nuclear markers were used in combination with 6 restriction enzymes. Among the 1170 probe-enzyme combinations tested, only 3 showed a polymorphism between the 2 introgression-free cultivars. On the other hand 24 probe-enzyme combinations were found to exhibit polymorphisms between ‘Moneymaker’ and ‘Sonatine’. These represented ten polymorphic loci distributed among 5 linkage groups on chromosomes 1, 3, 4, 6, and 9. On the assumption that most of the polymorphic loci corresponded to introgressed chromosome segments of wild species carrying resistance genes, linkages between these loci and the component resistance genes were examined by RFLP analysis of pairs of near-isogenic lines differing only for one particular resistance gene, and a variety of commercial cultivars having different resistance gene compositions. Two of the polymorphic linkage groups could thus be ascribed to resistance genes whose map positions were already known: Cf2 on chromosome 6 and Tm2a on chromosome 9, whereas another marker, TG301 on chromosome 1, could be assigned to the Cladosporium fulvum resistance gene Cf9 with a hitherto disputable map position. By linkage analysis of a segregating F2 population the genetic distance between the Cf9 gene and the marker TG301 was estimated at 5.5 ± 2.3 cM.
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  • 87
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    Journal of molecular evolution 32 (1991), S. 360-363 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Human immunodeficiency viruses ; Molecular evolution ; Genetic variation ; Mutation pattern ; Antiviral drugs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Human immunodeficiency viruses (HIVs) show extensive genetic variation. This feature is the fundamental cause of pathogenicity of HIVs and thwarts efforts to develop effective vaccines. To understand the mutation mechanism of these viruses, we analyzed nucleotide sequences ofenv andgag genes of the viruses by use of molecular evolutionary methods and estimated the direction and frequency of nucleotide substitutions. Results obtained showed that the frequency of changes between A and G was extremely high and the mutation pattern of HIVs was distinct from those of nuclear genes of their host cells. This distinction may be caused by the characteristics of the reverse transcription of HIVs. The mutation pattern obtained would be helpful to construct effective antiviral drugs.
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  • 88
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Senecio jacobaea ; Tritrophic interactions ; Genetic variation ; Pyrrolizidine alkaloids ; Herbivory
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We hypothesize that the tritrophic interaction between ants, the aphid Aphis jacobaeae, the moth Tyria jacobaeae, and the plant Senecio jacobaea can explain the genetic variation observed in pyrrolizidine alkaloid concentration in natural populations of S. jacobaea. The ant Lasius niger effectively defends S. jacobaea plants infested with A. jacobaeae against larvae of T. jacobaeae. S. jacobaea plants with A. jacobaeae which are defended by ants escape regular defoliation by T. jacobaeae. Plants with aphids and ants have a lower pyrrolizidine alkaloid concentration than plants without aphids and ants. When these data are fitted to an existing theoretical model for temporal variation in fitness it is shown that varying herbivore pressure by T. jacobaeae in interaction with ants defending aphid-infested plants with a low pyrrolizidine alkaloid concentration can lead to a stable polymorphism in pyrrolizidine alkaloid concentration. Costs of the production and maintenance of pyrrolizidine alkaloids are not accounted for in the model.
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  • 89
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    Evolutionary ecology 5 (1991), S. 248-271 
    ISSN: 1573-8477
    Keywords: Genetic variation ; peripheral populations ; effective population size ; fertility ; Rana lessonae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Genetic variation in an isolated northern metapopulation of the pool frog (Rana lessonae) in Sweden was compared to that of Central European populations using enzyme electrophoresis and literature data. Of the 31 loci scored, two (EST-2 andIDH-2) were polymorphic while no variation occurred in seven of the eight loci which are polymorphic in Central European populations. The heterozygosity level of the Swedish pool frogs $$(\bar H_t = 0.002,\bar H_s \leqslant 0.0047)$$ is very low compared to that of other anuran populations, but their mean proportion of fertilized eggs within egg masses (97.5%) was not lower than in more heterozygous species, and their body size-specific fecundity did not differ from that of Polish conspecifics. The low genetic variability of the Swedish pool frogs is discussed in relation to features of the local populations such as size (N), calculated effective size (N e ) reproductive success and probable history. It is concluded that long-term strong fluctuations in population size caused by reporductive failure in cold years have contributed more to the low genetic variability than could a single founder event due to a recent introduction by man.
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  • 90
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    Current genetics 17 (1990), S. 133-138 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: RFLPs ; Septoria tritici ; DNA fingerprinting ; Genetic variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A set of probes that detect restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) in nuclear DNA has been developed for genetic studies of the phytopathogenic fungus Septoria tritici. Two plasmid libraries containing 0.5–1.3 or 1.3–2.4 kb fragments of S. tritici nuclear DNA were constructed. Seventeen random clones from each library were used as probes to screen for RFLP variation among a geographically-diverse group of six S. tritici isolates. Among the 196 probe-enzyme combinations tested, 145 detected RFLPs among the six isolates. The restriction enzymes EcoRV and PstI detected RFLPs most efficiently. Three probes detected deletions. A ribosomal DNA probe from yeast did not detect a significant amount of variation. These probes will be useful for studying genetic variation, population genetics, and genome organization of S. tritici.
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  • 91
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Anthracnose ; Chromosomes ; Genetic variation ; Pathogenic specialisation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Isolates representing two types (A and B) of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, which cause different anthracnose disease on the tropical pasture legumes Stylosanthes spp. in Australia, were found to have distinct electrophoretic karyotypes. Type A isolates had five large maxi-chromosomes (2–6 Mb) and eight to ten smaller mini-chromosomes (270–600 kb), while Type B isolates had three maxi chromosomes (4.7-〉6 Mb) and three to five mini-chromosomes (330–1200 kb). Extensive chromosomal polymorphisms for both length and number were observed in the mini-chromosomes amongst isolates within both types. Results indicate that chromosomal rearrangements may have a role in generating variation in this pathogen.
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  • 92
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 79 (1990), S. 618-624 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Open-pollination ; Polycross ; Genetic variation ; Genetic correlation ; Bootstrapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Progeny testing and selection of forage grasses by means of growing half-sib (HS) families from openpollination and polycross have been considered from theoretical and practical points of view. Special attention has been paid to the genetic variation within half-sib families, which is expected to be large as compared to the genetic variation between families. Based on observations of individual plants within plots, the environmental component of the variation is expected to be large and nonestimatable. The results of an experiment in meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis Huds.) are presented. In this experiment, randomly selected individual plants within HS families were cloned and laid out in randomized blocks. For the characters observed (earliness and raw matter yield) no significant variance component for dominance was found. The highly significant additive component estimated for earliness, as well as for yield, after each of three cuts and in total were about three times as large within as between families, as expected from the theoretical considerations. The estimated response to selection was much higher for a combination of between- and within-family selection as compared to free clone or family mean selection alone. It is suggested that a program for progeny testing and selection in a base population of perennial forage grasses should start with an experiment in which a large number of randomly selected parental clones and a fixed number of clones from each of the half-sib families derived from the mother genotypes are grown simultaneously. The selected clones within superior families could later on be further cloned, placed in a polycross field, and the new HS-families could be sown in ordinary field trials at various locations for further selection.
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  • 93
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 80 (1990), S. 437-448 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Lycopersicon ; Phylogeny ; RFLP ; Genetic variation ; Breeding system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Forty single-copy, nuclear probes of known chromosomal position were used to examine restriction fragment length polymorphism in the tomato genus Lycopersion. The probes were from three libraries: one cDNA, and two genomic libraries ⦓ne genomic made with EcoRI and the other with PstI. Total DNA from 156 plants representing eight species was cut with five different restriction enzymes and scored in 198 probe-enzyme combinations. Genetic distances between accessions (populations) and species were calculated from the resultant restriction patterns and proportion of shared bands. Accessions belonging to the same species largely clustered together, confirming their current classification. However, one mountain accession, classified as L. peruvianum var. humifusum (LA2150), was sufficiently distinct from the other accessions of L. peruvianum that it may qualify as a separate species L. esculentum and L. pimpinellifolium were the least clearly differentiated, possibly reflecting introgressive hybridization, known to have been promoted by man in recent history. Dendrograms constructed from cDNA versus genomic clones were nearly identical in their general grouping of species. The dendrograms revealed two major dichotomies in the genus: one corresponding to mating behavior [self-compatible (SC) versus self-incompatible (SI) species] and the other corresponding to fruit color (red versus green-fruited species). The ratio of withinversus between-accession diversity was much lower for SC species, indicating that most of the diversity within these species exists between populations, rather than within populations. Overall, the amount of genetic variation in the SI species far exceeded that found in SC species. This result is exemplified by the fact that more genetic variation could be found within a single accession of one of the SI species (e.g., L. peruvianum) than among all accessions tested of any one of the SC species (e.g., L. esculentum or L. pimpinellifolium). Results from this study are discussed in relationship to germ plasm collection/utilization and with regard to the use of RFLPs in tomato breeding and genetics.
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  • 94
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Bavaria ; Genetic variation ; Needle ; Picea abies ; (Mono)terpene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary As genetic diversity is an important cause of variation in needle monoterpenes of conifers, the tree-to-tree variation was studied for Picea abies (L.) Karst. at eight different locations in three mountainous regions of southern Germany (Bavaria). The tree-to-tree variation, expressed by the coefficients of variation, is high, ranging between 50% and 70%. The maximum concentrations per tree are up to 10 times higher than the minimum ones. The trees from all locations show similar patterns of variation, which is significant when investigating the influence of external parameters like air pollution or infestation by pathogens. By means of cluster analysis five types of terpene patterns were clearly revealed. Two main groups were distinguished by their proportion of myrcene, and they are further divided into subgroups. The patterns are stable throughout different needle ages and dates of sampling. Apart from one location, there is no obvious geographical arrangement of the five patterns. The fact that no relationship exists between the genotypical classification and the total concentrations agrees well with the hypothesis that most of the variability based on the relative amounts is due to genetic variation, whereas the variation based on the absolute amounts reflects environmental factors.
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    Oecologia 81 (1989), S. 559-565 
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Host plant adaptation ; Spider mites ; Acari ; Tetranychidae ; Genetic variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary For evolutionary expansion of host range to occur in an herbivore population, genetic variation in ability to survive on and/or accept new hosts must be present. To determine whether a population of the phytophagous mite Tetranychus urticae contained such variation, I established lines from the population on two hosts on which mites initially showed both high juvenile mortality and low acceptance, tomato and broccoli. In less than ten generations, mites from the line kept on each host showed both lower mortality and greater acceptance on it than mites from a control line kept on lima bean, a favorable host for T. urticae. Host acceptance was measured by the proportion of mites attempting to disperse from leaves of the host. The line kept on tomato but not the one kept on broccoli also increased in development rate on its host. These results and those of a similar previous experiment on cucumber indicate that T. urticae populations can adapt to a diversity of initially unfavorable hosts. T. urticae populations therefore should be able to respond to temporal and spatial variation in host availability by adapting to the most abundant hosts.
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  • 96
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 77 (1989), S. 857-866 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Open-pollinated progeny tests ; Genetic variation ; Genotype-by-environment interactions ; Expressivity ; Heritability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Growth traits, stem form and branch characteristics in three series of well-replicated trials, comprising open-pollinated families of Pinus elliottii Engelmann, were analysed to investigate whether the absolute value of the component of variance for family effect and its relative value (which is equivalent to one-quarter of heritability on individual values) were related, with trial averages of the traits studied taken as productivity indices of the sites tested. The first series, called the foreign selection series, consisted of four trials comprising open-pollinated families from single clones from a Florida seed orchard and from selected trees in Queensland, Australia. Two trials were established in the eastern Transvaal, at Tweefontein and Frankfort State Forests (SF), and two in Zululand, at Dukuduku and KwaMbonambi SF. The second series, called the Zululand selection series, consisted of open-pollinated families from single trees selected in Zululand that were compared in three trials: in the eastern Transvaal at Wilgeboom SF, in Zululand at Dukuduku SF and in the southern Cape at Lottering SF. The third series, called the South African selection series, consisted of open-pollinated families from single trees selected in the different forest areas of South Africa and compared in four trials: two trials in the eastern Transvaal at Tweefontein and Mariti SF and two in the Natal province at Dukuduku and Weza SF. Some positive and linear relationships between absolute sizes of the variance component for family and trial average for all traits studied, except stem form, were discernible for the foreign selections and for the Zululand selections. The South African selections presented a more erratic pattern of variation. However, when the origin of the genetic material was disregarded, the positive trends were undeniable. Curvilinear relationships between relative values and site averages were discernible, when the origin of the genetic material was disregarded. Further research is needed in order to confirm the suggested effect of site on genetic expressivity of open-pollinated families of slash pine grown in South Africa.
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  • 97
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Learning ; Genetic variation ; Sympatric speciation ; Habitat selection ; Host preference ; Foraging behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Numerous authors have suggested that genetic subdivision within a population in a heterogeneous environment is more likely if individuals tend, through prior experience, to breed in the same habitat in which they developed. Under semi-field conditions we demonstrate that prior adult experience alters habitat preference in the apple maggot fly, Rhagoletis pomonella (Tephritidae), a frugivorous parasitic insect thought to have undergone sympatric divergence in host use in historical times. Females exposed to a particular host fruit species — apple (Malus pumila) or hawthorn (Crataegus mollis) — in a field cage oviposited at a higher rate in test fruit of that species than did inexperienced females or females exposed to the other species. Females exposed to a particular host fruit species also tended to remain longer in test trees harboring fruit of that species than did inexperienced females or females exposed to the other species. Prior adult experience thus alters two components of habitat preference in the apple maggot fly: oviposition preference and habitat fidelity. We discuss how these effects of experience on habitat preference should increase the likelihood that individuals mate assortatively and may further increase the likelihood that apple maggot populations become genetically subdivided.
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  • 98
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Genetic variation ; Mitochondrial DNA ; Oryza sativa L. ; Plasmid-like DNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Mitochondrial (mt) plasmid-like DNA was found in most of more than 100 rice cultivars (Oryza sativa L.) by the use of 0.7% agarose gel electrophoresis (AGE). The DNA varied in molecular weight and number. By electron microscopy, small circular DNAs of different sizes could be detected in addition to the DNAs of high molecular weight, even in cultivars in which mt plasmid-like DNA was not detected by AGE. The detection of the mt plasmid-like DNAs by AGE did not depend on their presence or absence, but on their high stoichiometry. The relationship between cytoplasms with mt plasmid-like DNAs and varietal (for example, Indica rice) groups was close. The geographical distribution of cytoplasms is discussed.
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  • 99
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 76 (1988), S. 947-951 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Genetic variation ; Within subpopulations ; Between subpopulations ; Genetic differentiation ; Genetic diversity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Argumentation is presented which indicates that the additive decomposition of the total genetic variation of a population into variation within and between (among) its subpopulations suffers from conceptual inconsistency. While the measurement of variation between subpopulations can be shown to be identical to the measurement of subpopulation differentiation, the notion of variation within subpopulations, when viewed as a single measurement, cannot be derived as an independent and cogent concept. Rather, it appears to be merely technically defined as the arithmetic difference between the total variation and the variation between subpopulations, and this difference happens to be non-negative for concave measures of variation such as the (statistical) variance or certain measures of genetic diversity. In order to overcome the conceptual inconsistency, “variation between subpopulations” could be regarded as subpopulation differentiation and the notion of “variation within subpopulations” could be replaced by measurements of the degree to which the variation in the total population is represented within the subpopulations. A complementary situation with respect to total variation is thus realized once more, and appropriate measures can be directly derived from existing ones.
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  • 100
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Herbivory ; Genetic variation ; Solidago
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Genetic variation in resistance to 16 species of herbivorous insects was studied in 18 clones of Solidago altissima growing in an old field near Ithaca, New York, USA. Resistance to each insect, defined as the abundance of a species attacking a particular host genotype relative to other genotypes, was measured in both the natural stand and in two experimental gardens. The heritability of resistance was estimated by parent-offspring regression and sibcorrelation. The primary result was that clones differed in resistance to 15 of 16 insect species. The resistance of genotypes to these insect species remained relatively constant over the four years of the study. However, for only 10 of these resistances were the heritability estimates significantly different from zero. Thus the common assumption of plant-insect studies — that phenotypic variation in insect abundance is closely correlated with underlying genetic variation — is only conditionally true. There is heritable variation in resistance to many insects, but not all. The insects for which we observed heritable variation in plant resistance represent five different orders and several functional groups, including leaf chewers, phloem and xylem feeders, and gall formers. There was no apparent pattern between the degree of heritability of plant resistance and the destructiveness, feeding method, breadth of host range, or taxonomic group of the insects. The lack of marked heritable variation in resistance to some insects may be the result of (a) reduced variation caused by strong selection during prolonged or repeated insect outbreaks, and (b) genotype-environment interactions that obscure differences among genotypes.
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