ALBERT

Description: There are several descriptions of the anatomy of Orthragoriscus mola L., but no authors except Van Dobben (1935) have given a functional treatise concerning the mechanism of the jaw.\nUnfortunately the fish described by Van Dobben seems to have been abnormal. The description which follows is based on anatomical study of two sunfishes which stranded on the Dutch coast and were placed at our disposal by the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden.\nSpecimen A, a female, stranded December 10, 1935 near Burgh, in the neighbourhood of Haamstede, on the Isle of Schouwen. It has been used for a cast in the Leiden Museum and was dissected by Dr N. Tinbergen and J. J. ter Pelkwijk December 13 and 14, 1935 at the Zoological Laboratory at Leiden.\nSpecimen B, a male, stranded December 13, 1938, between Wassenaarsche Slag and Katwijk in Holland. It was dissected by J. M. van Roon and J. J. ter Pelkwijk on December 14 and 15, 1938 at the Leiden Museum. The dissected specimen was kept in a 50 % solution of alcohol and was further studied on February 14, 1939.\nExternal features (fig. 1a and 1b) A 1935 \xd0\x92 1938 Total length................................................ 100 cm 120 cm Total height of the body................................. 65 75\nTotal height from tip of anal fin to tip of dorsal fin 137 150 Height of tail fin.......................................... 63 75\nDistance from tip of snout to gill-slit ............... 29 36\nDistance from tip of snout to front of pectoral fin 33 47 The tip of the snout protudes over the upper jaw 1 3

Description: If during one\xe2\x80\x99s work one comes across certain names again and again, names of old collectors, of one\xe2\x80\x99s colleagues in earlier days, who with their private museums laid the foundation of our scientific institutions, one naturally becomes keen on knowing more about them. The results of this curiosity, collected by and by in spare time and sometimes too in time stolen from other more serious occupations, are given here to the public in the hope that they may meet their interest. As to me I thought it a pleasure and certainly worth the trouble. I first collected all that I could find in a casual way and at last I hunted for them more systematically, until the time came that circumstances put an end to it.\nIncomplete though this list may be, I now send it to the press, hoping that it may give many facts and many sources unknown till now either to historians or to zoologists. When I prepared my biography of Albert Seba I met so many names of old collectors that roused my curiosity that at last I decided to make a list of them, trying to find out what sort of people they were and recording what is known about their collections. It was not easy to put a limit of time to the list, so that finally I included all Dutch collectors I could find up to the present day. If I have omitted some I hope I shall be forgiven, and that readers will provide me with the names of those omitted, that they may serve for a supplement.

Description: In 1926 beherbergte unser Zoologischer Garten einen zweifellos sehr alten m\xc3\xa4nnlichen Orang-Utan Jacob, der hier leider nur einen Monat verblieb, da er vom Eigent\xc3\xbcmer nach dem Auslande verkauft wurde, wo er unter dem Namen Goliath im Dresdener Zoologischen Garten v\xc3\xb6llig gesund noch 2 Jahre und 1\xc2\xbd Monate gelebt hat und den Alterstod starb (Brandes, 1929). An diesem Tiere konnte ich manches beobachten und \xe2\x80\x94 was ich bei einem solchen alten Wildfang nicht f\xc3\xbcr m\xc3\xb6glich gehalten hatte \xe2\x80\x94 sogar Intelligenzpr\xc3\xbcfungen anstellen, obschon der sofort nach dem Fange verschiffte und w\xc3\xa4hrend der Reise nur in ganz geringem Masse \xe2\x80\x9efutterzahm\xe2\x80\x9d (Heinroth, 1924) gewordene Riese bei der Ankunft auch noch ungeheuer wild war.\nJacob wurde am 30sten Juli 1926 bei dem Kampong (Dorf) Soengei Sekra in der N\xc3\xa4he von Koeala Simpang also s\xc3\xbcdlich an der Ostk\xc3\xbcste von Atjeh (Nord Sumatra) gefangen.

Description: The history of the European bison gives us a most striking example how some species of animals disappear gradually while being deprived of their natural surroundings. In Western Europe, where the increase of population and development of rural settlements showed a quicker progress than in the East of the continent, the bisons were regarded as Royal game already since the VII-th or VIII-th century and attemps have been made to protect them more or less. Nevertheless the area of the distribution of the bison shrank rapidly and at the beginning of the XIX-th century was restricted only to the Bia\xc5\x82owieza Forest. It should be added, however, that over 50 years ago the occurence of the bisons was discovered also at another place namely on the North-Western slopes of the Caucasus. These Caucasian bisons were, however, completely exterminated recently and the species exists there no more since about 8 years.\nThat part of Poland in which the Bia\xc5\x82owieza Forest is situated belonged at the beginning of the XIX-th century to the territory of the Russian Empire. The Tzar of Russia issued in 1803 a Decree according to which a special imperial license had to be obtained in every particular case for shooting or capturing a bison at the Bia\xc5\x82owieza Forest. The decree established also a careful protection of the bisons.

Description: In Rep. spec. nov. regni veget. XLIV (1938) p. 33 K. Suessenguth censures my commentary on Abolboda (cf. Rec. trav. bot. n\xc3\xa9erl. XXXIV, p. 492). As I can not admit the correctness of the criticism a short reply may be permitted.\nOn p. 492 of my paper arguments have been given tending to prove first that Xyris americana Aubl. does not belong to Xyris but to Abolboda, and secondly that it is conspecific with Abolboda Poeppigii Kunth. Now Suessenguth writes:: \xe2\x80\x9eLanjouw nimmt in Gegensatz zu Suessenguth und Beyerle sowie den fr\xc3\xbcheren Autoren an, das Xyris americana Aubl. dasselbe sei, wie Abolboda Poeppigii Kunth.\xe2\x80\x9d This suggests that I am the only botanist by whom Aublet\xe2\x80\x99s species has been put in the genus Abolboda and who has advocated its identity with Abolboda Poeppigii Kunth. Malme, who has spent a great deal of his life on the Xyridaceae, however, was already convinced that it belongs to the genus Abolboda, and that the species is identical with Abolboda Poeppigii Kunth had been suggested by Heimerl. This has been pointed out in my paper and I can not understand, therefore, why Suessenguth writes \xe2\x80\x9ein Gegensatz zu den fr\xc3\xbcheren Autoren\xe2\x80\x9d.

Description: As Prof. Bremekamp has dealt with the genus Pleiocraterium from the taxonomic point of view, I intend to supplement his exposition here with some observations on the ecology of these remarkable additions to the Malaysian mountain flora. Some of these observations have been included already in a general report on the results of the Losir expedition published in Dutch. As a further illustration I am giving two photographs taken from one of the two Sumatran species in its natural habitat.\nAltitude. Both species were found on the highest parts of the mountains only, viz. Pl. gentianifolium just below the summit of Mt Goh Lembuh, and Pl. sumatranum between our camp at the base of the central Peak of Mt Losir at c. 3250 m. and the summit of the latter at 3460 m. These two mountains lie rather far apart: Mt Losir is the highest top of the Barisan Range proper, whereas Mt Goh Lembuh is a more isolated mountain, rising c. 50 km. NNE of Mt Losir and separated from the latter by a wide depression. The two mountains also differ geologically.

Description: Obgleich es schon mehr als hundert Jahre her ist, dass zum ersten Mal nachgewiesen wurde, dass in der Steinkohle noch erkennbare Pflanzenfragmente anwesend sind, hat doch diese Tatsache bei den Botanikern nur wenig Beobachtung gefunden vom anatomischen oder floristischen Standpunkt, weil im allgemeinen angenommen wurde und wird, dass diese Pflanzenreste so fragmentarisch sind, dass f\xc3\xbcr einen Botaniker nichts damit anzufangen ist. Diese Auffassung ist jedoch nicht richtig. Neben den allbekannten Pflanzenabdr\xc3\xbccken und den Strukturzeigenden Versteinerungen verdient die Steinkohle selber ganz bestimmt auch das Interesse der Botaniker.\nBei der Untersuchung der Kohle gibt es zwei Hauptrichtungen, welche nebeneinander stehen, eine, welche die Kohle als ein Gestein betrachtet und dieses Gestein untersucht, eine zweite, welche durch Mazeration die Kohlenelemente isoliert und diese als Ausgangsmaterial der Untersuchung betrachtet.

Description: Scandens, ramis teretibus, fistulosis, laevibus, glabris, ad 5 mm diam.; foliis petiolatis, petiolo 5 cm longo, glabro vel praesertim parte superiore pilis nonnullis brevissimis appressis praedito, herbaceis, late ovatis vel orbicularibus, apice abrupte acuminatis vel cuspidatis, acumine acuto mucronulato, 1.5\xe2\x80\x942 cm longo, basi leviter cordatis, 11\xe2\x80\x9412 cm longis, 10\xe2\x80\x9411 cm latis, glabris vel basi superne ad insertionem petioli pilis nonnullis brevissimis praeditis; nervis primariis utrinque 9\xe2\x80\x9410, curvatis, subtus prominentibus, secundariis pluribus subparallelis, tertiariis subtus reticulatis supra indistinctis; inflorescentiis axillaribus 15\xe2\x80\x94 20 cm longis, pedunculis teretibus, glabris vel basi pilis nonnullis brevissimis praeditis, 10\xe2\x80\x9413 cm longis, apice ramosis, ramis brevissimis 3\xe2\x80\x945 mm longis, ergo floribus ad apicem pedunculi subaggregatis subumbellatis; bracteis probabiliter minutis, mox deciduis, in specimine descripto non praestantibus; pedicellis 3\xe2\x80\x943.5 cm longis, glabris, longitudinaliter striatis vel subangulosis, apice sub calyce annulo crasso undulato praeditis; sepalis aequilongis vel exterioribus paullo brevioribus, membranaceis, intus glandulis punctiformibus praeditis, ad 12 mm longis (vel exterioribus 8\xe2\x80\x949 mm longis), exterioribus obovatis, apice rotundatis vel retusis, mucronulatis, interioribus plerumque latioribus obovatis vel late obovatis, retusis, mucronulatis; corolla alba, campanulata vel infundibuliforme, circ. 3 cm longa, limbo sublobato, glabra; filamentis brevibus, 5 mm supra basin corollae insertis, 5 mm longis, basi valde dilatatis, plus minusve papillosis, antheris 2.5 mm longis, glabris; ovario conico, glabro; stylo glabro, circ. 10 mm longo, stigmatibus globosis, papillosis.\nFIJI ISLANDS, Vanua Levu, Mbua, southern slope of Mount Seatura, alt. 400 m, a high-climbing vine in dense forest, A. C. SMITH 1690, Apr. 27, 28, 1934, type in Herb. Leiden; dupl. in Herb. Bernice P. Bishop Museum and in Herb. New York Botanical Garden.

Description: On several occasions the author received specimens for determination under the name of Loranthaceae, which in reality appeared to be Phacellarias, usually parasitic on Loranthaceae. When trying to name these Phacellarias, he preceived how difficult it was to survey the literature of the genus. Though only eight species have been described, and the authors usually have indicated the main differences between their new species and the most closely allied previous ones, the most essential characteristics of the species, viz., the structures of the inflorescences, were never indicated, and a critical review of all the species has never been given. Therefore it appeared an attractive task to undertake such a revision, if only it were possible to examine all the type specimens. Through the kindness of the Directors and Keepers of the Kew and Edinburgh Botanic Gardens (K, E) and of the Paris Natural History Museum (P), the author was actually allowed to do this. Moreover he had the opportunity to study specimens of the Herbarium of the British Museum of Natural History in London (BM) and the Buitenzorg Botanic Gardens (B), whereas he discovered one specimen in Mr. A. F. G. KERR\xe2\x80\x99s private herbarium. The author expresses his sincere thanks to all the gentlemen who made this revision possible.

Description: The Sapotaceae have of old a bad reputation among classificators because of the extreme complexity in which the single features are distributed over its genera, species and individuals. It is, in particular, extremely difficult to find satisfactory generic delimitations and consequently, the family yields a rich field both for lumpers and for splitters. Both categories, and several intermediaries, have given their opinions, as has been recently recalled by Charles Baehni in his \xe2\x80\x9cM\xc3\xa9moires sur les Sapotac\xc3\xa9es I, Syst\xc3\xa8me de Classification\xe2\x80\x9d (Candollea VII, 1938, 394\xe2\x80\x94508). It is my present purpose to deliver a few annotations with regard to this valuable publication, meant, not in the first place as criticism, but as contributions towards the extensive material which is needed for a well-founded insight into the structure of this prolific natural order.\nIn view of the often adverse opinions of earlier authors and of those investigators, like myself, who are intimately familiar with a part of the family only, without being sufficiently well acquainted with other parts, a new survey of the whole family by one man is highly desirable and we may look forward with vivid interest to Baehni\xe2\x80\x99s further papers. The one quoted above is, I presume, to be considered as a preliminary study and if I am well informed the next step will be a monograph of one of the most intriguing genera. Pouteria.

Description: The genus Mussaendopsis was created by Baillon in 1879 for a tree found by Beccari in Sarawak, Borneo. As it appeared afterwards, the same species occurs also in the Malay Peninsula, on the islands between the latter and Borneo, and in Sumatra. On specimens collected in the Malay Peninsula, in 1884 the genus Creaghia Scort. was founded. The descriptions of the two genera are very similar, and as Mussaendopsis Baill. is not mentioned by Scortechini, we may safely assume that Baillon\xe2\x80\x99s publication was unknown to him. The identity of the two genera was disclosed by K. Schumann in his monograph of the family in Engler & Prantl. Subsequently the plant was dealt with by Stapf, King and Gamble, Ridley and Lem\xc3\xa9e. None of the descriptions, however, is entirely satisfactory, and this applies also to the figure given by Stapf in Hooker\xe2\x80\x99s Icones Plantarum: exactly as in the original description the stamens spring here from the top of the ovary instead of from the corolla tube, a mistake which had been rectified already bij K. Schumann.\nThe most noteworthy deficiency in the various descriptions regards the position of the stipules. By Baillon they were described as interpetiolar; the other authors are silent on this point. Baillon, however, was mistaken: they are intrapetiolar. This is very remarkable, for stipules of this kind are extremely rare. When I found them some years ago in the genus Didymoecium, I went through all the generic descriptions given by Bentham and Hooker and by K. Schumann, and discovered that their presence had been announced already in several other genera. A reinvestigation, however, led to an entirely different result: of all these genera Capirona proved to be the only one in which they really occur. Mussaendopsis, therefore, is the third genus in which this kind of stipules has been observed.

Description: Die Begrenzung geologischer Zeitr\xc3\xa4ume h\xc3\xa4ngt wesentlich von der subjektiven Einsch\xc3\xa4tzung der Ver\xc3\xa4nderungen des Tier- und Pflanzenreiches ab, welche meistens allm\xc3\xa4hlich stattfinden. Ausserdem k\xc3\xb6nnen fazielle Unterschiede abweichende Ansichten veranlassen. Wenn es sich als m\xc3\xb6glich erweist, in dieser Hinsicht eine Konvergenz der Meinungen zu bewirken, sei es mittels eines Kompromisses, dann ist damit f\xc3\xbcr das gegenseitige Verst\xc3\xa4ndnis in der geologischen Wissenschaft viel gewonnen.\nDie Einteilung der j\xc3\xbcngsten Erdperiode, des Quart\xc3\xa4rs, erfolgt auf Grund der Eiszeiten, welche ihren Stempel auf Sedimentation, Flora und Fauna gedr\xc3\xbcckt haben. Allgemein wird angenommen, dass mit der letzten Eiszeit das Pleistoz\xc3\xa4n zu Ende ging, aber \xc3\xbcber diesen Zeitpunkt besteht keine Einstimmigkeit. Wenn man ausschliesslich die direkten Folge der Vereisung in Betracht zieht, insbesondere die Bildung der R\xc3\xbcckzugsmor\xc3\xa4nen, dann k\xc3\xb6nnte man sagen, dass der Anfang des Holoz\xc3\xa4ns f\xc3\xbcr ein gewisses Gebiet mit dem Augenblick zusammenfiel, als das Gebiet endg\xc3\xbcltig eisfrei wurde. Ein Massstab w\xc3\xbcrde dann aber f\xc3\xbcr jene Gegenden fehlen, die in der letzten Eiszeit keinen Gletscher getragen haben, indem das Holoz\xc3\xa4n in verschiedenen Gebieten zu verschiedenen Zeitpunkten begonnen w\xc3\xa4re, sogar der hohe Norden sich jetzt noch im Pleistoz\xc3\xa4n befinden w\xc3\xbcrde. Eine derartige Auffassung steht im Widerspruch mit dem Charakter einer geologischen Zeiteinteilung.

Description: De in deze Jubileumserie van de \xe2\x80\x9eMededeelingen van het Botanisch Museum en Herbarium te Utrecht\xe2\x80\x9d opgenomen artikelen zijn door de schrijvers ingezonden om Prof. Pulle, ter gelegenheid van zijn zilveren jubileum als hoogleeraar, hun waardeering te toonen. Een kort woord over den jubilaris moge hier als inleiding van deze bijdragen volgen.\nOp 10 Januari 1878, op den dag dat in verschillende plaatsen den Ioosten sterfdag van Linnaeus werd herdacht, werd August Adriaan Pulle te Arnhem geboren.

Description: La forme est le ph\xc3\xa9nom\xc3\xa8ne de la vie le plus important. Aussi on pourrait croire que toute \xc3\xa9tude biologique devait commencer par la forme. En effet aucune fonction n\xe2\x80\x99est imaginable ind\xc3\xa9pendante de la forme, tandis qu\xe2\x80\x99on peut \xc3\xa9tudier la forme ind\xc3\xa9pendemment de la fonction, par exemple \xc3\xa0 des objets morts. Cependant depuis Sachs le botaniste moderne est tellement poss\xc3\xa9d\xc3\xa9 par les conceptions mat\xc3\xa9rialistes et m\xc3\xa9caniques, qu\xe2\x80\x99il veut aussi expliquer causalement les formes organiques en oubliant que, m\xc3\xaame si toutes les formes sont mat\xc3\xa9rielles, cela ne veut pas n\xc3\xa9cessairement dire que les lois physiques et chimiques qui dominent la mati\xc3\xa8re sont capables d\xe2\x80\x99expliquer la forme, c.\xc3\xa0.d. l\xe2\x80\x99organisation des \xc3\xaatres vivants. A l\xe2\x80\x99aide de briques on peut b\xc3\xa2tir des b\xc3\xa2timents les plus divers, mais on peut aussi bien construire ces m\xc3\xaames b\xc3\xa2timents de bois ou de pierre naturelle: le mat\xc3\xa9riel employ\xc3\xa9 n\xe2\x80\x99explique pas le projet de l\xe2\x80\x99architecte. Ce n\xe2\x80\x99est qu\xe2\x80\x99en le contemplant et en le comparant \xc3\xa0 d\xe2\x80\x99autres qu\xe2\x80\x99on arrive \xc3\xa0 mieux le comprendre (von Veh, p. 139). La forme (\xe2\x80\x9etype\xe2\x80\x9d ou \xe2\x80\x9eid\xc3\xa9e\xe2\x80\x9d dans la conception platonique) est ind\xc3\xa9pendante de la mati\xc3\xa8re. Elle est ce qui reste. C\xe2\x80\x99est par la forme que passe le courant de la cause et de l\xe2\x80\x99effet, comme l\xe2\x80\x99eau passe par un endroit clair d\xe2\x80\x99une rivi\xc3\xa8re (Carus). La forme pr\xc3\xa9sente un des probl\xc3\xa8mes les plus difficiles de la biologie. Le physiologue et le morphologue (deux extr\xc3\xaames psychologiques) commencent pour ainsi dire aux deux extr\xc3\xa9mit\xc3\xa9s de la nature, chacun \xc3\xa0 sa mani\xc3\xa8re (Troll, Meyer), l\xe2\x80\x99un avec sa m\xc3\xa9thode physique et chimique, l\xe2\x80\x99autre avec sa m\xc3\xa9thode comparative. Au domaine du premier appartient tout ce qui est dynamique: le m\xc3\xa9tabolisme et la croissance, au domaine du second ce qui est statique: la forme.\nQue la feuille est la partie principale de la plante, sur cela les physiologues et les morphologues sont d\xe2\x80\x99accord. Le premier la consid\xc3\xa8re comme un organe qui a pour fonctions principales la CO2-assimilation et l\xe2\x80\x99\xc3\xa9vaporation. Depuis Goethe le second consid\xc3\xa8re tous les appendices de la tige, aussi bien les s\xc3\xa9pales que les p\xc3\xa9tales ainsi que les organes sexuels comme des feuilles m\xc3\xa9tamorphos\xc3\xa9es. M\xc3\xaame, sous l\xe2\x80\x99impression de la phyllotaxie des fr\xc3\xa8res Bravais, Nees d\xe2\x80\x99Esenbeck croyait que \xe2\x80\x9ela plante n\xe2\x80\x99est rien d\xe2\x80\x99autre qu\xe2\x80\x99une unit\xc3\xa9 de feuilles reli\xc3\xa9es entre-elles par un ordre d\xc3\xa9fini\xe2\x80\x9d. C\xe2\x80\x99est pourquoi on peut ais\xc3\xa9ment consid\xc3\xa9rer la morphologie de la feuille comme le probl\xc3\xa8me central de toute la morphologie. Il est int\xc3\xa9ressant de se rendre compte comment dans le courant des temps on a essay\xc3\xa9 d\xe2\x80\x99approcher ce probl\xc3\xa8me de divers c\xc3\xb4t\xc3\xa9s. Cela pourrait apporter quelque lumi\xc3\xa8re sur les diff\xc3\xa9rentes tendances de l\xe2\x80\x99\xc3\xa9tude scientifique et sur les mani\xc3\xa8res de penser qui sont caract\xc3\xa9ristiques pour les diff\xc3\xa9rentes p\xc3\xa9riodes.

Description: Piptochaetium was described in the year 1830 by Presl as a monotypic genus; the only species was named and figured by him as Piptochaetium setifolium, an inhabitant of Peru. The genus has usually been included as a section in the genus Oryzopsis of Michaux, and various species were also published under the genus Stipa. In my monograph of the genus Aristida I had the opportunity to study the whole tribe of the Stipeae, and reasons are given there why Piptochaetium should be accepted-as a quite distinct genus. From the very good description given by Presl and from the accompanying plate, the genus is easily recognizable. In my monograph a key to the genera of the tribe of the Stipeae has been given. The genus Piptochaetium is limited to the new world. In North America and Mexico one species only is known, the Piptochaetium fimbriatum (H. B. K.) Hitchc. Since Presl\xe2\x80\x99s time a great many other species of this genus were recognized, especially by Philippi from Chile. These were but shortly described by Philippi and a better knowledge of them is obtainable only after the study of Philippi\xe2\x80\x99s type specimens. In the southern part of South America we find a group of Piptochaetium which is better known, because the types of the species of this group are better obtainable and have been sufficiently studied. A treatment of these species of Piptochaetium was given by Spegazzini in the year 1901 in his work on the \xe2\x80\x9c Stipeae platenses \xe2\x80\x9d. In this work Spegazzini recognizes Stipa and Oryzopsis only, the latter being differentiated by its \xe2\x80\x9cpalea coriacea, longitrorsum 2-nervosocarinata, inter carinas sulcata\xe2\x80\x9d. This is the excellent generic character which was also exactly formulated by Presl when he described his genus Piptochaetium. In contradistinction to the latter the genus Oryzopsis has a quite different form of fruit, the lemma is never asymmetrical and the awn therefore not eccentrically attached; there are moreover important differences in epiblast and endosperm.\nNone of the species of Oryzopsis described or mentioned by Spegazzini belong to that genus. They all belong to the genus Piptochaetium and of this genus there are now in southern South America about 15 species known; 13 of them were dealt with by Spegazzini who divided them into 3 groups, to which he gave the names Piptochaetium (Presl), Piptatherum (P. B.) and Urachne (Trin.). These groups cannot be accepted, as the characters of the anthopodium which are given by Spegazzini to distinguish them, are by no means suitable, and moreover do not apply to the three genera as proposed by Presl, Trinius and Beauvois. There is but one species (Piptochaetium lasianthum Griseb.) where the lemma is hairy over its whole surface, with long hairs on the callus too. All the other species have lemmas which are perfectly destitute of hairs, although the true callus may be either hairy or glabrous. If we exclude the group with a long and sharp callus, we have a very homogeneous group of species with very characteristic lemmas and very obtuse callus. These lemmata are coriaceous, smooth, ribbed or tuberculate and together with the hairy or naked callus form good specific characters. A quite smooth lemma is found in Piptochaetium lejocarpum (Speg.) Hackel only, a quite naked callus and a striate lemma we find in the Piptochaetium lejopodum (Speg.) Henr. nov. comb. (= Oryzopsis lejopoda Speg.), whereas all the other members in southern South America have striate or partly tuberculate lemmata with a bearded callus. I must remark here that this bearded callus has a ring of hairs, arising from the callus, so that if we cut away the callus the lemma is perfectly glabrous. The ring of callushairs is in all the species hitherto known rather short, scarcely reaching half the length of the lemma, sothat the upper part of the lemma is always quite visible.

Description: When, during my stay in Suriname in 1933, I planned to visit the Voltzberg, Prof. Stahel, the Director of the Agriculture Experiment Station, told me that he had discovered there, in one of the fissures in the granitic dome, which forms the top of this low mountain, an unusual kind of cassave. As I had for the \xe2\x80\x9cFlora of Suriname\xe2\x80\x9d been working on the Euphorbiaceae, I was of course much interested in this plant, especially while Prof. Stahel suggested that it would be possible to cultivate it in the Agricultural Garden at Paramaribo from cuttings.\nWhen I arrived at the Voltzberg, the plant was easily found growing in a fissure between the granite plates along one of the ravines just below the dome-shaped top. The plant possessed rather long (2\xe2\x80\x943 m) stems, more or less decumbent or creeping along the fissure, and from these stems rose side-branches which bore the leaves and flowers (see tab. IX). The roots were but very little thickened. Some of these stems I have taken with me. On the return voyage to Paramaribo they were sheltered as much as possible against sun and rain. The side-branches were pressed for the Herbarium.

Description: The present paper has been written in connection with the account of the Papilionaceae for Pulle\xe2\x80\x99s Flora of Suriname. The investigations were chiefly carried on in the herbarium of Utrecht; I also spent some time in the herbaria of Kew, Leiden and Paris and of the British Museum of Natural History in London. I wish to tender my best thanks to the directors and staffs of these institutions for their hospitality and assistance and also to the \xe2\x80\x9eMiquelfonds\xe2\x80\x9d which enabled me to go to London and Paris. Further I am indebted to the directors of the herbaria of Berlin-Dahlem, Brussel, Geneva and Leiden for lending specimens.\nMiss A. Kleinhoonte, who first was to write the account of the Papilionaceae and had already determinated a large part of the material, could, owing to lack of time, not finish the work. Some new species and critical remarks were published by her in Rec. Trav. bot. neerl. XXV and XXX. On the suggestion of Prof. A. A. Pulle I have taken over her work. I wish to thank here Prof. Pulle for his advice and interest.

Description: Die Hauptrichtungen der Pflanzensoziologie, die von der n\xc3\xb6rdlichen und westlichen und der s\xc3\xbcdlichen Schule vertreten werden, sind beide tats\xc3\xa4chlich existenzberechtigt, da sich die Pflanzendecke von zwei verschiedenen Gesichtspunkten aus betrachten l\xc3\xa4sst. Voraus sei bemerkt, dass die Pflanzendecke stellenweise vorherrschende Pflanzenarten aufweist. Die Dominanz wechselt von Ort zu Ort sowohl in der Baumschicht, Strauchschicht, Feldschicht als in der Bodenschicht. Stellen mit unterschiedlichen Dominanten haben \xc3\xb6fters stark ausgepr\xc3\xa4gte Grenzen. Diese Trennungslinien bestimmen folglich auch die Struktur der Pflanzendecke und das wechselnde Landschaftsbild. Forst-, Acker- und Weidewirtschaft sind selbstverst\xc3\xa4ndlich stark interessiert bei der Vorherrschaft bestimmter Pflanzen im betreffenden Gebiet. Vom Gesichtspunkte der Homogenit\xc3\xa4t und der Dominanz aus zerlegt also der Pflanzensoziologe der n\xc3\xb6rdlichen Schule die Pflanzendecke und unterscheidet er seine Pflanzengesellschaften.\nWesentlich verschieden ist die Auffassung der schweizerischfranz\xc3\xb6sischen Schule. Braun-Blanquet (Montpellier) und seine Sch\xc3\xbcler suchen nach Pflanzenarten, welche zusammenwachsen; sie unterscheiden die Artenkombinationen von einander. Dabei sind die Pflanzenarten von besonderer Bedeutung, d.h. charakteristisch oder typisch, die in st\xc3\xa4rkerem oder geringerem Masse einer bestimmten Artenkombination oder einer Gruppe verwandter Artenkombinationen angeh\xc3\xb6ren, m. a. W. die in anderen Artenkombinationen nicht oder nur ausnahmsweise Vorkommen. Es macht bei dieser Unterscheidungsweise wenig aus, ob die Charakterarten durch zahlreiche oder wenige Individuen vertreten sind; die Abundanz ist nebens\xc3\xa4chlich.

Description: Among the most remarkable finds made by Dr. van Steenis in the higher parts of the mountains of North Sumatra are a number of cushion plants. Two of these he recognized as Rubiaceae nearly related to Hedyotis verticillaris W. et A., a species occurring in similar habitats in the Nilgiri Hills, India, and in Ceylon. Hesitating, however, to express a definite opinion on their taxonomic position, he sent the material to me for further investigation.\nAs I had occupied myself already for some time with the genus Hedyotis L. and its allies, this investigation offered me a Wellcome opportunity to test some of the principles which I had laid down for the subdivision of this group. Apart from the characters of the fruit I lay stress on the position of the inflorescence and on the form of the stipules. The name Hedyotis itself I wish to restrict to H. fruticosa L. and its nearest allies, i.e. to those species that are provided with terminal inflorescences, an ovary not distinctly produced beyond the insertion of the calyx, and fairly large drupes with apically and ventrally dehiscent pyrenes: to a group, therefore, which roughly agrees with Hedyotis section Diplophragma W. et A.

Description: As far as known at present there occur in Java 4 wild species of Gynura, viz. G. aurantiaca (B1.) DC., G. carnosula Z.M., G. densiflora Miq. and G. procumbens (Lour.) Merr. A fifth species. G. pseudochina (L.) DC., is met with as a cultivated plant only, and even as such it seems to be very rare. A sixth. G. crepidioides Bth., an African plant of recent introduction, is better placed in Crassocephalum.\nOnly one of the wild species, G. procumbens, occurs throughout the island, from sea-level up to about 2100 m. altitude. G. aurantiaca is restricted to West- and Central-Java, where it is found between 750 and 2400 m. alt.; along watercourses, however, it occasionally descends\xc2\xb9 as low as 350 m.; its area of distribution, extending from Mount G\xc4\x9bd\xc3\xa8 to Mount Wilis, slightly overlaps in its eastern part the western extremity of that of G. densiflora. \xe2\x80\x94 G. densiflora, though reported to have been found almost a century ago in West-Java, seems, at present at least, to be confined to the eastern half of the island. It is a true mountain plant, growing between 2000 and 2600 m. above sea-level; its area of distribution extends from Mount Lawu to Mount Idj\xc3\xa8n. G. densifolia appears to be essentially a sea-shore species; it has been found only in the eastern half of Java along the southern coast.

Description: Der stratigraphische Aufbau der grossen Hochmoore in den Niederlanden, besonders derjenigen in den n\xc3\xb6rdlichen Teilen des Landes, zeigt im allgemeinen die bekannte Zweiteilung des Hochmoortorflagers. Der \xc3\xa4ltere Hochmoortorf ist meist stark zersetzt. Neben Resten von Sphagnum werden auch solche von anderen Pflanzen, besonders von Eriophorum, darin gefunden. Nach oben geht dieses Torflager allm\xc3\xa4hlich in den sogen. Grenztorf \xc3\xbcber. Dieser Grenztorf zeichnet sich meist durch einen grossen Reichtum an Eriophorum aus, w\xc3\xa4hrend auch viele Heidereste darin enthalten sind. Ueber diesem Grenztorf folgt mit meist scharfem Uebergang der j\xc3\xbcngere Hochmoortorf. Dieser ist meist ein fast reiner, wenig zersetzter Sphagnumtorf, worin grobbl\xc3\xa4tterige Bleichmoosarten vorherrschen.\nEs ist besonders der Verdienst C. A. Webers gewesen, erkannt zu haben, dass diese Schichtenfolge aus der nat\xc3\xbcrlichen Entwicklung eines Hochmoores nicht zu verstehen ist und einer besonderen Erkl\xc3\xa4rung bedarf. Weber suchte daf\xc3\xbcr Anschluss an die Theorie der postglazialen Klima\xc3\xa4nderungen von Blytt und Sernander. Die wesentlichen in seiner Anschauung enthaltenen Elemente sind folgende. Der \xc3\xa4ltere Hochmoortorf ist in der warmfeuchten atlantischen Periode entstanden; seine Konstitution w\xc3\xa4re anf\xc3\xa4nglich von der des j\xc3\xbcngeren Hochmoortorfes nicht sehr verschieden gewesen. Dann folgte eine ca. 1000 Jahre dauerende Trockenperiode im Subboreal, worin Heide und Wollgras auf den Mooren wuchsen und den Grenztorf bildeten. Dieser Grenztorf ist ist also nach Weber eine Trockenbildung. Durch die Einwirkung der atmosph\xc3\xa4rischen Einfl\xc3\xbcsse w\xc3\xa4hrend dieser Trockenperiode sei der \xc3\xa4ltere Hochmoortorf zersetzt worden und habe seine heutige Konstitution erhalten. Nach Ende des Subboreals wurde das Klima erneut feuchter und auch k\xc3\xbchler, was zur Bildung des j\xc3\xbcngeren Hochmoortorfes f\xc3\xbchrte. Weber hat zeitlebens an diese Anschauung festgehalten (17, 18).

Description: The family Tettigoniidae consists of the long-horned grasshoppers with a more or less distinct sword-shaped ovipositor and with a distinct auditory organ at the proximal part of the fore tibiae.\nHandlirsch unites into this family 14 subfamilies of which the Pterophyllinae only are considered here.\nConcerning the name Tettigoniidae the opinions were diverging, but in recent literature this name is generally used. In the 10th edition of Linn\xc3\xa9\'s Systema Naturae (1758) a number of species of the genus Gryllus are united into the subgenus Tettigonia. This subgenus was considered as a genus by Fabricius and it would have been logical if he had kept the Linnean name Tettigonia for it. Fabricius, however, mixed up the Linnean names and called the here-mentioned genus: Locusta. This name has for many years been considered as the correct name of the genus, and Tettigonia L. was used for another group of insects.\nSt\xc3\xa5l (1874) placed Tettigonia L. into the synonymy of Locusta F. as both names refer to the same group of species. Linn\xc3\xa9 (1758), however, had given the name Locusta to a group of short-horned grasshoppers; moreover Tettigonia L. has priority over Locusta F. as it had been established earlier. Thus the name Tettigonia L. is the eldest in the group and therefore should be considered to be the type genus and the name of the family should be derived from it.\nAs to the type species of the genus Tettigonia L. Karny (1907) gives a survey of all Linnean species in the genus Gryllus, Tettigonia, and shows that successively all species have been placed into other (new) genera, leaving viridissima L. as the only species in the genus Locusta F. (St\xc3\xa5l

Description: The flora of the island of Java belongs, especially as to the family of the grasses, to the best explored ones. It was JUNGHUHN, who collected them extensively and his material was the basis of a fine enumeration by our countryman BUSE, in the year 1854. In modern times the grass flora of the island was thoroughly studied by Dr C. A. BACKER, who prepared not only very rich collections, but being familiar with the system of the Gramineae, gave in his \xe2\x80\x9dFlora van Java\xe2\x80\x9c a detailed study of this family with excellent descriptions and many very important data.\nUnfortunately his species-concept and his nomenclature is not always up to date and it is to be hoped that a new modern Flora of Java can be prepared on the basis of the very important and rich material now at hand.

Description: INTRODUCTION\nIn the Bay of Batavia there are patch-reefs and cays in different stadia of development. Some are small reefs still rather deep below sea level, other reefs bear a small sand cay. On the larger coral sand islands vegetation has developed ; moreover shingle ramparts and a moat have come into existence.\nThe islands and reefs considered in this paper are situated South of a line which may be thought passing from Cape Pasir towards the Island Edam, so forming a boundary between the reefs in the Bay of Batavia and the northern group of Thousand Islands (\xe2\x80\x9eDuizend eilanden").\nThe author studied these reefs in some detail and the results were published as early as 1928 1). In that amply illustrated paper data and considerations may be found on temperature, salinity, silt, beach conglomerate, negative shift of the strandline; special attention is given to the origin and development of the reefs and islands and the mutual connection between their morphology and the prevailing winds. Moreover a preliminary list of coral species was given and the ecological aspects were considered. (The corals figured in that paper are in the Museum of the Geological Survey at Bandoeng, Java).\nThe two points last named are treated in a more definite form in the present publication. Since I published the 1928 paper I paid some more visits to the Bay of Batavia resulting in the finding of a greater number of species. Then a zoologist, Dr J. Verwey, stayed in Batavia a few years and made extensive studies on the fauna of the reefs 1).\nAlso Boschma published some papers on corals from the Bay of Bata-

Description: Cleistostoma edwardsii (McLeay) Cleistotoma edwardsii McLeay, 1838, 111. Zool. South Africa by Andrew Smith, vol. 3, p. 64.\nCleistotoma edwardsii McL., Krauss, 1843, S\xc3\xbcdafr. Crust., p. 40.\nCleistostoma edwardsii (McLeay), Stebbing, 1910. Ann. South Afr. Mus., vol. 6, p. 328.\nRijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie : Knysna, September 18, 1938, L. D. Brongersma, 11 \xe2\x99\x82 \xe2\x99\x82, 3 \xe2\x99\x80 \xe2\x99\x80, 1 young specimen.\nZoological Museum, Amsterdam : Knysna, September 16\xe2\x80\x9418, 1938, H. Engel, 10 \xe2\x99\x82 \xe2\x99\x82, 7 \xe2\x99\x80 \xe2\x99\x80, 1 young specimen.\nMcLeay says: \xe2\x80\x9eCleistotoma oculis magnis, test\xc3\xa2 laevi haud pilos\xc3\xa2 lateribus integris nec granulosis nec postice divergentibus, manibus brevibus; pedum pari tertio longiori, femoribus infra laevibus. Note. This species comes very near to the Cleistotoma Leachii of Milne Edwards; but differs from it in the surface being altogether smooth. The length is four lines." Krauss adds no further information and Stebbing states: \xe2\x80\x9eI do not know whether McLeay\'s species has been since recognised.,, The material, collected by Dr Brongersma and Dr Engel in South Africa, contains 33 specimens of a Cleistostoma species, collected at Knysna, probably Cleistostoma edwardsii McLeay.\nGordon (1931, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, vol. 37, p. 550) gives a figure of the \xe2\x99\x82 pleopods of Paracleistostoma leachi (Audouin). The pleopods of our species differ from these and from those of the two other species (depressum de Man and cristatum (Ortmann)) figured by Gordon.\nThe \xe2\x99\x82 pleopods of longimanum and microcheir (Tweedie, 1937, Bull.

Description: In 1919 Dr C. A. BACKER collected a plant in the Kangean Archipelago which had the appearance of a Cymaria so that the collector provisionally called it \xe2\x80\x9dCymaria triphylla BACKER\xe2\x80\x9c (MS.). The same species was also collected by KARTA on the Island of Bawean in 1928. Some other sheets already extant in the Herbarium at Buitenzorg for a long time among the indeterminate specimens were recognized as identical with this \xe2\x80\x9dCymaria\xe2\x80\x9c (TEYSMANN nr. 1750, Madoera and nr. 1768, Bawean). In 1937 Dr BACKER, when working up Javanese plants, had a closer examination of this plant and concluded that it could not be inserted in Cymaria, and even not in the Labiatae, but that it had rather to be put into the Verbenaceae. However, he found himself unable to identify the species with the monograph of the Malaysian Verbenaceae (H. J. LAM, The Verbenaceae of the Malayan Archipelago, etc., Groningen 1919), nor in the revision of that family (H. J. LAM & R. C. BAKHUIZEN VAN DEN BRINK, Bull. du Jard. bot. de Buitenz., III, 3, 1921). He therefore kindly put the specimens into our hands for closer examination. Moreover, a part of the alcohol material preserved at Buitenzorg was kindly put at our disposal. The material appeared to represent a hitherto undescribed species of Vitex. We are indebted to Dr BACKER and to Dr D. F. VAN SLOOTEN, Keeper of the Buitenzorg Herbarium, for their kind assistance and their allowance to publish our results in this Journal.\nVitex cymarioides H. J. LAM et A. D. J. MEEUSE, nov. spec., Fig. 1 \xe2\x80\x94 Cymaria triphylla BACKER. MS. \xe2\x80\x94 Frutex vel suffrutex; rami subtus lignosi, subteretes, adscendentes, supra quadrangulares, erecti, pulverulenti. Folia opposita phyllotaxi decussatae, inferiora semper trifoliolata, ramorum apices versus sensim bifoliolata, interdum bifida, ultimatim unifoliolata; foliola ovata vel lanceolato-ovata, membranacea, basi rotundata vel late acuta, interdum plus minusve inaequalia, saepe breviter attenuata, apice acuta vel (obtuse vel subacute) acuminata, marginibus integra vel repande crenato-serrata, supra nervis excepti fere glabra, glandulosa, subtus pilis et glandulis sessilibus sparsis suffulta; costa et nervi secundarii utrinque subprominentes, nervi secundarii (3\xe2\x80\x94) 5\xe2\x80\x947 (\xe2\x80\x948), angulo 30\xc2\xb0\xe2\x80\x9440\xc2\xb0 de costa adscendentes, tertiarii reticulati, inconspicui; petioli et petioluli gracillimi, teretes vel supra paulo canaliculati, pulverulenti. Inflorescentiae in foliorum axillis solitariae vel interdum binae (TEYSMANN 1768), ramorum apices versus cum earum foliis sensim minores et magis confertae, cymosae, dichasiales, bifurcatae, axibus pulverulentis et glandulosis, ramificationibus monochasialibus pseudoracemosis, saepe curvati (10\xe2\x80\x94) 15\xe2\x80\x9425-floris; bracteae minutae, subulatae, persistentes, pedicellis suboppositae, cum pedicellis pulverulentae. Calyx campanulatus, 5-costatus, margine minute 5-denticulatus, intus glaber, extus praecipue basi pubescens et glandulosus, in fructu persistens. Corolla subbilabiata, extus praecipue lobis pubescens et glandulosa, intus fauce sub labio superiore pilosa excepta glabra, labium superius bifidum, inferius trifidum lobo medio longiore. Stamina 4 subaequalia, fauce vel tubi parti superiore inserta; filamenta basi pilosa et glandulosa, apice glabra; antherae ovoideae, maturae divaricatae. Ovarium subglobosum, dense glandulosum, 2-loculatum, loculi 2-ovulati, ovula apotropa, loculi apice affixa. Fructus drupaceus depresso-globosus, 4-pyrenus.

Description: Since the paper by Smith in 1894 (A list of the recent species of the genus Pirula) no monograph, review, or catalogue of the recent species of the genus Pirula has been published, as far as I am able to state.\nBesides the species of which our Museum possesses specimens, I have quoted again, as in my former catalogues, all the other species, as far as I could find these mentioned in literature, whilst I added the principal synonyms.\nAfter those species of which we possess material there follows a list of the specimens stating: 1) the letter which indicates specimens from the same locality and collector (donor), as far as they are kept dry; in the case of specimens preserved in spirit the number of the jar is given instead, 2) the number of specimens, 3) the locality, 4) the collector or donor. When the locality or collector (donor) is unknown, I have placed instead a question mark.\nI am greatly indebted to Dr. E. Leloup and especially to Dr. W. Adam for their kindness and helpfulness shown during my stay in the Mus\xc3\xa9e Royal d\'Histoire Naturelle de Belgique.\nGenus Pirula Lamarck, 1799 Pyrula Lamarck, 1822 Ficula Swainson, 1840 Sycotypus, Adams, 1853 P. dussumieri (Kiener) (?)Pyrula elongata Gray, Zool. Beechey\'s Voy., Moll, anim., p. 115; 1839.\nPyrula Dussumieri Kiener, Icon. coq. viv., Pyrula, p. 25, N\xc2\xb0 17, pl. 11; 1840.\nPyrula Dussumieri, Deshayes, Lamarck, Anim. s. Vert., 2nd ed., vol. 9, p. 521,

Description: INHALTS\xc3\x9c\nBERSICHT\nAbschnitt 1 Einleitung; Material .... 243\nI Strandung .... 243\nII Material .... 244\nAbschnitt 2 Nomenklatur; Geographische Verbreitung; Lebensweise .... 245\nI Nomenklatur .... 245\nII Geographische Verbreitung .... 246\nIII Lebensweise .... 249\nAbschnitt 3 \xc3\x84ussere Form; Wachstum .... 250\nI \xc3\x84ussere Form .... 250\nII Wachstum .... 251\nAbschnitt 4 Skelett .... 252\nI Wirbels\xc3\xa4ule .... 252\nII Rippen .... 255\nIII Sternum .... 255\nIV Becken .... 257\nV Vorderextremit\xc3\xa4t .... 258\nVI Sch\xc3\xa4del .... 260\nVII Z\xc3\xa4hne .... 260\nAbschnitt 5 Muskelsystem .... 262\nI Der M. scalenus .... 262\nII Die Bauchmuskeln .... 263\nA Anatomisches .... 263\n1 Allgemeine Lage- und Ursprungsverhaltnisse .... 263\n2 Die Rectusscheide .... 265

Description: 1. The genus Atheroides Haliday Of this genus 3 Western European species are known : A. serrulatus Hal. (syn. festucae Mordv.?), A. hirtellus Hal. (syn. A. junci Laing) and A. brevicornis Laing. a) A. serrulatus Hal. is quite common. It lives on Poa annua often, but prefers species of grass with narrow, folded leaves, such as Festuca ovina, F. rubra, Nardus etc. b) A. hirtellus Hal. is not rare on Aira caespitosa. It seems to live on that plant only. c) A. brevicornis Laing is extremely common along the muddy seashores of the Netherlands. It prefers Festuca thalassica and F. distans, the two typical species of grass growing there 2). The alatae have not yet been described and therefore I add a short description. The apterae have been described excellently by Laing, but I redescribe them for comparison.\nAtheroides brevicornis Laing Apterous viviparous female.\nMorphological characters. Body very elongated oval, nearly linear.\nTergum strongly sclerotic, usually uniformly dark, very coarsely corrugated, covered with clubshaped or inverse-bottleshaped hairs with blunt, sometimes emarginate apex; the bases of the hairs look like perforations of the dark sclerite. Head fused with prothorax, but suture very distinct; mesothorax, metathorax and first abdominal tergite free; abdominal tergite II\xe2\x80\x94\nVII\nfused, second sometimes partly free ; eighth tergite semicircular, free. Head semicircular; front convex, with one, often normal, spiny hair standing over the base of each antenna; a pair of hairs more towards the middle,

Description: During my work on Simalur birds (cf. Temminckia, vol. 1, 1936) I compared the specimens of Charadrius peronii from this island with the specimens from Borneo and Semao in our Museum. Though the Simalur birds were darker I did not pay much attention to this fact, as our material from these localities were mounted birds of about a century old and I feared these specimens were so badly faded, that no satisfactory comparison could be made. During his recent stay in the Leiden Museum mr F. N. Chasen noted the same fact and promised to send a good series of fresh skins. I was now able to compare the Simalur specimens with 4 \xe2\x99\x82\xe2\x99\x82, 5 \xe2\x99\x80\xe2\x99\x80 from North Borneo; 2 \xe2\x99\x82\xe2\x99\x82, 1 \xe2\x99\x80 from NE Malay Peninsula; 1 \xe2\x99\x82 from the Rhio Archipelago; 1 \xe2\x99\x80 from Pulau Tioman, S China Sea.\nIt appeared that mr Chasen\'s suggestion was quite correct and that the Simalur form needs separation.\nCharadrius peronii chaseni nov. subspec.\nDiagnosis : Compared with the nominal race chaseni is darker on the upper parts, less rufous on the head, especially in the \xe2\x99\x80\xe2\x99\x80. Also the rufous colour behind the white neckcollar and on the sides of the breast is much more pronounced in p. peronii. The bill in chaseni is slightly heavier.\nType: A \xe2\x99\x80 collected at Lasikin (Simalur) on 6-4-1913 by Jacobson and van Heurn (no. 607).