ALBERT

Description: The database presented here contains radiogenic neodymium and strontium isotope ratios measured on both terrestrial and marine sediments. It was compiled to help assessing sediment provenance and transport processes for various time intervals. This can be achieved by either mapping sediment isotopic signature and/or fingerprinting source areas using statistical tools (e.g. Blanchet, 2018b, 2018a). The database has been built by incorporating data from the literature and the SedDB database and harmonizing the metadata, especially units and geographical coordinates. The original data were processed in three steps. Firstly, a specific attention has been devoted to provide geographical coordinates to each sample in order to be able to map the data. When available, the original geographical coordinates from the reference (generally DMS coordinates, with different precision standard) were transferred into the decimal degrees system. When coordinates were not provided, an approximate location was derived from available information in the original publication. Secondly, all samples were assigned a set of standardized criteria that help splitting the dataset in specific categories. We defined categories associated with the sample location ("Region", "Sub-region", "Location", which relate to location at continental to city/river scale) or with the sample types (terrestrial samples – “aerosols”, “soil sediments”, “river sediments”, “rocks” - or marine samples –“marine sediment” or “trap sample”). Thirdly, samples were discriminated according to their deposition age, which allowed to compute average values for specific time intervals (see attached table "Age_determination_Sediment_Cores_V2.txt"). A first version of the database was published in September 2018 and presented data for the African sector. A second version was published in April 2019, in which the dataset has been extended to reach a global extent. The dataset will be further updated bi-annually to increase the geographical resolution and/or add other type of samples. This dataset consists of two tab separated tables: "Dataset_Nd_Sr_isotopes_V2.txt" and "Age_determination_Sediment_Cores_V2.txt". "Dataset_Nd_Sr_isotopes_V2.txt" contains the assembled dataset of marine and terrestrial Nd and/or Sr concentration and isotopes, together with sorting criteria and geographical locations. "Age_determination_Sediment_Cores_V2.txt" contains all background information concerning the determination of the isotopic signature of specific time intervals (depth interval, number of samples, mean and standard deviation). Column headers are explained in respective metadata comma-separated files. A full reference list is provided in the file “References_Database_Nd_Sr_isotopes_V2.rtf”. Finally, R code for mapping the data and running statistical analyses is also available for this dataset (Blanchet, 2018b, 2018a).

Description: The interactions of flowing electrically conductive seawater with Earth’s magnetic field generate electric currents within the oceans, as well as secondary electric currents induced in the resistive solid Earth. The ocean-induced magnetic field (OIMF) is an observable signature of these currents. Ignoring tidally forced ocean flows, the global ocean circulation system is driven by wind forcing on the ocean surface and by the temperature- and salinity-dependent buoyancy force. Ocean circulation’s magnetic signals contribute to the total magnetic field observed at the Earth’s surface or by low-orbit satellite missions. In this paper, we concentrate on accurate numerical modelling of the OIMF employing various approaches. Using a series of numerical test cases in different scenarios of increasing complexity, we evaluate the applicability of the unimodal thin-sheet approximation, the importance of galvanic coupling between the oceans and the underlying mantle (i.e. the bimodal solution), the effects of vertical stratification of ocean flow as well as the effects of vertical stratification of both oceanic and underlying electrical conductivity, and the influence of electromagnetic self-induction. We find that the inclusion of galvanic ocean-mantle coupling has the largest effect on the predicted OIMF. Self-induction is important only on the largest spatial scales, influencing the lowest spherical harmonic coefficients of the OIMF spectrum. We find this conclusion important in light of the recent Swarm satellite mission which has the potential to observe the large-scale OIMF and its seasonal variations. The implementation of fully three-dimensional ocean flow and conductivity heterogeneity due to bathymetry, which substantially increases the computational demands of the calculations, can play some role for regional studies, or when a more accurate OIMF prediction is needed within the oceans, e.g. for comparison with seafloor observations. However, the large-scale signals at the sea surface or at satellite altitude are less affected.

Description: As a primary driving force, margin tilting is crucial for gravity-driven thin-skinned salt tectonics. We investigated how instant versus progressive margin tilting mechanisms influence salt tectonics using an analogue modeling setup where tilting rate could be controlled. Instant tilting resulted in initially high deformation rates, triggering widely distributed upslope extension and downslope contraction. Later, both the extensional and contractional domains migrated upslope as early extensional structures were successively deactivated, while deformation rates decreased exponentially. In contrast, progressive tilting led to downslope migration of the extensional domain by sequentially formed, long-lived normal faults. Contraction localized on a few, long-lived thrusts before migrating upslope. We attribute the distinct structural evolution of thin-skinned deformation, especially in the extensional domain, in the two tilting scenarios mainly to mechanical coupling between the brittle overburden and underlying viscous material. The coupling effect in turn is largely controlled by the deformation rate. By demonstrating the spatiotemporal variations of structural style and kinematic evolution associated with instant versus progressive tilting, we suggest that such variation is identifiable in nature and therefore can provide a new way to analyze margin tilting histories.

Description: Length: 32 min What forms the landscapes of the Earth with its mountains, rivers, soils, and the places we live in? One view holds that Earth’s surface is shaped when rocks are uplifted by geologic forces, and are then destroyed by rain, ice, and wind that carve landscapes by erosion and weathering. Another view suggests that the green layer of life between rocks below and climate above is the key player. Do plants with their roots, animals that dig into soil and the vast number of microorganisms shape the landscapes? Or do minerals, soil, and water provide the environment for them to live? Or are they both interdependent? Can they together resist the massive climate change imposed by humans today? Watch the scientists of the German-Chilean “EarthShape” project study these questions along a climate gradient in Chile, in the National Parks Pan de Azúcar, La Campana, and Nahuelbuta. Take a tour through fascinating landscapes and see the young scientists study the interactions between geology and biology, from the dry Atacama Desert to dense forests, and in their sophisticated home laboratories. See how feedbacks control Earth’s climate. A science movie designed and produced by Friedhelm von Blanckenburg from GFZ Potsdam, Germany, Kirstin Übernickel from Universität Tübingen, and Wolfgang Dümcke from Filmbüro Potsdam, Germany, within the German National Science Foundation (DFG) funded research network “EarthShape – Earth Surface Shaping by Biota” which is coordinated by Todd Ehlers (Universität Tübingen) und Friedhelm von Blanckenburg (GFZ Potsdam).

Description: Radial water Jet Drilling (RJD) is widely discussed in the geothermal community as a potential technology to stimulate low performing geothermal wells. For RJD, a focused water jet is being used to jet slim hole laterals out of an existing well in order to access (higher) permeable structures in the vicinity that were initially not well connected to the well or increase the contact area of the well with the formation. Based on the knowledge gained from laboratory experiments and numerical investigations, a workflow to select and stimulate a geothermal well and evaluate the radial water jet drilling technology is presented. The paper provides a discussion on preparations for a field test in Iceland in which a thorough monitoring approach istaken to gain a deeper understanding of the technology in the geothermal realm.

Description: Different methods to discriminate between quarry blasts and earthquakes in seismic records are applied and compared. Test area is the Armutlu Peninsula in northwestern Turkey, where microearthquakes and quarry blasts occur within the same area. The vertical component of a 360″ broadband sensor is used for the discrimination analyses. Eighty-seven seismic events with up to M = 3.0 duration magnitude and maximum 23-km epicentral distance are chosen from the first 7 months of 2014. Five different methods, (1) time distribution, (2) amplitude peak ratio (As/Ap–log(As)), (3) complexity-spectral ratio (C–Sr), (4) coda wave decay rate (Qc), (5) power spectrum density (PSD), and two statistical approaches, linear discriminant function (LDF), quadratic discriminant function (QDF), are performed through all seismic events. The results are then compared to a “gold standard” obtained by a careful manual investigation. Two functions are obtained for As/Ap–log(As) method and four functions with different distances (0–13 km, 13–23 km) are estimated for C–Sr method. Accuracies of LDF and QDF for As/Ap–log(As) method are 88.5% and 87.4%, respectively. For C–Sr method, an accuracy of 89.8% is obtained for both, LDF and QDF, for distances up to 13 km, whereas for the distance range between 13 and 23 km from the epicenter, the accuracies are 85.7% and 89.3% for LDF and QDF, respectively. According to the Qc, the success rate is calculated as 91.9%. 93.1% accuracy of PSD technique provides the most successful results. All methods were used for a final decision according to which 27 earthquakes and 55 quarry blasts could be identified, while five events are misclassified. Overall, a 94.2% success rate could be obtained for our test data set. For the Armutlu Peninsula, the PSD method proves to give reliable solutions. Nevertheless, this cannot be generalized and thus a combination of different methods is recommended for areas with high tectonic and mining activity.

Description: There has been growing recognition of the importance of the accurate seismic locations in quantitative seismological studies, such as seismic hazard analyses, fault zone characterization, and Earth's deformation. Accurate estimation of seismic locations is critical since a wrong estimate of the seismic source location will result in wrong interpretations in the subsequent analyses. We present SCOTER, an open-source Python program package that is designed to relocate multiple seismic events by using P- and S-wave station correction terms. The package implements static and shrinking-box source-specific station terms techniques extended to regional and teleseimic distances and adopted for probabilistic, non-linear, global-search location for large-scale multiple-event location. This program provides robust relocation results for seismic event sequences over a wide range of spatial and temporal scales by applying empirical corrections for the biasing effects of 3-D velocity structure. Written in the Python programming language, SCOTER is run as a stand-alone command-line tool (requiring no knowledge of Python) and also provides a set of sub-commands to develop inputs (dataset, configuration etc) and export results (hypocenter parameters, travel-time residuals etc) { routine but non-trivial tasks that can consume much user time. This package can be used for relocation in local, regional, and teleseimic scales. We describe SCOTER's functionality, design and technical implementation, accompanied by an overview of its use cases. As an illustration, we demonstrate the applicability of this tool through two examples based on (1) a catalogue of several hundred events in the Arctic plate boundary region using regional and teleseismic arrival times and (2) a small dataset of low-magnitude seismic events recorded by dense, local stations at the western Iberia, central Portugal. The relocated datasets highlight the future potential for applying the SCOTER relocation tool to greatly improve the relative location accuracy among nearby events.

Description: Earth's magnetic field vector time series from `LEO' satellite 'CHAMP' for the 'CHAMP' mission period in high, unaveraged 50 Hz time resolution, using measurements from the FGM vector magnetometers and `ASC' Star Sensors on the mid-boom optical bench. The vector data are corrected and calibrated (by using the Overhauser scalar magnetometer as reference). The magnetic field vector data are given both in the satellite-bound sensor (`FGM') system and in the Earth Centered Earth Fixed local `NEC' (North-East-Center) system. For the latter the attitude time series (`ASC'), processed and cleaned, represented by quaternions describing the satellite attitude related to the celestial system, were used for the transformation. The files with daily time coverage are in the (binary and self-describing) `CDF' file format and accompanied, beside the `CDF'-format generic timestamp, by the satellite's geocentric positions and utility information like quality flags.

Description: Spherical harmonic coefficients that are zero over the continents, and provide the anomalous simulated ocean bottom pressure that includes non-tidal air and water contributions elsewhere during the specified timespan. These coefficients differ from GLO (or GAC) coefficients over the ocean domain by disregarding upper air density anomalies. The anomalous signals are relative to the mean field from 2003-2014.

Description: Commonly, the permeability of fractures is approximated using the cubic law assumption, which is only validunder the strict assumption of laminar flow between parallel plates. However, fracture flow is influenced by thesurface roughness and the relative shear displacement and the amount of flow exchange between the matrix andthe fracture itself. In order to quantify the relationships among the aforementioned aspects, we have conductedflow through experiments of a porous rock samples (Flechtinger sandstone) having one single macroscopicfracture. Based on these experiments we obtained range of variations of intrinsic rock parameters, permeabilityand stress-strain relationships of the combined matrix-fracture system under hydrostatic loading. Based on thestrain measurements we derived the mechanical aperture change of the fracture. The results of these experimentsdemonstrated that the cubic law does not represent the processes occurring in these stressed matrix-fracturesystems.In order to quantify the processes behind the laboratory observation we carried out hydraulic and poroelasticsimulations of the matrix-fracture system. Navier-Stokes flow was solved for the 3-dimensional rough fracture,which was back coupled to the (Darcy) flow and poroelastic behaviour of the rock matrix. The preliminaryresults demonstrate that the elastic behaviour and the related permeability alteration of the fracture domain couldbe captured by the numerical simulation. Furthermore, the obtained stress-strain values nearby of the fractureasperities give some indications of additionally inelastic deformation modes of the combined system. An attemptis made to quantify this inelastic deformation by Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion (whether tensile, shear or UCSor a combination of those). Finally, the information on the changes of the fracture geometry combined with thesimulated matrix-fracture flow enable us to better understand the permeability evolution of the overall system dueto the imposed mechanical loading conditions.

Description: Fluid through fractures is important in many natural and industrial settings, e.g. enhanced geothermal systems (EGS). This experimental study, performed within the framework of the European Union’s Horizon 2020 initiative ‘MEET (Multi-Sites EGS Demonstration)’, presents fracture permeability results from intermittent flow-through tests performed on saw-cut slate samples from the Hahnenklee drill site, Harz mountains, Germany, used as an analogue for EGS reservoir formations within Variscan metamorphic rocks. The surface roughness (Sa, arithmetical mean deviation) of the artificial fracture was 0.109mm and 0.075mm, respectively, determined by 3D laser scanning confocal microscopy. As a baseline measurement, we applied conditions of 70°C temperature, 10MPa confining pressure and 1MPa pore pressure using distilled water as pore fluid, which were kept constant during the entire test period of 30 days. A pronounced permeability reduction by approximately 50% was observed immediately after temperature was increased from ambient to 70°C, indicating that temperature plays a significant role in fracture closure of the investigated slate. However, subsequent permeability change with time at 70°C was negligible although significant amounts of Na+ (23 mg/L) and Si4+ (4 mg/L), originating from dissolution of the rock’s minerals, were detected in the pore fluid, acquired during successive flow stagnation of 5 days each and analyzed using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Our first results suggest that the fracture permeability of the studied rock samples at temperatures relevant for fluid injection into low enthalpy geothermal reservoirs is likely insensitive to mineral dissolution at short time scale. Additional investigations are being carried out to evaluate the effects of time, surface roughness, pore fluid composition, and temperature on the evolution of fracture aperture. Ultimately, this study will help to predict the sustainability of fracture permeability in slate dominated metamorphic EGS reservoirs.

Description: Common failure mechanisms in high-temperature geothermal wells are casing collapse and tensile joint rupture. For medium- to high-enthalpy geothermal wells, thermal cycling has the potential to severely deteriorate the integrity of the cemented annulus. Additionally, for higher enthalpy wells, yielding of casings becomes a structural concern. A recently innovated patented solution, flexible couplings, aim to reduce thermal strains by allowing displacement from thermally expanding casing segments at ~12 m intervals (API Range 3 casings). In the GeConnect project, a full-scale surface experiment composed of a 9⅝′′ casing equipped with a flexible coupling cemented into a 13⅜′′ casing is constructed and installed on a wellpad of an existing high-temperature geothermal well in Iceland. The aim is to investigate effects of thermal cycling on well integrity and to test the function of cemented-in flexible couplings. Along with testing the flexible coupling, cement sheath integrity and the cement-casing boundary behavior will be evaluated atmoderate to high temperatures. Structural models are used to analyze casing-cement interactions and to evaluate prospects and potential improvements of well integrity by using flexible couplings on experimental up to field scale.

Description: BayHunter is an open source Python tool to perform an McMC transdimensional Bayesian inversion of receiver functions and/ or surface wave dispersion. It is inverting for the velocity-depth structure, the number of layers and noise parameters (noise correlation and amplitude). The forward modeling codes are provided within the package, but are easily replaceable with own codes. It is also possible to add (completely different) data sets. The BayWatch module can be used to live-stream the inversion while it is running: this makes it easy to see how each chain is exploring the parameter space, how the data fits and models change and in which direction the inversion progresses.

Description: Multi-constellation GNSS (multi-GNSS) and multi-frequency signals open new prospects for fast ambiguity resolution (AR) of precise point positioning (PPP). Currently, all the BDS and Galileo satellites are capable of transmitting signals on three or more frequencies. In this contribution, we investigate the triple-frequency PPP ambiguity resolution with B1, B2 and B3 observations from BDS satellites and E1, E5a and E5b observations from Galileo satellites and evaluate the contribution of BDS + Galileo combination to triple-frequency PPP AR. The uncalibrated phase delay (UPD) products are estimated based on triple-frequency observations, and the temporal characteristic as well as the residual distributions are analyzed. Our results show that the extra-wide-lane (EWL) and wide-lane (WL) UPDs for BDS and Galileo satellites are both stable during the 30 days and the daily narrow-lane (NL) UPD series are also steady with no obvious fluctuation. The Galileo UPDs exhibit better performance than BDS UPDs due to the high-quality observations. It is also interesting to find that the EWL UPD corrections for all Galileo satellites are very close to the zero. With the precise UPD products, the triple-frequency PPP AR with BDS and Galileo observations was implemented in both static and kinematic modes. Compared to the ambiguity-float solution, the performance can be significantly improved by triple-frequency PPP AR with the positioning accuracy improved by 30–70% in both static and kinematic modes. Moreover, the triple-frequency PPP fixed solutions also present better performance than the dual-frequency PPP fixed solutions in terms of time to the first fix and positioning accuracy, especially for the Galileo-only and BDS + Galileo solutions. And the fusion of multi-GNSS (BDS and Galileo) can further improve the position estimations compared to the single system with more satellites and better spatial geometry.

Description: Rockwall slope erosion is defined for the upper Bhagirathi catchment using cosmogenic Beryllium‐10 (10Be) concentrations in sediment from medial moraines on Gangotri glacier. Beryllium‐10 concentrations range from 1.1 ± 0.2 to 2.7 ± 0.3 × 104 at/g SiO2, yielding rockwall slope erosion rates from 2.4 ± 0.4 to 6.9 ± 1.9 mm/a. Slope erosion rates are likely to have varied over space and time and responded to shifts in climate, geomorphic and/or tectonic regime throughout the late Quaternary. Geomorphic and sedimentological analyses confirm that the moraines are predominately composed of rockfall and avalanche debris mobilized from steep relief rockwall slopes via periglacial weathering processes. The glacial rockwall slope erosion affects sediment flux and storage of snow and ice at the catchment head on diurnal to millennial timescales, and more broadly influences catchment configuration and relief, glacier dynamics and microclimates. The slope erosion rates exceed the averaged catchment‐wide and exhumation rates of Bhagirathi and the Garhwal region on geomorphic timescales (103−105 years), supporting the view that erosion at the headwaters can outpace the wider catchment. The 10Be concentrations of medial moraine sediment for the upper Bhagirathi catchment and the catchments of Chhota Shigri in Lahul, northern India and Baltoro glacier in Central Karakoram, Pakistan show a tentative relationship between 10Be concentration and precipitation. As such there is more rapid glacial rockwall slope erosion in the monsoon‐influenced Lesser and Greater Himalaya compared to the semi‐arid interior of the orogen. Rockwall slope erosion in the three study areas, and more broadly across the northwest Himalaya is likely governed by individual catchment dynamics that vary across space and time.

Description: To locate and characterize faultsis an important step towards understanding geothermal systems.Our novel approach, presented here, uses bathymetry and geochemical profiles to map hidden geothermal structures in a volcanic lake. The lake in the Lahendong geothermal field has light to dark greenish acidic water (pH3) and a size of 800x600m. Previous studies show, that the lake masks geothermal features e.g. faults and fumaroles. Our study resulted in a 3D bathymetry showing a total depth of 0.5 to 35m. In general, the northern and eastern part of the lake is shallower with 8-10m at maximum. The southern and western part is much steeper and shows hole structures with depths of 22-35m. Holes at the lake bottom can be clearly related to faults and their intersection points. Additionally, geochemical profiles in the lake indicateinflow zones of saline, hot acidic water into the lake at certain locations.Combining bathymetry and geochemistry we were able to create a detailed fault map of the area.

Description: Si fluxes from the continents to the ocean are a key element of the global Si cycle. Due to the ability of coastal ecosystems to process and retain Si, the ‘coastal filter’ has the potential to alter Si fluxes at a global scale. Coastal zones are diverse systems, sensitive to local environmental changes, where Si cycling is currently poorly understood. Here, we present the first palaeoenvironmental study of estuarine biogenic silica (BSi) fluxes and silicon isotope ratios in diatoms (δ30Sidiatom) using hand-picked diatom frustules in two sediment cores (CBdist and CBprox) from the Chesapeake Bay covering the last 12000 and 8000 years, respectively. Constrained by the well-understood Holocene evolution of the Chesapeake Bay, we interpret variations in Si cycling in the context of local climate, vegetation and land use changes. δ30Sidiatom varies between + 0.8 and + 1.7‰ in both sediment cores. A Si mass balance for the Chesapeake Bay suggests much higher rates of Si retention (~ 90%) within the system than seen in other coastal systems. BSi fluxes for both sediment cores co-vary with periods of sea level rise (between 9500 and 7500 a BP) and enhanced erosion due to deforestation (between 250 and 50 a BP). However, differences in δ30Sidiatom and BSi flux between the sites emphasize the importance of the seawater/freshwater mixing ratios and locally variable Si inputs from the catchment. Further, we interpret variations in δ30Sidiatom and the increase in BSi fluxes observed since European settlement (~ 250 a BP) to reflect a growing human influence on the Si cycle in the Chesapeake Bay. Thereby, land use change, especially deforestation, in the catchment is likely the major mechanism.

Description: The ability to control injection-induced seismicity in energy technologies like geothermal and shale gas is an important factor for assessing the safety, the seismic hazard and the life time of reservoirs. Since fracture propagation is an unavoidable process in energy extraction, we propose a new approach to optimize the seismic radiated energy with respect to the hydraulic energy during fluid injection by using cyclic and pulse pumping schemes. We use data from laboratory and mine-scale injection experiments performed at a decimeter and a decameter scale in granitic rock. We observe that the seismic radiated energy and the permeability enhancement process strongly depend on injection style and rock type. Replacing the conventional constant flow rate scheme by cyclic/pulse injection with variable flow rates (1) lowers the fracture breakdown pressure, (2) modifies the seismic event distribution, and (3) has an impact on the resulting fracture pattern. As possible explanation, we introduce the concept of fatigue hydraulic fracturing which is the result of pressure cycles and depressurization phases during which crack tip stresses are relaxed. Cyclic fluid pressure oscillations with a secondary pump allow for an efficient rock fragmentation process. During hydraulic fatigue a significant portion of the hydraulic energy is converted into damage and fracturing of rock. This finding appears to have potentially significant implications for managing the economic and physical risk posed to communities affected by fluid-injection-induced seismicity.

Description: Provenance analysis of the Sub‐Himalayan Late Miocene‐Pleistocene foreland basin deposits (Siwaliks) from the Dehradun reentrant area provides a 10‐Myr long record of the denudation history and tectonic evolution of the northwestern Indian Himalaya. We studied Siwalik sediments exposed along the Mohand‐Rao and Haripur‐Khol sections, using detrital zircon U‐Pb geochronology, major and trace elements, and Sr‐Nd isotope geochemistry. Results suggest that the erosion pattern has been relatively stable since the Late Miocene with sediments derived from the Tethyan Himalayan (THS), Greater Himalayan (GHS), and outer‐ (oLHS) and inner‐Lesser Himalayan (iLHS) sequences. Provenance data indicate that erosional unroofing of the Lesser Himalayan Crystalline sequences (LHCS) initiated around 6 Ma, possibly related to out‐of‐sequence movement of the Ramgarh‐Munsiari Thrust. Our data also suggest erosional recycling of older foreland basin deposits into younger Siwaliks since ~5.5 Ma, which may indicate the time of thrust propagation from the Lesser Himalaya into the foreland basin. While the iLHS has been exposed to erosion since at least ~10 Ma, the Siwaliks were dominated by materials derived from the GHS and THS sources. We interpret these results as an indication that tectonic uplift and erosion of the orogenic wedge occurred in response to duplexing of the iLHS and concomitant high topography and rock uplift rate in the Greater and Tethyan Himalaya. Comparing the provenance of the Siwalik sediments with that of the modern Ganga and Yamuna river sediments further indicates that deposition during the Late Cenozoic was most likely accomplished by southward flowing transverse Himalayan rivers, analogous to the modern ones.

Description: In Bindi et al. (2019) a harmonized local magnitude scale across Europe has been derived using data disseminated by network operators through the European Integrated Data Archive (EIDA). This data set contains regionalized non-parametric attenuation tables, attenuation corrections to the parametric model and station corrections for both non-parametric and parametric models for more than 2000 stations in Europe. Regionalization has been performed considering six different regions covering Europe and the polygons defining them are also provided. Data are subject to updates that can be triggered by the availability of new and substantial input data (reviewed earthquake catalogues and/or new waveforms). Each update will be released with a new version of the data. The data are provided in ASCII format (.csv).

Description: The Klaipeda Geothermal Demonstration Plant (KGDP), Lithuania, exploits a hypersaline sodium-chloride (salinity c. 90 g/L) groundwater from a 1100 m deep Devonian sandstone/siltstone reservoir. The hydrogen and oxygen stable isotope composition is relatively undepleted ( -4.5‰), while the δ34S is relatively “heavy” at +18.9‰. Hydrochemical and isotopic data support the existing hypothesis that the groundwater is dominated by a hypersaline brine derived from evapoconcentrated seawater, modified by water-rock interaction and admixed with smaller quantities of more recent glacial meltwater and/or interglacial recharge. The injectivity of the two injection boreholes has declined dramatically during the operational lifetime of the KGDP. Initially, precipitation of crystalline gypsum led to a program of rehabilitation and the introduction of sodium polyphosphonate dosing of the abstracted brine, which has prevented visible gypsum precipitation but has failed to halt the injectivity decline. While physical or bacteriological causes of clogging are plausible, evidence suggests that chemical causes cannot be excluded. Gypsum and barite precipitation could still occur in the formation, as could clogging with iron/manganese oxyhydroxides. One can also speculate that inhibitor dosing could cause clogging of pore throats with needles of calcium polyphosphonate precipitate.

Description: Neutrons produced in nuclear interactions initiated by cosmic-ray muons present an irreducible background to many rare-event searches, even in detectors located deep underground. Models for the production of these neutrons have been tested against previous experimental data, but the extrapolation to deeper sites is not well understood. Here we report results from an analysis of cosmogenically produced neutrons at the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory. A specific set of observables are presented, which can be used to benchmark the validity of geant4 physics models. In addition, the cosmogenic neutron yield, in units of 10−4  cm2/(g⋅μ), is measured to be 7.28±0.09(stat)+1.59−1.12(syst) in pure heavy water and 7.30±0.07(stat)+1.40−1.02(syst) in NaCl-loaded heavy water. These results provide unique insights into this potential background source for experiments at SNOLAB.

Description: There is a shortage of sediment-routing monitoring worldwide, despite its relevance to environmental processes. In drylands, where water resources are more vulnerable to the sediment dynamics, this flaw is even more harmful. In the semi-arid Caatinga biome in the North-east of Brazil, rivers are almost all intermittent and hydro-sedimentological monitoring is scarce. In the biome, water supply derives from thousands of surface reservoirs, whose water availability is liable to be reduced by siltation and sediment-related pollution. The goal of this research was to evaluate the potential of multi-temporal high-resolution satellite imagery (RapidEye) to assess the suspended sediment concentration (SSC) in the medium-sized intermittent Jaguaribe River, Brazil, during a 5-year period. We validated 15 one-, two- and three-band indices for SSC estimation based on RapidEye spectral bands deduced in the context of the present investigation and nine indices proposed in the literature for other optical sensors, by comparing them with in-situ concentration data. The in-situ SSC data ranged from 67 mg.L-1 to 230 mg.L-1. We concluded that RapidEye images can assess moderate SSC of intermittent rivers, even when their discharge is low. The RapidEye indices performed better than those from literature. The spectral band that best represented SSC was the near infrared, whose performance improved when associated with the green band. This conclusion agrees with literature findings for diverse sedimentological contexts. The three-band spectral indices performed worse than those with only one or two spectral bands, showing that the use of a third band did not enhance the model ability. Besides, we show that the hydrological characteristics of semi-arid intermittent rivers generate difficulties to monitor SSC using optical satellite remote sensing, such as time-concentrated sediment yield; and its association with recent rainfall events and, therefore, with cloudy sky.

Description: After Rock-Eval & TOC screening and heterogeneity evaluation on 91 Palaeogene source rock samples from a well drilled in the Austrian Molasse Basin, ten shale samples were selected for detailed investigations by means of pyrolysis-gas chromatography, bulk kinetics and biomarker identification and quantification. Afterwards, 2-D biplots based on principal component analysis were applied to unravel the palaeo-environmental control on the development of petroleum source rocks. All samples are immature source rocks with good petroleum generation potentials. The redox environment during deposition was generally reducing, and palaeosalinity is suggested to be the main factor causing the differences in organic carbon contents among the samples. The hydrogen index values, the gas generation preferences and the aromaticity of the products are controlled by both depositional environment and precursors, and the product of a salinity indicator (MTTC) and the oleanane index is introduced as predictive proxy to evaluate these features. The maturity indicator (Tmax) is revealed as dominated by the stability of the kerogen structure which is controlled by the proportion of organic sulphur compounds in the kerogen. The global Eocene-Oligocene climate change from a greenhouse to an icehouse world is suggested to play an important role in changing the palaeoenvironment and further in influencing the development of petroleum source rocks by triggering upwelling, increasing the palaeo-sea water salinity and decreasing the deposition of carbonate-minerals. The chemometric method suggested here acts as a powerful tool in identifying the controlling factors for the petroleum generation potential among many variables, and can be applied more widely in petroleum geology when multi-parameters are involved to get quick and meaningful correlations.

Description: Spaceborne remote sensing is a suitable tool for early mineral exploration and surveying large areas of high Arctic environment in a fast and cost-effective manner. While spaceborne data have been used widely to map geology in arid areas, similar approaches for remotely-sensed geological mapping of Arctic environments is yet to be developed. Freely available spaceborne optical data provides detailed information of high-quality that could potentially reduce resource exploration risk in remote regions. To this end, this study compares the use of two different multispectral spaceborne datasets (i.e. the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) and Sentinel-2) to map geological units in and around Wollaston Forland, North-East Greenland – an area rich in Jurassic and Cretaceous sedimentary rocks and important targets for offshore petroleum exploration. Multispectral image sensors simultaneously capture image data within multiple wavelength ranges (bands) across the electromagnetic spectrum. Each band is commonly described by the band number and the band wavelength centre position. Here, we identify the bands most suitable for geological mapping in an Arctic setting, using the Wollaston Forland area as an example. We compare the results obtained by processing spaceborne data with a published geological map for the area (Henriksen 2003).

Description: Samples of flowback water from a 4.3 km deep geothermal borehole in granite (Pohang, South Korea) were collected following a period of hydraulic stimulation by injection of surface water. Electrical conductivity, temperature and water chemistry of the flowback water were measured. To a first approximation, the data conform closely to a simple ‘mixing tank’ model, with an exponential trend between two end members: an initial injected surface water to a more brackish ‘resident groundwater’ composition. Significant deviation from the ‘mixing tank’ trend would be an indication of significant recent water-rock interaction or other anomalous factors. Such a deviation can tentatively be seen in Na+/Cl- data, especially between 88 and 200 m3 flowback (2.8 to 8.8 hr).

Description: Extensive passive seismic monitoring was carried out between September 2017 and September 2018 over the Los Humeros geothermal field in Mexico. This experiment, in addition to several geophysical, geological, and geochemical surveys was conducted in the framework of the European H2020 and Mexican CONACyT-SENER project GEMex for a better understanding of the structures and behavior of the local geothermal system currently under exploitation, and for investigating future development areas. 25 broadband stations (22 Trillium C-120s and 3 Trillium C-20 PH) recording at 200 Hz, and 20 short period stations (Mark L-4C-3D) recording at 100 Hz comprised the network which is sub-divided into two sub-networks. An inner and denser (~1.6-2 km inter-station distance) pseudo-rhomboidal array (27 stations) was laid out to cover the producing zone and retrieve local seismicity mainly associated to injection and production operations, and to comply with beamforming of ambient noise and time reverse imaging techniques. An outer and sparser (~5 km minimum spacing) array was placed at around 30 km radius surrounding the inner network, and was mainly dedicated to larger scale imaging techniques, such as seismic ambient noise tomography, and regional earthquakes tomography. The GEMex project is supported by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 programme for Research and Innovation under grant agreement No 727550 and the Mexican Energy Sustainability Fund CONACYT-SENER, project 2015-04-68074. Waveform data are available from the GEOFON data centre, under network code 6G, and are embargoed until January 2023.

Description: We present SCOTER, an open-source Python programming package that is designed to relocate multiple seismic events by using direct P- and S-wave station correction terms. The package implements static and shrinking-box source-specific station terms techniques extended to regional and teleseimic distances and adopted for probabilistic, non-linear, global-search location for large-scale multiple-event location. This program provides robust relocation results for seismic event sequences over a wide range of spatial and temporal scales by applying empirical corrections for the biasing effects of 3-D velocity structure. Written in the Python programming language, SCOTER is run as a stand-alone command-line tool (requiring no knowledge of Python) and also provides a set of sub-commands to develop required input files (e.g. phase files, travel-time grid files, configuration) and export relocation results (such as hypocenter parameters, travel-time residuals) in different formats -- routine but non-trivial tasks that can consume much user time. This package can be used for relocating data sets in local, regional, and teleseimic scales.

Description: Time series of processed, cleaned attitude readings in quaternion format of the two boom-mounted 'ASC' star sensors of the 'LEO' satellite 'CHAMP', describing the satellite system attitude in respect to the celestial background. The nominal time resolution of the time series in the 'ASCII'-file listing is 1 Hz.

Description: Microorganisms buried in marine sediments are known to endure starvation over geologic timescales. However, the mechanisms of how these microorganisms cope with prolonged energy limitation is unknown and therefore yet to be captured in a quantitative framework. Here, we present a novel mathematical model that considers (a) the physiological transitions between the active and dormant states of microorganisms, (b) the varying requirement for maintenance power between these phases, and (c) flexibility in the provenance (i.e., source) of energy from exogenous and endogenous catabolism. The model is applied to sediments underlying the oligotrophic South Pacific Gyre where microorganisms endure ultra‐low fluxes of energy for tens of millions of years. Good fits between model simulations and measurements of cellular carbon and organic carbon concentrations are obtained and are interpreted as follows: (a) the unfavourable microbial habitat in South Pacific Gyre sediments triggers rapid mortality and a transition to dormancy; (b) there is minimal biomass growth, and organic carbon consumption is dominated by catabolism to support maintenance activities rather than new biomass synthesis; (c) the amount of organic carbon that microorganisms consume for maintenance activities is equivalent to approximately 2% of their carbon biomass per year; and (d) microorganisms must rely solely on exogenous rather than endogenous catabolism to persist in South Pacific Gyre sediments over long timescales. This leads us to the conclusion that under oligotrophic conditions, the fitness of an organism is determined by its ability to simply stay alive, rather than to grow. This modelling framework is designed to be flexible for application to other sites and habitats, and thus serves as a new quantitative tool for determining the habitability of and an ultimate limit for life in any environment.

Description: Extensive efforts are currently being devoted to the establishment of soil spectral libraries on regional, national, continent-wide and global domains. In particular, a new development goes in the direction of global harmonized soil spectral databases that shall be acquired following common standards and procedures so that they can be merged with other soil spectral libraries. The choice of standards is important, especially with respect to their behaviors when laboratory conditions, such as humidity, change. In this study, we test the application and robustness of the Internal Soil Standard (ISS) spectral re-alignment procedure on an extended number of soil samples acquired at different laboratories. In particular, a focus is placed on the comparison between two standards Lucky Bay (LB) and Wylie Bay (WB), for their performance with different humidity laboratory conditions. LB and WB are almost pure quartz sands from Australia. For this, 71 soil samples from Israel with different mineralogical background and variable soil organic matter contents are scanned at two laboratories. The scanning took place with different spectral measurement protocols and extreme diverse conditions in terms of laboratory humidity and moist. All scans are completed by the repeated scans of the two Australian white sands through all scan batches to harmonize the spectral measurements. Our results show that the ISS minimizes the visual spectral variation, aligns the minor and extreme systematic changes of the protocols, and makes them more stable. Furthermore, the LB and WB standards do not exhibit equal performance regarding to relatively dry and humid conditions. The WB standard provides more stable and satisfactory results in humid condition. However, the high performance of the LB sample in spectral correction is still observed, particularly in laboratories with lower moist. Accordingly, these analyses suggest that in the ISS re-alignment procedure, the WB sample is more reliable to be used in humid laboratory condition.

Description: The formation and evolution of permafrost in China during the last 20 ka were reconstructed on the basis of large amount of paleo-permafrost remains and paleo-periglacial evidence, as well as paleo-glacial landforms, paleo-flora and paleofauna records. The results indicate that, during the local Last Glacial Maximum (LLGM) or local Last Permafrost Maximum (LLPMax), the extent of permafrost of China reached 5.3×106−5.4×106 km2, or thrice that of today, but permafrost shrank to only 0.80×106−0.85×106 km2, or 50% that of present, during the local Holocene Megathermal Period (LHMP), or the local Last Permafrost Minimum (LLPMin). On the basis of the dating of periglacial remains and their distributive features, the extent of permafrost in China was delineated for the two periods of LLGM (LLPMax) and LHMP (LLPMin), and the evolution of permafrost in China was divided into seven periods as follows: (1) LLGM in Late Pleistocene (ca. 20000 to 13000−10800 a BP) with extensive evidence for the presence of intensive ice-wedge expansion for outlining its LLPMax extent; (2) A period of dramatically changing climate during the early Holocene (10800 to 8500−7000 a BP) when permafrost remained relatively stable but with a general trend of shrinking areal extent; (3) The LHMP in the Mid-Holocene (8500−7000 to 4000−3000 a BP) when permafrost degraded intensively and extensively, and shrank to the LLPMin; (4) Neoglaciation during the late Holocene (4000−3000 to 1000 a BP, when permafrost again expanded; (5) Medieval Warming Period (MWP) in the late Holocene (1000−500 a BP) when permafrost was in a relative decline; (6) Little Ice Age (LIA) in the late Holocene (500−100 a BP), when permafrost relatively expanded, and; (7) Recent warming (during the 20th century), when permafrost continuously degraded and still is degrading. The paleo-climate, geography and paleopermafrost extents and other features were reconstructed for each of these seven periods.

Description: By means of laser optical pumping and Larmor-resonance detection, it is possible to use the naturally occurringsodium layer in the mesosphere to measure Earth’s scalar magnetic field at∼90 km above ground. This is analtitude otherwise only accessible by rockets, which only will provide point measurements of very short timescales.During the winter of 2018-19 we have installed a cw sum-frequency laser for probing the sodium-atom Larmorresonance at the Artic Lidar Observatory for Mesospheric Research (ALOMAR) at Andøya in northern Norway,to measure and monitor the magnetic field in-situ in the high latitude mesosphere over longer time scales. Thetechnique, which has been proved earlier at mid-latitudes, will in our project be applied to high latitudes in theauroral zone. This opens for a completely new domain of measurements of externally generated geomagneticvariations related to currents in the magnetosphere-ionosphere system.Here we report on the instrumental setup and present initial measurements of the mesospheric magnetic field.Furthermore, we discuss future improvements and plans.

Description: In most chemical reactions, stable isotopes are fractionated in a mass-dependent manner, yielding correlated isotope ratios in elements with three or more stable isotopes. The proportionality between isotope ratios is set by the triple isotope fractionation exponent θ that can be determined precisely for, e.g., sulfur and oxygen by IRMS, but not for metal(loid) elements due to the lower precision of MC-ICP-MS analysis and smaller isotopic variations. Here, using Mg as a test case, we compute a complete metrologically robust uncertainty budget for apparent θ values and, with reference to this, present a new measurement approach that reduces uncertainty on θ values by 30%. This approach, namely, direct educt-product bracketing (sample–sample bracketing), allows apparent θ values of metal(loid) isotopes to be determined precisely enough to distinguish slopes in three-isotope space. For the example of Mg, we assess appropriate quality control standards for interference-to-signal ratios and report apparent θ values of carbonate–seawater pairs. We determined apparent θ values for marine biogenic carbonates, where the foraminifera Globorotalia menardii yields 0.514 ± 0.005 (2 SD), the coral Porites, 0.515 ± 0.006 (2 SD), and two specimens of the giant clam Tridacna gigas, 0.508 ± 0.007 (2 SD) and 0.509 ± 0.006 (2 SD), documenting differences in the uptake pathway of Mg among marine calcifiers. The capability to measure apparent θ values more precisely adds a new dimension to metal(loid) δ values, with the potential to allow us to resolve different modes of fractionation in industrial and natural processes.

Description: Global geomagnetic indices are widely used to characterize and parameterize the geomagnetic disturbance level(data analysis and reanalysis, physical and empirical modelling of the magnetosphere-ionosphere-thermospheresystem). An example is the 3-hourly Kp index that is derived and disseminated as definitive and as nowcastversion by the German Research Centre for Geosciences (GFZ). More information about Kp and the relatedgeomagnetic indices that are based on the same 13 geomagnetic observatory measurements can be found athttps://www.gfz-potsdam.de/en/kp-index/.Hp90, Hp60 and Hp30 denote new global high cadence geomagnetic indices based on the Kp index algo-rithm. These indices are developed within the Space Weather Atmosphere Models and Indices (SWAMI) projectof the H2020 European Union research activity. The numbers 90, 60 and 30 denote the temporal resolution (inminutes) of the respective index. These indices will provide improved determination of onset and duration ofgeomagnetic activity. In this study, we compare the Hp90, Hp60 and Hp30 indices with the 3-hourly Kp index interms of frequency distribution and correlation analysis. The advantages and integrity of these indices (Kp, Hp90,Hp60 and Hp30) are also analysed and discussed.Towards the end of the SWAMI project, the evaluated and validated Hp indices will be disseminated to theuser community. Since contributing observatories provide digital 1-minute data starting from the year 1995, Hpindices also will be reconstructed back to that date.

Description: In many cases, it takes several minutes after an earthquake to publish online a seismic location with confidence. Via monitoring for specific types of increased website, app, or Twitter usage, crowdsourced detection of seismic activity can be used to “seed” the search in the seismic data for an earthquake and reduce the risk of false detections, thereby accelerating the publication of locations for felt earthquakes. We demonstrate that this low-cost approach can work at the global scale to produce reliable and rapid results. The system was retroactively tested on a set of real crowdsourced detections of earthquakes made during 2016 and 2017, with 50% of successful locations found within 103 s, 76 s faster than GEOFON and 271 s faster than the European-Mediterranean Seismological Centre’s publication times, and 90% of successful locations found within 54 km of the final accepted epicenter.

Description: t has been widely proposed that seismic activity in the crust increases downwards to a peak that indicates thebrittle ductile transition. We test this hypothesis and examine its implications by means of data-based numerical 3D models of the Upper Rhine Graben. The Upper Rhine Graben is part of the European Cenozoic Rift System. As a tectonically active zone and a region of exploration for georesources, it is well covered by geological and geophysical data. As a result, the lithological variability of the sedimentary graben fill and the crustal basement are well known from boreholes as well as re-flection and refraction seismic data. Furthermore, seismological models provide information about the variability of lithospheric mantle thickness across the region. In a previous project, these different types of data have been integrated with observed gravity anomalies into a lithospheric-scale 3D density model. This model differentiates fourteen sedimentary cover units, seven upper crustal units, the lower crust and two units for the lithospheric mantle. By using this subdivision for assigning unit-specific thermal rock properties, conductive heat transport was modelled to derive the corresponding steady-state thermal field. Building upon the assessed density and temperature configuration of the entire lithosphere, we have extended this approach and parameterized the model units with mechanical properties to derive predictions for the graben-wide rheological configuration.We have calculated the maximum differential stress that the model rocks are able to resist without experiencing either brittle or ductile deformation under the given pressure and temperature conditions. Thereby, brittle behavior is modelled by Byerlee’s empirical law and ductile deformation by power-law rheology functions. With this contribution we present the resulting yield strength envelopes for different sub-domains of the graben system aswell as graben-wide maps of the integrated crustal and lithospheric strength. The predicted spatial configuration of strength and weakness zones is compared to the observed distribution of seismicity in the region. For different sub-areas, we find remarkable consistencies between the modelled brittle-ductile transition in the crust and the observed peak seismicity depth. This analysis reveals insights into the interaction of different deformation-controlling factors across an entire rift and brings up for discussion the predictive capability of this type of data-integrative models.

Description: Electron density and electron temperature time series from 'LEO' satellite 'CHAMP' for the CHAMP mission period at satellite position in low time resolution of 15 second and given in daily files. This are processed readings from the Planar Langmuir probe, which, in normal flight mode, was exposed in flight direction at the front of the `CHAMP' satellite body. The files are formatted as simple 'ASCII'-listings with white-space delimited columns.

Description: A successful utilization of deep geothermal resources requires to make accurate predictions about the reservoirtemperature distribution as well as an in depth knowledge of the hydraulic processes exerting a direct influence onthe subsurface temperature distribution and therefore on the productivity of geothermal reservoirs.The aim of this study is to investigate and quantify the influence that regional thermo-hydraulic processes exert onthe geothermal configuration of potential reservoirs in the German federal state Hesse. Specifically, we addressthe question of how the regional thermal and hydraulic configuration influences the local reservoir conditionsand whether it is possible to improve subsurface predictions iteratively by relying on 3D numerical modelingtechniques. Therefore, a 3D structural model of Hesse is used as a basis for coupled 3D thermo hydraulicsimulations of the deep fluid and heat transport. To uncover the effects of process coupling, a stepwise workflow isfollowed. We first simulate the thermal and hydraulic field under steady-state conditions by means of two differentuncoupled simulations and then analyze the results of the coupled thermo-hydraulic steady-state simulations. Ina last effort, we investigate the influence of fluid viscosity and density varying with temperature and pressure intransient coupled simulations.As a result of our numerical simulations, Hesse can be differentiated into sub-areas differing in terms of the domi-nating heat transport processes. In a final attempt to quantify the robustness and reliability of the modeling results,we carry out an analysis of the modelling outcomes by comparing them to available subsurface temperature data.Modelled temperatures show different levels of fit with locally measured well temperatures. These differences inmodel fit indicate the need for either structurally refined models and/or iterative adaptions within realistic rangesof the hydraulic and thermal properties. Structural refinements can often only be handled with smaller-scalemodels, which will, in turn, benefit from the boundary conditions and improved process understanding as derivedfrom the regional modelling approach presented here.

Description: As a general rule numerous historical and recent documents are available on the structure, diversity and development of woody plant flora in historic gardens and cultural landscapes. In contrast, no such information is available on the spatial and temporal variability of soils and their soil water regime. A comparison of the current mapping results for the Schlosspark Branitz and the Dessau-Wörlitzer Gartenreich provides important information on the major heterogeneity of the substrate properties and the soil hydrology conditions. They reveal that the soils produced by natural processes of landscape and soil genesis are, in some cases, very much shaped by prior use on the one hand and design intervention on the other. In-depth information of this kind is not available for the Schlosspark Babelsberg. These results illustrate that targeted and resource-efficient management and vegetation planning is only possible if heterogeneity and other aspects are recorded in an in-depth manner and are depicted and analysed in a next step using modern geodata processing methods (GIS). With a view to preventive climate change adaptation measures and the warding off of damage in acute climate extreme situations, the comprehensive recording of pedological and hydrological site conditions is an essential precondition for future-oriented garden care planning.

Description: Length: 3 min Watch the fascinating cycle through which plants obtain the mineral nutrients that they need to grow. Plants “eat” mineral nutrients like phosphorous or potassium from the soil and rock that their roots grow in. But this natural resource is limited. To prevent running out of nutrients, hyphae (long thread-like cells of fungi that are attached to roots) recycle phosphorus from falling leaves, and return it to the trees. In dry landscapes plants take up their phosphorus directly from rock. See the fundamental difference of ecosystems in different climates. An animated science movie designed and produced by Friedhelm von Blanckenburg from GFZ Potsdam, Germany, Michaela Dippold from Universität Göttingen, Germany, and Andreas Schulz from Filmbüro Potsdam, Germany within the DFG Project ““EarthShape – Earth Surface Shaping by Biota”.

Description: Injection of 67 kt carbon dioxide was carried out between 2008 and 2013 at the test site for geological storage in Ketzin, Germany. The source carbon dioxide was delivered in liquid phase. The injection facility has had a three step process chain: (i) pressure increase by a liquid pump, (ii) temperature increase by ambient air vaporizers and (iii) temperature increase by an electrical vaporizer including phase change to gaseous conditions. The ambient vaporizers reduced electrical power demand but the weather dependence induced some kind of uncertainty, further their power could not be measured. In the cases when the carbon dioxide was evaporated within the ambient vaporizers, the heat demand increased such that the driving temperature was not enough for full vaporization. However, the gas to liquid ratio is unknown wherefore the heating power can not be calculated over the ambient vaporizer. This is addressed, as the electric energy consumption was most reduced during the two phase operation. For these intervals, two phase gas–liquid conditions prevailed in the pipeline. Unlike conjectured, flow conditions remained stable and did not vary significantly from single phase behavior. The current work – for the first time – presents a detailed analysis of energy input and losses of the carbon dioxide injection process based on field data and simulations. A modified process chain is proposed to switch the electric energy demand to an ambient heat source, reducing the electrical energy use per ton carbon dioxide by up to 90 %. The work provides insight for planning future injection devices that involve liquid carbon dioxide in the process chain.

Description: Advances in cosmogenic nuclide exposure dating have made moraines valuable terrestrial recorders of palaeoclimate. A growing number of moraine chronologies reported from the Central Andes show that tropical glaciers responded sensitively to past changes in precipitation and temperature over timescales ranging from 103 to 105 years. However, the causes of past glaciation in the Central Andes remain uncertain. Explanations have invoked insolation-modulated variability in the strength of the South American Summer Monsoon, teleconnections with the North Atlantic Ocean, and/or cooling in the Southern Hemisphere. The driver for these past climate changes is difficult to identify, partly due to a lack of dated moraine records, especially in climatically sensitive areas of the southern Central Andes. Moreover, new constraints are needed on precisely where and when glaciers advanced. We use cosmogenic 10Be produced in situ to determine exposure ages for three generations of moraines at the Sierra de Aconquija, situated at 27°S on the eastern flank of the southern Central Andes. These moraines record glacier advances at approximately 22 ka and 40 ka, coincident with summer insolation maxima in the sub-tropics of the Southern Hemisphere, as well as at 12.5 ka and 13.5 ka during the Younger Dryas and the Antarctic Cold Reversal, respectively. We also identify minor glaciation during Bond Event 5, also known as the 8.2 ka event. These moraines register past climate changes with high fidelity, and currently constitute the southernmost dated record of glaciation on the eastern flank of the Central Andes. To contextualise these results, we compile 10Be data reported from 144 moraines in the eastern Central Andes that represent past glacier advances. We re-calculate exposure ages from these data using an updated reference production rate, and we re-interpret the moraine ages by taking the oldest clustered boulder age (after the exclusion of outliers attributed to nuclide inheritance) as closest to the timing of glacier advance—an approach for which we provide empirical justification. This compilation reveals that Central Andean glaciers have responded to changes in temperature and precipitation. We identify cross-latitude advances in phase with insolation cycles, the last global glacial maximum, and episodes of strengthened monsoonal moisture transport including the Younger Dryas and Heinrich Stadials 1 and 2. Our results from the Sierra de Aconquija allow us to constrain the southerly limit of enhanced precipitation associated with Heinrich Stadials at ∼25°S. More broadly, our findings demonstrate at both local and regional scales that moraines record past climate variability with a fine spatial and temporal resolution.

Description: The fluid flow in Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) is dominated by hydraulically stimulated fractures that are the key elements of their hydraulic performance and sustainability. At the fracture scale, the flow performance is influenced by the aperture distribution which is strongly dependent on the fracture roughness, the geological fracture sealing, the relative shear displacement, and the amount of flow exchange between the matrix and the fracture itself. On the mechanical side, stiffness and strength of partly sealed fractures might alter or reinforced the mechanical behavior of the fracture zone in particular with respect to new stimulations. In order to quantify the impact of chemical soft stimulation in EGS reservoir on the hydro-mechanical properties of a fracture-matrix system that includes fracture-filling material, we conducted numerical flow through experiments of a granite sample hosting one single partly sealed macroscopic fracture. In order to mimic the chemical alteration of the fracture-matrix system we sequentially changed either the elastic moduli of its individual components (rock matrix, fracture-filling material such as barite and the transition zone in between) or the distribution pattern of the fracture-filling material by means of a hydro-poro-elastic coupled simulation. Navier-Stokes flow is solved in the 3-dimensional rough aperture and Darcy flow in the related poro-elastic matrix. By means of this model, an evaluation of the local channeling effect through the fracture at microscopic scale (mm-scale) for different mechanical properties of the fracture filling material and loading, was performed. Based on the obtained results, we derived a macroscopic (m-scale) change of the hydraulic-mechanical behavior of the fracture-matrix system, e.g. permeability change, fracture strength, and elastic moduli.

Description: Agriculture monitoring and yield estimation are important for food security, both regionally and globally.Understanding the year-to-year variability in crop yield and its relationship to meteorological conditions isparticularly important for several regions where yield is highly dependent on changing environmental factors.For example, wheat yields in India have been steadily increasing since the 1960s and 1970s due to benefits ofthe Green Revolution, but in recent years the wheat yield has been unstable as major crop yield losses wereattributed to unfavorable meteorological conditions. Modeling the effects of various environmental variables canbe challenging, as their impact on the final yield is complex and varies depending on their intensity and thecrop growth stage at which they occur (e.g., moderate rainfall is beneficial for crops, but extensive and untimelyrainfalls can lead to huge yield losses).In this work, we exploit interconnections between meteorological conditions and satellite data on vegeta-tion during the whole growing season, and their simultaneous impact on wheat yield in the Wheat Belt inIndia. We use GLDAS 2.1 data as the meteorological input and MODIS data for the vegetation remote sensinginput. Adding satellite information on crop is crucial for yield estimation, as it carries information on both cropphenology, as well as the crop response to the meteorological conditions. We apply machine learning algorithms(e.g., convolutional neural networks, CNNs) that can model non-linear processes and can extract importantfeatures in the multivariate time series automatically from data, without prior knowledge or human effort in featuredesign. By doing so, we do not force assumptions on which time is the most important for the final crop yieldand we can include in the analysis the whole time series of multiple input variables at a high temporal resolution.Furthermore, we analyze the CNNs in terms of important features and crucial time windows for yield estimation,which shows that they the vary across space and time. By combining meteorological and satellite vegetation datawith CNNs this work may help to disentangle the complex interactions between the features in the time series ofthe input data and the wheat yield.

Description: It is generally assumed that horizontal wind velocities are independent of height above the F1 region (〉 300 km) due to the large molecular viscosity of the upper thermosphere. This assumption is used to compare two completely different methods of thermospheric neutral wind observation, using two distinct locations in the high-latitude Northern Hemisphere. The measurements are from ground-based Fabry–Perot interferometers (FPI) and from in situ accelerometer measurements onboard the challenging mini-satellite payload (CHAMP) satellite, which was in a near-polar orbit. The University College London (UCL) Kiruna Esrange Optical Platform Site (KEOPS) FPI is located in the vicinity of the auroral oval at the ESRANGE site near Kiruna, Sweden (67.8∘ N, 20.4∘ E). The UCL Longyearbyen FPI is a polar cap site, located at the Kjell Henriksen Observatory on Svalbard (78.1∘ N, 16.0∘ E). The comparison is carried out in a statistical sense, comparing a longer time series obtained during night-time hours in the winter months (DOY 300–65) with overflights of the CHAMP satellite between 2001 and 2007 over the observational sites, within ±2∘ latitude (±230 km horizontal range). The FPI is assumed to measure the line-of-sight winds at a height of ∼240 km, i.e. the peak emission height of the atomic oxygen 630.0 nm emission. The cross-track winds are derived from state-of-the-art precision accelerometer measurements at altitudes between ∼450 km (in 2001) and ∼350 km (in 2007), i.e. 100–200 km above the FPI wind observations. We show that CHAMP wind values at high latitudes are typically 1.5 to 2 times larger than FPI winds. In addition to testing the consistency of the different measurement approaches, the study aims to clarify the effects of viscosity on the height dependence of thermospheric winds.

Description: Time-variable gravity field models derived from observations of the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) mission, whose science operations phase ended in June 2017 after more than 15 years, enabled a multitude of studies of Earth’s surface mass transport processes and climate change. The German Research Centre for Geosciences (GFZ), routinely processing such monthly gravity fields as part of the GRACE Science Data System, has reprocessed the complete GRACE mission and released an improved GFZ GRACE RL06 monthly gravity field time series. This study provides an insight into the processing strategy of GFZ RL06 which has been considerably changed with respect to previous GFZ GRACE releases, and modifications relative to the precursor GFZ RL05a are described. The quality of the RL06 gravity field models is analyzed and discussed both in the spectral and spatial domain in comparison to the RL05a time series. All results indicate significant improvements of about 40% in terms of reduced noise. It is also shown that the GFZ RL06 time series is a step forward in terms of consistency, and that errors of the gravity field coefficients are more realistic. These findings are confirmed as well by independent validation of the monthly GRACE models, as done in this work by means of ocean bottom pressure in situ observations and orbit tests with the GOCE satellite. Thus, the GFZ GRACE RL06 time series allows for a better quantification of mass changes in the Earth system.

Description: Using offshore geodetic observations, we show that a segment of the North Anatolian Fault in the central Sea of Marmara is locked and therefore accumulating strain. The strain accumulation along this fault segment was previously extrapolated from onshore observations or inferred from the absence of seismicity, but both methods could not distinguish between fully locked or fully creeping fault behavior. A network of acoustic transponders measured crustal deformation with mm-precision on the seafloor for 2.5 years and did not detect any significant fault displacement. Absence of deformation together with sparse seismicity monitored by ocean bottom seismometers indicates complete fault locking to at least 3 km depth and presumably into the crystalline basement. The slip-deficit of at least 4 m since the last known rupture in 1766 is equivalent to an earthquake of magnitude 7.1 to 7.4 in the Sea of Marmara offshore metropolitan Istanbul.

Description: This publication contains the supplementary data set to Mikolaj et al. "Resolving geophysical signals by terrestrial gravimetry: a time domain assessment of the correction-induced uncertainty" (2019, JGR-Solid Earth). The aim of the article is to estimate the uncertainty of terrestrial gravity corrections applied to resolve small-scale gravity effects. The uncertainty of the gravity corrections is assessed using various models of the tidal effect, large-scale hydrology, non-tidal ocean loading, and atmosphere. Taken into account are widely recognized models with global spatial coverage, sufficient temporal resolution and coverage, and available to the public for research purposes. The uncertainty is expressed in terms of a root-mean-square and mean-absolute error of the deviations between all available models. The data set comprises models for 11 sites worldwide. The processing scripts are provided along with an explanatory file with all instructions for results reproduction and application of the uncertainty analysis for an arbitrary location.

Description: The International Dark-Sky Places (IDSP) program of the International Dark-Sky Association is a voluntary certification in which communities commit via legislative changes to move towards more sustainable lighting that reduces light pollution. As over 115 IDSP have now been certified, it is interesting to ask the extent to which this certification results in reduced light emissions. In this paper, we compared trends in upward light emission of 98 communities located in or near IDSP to those of 98 similarly sized communities further away from the IDSP, using a night lights observing satellite (the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite Day-Night Band). The current dataset is not sufficient to distinguish the hypothesis that IDSP certification results in a lower rate of change in upward light emissions from the null hypothesis that IDSP certification has no impact. This result is with regard to upward light emissions only: it is possible that certification has resulted in decreases in night sky brightness that the satellite is not able to observe.

Description: This data publication is part of the 'P³-Petrophysical Property Database' project, which has been developed within the EC funded project IMAGE (Integrated Methods for Advanced Geothermal Exploration, EU grant agreement No. 608553) and consists of a scientific paper, a full report on the database, the database as excel and .csv files and additional tables for a hierarchical classification of the petrography and stratigraphy of the investigated rock samples (see related references). This publication here provides a hierarchical interlinked petrographic classification according to standardized and internationally defined petrographic terms. The petrography or rock type classification scheme is structured based on a hierarchical subdivision with nine different ranks, where the rock description generally becomes more detailed with increasing rank of petrographic classification (based on the well database of the Geological Survey of Hessen, Germany: Hessisches Landesamt für Umwelt, Naturschutz, Umwelt und Geologie (HLNUG)). This hierarchical subdivision and the definitions of the petrographic terms are based on international conventions (e.g. Bates & Jackson 1987, Gillespie & Styles 1999, Robertson 1999, Hallsworth & Knox 1999, Bas & Streckeisen 1991, Schmid 1981, Fisher & Smith 1991). Furthermore, the classification corresponds to the subdivision provided by existing property data compilations such as e.g. Hantschel and Kauerauf (2009), Schön (2011), Rybach (1984) and Clauser and Huenges (1995). Petrographic classifications from rank 1 to rank 4 can usually be identified from macroscopic descriptions of well logs, cores and geological mapping. The petrographic classifications from rank 5 to rank 9 require additional information on the texture or grain size, the modal composition or the geochemistry etc., which can usually only be acquired by microscopic or comparable special investigations. Overall, the nine ranks cover a total of 1494 petrographic terms and thus goes well beyond other standardized catalogues (e.g. 'Simplified Lithology' in GeoSciML). The petrographic classification of a sample in P³ is based on the sample description within the original literature reference. A petrographic ID and a corresponding petrographic parental ID directly correlate the different classifications and their ranks.

Description: Spherical harmonic coefficients that represent anomalous contributions of the non-tidal atmosphere to the Earth's mean gravity field during the specified timespan. This includes the contribution of atmospheric surface pressure over the continents, the static contribution of atmospheric pressure to ocean bottom pressure elsewhere, and the contribution of upper-air density anomalies above both the continents and the oceans. The anomalous signals are relative to the mean field from 2003-2014.

Description: In this study we investigate the degree of hydraulic interconnection between the different (regional to local)groundwater compartments and their impact onto the subsurface-groundwater safety beneath the major urbancenter of Berlin, capital city of Germany. To this end, we carry out a systematic study based on 3D hydrothermalmodels differing in terms of imposed parametric set-ups of the hydrogeology as well as different surface forcing(boundary) conditions with respect to their impact on fresh groundwater production.The area under study is part of the Northeast German Basin and consists of a thick sequence (up to 10km) of differently consolidated sedimentary deposits. This sedimentary succession features a sequence ofalternating aquifers and aquitards (geofluid reservoirs) which are connected to different degrees, each onedepicting a specific composition of its mineralized pore water. The uppermost aquifer system (made up mainly ofpoorly consolidated siliciclastic rocks) acts as the main freshwater reservoir utilized for groundwater productionby the municipal water supply. This compartment is incompletely sealed from the brackish to saline aquifersextending at greater depths by a regional clay-enriched aquitard, the Oligocene Rupelian Clay. The latter showsa heterogeneous thickness distribution due to fluid mediated erosion during the latest glacial periods resulting inlocal discontinuities. This aspect opens to the potential risk of contamination of the drinking water reservoir frommixing with the saline groundwater upcoming (locally enhanced by shallow pumping activities) and thereforeposes a serious problematic to develop a proper management of the available water resource in the study area.Based on our results and their correlation with available (though sparse) isotopic analysis of water sam-ples, we demonstrate that (and how) hydraulic connection between the different compartments is indeed likely tooccur thus supporting the possibility of a contaminant rise from the saline aquifers below through either natural oranthropogenic (pumping) forcing.

Description: The data set contains mineral chemical analyses of 20 different copper bearing minerals and their corresponding hyperspectral spectra. The hyperspectral data were acquired with the HySpex system in a range of 400 – 2500 nm and are presented in a spectral library. Detailed information about the mineral specimen, sample area and geochemistry is presented in the data sheets and associated data description. The spectral library presented here is part of a bigger collection of spectral libraries.

Description: Glacial contribution to eustatic sea level rise is currently dominated by loss of the smaller glaciers and ice caps, about 40% of which are tidewater glaciers that lose mass through calving ice bergs. The most recent predictions of glacier contribution to sea level rise over the next century are strongly dependent upon models that are able to project individual glacier mass changes globally and through time. A relatively new promising technique for monitoring glacier calving is through the use of passive seismology. CalvingSEIS aims to produce high temporal resolution, continuous calving records for the glaciers in Kongsfjord, Svalbard, and in particular for the Kronebreen glacier laboratory through innovative, multi-disciplinary monitoring techniques combining fields of seismology and bioacoustics to detect and locate individual calving events autonomously and further to develop methods for the quantification of calving ice volumes directly from the seismic and acoustic signals.

Description: This report describes the passive seismic data acquired by the TOPASE network deployed over Rittershoffen geothermal field (Alsace, France). The monitoring period extends from March 2013 to November 2014, which includes the stimulation of the first well of the doublet, the drilling of the second well and well tests. These data were acquired using 31 Earth Data Loggers PR6-24 and MARK-SERCEL L-4C-3D 1 Hz seismometers of the Geophysical Instrument Pool Potsdam (GIPP), which were provided to the KIT-AGW-Geothermal research division.

Description: The present dataset is a high-resolution earthquake catalog for the region of the 2014 M8.1 Iquique earthquake sequence, in the Northern Chile subduction zone. Events in the catalog were obtained processing seismic waveforms from 〉100 permanent and temporary seismic stations. The list of waveform data sources used, the multistage automatic earthquake detection and location procedure implemented to build the catalog, as well as the patterns outlined by the seismicity are described in Soto et al. (2019).

Description: Mediterranean climates are characterized by strong seasonal contrasts between dry summers and wet winters. Changes in winter rainfall are critical for regional socioeconomic development, but are difficult to simulate accurately and reconstruct on Quaternary timescales. This is partly because regional hydroclimate records that cover multiple glacial–interglacial cycles with different orbital geometries, global ice volume and atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations are scarce. Moreover, the underlying mechanisms of change and their persistence remain unexplored. Here we show that, over the past 1.36 million years, wet winters in the northcentral Mediterranean tend to occur with high contrasts in local, seasonal insolation and a vigorous African summer monsoon. Our proxy time series from Lake Ohrid on the Balkan Peninsula, together with a 784,000-year transient climate model hindcast, suggest that increased sea surface temperatures amplify local cyclone development and refuel North Atlantic low-pressure systems that enter the Mediterranean during phases of low continental ice volume and high concentrations of atmospheric greenhouse gases. A comparison with modern reanalysis data shows that current drivers of the amount of rainfall in the Mediterranean share some similarities to those that drive the reconstructed increases in precipitation. Our data cover multiple insolation maxima and are therefore an important benchmark for testing climate model performance.

Description: A seismic network was installed in the Helsinki capital area of Finland to monitor the response to a 6 km deep geothermal stimulation experiment in 2018. The Institute of Seismology, University of Helsinki (ISUH), installed these 100 geophones in addition to five surface broadband sensors and a 13-site borehole network deployed by the operating company. The stations operated for 106 days between 7 May and 20 August 2018 (day 127 to 232). The data set consists of raw CUBE-recorder data and converted MSEED data.

Description: Demonstrating the biogenicity of presumptive microfossils in the geological record often requires supporting chemical signatures, including isotopic signatures. Understanding the mechanisms that promote the preservation of microbial biosignatures associated with microfossils is fundamental to unravelling the palaeomicrobiological history of the material. Organomineralization of microorganisms is likely to represent the first stages of microbial fossilisation and has been hypothesised to prevent the autolytic degradation of microbial cell envelope structures. In the present study, two distinct fossilisation textures (permineralised microfossils and iron oxide encrusted cell envelopes) identified throughout iron-rich rock samples were analysed using nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS). In this system, aluminium is enriched around the permineralised microfossils, while iron is enriched within the intracellularly, within distinct cell envelopes. Remarkably, while cell wall structures are indicated, carbon and nitrogen biosignatures are not preserved with permineralised microfossils. Therefore, the enrichment of aluminium, delineating these microfossils appears to have been critical to their structural preservation in this iron-rich environment. In contrast, NanoSIMS analysis of mineral encrusted cell envelopes reveals that preserved carbon and nitrogen biosignatures are associated with the cell envelope structures of these microfossils. Interestingly, iron is depleted in regions where carbon and nitrogen are preserved. In contrast aluminium appears to be slightly enriched in regions associated with remnant cell envelope structures. The correlation of aluminium with carbon and nitrogen biosignatures suggests the complexation of aluminium with preserved cell envelope structures before or immediately after cell death may have inactivated autolytic activity preventing the rapid breakdown of these organic, macromolecular structures. Combined, these results highlight that aluminium may play an important role in the preservation of microorganisms within the rock record.

Description: Despite a big progress in the study of the Antarctic ice shield, still little is known about the structure of the uppercrust including sedimentary basins, which are hidden under the ice. In this work, we infer density heterogeneityof the upper crust of Antarctica by computing decompensative anomalies of the gravity field. These anomaliesare based on the isostatic anomalies, which are initially computed using the observed gravity field (satellite andterrestrial models), basement topography, ice thickness provided by the Bedmap2 project (Fretwell et al., 2013)and bathymetry of the surrounding ocean. In the isostatic model, we have also taken into account variations ofthe effective elastic thickness of the lithosphere and Moho depth from previous studies. Although the isostaticanomalies chiefly reflect the upper crust density heterogeneities, their impact is substantially reduced by isostaticcompensation. To refine this effect from the deep sources, we applied a so-called decompensative correction(Kaban et al., 2017). Therefore, the computed decompensative gravity anomalies are most appropriate to study theupper crust density structure. The obtained decompensative anomalies well correspond to the known sedimentarybasins, such as in the areas of the Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf and Lambert Graben, however they suggest theexistence of other large sedimentary deposits both in West and East Antarctica, which are not yet revealed due toa lack of seismic surveys. The extended positive anomaly in East Antarctica is likely related to the old and densecratonic crust.

Description: The Alps are one of the best studied mountain ranges in the world, yet significant unknowns remain regarding their crustal structure and density distribution at depth. Previous published interpretations of crustal features within the orogen have been primarily based upon 2D seismic sections, and those that do integrate multiple geo-scientific datasets in 3D, have either focused on smaller sub-sections of the Alps or included the Alps, in low resolution, as part of a much larger study area. Therefore the generation of a 3D, crustal scale, gravity constrained, structural model of the Alps and their forelands at an appropriate resolution has been created here to more accurately describe crustal heterogeneity in the region. The study area of this work focuses on a region of 660 km x 620 km covering the vast majority of the Alps and their forelands are included, with the Central and Eastern Alps and the northern foreland being the best covered regions.

Description: The low-cost single-frequency GNSS receiver is one of the most economical and affordable tools for the onboard real-time navigation of numerous remote sensing small/micro satellites. We concentrate on the algorithm and experiments of onboard real-time orbit determination (RTOD) based on a single-frequency GPS/BDS receiver. Through various experiments of processing the real single-frequency GPS/BDS measurements from the Yaogan-30 (YG30) series and FengYun-3C (FY3C) satellites of China, some critical aspects of the onboard RTOD are investigated, such as the optimal force models setting, the effect of different measurements, and the impact of GPS/BDS fusion. The results demonstrate that a gravity model truncated to 55 × 55 order/degree for YG30 and 45 × 45 for FY3C and compensated with an optimal stochastic modeling of empirical accelerations, which minimize the onboard computational load and only result in a slight loss of orbit accuracy, is sufficient to obtain high-precision real-time orbit results. Under the optimal force models, the real-time orbit accuracy of 0.4–0.7 m for position and 0.4–0.7 mm/s for velocity is achievable with the carrier-phase-based solution, while an inferior real-time orbit accuracy of 0.8–1.6 m for position and 0.9–1.7 mm/s for velocity is achieved with the pseudo-range-based solution. Furthermore, although the GPS/BDS fusion only makes little change to the orbit accuracy, it increases the number of visible GNSS satellites significantly, and thus enhances the geometric distribution of GNSS satellites that help suppress the local orbit errors and improves the reliability and availability of the onboard RTOD, especially in some anomalous arcs where only a few GPS satellites are trackable.

Description: An electric current is induced by the motion of electrical conducting seawater through the ambient geomagnetic field. The periodic oceanic tidal flow induces an electric current that emits periodical time-variable electromagnetic field signals. The radial component of the ocean tide induced magnetic field signals has successfully been extracted from magnetic field observations of the satellite missions CHAMP and Swarm. It is known that the amplitudes of these electromagnetic signals are modulated by, among other influences, variations of the electrical seawater conductivity distribution of the ocean. The electrical seawater conductivity in return depends on seawater temperature and salinity. In order to analyse the influence of variations in oceanic temperature and salinity, we modelled a complete set of monthly time slices of three dimensional global complex amplitudes of these electromagnetic field signals for the years 1990 to 2016. In order to analyse solely the influence of variations in the climate sensitive seawater temperature and salinity on the ocean tide induced magnetic field signals, the influences of the secular variation of the geomagnetic field and temporal variations in ocean tide transports have been neglected.

Description: We present a 3-D lithospheric-scale model covering the area of Germany that images the regional structural configuration. The model comprises 31 lithostratigraphic units: seawater, 14 sedimentary units, 14 crystalline crustal units and 2 lithospheric mantle units. The corresponding surfaces are integrated from previous studies of the Central European Basin System, the Upper Rhine Graben and the Molasse Basin, together with published geological and geophysical data. The model is a result of a combined workflow consisting of 3-D structural, gravity and thermal modelling applied to derive the 3-D thermal configuration. The top surface elevations and thicknesses of corresponding layers of the 3-D-D model are provided as ASCII files, one for each individual layer of the model. The columns in each file are identical: the Easting is given in the “X COORD (UTM Zone 32N)”, the Northing is in the “Y COORD (UTM Zone 32N)”, the top surface elevation of each layer is given as "TOP (m.a.s.l)", the thickness of each layer is given as "THICKNESS (m)".

Description: Water-rock interactions and other mineral reactions, such as dehydration processes, have a fundamental impact onstructural properties of a rock formation, such as porosity and pore connectivity, and are thus highly relevant fortransport and storage processes in crustal settings. Fluid-rock interactions at greater depths under higher pressureand temperature conditions are inaccessible to direct observation. However, the breakdown of minerals as wellas the formation of new ones changes the availability of charge carriers in the pore fluid, especially at elevatedtemperature. The availability of charge carriers and their mobility determine the electrical rock properties besidesthe pore structure. Studies on electrical properties of rock under controlled laboratory conditions may help toincrease our understanding of these processes. The purpose of this study is to examine under which circumstancesphysical properties of rocks and pore fluids can be used as monitoring tools for fluid-related processes in high-temperature environments. We have performed reactive flow experiments on water-rock systems of various fluid torock ratios at flow rates ranging from 0.02 – 0.00002 ml/min and pT conditions of unconventional high-enthalpygeothermal reservoirs (T 〉 350◦C, pfluid= 25 MPa). Hydraulic and electrical properties were determined on lowto medium porous rocks. Additionally, the electrical properties of highly reactive systems were measured, wherewater was circulated around a rock core. The measurements were supplemented by a number of additional tests,comprising microstructural investigations as well as the chemical analysis of fluid samples, which were taken atevery temperature step. At low temperature (〈 200◦C), both physical and chemical data show only slight fluid-rock interactions, whereas above 200◦C, continuously increasing Si concentrations in the fluid samples indicate abeginning mineral dissolution. In porous samples with high initial fluid-rock contact area this process is detectableas decreasing electrical formation factor. At near-critical conditions Si dissolution is going to accelerate and alsoAl is more intensively mobilized. In highly permeable systems, the release of charge carriers to the formationfluid is accompanied by a steep increase in electrical fluid conductivity by factor 7 within seconds. This points toan extensive and spontaneous increase in rock solubility. However, at supercritical conditions conductivities didnot remain steady and the electrical properties of porous supercritical fluid-rock systems are characterized by afluctuation of conductivities over a wide range. This indicates a dynamic interplay of the competing processesof mineral dissolution and new mineral formation, which are also evident from complementary micro-structuralinvestigations as well as chemical analyses of the percolated fluids. From SEM analyses it is apparent that thealteration of the solid material is most effective where fresh fluid is continuously flowing around the solid, whilestagnant fluids in low permeable samples led to a much less pervasive alteration of the solid. In consequence,resistivity contrasts are too low, to be detectable. However, the release of additional water due to dehydrationreactions can cause strong changes in electrical resistivity, especially in stagnant low permeability systems.

Description: Understanding the key physical processes controlling the different deformation modes of sedimentary, crustal andmantle rocks is crucial to assess the strength and long-term behavior of the lithosphere, as well as to characterizeemplacement conditions for georesources and their evolution in space and time. Successfully addressing thesequestions requires to quantify the details of the non-linear dynamics controlling (semi)brittle and (semi)ductileprocesses under different tectonothermal conditions as also locally influenced by the specific geological condi-tions. Due to the disparate length and temporal scales involved and to the high non-linearity of these processes,numerical simulators have become increasingly of help in such studies. Despite recent advances, models of therheology and mechanical properties of the lithosphere remain particularly challenging. This is mainly due to themultiphysics tight coupling among the processes controlling deformation of lithospheric rocks and their inherentmultiscale behavior, ranging from scales typical of grain size processes to the km scale of shear zone in the deepcrust and mantle.We present a new simulator (LYNX = Lithospere dYnamics Numerical toolboX), which relies on an implicitmultiphysics coupling of the physics describing visco-elastic-plastic deformation modes including thermal andhydraulic feedback processes. Its extension to consider the retro feedback from poro viscoplastic damage (brittle)mechanics are presented in a separate contribution (Jacquey and Cacace, 2019). The numerical core of LYNX isbased on the Multiphysics Object-Oriented Simulation Environment (MOOSE), which provides a powerful andflexible platform to solve for multiphysics problems implicitly and in a tightly coupled manner on unstructuredmeshes which is of interest for the considered non-linear context. In addition, the use of high-level nonlinearsolvers allow us to tackle these complex multiphysics problems with high accuracy in three dimensions.In this contribution we describe the basics of the numerical implementation by giving a special focus on aspectsrelated to the tight, across-scale coupling among the different processes (explicit viscoelastoplastic implementa-tion). In a second part, we present a suite of applications testing the robustness and capability of the simulationenvironment to (1) consistently integrate physical processes as observed in the field and/or in the laboratory, and(2) reconcile these observations across different scales, and to investigate (3) first order aspects of the presentthermo-mechanical states of natural systems, and, (3) its dynamic evolution due to different forcing conditions.

Description: Measuring CO2 emissions in geothermal and volcanic areas is sometimes difficult because of large areas to cover and sites often inaccessible. Measuring high levels of CO2 concentration can provide information on hidden structure in geothermal areas and recording changes in CO2 concentration on volcanic areas can help monitor the level of volcanic activity. The purpose of this study was to use the Tunable Laser Diode (TDL) absorption spectroscopy method to test levels of CO2 concentrations at two extreme environments: White Island volcano, the most active volcano of New Zealand, with large and concentrated gas fluxes, and Ngapouri geothermal area, a small geothermal area in the Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand, with relatively low and diffuse gas emissions. In 2017, for the first time using TDL at White Island, CO2 concentration measurements performed across the active fumarole fields had the highest CO2 concentrations of 657 ppm. TDL survey measurements were also conducted across fault strands near the Ngapouri geothermal area, and the results complemented CO2 flux results obtained with the accumulation chamber method. Higher CO2 concentrations were measured close to the mapped Ngapouri splays with a maximum of 484 ppm. The maximum CO2 flux measured in the same area was 100 g m−2 day−1 however the highest CO2 fluxes measured along the transects and by the mapped faults were less clear, but the CO2 concentrations increased closer to the fault splays. Advantages and disadvantages of using a TDL system have been described and compared to the accumulation chamber method. The results from the TDL system demonstrated that CO2 concentrations can be used as a tool, with other geophysical tools, for both detecting and highlighting geological structures where no obvious thermal activity is present and for monitoring purposes on active volcanoes.

Description: With this study we aim to integrate previous results in conjunction with 3D gravity and thermal modelling to derivea three-dimensional structural model which covers the entire surface of Germany. The model is 133 km deep, itextends 1000 km in North-South direction and 643 km in East-West direction. The lithostratigraphic divisioncomprises 24 layers and resolves sedimentary, crustal and lithosphere mantle units. The EIGEN-6C4 gravity fieldmodel was used as a reference in the gravity analysis. The 3D conductive thermal field was calculated to analyzethe lateral and vertical variations of temperature. We found that the heterogeneous distribution of thermal propertiesassociated with the different lithological units causes significant variations of temperature at the same depth level.Main controlling factors are: blanketing effect of low conductive sediments (Upper Rhine Graben, Molasse Basin,Central European Basin), different radiogenic heat production of upper crustal units (Variscan and Alpine domains)and the depth to the thermal lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary.

Description: Two main deformation modes are thought to control the long-term strength of the lithosphere: frictional –pressure-dependent – brittle deformation, and Arrhenius-type thermally activated creep. Dynamic changes interms of forcing conditions (from natural, tectonic driven to anthropogenic ones) can also exert changes inthe strength profile. The shape of a strength- profile determines at which depth differential stresses could beaccumulated and therefore impose self-consistent bounds to the amount of energy which could be released in aseismic or aseismic way. The brittle-ductile transition is a domain of finite extent where high differential stresscan accumulate and where both (semi)-brittle and (semi)-ductile deformation mechanisms are expected to occur.The depth of this region highly depends on two parameters: the thermal state of the system as the main controllingfactor activating creep mechanisms and therefore lowering the rock strength and the friction coefficient controllingthe pressure-dependent brittle regime.Understanding the location at depth of the brittle-ductile transition and its stability though time has be-come of relevance for targeting high-enthalpy unconventional geothermal resources as found in volcanic settings,where the thermal conditions may activate ductile deformation at shallower depths than expected. Extracting heatfrom such systems requires to quantify the evolution of porosity and permeability and their distribution at depth.Laboratory experiments on porous rocks clarified how porosity evolution in time and space exerts a critical controlon the different deformation modes (from diffused to localised), dynamically buffering the transition from onemode to the other which might induce changes in permeability up to several orders of magnitudes. However, fewnumerical models have succeeded to account for such porosity feedbacks on the deformation of porous rocks.

Description: In Münchmeyer et al. 2019 magnitudes scales for Northern Chile have been derived with a focus on low uncertainties. The data set consists of three parts. First, a version of the IPOC catalog with the derived magnitude scales ML and MA and their uncertainties. Second, the attenuation functions for different waveform features. Third, the full matrix of features and the resulting single station magnitude predictions.The underlying IPOC catalog was obtained from Sippl et al. (2018). Detailed data description is provided in the README and in Münchmeyer et al. (2019) to which these data are supplementary material.

Description: Although there are already several real-time precise positioning service providers, unfortunately, not all users can use the correction information due to either cost of the service and limitation of their equipment or out of the service coverage. An alternative way is to enhance the accuracy of the predicted satellite clocks for precise real-time positioning. Based on the study of existing prediction models, an improved model combing the spectrum analysis (SA) and the generalized regression neural network (GRNN) model is proposed especially for BeiDou satellite navigation system (BDS)-2 satellites. The periodic terms and GRNN-related parameters including length and interval of sample data, as well as a smooth factor, are optimized satellite by satellite to consider satellite-specific characteristics for all the fourteen BDS-2 satellites. The improved model is validated by comparing the predicted clocks of existing models and the improved model with precisely estimated ones. The bias of the predicted clock is within ±0.5 ns over three hours and better than that of the other models and can be used for several real-time precise applications. The clock prediction is further evaluated by applying clock corrections to precise point positioning (PPP) in both static and kinematic mode for eight IGS (International GNSS Service) MGEX (Multi-GNSS Experiment) stations in the Asia-Pacific region. In the static PPP, the improved model is validated to be effective, and position accuracies of some IGS MGEX stations achieve more than 30.0% improvements on average for each component, which enables us to obtain sub-decimeter positioning. In the kinematic PPP, the improved model performs much better than the others in terms of both the convergence time and the position accuracy. The convergence time can be shortened from 1–2 h to 0.5–1 h, while the position accuracy is enhanced by 15.4%, 21.6% and 19.3% on average in east, north and up component, respectively.

Description: A wide variety of processes controls the time of occurrence, duration, extent, and severity of river floods. Classifying flood events by their causative processes may assist in enhancing the accuracy of local and regional flood frequency estimates and support the detection and interpretation of any changes in flood occurrence and magnitudes. This paper provides a critical review of existing causative classifications of instrumental and preinstrumental series of flood events, discusses their validity and applications, and identifies opportunities for moving toward more comprehensive approaches. So far no unified definition of causative mechanisms of flood events exists. Existing frameworks for classification of instrumental and preinstrumental series of flood events adopt different perspectives: hydroclimatic (large‐scale circulation patterns and atmospheric state at the time of the event), hydrological (catchment scale precipitation patterns and antecedent catchment state), and hydrograph‐based (indirectly considering generating mechanisms through their effects on hydrograph characteristics). All of these approaches intend to capture the flood generating mechanisms and are useful for characterizing the flood processes at various spatial and temporal scales. However, uncertainty analyses with respect to indicators, classification methods, and data to assess the robustness of the classification are rarely performed which limits the transferability across different geographic regions. It is argued that more rigorous testing is needed. There are opportunities for extending classification methods to include indicators of space–time dynamics of rainfall, antecedent wetness, and routing effects, which will make the classification schemes even more useful for understanding and estimating floods.

Description: EMMA – End Member Modelling Analysis of grain-size data is a technique to unmix multimodal grain-size data sets, i.e., to decompose the data into the underlying grain-size distributions (loadings) and their contributions to each sample (scores). The R package EMMAgeo contains a series of functions to perform EMMA based on eigenspace decomposition. The data are rescaled and transformed to receive results in meaningful units, i.e., volume percentage. EMMA can be performed in a deterministic and two robust ways, the latter taking into account incomplete knowledge about model parameters. The model outputs can be interpreted in terms of sediment sources, transport pathways and transport regimes (loadings) as well as their relative importance throughout the sample space (scores).