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  • Other Sources  (2,592)
  • ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION  (2,592)
  • 2010-2014
  • 1980-1984  (2,591)
  • 1925-1929  (1)
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  • Other Sources  (2,592)
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Years
Year
  • 101
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    Single cell performance studies on the FE/CR Redox Energy Storage System using mixed reactant solutions at elevated temperature (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Experimental studies in a 14.5 sq cm single cell system using mixed reactant solutions at 65 C are described. Systems were tested under isothermal conditions, i.e., reactants and the cell were at the same temperature. Charging and discharging performance were evaluated by measuring watt-hour and coulombic efficiencies, voltage-current relationships, hydrogen evolution and membrane resistivity. Watt-hour efficiencies ranged from 86 percent at 43 ma/sq cm to 75 percent at 129 ma/sq cm with corresponding coulombic efficiencies of 92 percent and 97 percent, respectively. Hydrogen evolution was less than 1 percent of the charge coulumbic capacity during charge-discharge cycling. Bismuth amd bismuth-lead catalyzed chromium electrodes maintained reversible performance and low hydrogen evolution under normal and adverse cycling conditions. Reblending of the anode and cathode solutions was successfully demonstrated to compensate for osmotic volume changes. Improved performance was obtained with mixed reactant systems in comparison to the unmixed reactant systems. Previously announced in STAR as N83-25042
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 102
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    The DOE photovoltaics program (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The considered program of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) has the objective to provide federal support for research and development work related to photovoltaics. According to definitions of policy in 1981, a strong emphasis is to be placed on long-term, high-risk research and development that industry could not reasonably be expected to perform using their own funds. Attention is given to the program structure, the photovoltaics program management organization, the advanced research and development subprogram, the collector research and development subprogram, flat-plate collectors, concentrator collectors, and the systems research and technology subprogram.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
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  • 103
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    Silicon material technology status (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Silicon has been the basic element for the electronic and photovoltaic industries. The use of silicon as the primary element for terrestrial photovoltaic solar arrays is projected to continue. The reasons for this projection are related to the maturity of silicon technology, the ready availability of extremely pure silicon, the performance of silicon solar cells, and the considerable present investment in technology and manufacturing facilities. The technologies for producing semiconductor grade silicon and, to a lesser extent, refined metallurgical grade silicon are considered. It is pointed out that nearly all of the semiconductor grade silicon is produced by processes based on the Siemens deposition reactor, a technology developed 26 years ago. The state-of-the-art for producing silicon by this process is discussed. It is expected that efforts to reduce polysilicon process costs will continue.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
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  • 104
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    Systems approach to walk-off problems for dish-type solar thermal power systems (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: 'Walk-off' in a dish-type solar thermal power system is a failure situation in which the concentrator remains fixed while the spot of concentrated sunlight slowly moves across the face of the receiver. The intense local heating may damage the receiver and nearby equipment. Passive protection has advantages in minimizing damage, but in a fully passive design the receiver must be able to withstand full solar input with no forced fluid circulation during the walk-off. An active walk-off emergency subsystem may include an emergency detrack or defocus mechanism or sun-blocking device, emergency power, sensors and logic to detect the emergency and initiate protective action, and cooling or passive protection of emergency and non-emergency components. Each of these elements is discussed and evaluated in the paper.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
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  • 105
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    The degradation mechanism of Ti-Pd-Ag solar cell contacts by an accelerated electrochemical testing technique (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Solar Cells (ISSN 0379-6787); 11; 189-193
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  • 106
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    Interaction between cast silicon properties and solar cell performance (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Three types of cast silicon, Silso, HEM (Heat-Exchanger Method) and UCP (Ubiquitous Crystallization Process) were studied for their use as solar cells. Optical microscopy after etching revealed a high density of uniform dislocations (approaching 1,000,000/sq cm), lines of dislocations indicating stress during crystal growth, and precipitates, some of which generate dislocations. Solar cells were fabricated by three processes. Results of solar cell processing revealed that these materials produce cells of lower efficiency than Czochralski control cells, and that the efficiencies of the three materials were quite close. Diffusion length and spectral response data are shown. Certain structural features are correlated with solar cell efficiency, diffusion length, and spectral response. Electron-beam induced current (EBIC) and light spot scanning are used to back up other measurements.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
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  • 107
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    Configuration selection study for isolated loads using parabolic dish modules (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A configuration tradeoff study was conducted to determine optimum solar thermal parabolic dish power systems for isolated load applications. The specific application of an essentially constant power demand as required for MX missile shelters is treated. Supplying a continuous level of power with high reliability is shown to require a power system comprising modular parabolic dish power units where the heat engines of the modular power units can be driven by fossil fuels as well as solar-derived heat. Since constraints on reliability result in the provision of a power generating capability that exceeds the constant demand level, efficient utilization of the power system requires battery storage. Tradeoffs regarding the optimum size of storage are investigated as a function of the number of power modules and the cost of the fossil fuel.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Parabolic Dish Solar Thermal Power Ann. Program Rev., Proc.; p 319-328
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  • 108
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    Ceramic high temperature receiver design and tests (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The High Temperature Solar Thermal Receiver, which was tested a Edwards AFB, CA during the winter of 1980-1981, evolved from technologies developed over a five year period of work. This receiver was tested at the Army Solar Furnace at White Sands, NM in 1976. The receiver, was tested successfully at 1768 deg F and showed thermal efficiencies of 85%. The results were sufficiently promising to lead ERDA to fund our development and test of a 250 kW receiver to measure the efficiency of an open cavity receiver atop a central tower of a heliostat field. This receiver was required to be design scalable to 10, 50, and 100 MW-electric sizes to show applicability to central power tower receivers. That receiver employed rectagular silicon carbide panels and vertical stanchions to achieve scalability. The construction was shown to be fully scalable; and the receiver was operated at temperatures up to 2000 deg F to achieve the performance goals of the experiment during tests at the GIT advanced components test facility during the fall of 1978.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Parabolic Dish Solar Thermal Power Ann. Program Rev., Proc. 247-255 (SEE N83-10525 01-44)
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  • 109
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    The French thermo-helio-electricity-KW parabolic dish program (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The testing and development of parabolic dish solar thermal power plants to produce, thermal mechanical, or electrical energy are discussed. The design, construction, and experiments of prototype collectors to prove the feasibility of such collectors is described.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Parabolic Dish Solar Thermal Power Ann. Program Rev., Proc.; p 225-231
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  • 110
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    Development status of the small community solar power system (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The development status and test results for the Small Community Solar Thermal Power Experiment are presented. Activities on the phase 2 power module development effort are presented with emphasis on the receiver, the plant control subsystem, and the energy transport subsystem. The components include a single prototype power module consisting of a parabolic dish concentrator, a power conversion assembly (PCA), and a multiple-module plant control subsystem. The PCA consists of a cavity receiver coupled to an organic Rankine cycle engine-alternator unit defined as the power conversion subsystem; the PCA is mounted at the focus of a parabolic dish concentrator. At a solar insolation of 100 W/sq m and ambient temperature of 28 C (82 F), the power module produces approximately 20 kW of 3-phase, 3 kHz ac power, depending on the concentrator employed. A ground-mounted rectifier to the central collection site where it is supplied directly to the common dc bus which collects the power from all modules in the plant.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Parabolic Dish Solar Thermal Power Ann. Program Rev., Proc.; p 53-99
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  • 111
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    Acurex Parabolic Dish Concentrator (PDC-2) (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The design approach, rationale for the selected configuration, and the development status of a cost effective point-focus solar concentrator are discussed. The low-cost concentrator reflective surface design is based on the use of a thin, backsilvered mirror glass reflector bonded to a molded structural plastic substrate. The foundation, support, and drive subassembles are described. A hybrid, two-axis, Sun tracking control system based on microprocessor technology was selected. Coarse synthetic tracking is achieved through a microcomputer-based control system to calculate Sun position for transient periods of cloud cover as well as sundown and sunrise positioning. Accurate active tracking is achieved by two-axis optical sensors. Results of the reflective panel demonstration tests investigating slope error, hail impact survivability, temperature/humidity cycling, longitudinal strength/bending stiffness, and torsional stiffness are discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Parabolic Dish Solar Thermal Power Ann. Program Rev., Proc.; p 15-20
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  • 112
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    Development status of the PDC-1 Parabolic Dish Concentrator (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The status of development of the 12 m diameter parabolic dish concentrator which is planned for use with the Small Community Solar Thermal Power System. The PDC-1 unit features the use of plastic reflector film bonded to structural plastic gores supported by front-bracing steel ribs. An elevation-over-azimuth mount arrangement is employed, with a conventional wheel-and-track arrangement; outboard trunnions permit the dish to be stored in the face down position, with the added advantage of easy access to the power conversion assembly. The control system is comprised of a central computer (LSI 1123), a manual control panel, a concentrator control unit, two motor controllers, a Sun sensor, and two angular position resolvers. The system is designed for the simultaneous control of several concentrators. The optical testing of reflective panels is described.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Parabolic Dish Solar Thermal Power Ann. Program Rev., Proc.; p 3-13
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  • 113
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    Status of the microwave power transmission components for the solar power satellite (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: During the 1970-1980 time period a substantial advance has been made in developing all portions of a microwave power transmission system for the solar power satellite (SPS). The most recent advances pertain to the transmitting portion of the system in the satellite and are based upon experimental observations of the use of the magnetron combined with a passive directional device to convert it into a highly efficient directional amplifier with excellent low-noise properties and potentially very long life. The ability of its microwave output to track a phase reference makes it possible to combine it with many other radiating units to provide a highly coherent microwave beam. The ability of its output to track an amplitude reference while operating from a dc power source with varying voltage makes it possible to eliminate most of the power conditioning equipment that would otherwise be necessary.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
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  • 114
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    Commercialization of parabolic dish systems (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The impact of recent federal tax and regulatory legislation on the commercialization of parabolic solar reflector technology is assessed. Specific areas in need of technical or economic improvement are noted.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Parabolic Dish Solar Thermal Power Ann. Program Rev., Proc.; p 201-205
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  • 115
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    PKI solar thermal plant evaluation at Capitol Concrete Products, Topeka, Kansas (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A system feasibility test to determine the technical and operational feasibility of using a solar collector to provide industrial process heat is discussed. The test is of a solar collector system in an industrial test bed plant at Capitol Concrete Products in Topeka, Kansas, with an experiment control at Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque. Plant evaluation will occur during a year-long period of industrial utilization. It will include performance testing, operability testing, and system failure analysis. Performance data will be recorded by a data acquisition system. User, community, and environmental inputs will be recorded in logs, journals, and files. Plant installation, start-up, and evaluation, are anticipated for late November, 1981.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Parabolic Dish Solar Thermal Power Ann. Program Rev., Proc.; p 119-121
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  • 116
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    The small community solar thermal power experiment (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: the objectives and current status of the Small Community Solar Thermal Power Experiment are discussed. The adjustments in programs goals made in response to the changing emphasis in the area of solar energy in national policy are addressed. Planned fabrication and testing activities for the test bed concentrator, power conversion assembly, and control system are outlined.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Parabolic Dish Solar Thermal Power Ann. Program Rev., Proc.; p 49-52
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  • 117
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    The PKI collector (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The design and manufacturing of a solar thermal collector is discussed. The collector has three primary subsystems: concentrator, receiver/fluid loop, and controls. Identical curved reflective columns are utilized in a faceted Fresnel design to support 864 one foot square flat inexpensive second-surface, silvered glass mirrors. The columns are ganged together and rotated through their centers of gravity to provide elevation tracking. The concentrator is supported by a lightweight spaceframe structure which distributes all wind and gravity loads to the base supports. The base of the structure is a track which rotates on wheels mounted on concrete piers. A parallel tube steel heat exchanger is mounted at the concentrator focal area in a well insulated, galvanized steel housing. Two rows of vertical close-packed, staggered tubes connect a mud header and a steam header. Automatic two axis tracking and operational control is provided with a microprocessor based package. Concentrator-mounted shadowbands are the basis for active tracking. A software program provides azimuthal tracking during cloudy periods.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Parabolic Dish Solar Thermal Power Ann. Program Rev., Proc.; p 25-34
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  • 118
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    Garrett solar Brayton engine/generator status (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The solar advanced gas turbine (SAGT-1) is being developed by the Garrett Turbine Engine Company, for use in a Brayton cycle power conversion module. The engine is derived from the advanced gas turbine (AGT101) now being developd by Garrett and Ford Motor Company for automotive use. The SAGT Program is presently funded for the design, fabrication and test of one engine at Garrett's Phoenix facility. The engine when mated with a solar receiver is called a power conversion module (PCU). The PCU is scheduled to be tested on JPL's test bed concentrator under a follow on phase of the program. Approximately 20 kw of electrical power will be generated.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Parabolic Dish Solar Thermal Power Ann. Program Rev., Proc.; p 257-282
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  • 119
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    A point focusing collector for an integrated water/power complex (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The utilization potential of the point focusing parabolic dish is identified. Its main design parameters are summarized. Performance tests and the utilization of the collector as primary energy source in a food-water-power complex are described. Process heat, heat storage, heat transfer, and cogeneration are discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Parabolic Dish Solar Thermal Power Ann. Program Rev., Proc.; p 207-223
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  • 120
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    A discrete gust model for use in the design of wind energy conversion systems (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A discrete gust model has been designed which includes an expression for the number of times per unit time thy wind exceeds a specific value. This expression, based on Rice's (1944, 1945) number-of-crossings model, assumes that the yearly mean wind speed is averaged over a period of 10 minutes to 1 (one) hour. Vertical and lateral coherence functions are the basis for a mathematical filter which isolates atmospheric disturbances of a characteristic size (e. g., those which would completely engulf a rotor). Predictions are calculated usising the given definition of cut-off frequency, then they are compared with actual data, showing that the model is reliable. The expression is provided in a format such that it may be used for engineering design calculations.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 21; June 198
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  • 121
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    Solar/hydrogen systems for the 1985-2000 time frame - A review and assessment (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A comprehensive state-of-the-art review of solar/hydrogen technologies has been conducted. From this, solar/hydrogen production systems which could be commercialized by the year 2000 have been characterized technically and economically. Incentives and disincentives for the early commercialization of four solar/hydrogen systems have been explored, conclusions drawn and recommendations made.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: International Journal of Hydrogen Energy; 7; 1, 19; 1982
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  • 122
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    Plasma-enhanced CVD silicon nitride antireflection coatings for solar cells (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Multilayer plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) silicon nitride antireflection coatings were deposited on space quality silicon solar cells. Preliminary experiments indicated that multilayer coatings decreased the total reflectance of polished silicon from 35 percent to less than 3 percent over the spectral range 0.4-1.0 micron. The solar cell energy conversion efficiency was increased from an average of 8.84 percent to an average of 12.63 percent.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Solar Energy (ISSN 0038-092X); 31; 4, 19; 1983
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  • 123
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    Whirl flutter analysis of a horizontal-axis wind turbine with a two-bladed teetering rotor (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Whirl flutter and the effect of pitch-flap coupling on teetering motion of a wind turbine were investigated. The equations of motion are derived for an idealized five-degree-of-freedom mathematical model of a horizontal-axis wind turbine with a two-bladed teetering rotor. The model accounts for the out-of-plane bending motion of each blade, the teetering motion of the rotor, and both the pitching and yawing motions of the rotor support. Results show that the design is free from whirl flutter. Selected results are presented indicating the effect of variations in rotor support damping, rotor support stiffness, and pitch-flap coupling on pitching, yawing, teetering, and blade bending motions. Previously announced in STAR as N82-23707
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Solar Energy (ISSN 0038-092X); 31; 2, 19; 1983
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  • 124
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    Thermal behavior of laboratory models of honeycomb-covered solar ponds (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Laboratory experiments were conducted to provide insight into the technical feasibility of honeycomb-covered solar ponds. Cooling tests using honeycomb panels of various materials and geometries showed that a 5.7-cm-thick one-tier panel insulated as effectively as a 10-cm fiberglass slab. Heating tests demonstrated that a model pond covered with a polycarbonate panel boiled upon 16 hours of continuous exposure to a 150-W spotlight. Analysis of the experimental data indicates positively that honeycomb-covered solar ponds can be expected to perform satisfactorily, and that larger-scale outdoor tests should be conducted to provide a more realistic assessment and a more refined performance estimate.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
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  • 125
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    Expected cycle life vs. depth of discharge relationships of well-behaved single cells and cell strings (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The present investigation is concerned with the factors which might influence the cycle life vs. depth of discharge relationship, taking into account the rate of loss of cell capacity, the amount of excess capacity built into the cells, and the penalty in capacity loss resulting from the use of deep depths of discharge. 'First principles' are used to develop a cell life model for somewhat arbitrary conditions. This model is then used to estimate the cycle life vs. depth of discharge relationships for 'well behaved' cells. The stochastic variations associated with groupings of single cells are then introduced to the battery pack cycle life model. The term 'well behaved' cell is used to describe a single cell which does not suffer any abrupt failure mode during the course of its operation. It gradually loses capacity for any number of the usual reasons at a rate which is the product of the fractional depth of discharge and a factor which is characteristic of the cell under consideration.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Electrochemical Society, Journal (ISSN 0013-4651); 130; May 1983
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  • 126
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    Solar concentrator degradation in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The use of parabolically or spherically-shaped mirrors is being considered in order to increase the solar energy intensity on solar cells. Their use will significantly decrease the size and number of the cells needed for a particular application, hence the total array cost. Questions arise, however, regarding the long-term (five to ten years) efficiency of these devices. Performance degradation of the mirror surfaces might result from known hostile elements in the low earth orbit (LEO) environment (150-350 nautical miles). The degradation issue is addressed in light of present knowledge of this environment. The following characteristics of the LEO environment are identified for study: (1) the vacuum of space; (2) sputtering by the residual atoms and particles in space; (3) solar electromagnetic radiation; (4) contamination of the mirror surface; (5) atomic oxygen interactions with the surface; (6) bombardment of the surface by meteoroids; and (7) irradiation of the surface by ionizing particles (protons). Using the best available information for the magnitudes of the necessary quantities, a mathematical analysis was carried out, where possible, to determine the degradation in reflectance or other loss caused by each characteristic. Otherwise, reasonable estimates are made of corresponding losses, based on already published data.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Johnson (Lyndon B.) Space Center The 1983 NASA/ASEE Summer Faculty Fellowship Research Program Research Reports; NASA. Johnson (Lynd
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  • 127
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    Improved Nominal Operating Cell Temperature (NOCT) test procedure (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A procedure is developed to improve testing of Nominal Operating Cell Temperature (NOCT) as it applies to solar energy conversion modules. NOCT is a direct reflection of module thermal design and is closely related to the representative ambient temperature. It is also a key to array energy production and estimates of module lifetimes. Present NOCT test and evaluation procedures are inconsistent, producing significant scatter. Test refinements would specify a clear sky, the addition of 10% to the insolation level for ground reflection, the addition of a ground emission factor of 0.8 (at 30C ground temperature), an effective wind direction of 135 degrees from the North, and a module tilt of 30 degrees from the horizon.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Proc. of the 24th Project Integration Meeting; p 639-642
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  • 128
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    Module Hipot and ground continuity test results (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Hipot (high voltage potential) and module frame continuity tests of solar energy conversion modules intended for deployment into large arrays are discussed. The purpose of the tests is to reveal potentially hazardous voltage conditions in installed modules, and leakage currents that may result in loss of power or cause ground fault system problems, i.e., current leakage potential and leakage voltage distribution. The tests show a combined failure rate of 36% (69% when environmental testing is included). These failure rates are believed easily corrected by greater care in fabrication.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Proc. of the 24th Project Integration Meeting; p 619-631
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  • 129
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    Advanced module development overview (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Crystalline silicon solar power modules are examined for reliability and cost effectiveness. A goal of 12% solar energy conversion efficiency is considered feasible at a cost of 12/kWh, and a decision is made to limit consideration to float zone silicon wafer and dendritic web silicone modules. A preliminary module packaging configuration of glass/ethylene vinyl acetate/plastic film is selected. Anticipated module efficiency levels are 12.6% at 25 C and 11.5% at NOCT (Nominal Operating Cell Temperature).
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 24th Project Integration Meeting; p 609-611
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  • 130
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    Failure analysis of thin-film amorphous-silicon solar-cell modules (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A failure analysis of thin film amorphous silicon solar cell modules was conducted. The purpose of this analysis is to provide information and data for appropriate corrective action that could result in improvements in product quality and reliability. Existing techniques were expanded in order to evaluate and characterize degradational performance of a-Si solar cells. Microscopic and macroscopic defects and flaws that significantly contribute to performance degradation were investigated.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 24th Project Integration Meeting; p 657-662
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    Status of high-efficiency module design and fabrication (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The fabrication of high efficiency solar energy conversion modules (13% efficiency at NOCT - Nominal Operating Cell Temperature) is discussed, with emphasis placed on reducing NOCT, since reduced operating temperature improves both efficiency and module lifetime.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 24th Project Integration Meeting; p 613-618
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  • 132
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    Edge-defined film-fed growth of thin silicon sheets (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Finite element analysis was used on two length scales to understand crystal growth of thin silicon sheets. Thermal-capillary models of entire ribbon growth systems were developed. Microscopic modeling of morphological structure of melt/solid interfaces beyond the point of linear instability was carried out. The application to silicon system is discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 24th Project Integration Meeting; p 575-586
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  • 133
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    Silicon sheet surface studies (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Description: Several activities were performed in the area of silicon sheet surface studies. An interferometry technique was developed for measuring residual stresses in short, thin silicon sheets. Simulation of abrasion of silicon by diamond and by scrating and indentation tests was carried out. The wear rate in silicon was correlated with a wear model.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 24th Project Integration Meeting; p 561-570
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  • 134
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    Silicon ribbon stress-strain activities (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Description: The finite element method is used to investigate stress/strain in silicon ribbon. Failure considerations such as residual stress, buckling material non-linearity and creep are discussed. Temperature profiles are presented.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Proc. of the 24th Project Integration Meeting; p 491-515
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  • 135
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    Encapsulation Processing and Manufacturing Yield Analysis (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The development of encapsulation processing and a manufacturing productivity analysis for photovoltaic cells are discussed. The goals were: (1) to understand the relationships between both formulation variables and process variables; (2) to define conditions required for optimum performance; (3) to predict manufacturing yield; and (4) to provide documentation to industry.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 24th Project Integration Meeting; p 461-469
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  • 136
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    A non-noble front metallization process (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The optimization, evaluation, and demonstration of a solar cell metallization system is discussed. Screen printing, air firing, reducted atmospheres, and conductive air coating were studied.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 24th Project Integration Meeting; p 421-431
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  • 137
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    Simultaneous junction formation (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: High-risk, high-payoff improvements to a baseline process sequence of simultaneous junction formation of silicon solar cells are discussed. The feasibility of simultaneously forming front and back junctions of solar cells using liquid dopants on dendritic web silicon was studied. Simultaneous diffusion was compared to sequential diffusion. A belt furnace for the diffusion process was tested.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 24th Project Integration Meeting; p 369-377
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  • 138
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    Georgetown University Photovoltaic Higher Education National Exemplar Facility (PHENEF) (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Several photographs of this facility using photovoltaic (PV) cells are shown. An outline is given of the systems requirements, system design and wiring topology, a simplified block design, module electrical characteristics, PV module and PV module matching.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 24th Project Integration Meeting; p 87-98
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  • 139
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    High-efficiency crystalline silicon technology development (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The rationale for pursuing high efficiency crystalline silicon technology research is discussed. Photovoltaic energy systems are reviewed as to their cost effectiveness and their competitiveness with other energy systems. The parameters of energy system life are listed and briefly reviewed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 24th Project Integration Meeting; p 49-56
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  • 140
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    High-efficiency silicon solar cell research (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Progress reports on research in high-efficiency silicon solar cells were presented by eight contractors and JPL. The presentations covered the issues of Bulk and Surface Loss, Modeling, Measurements, and Proof of Concept.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Proc. of the 24th Project Integration Meeting; p 281-282
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  • 141
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    Encapsulation materials research (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Encapsulation materials for solar cells were investigated. The different phases consisted of: (1) identification and development of low cost module encapsulation materials; (2) materials reliability examination; and (3) process sensitivity and process development. It is found that outdoor photothermal aging devices (OPT) are the best accelerated aging methods, simulate worst case field conditions, evaluate formulation and module performance and have a possibility for life assessment. Outdoor metallic copper exposure should be avoided, self priming formulations have good storage stability, stabilizers enhance performance, and soil resistance treatment is still effective.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 24th Project Integration Meeting; p 145-164
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  • 142
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    Predicting photothermal field performance (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Photothermal field performance in flat plate solar collectors was predicted. An analytical model which incorporates the measured dependency between transmittance loss and UV and temperature exposure levels was developed. The model uses SOLMET weather data extrapolated to 30 years for various sites and module mounting configurations. It is concluded that the temperature is the key to photothermally induced transmittance loss. The sensitivity of transmittance loss to UV level is nonlinear with minimum in curve near one sun. The ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) results are consistent with 30 year life allocation.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Proc. of the 24th Project Integration Meeting; p 121-128
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  • 143
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    The future of crystalline silicon technology in the US Department of Energy program (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Two basic findings were presented in the outlined report. The first is that silicon has a very high potential efficiency, demonstrated improvement in reliability and a significant potential for cost reductions. The second is that the photovoltaic technology development process is highly uncertain, but crystalline silicon technology has a substantial knowledge base to draw from, improving its chances of success. Several issues to be addressed are outlined.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 24th Project Integration Meeting; p 83-86
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  • 144
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    Summary of the high-efficiency crystalline solar cell research forum (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: An outline is given listing the speeches given in each session and the pertinent points is some speeches. There were six session, besides the overview session they were: (1) high efficiency concepts; (2) surface/interface effects; (3) bulk effects; (4) modeling; and (5) high efficiency device processing. Besides the emphasis placed on increasing efficiency of energy conversion, a great amount of discussion was spent on ways to reduce recombination and reducing surface defects.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 24th Project Integration Meeting; p 57-74
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  • 145
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    Torque command steering law for double-gimbaled control moment gyros applied to rotor energy storage (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A steering law is presented which has all the features required for space applications, assuming the CMG outer gimbal freedom is unlimited. The reason is the idea of mounting all the outer gimbal axes of the CMGs parallel to each other. This allows the decomposition of the steering law problem into a linear one for the inner gimbal angle rates and a planar one for the outer gimbal angle rates. The inner gimbal angle rates are calculated first, since they are not affected by the outer gimbal angle rates. For the calculation of the outer rates, the inner rates are then known quantities. An outer gimbal angle distribution function (to avoid singularities internal to the total angular momentum envelope) generates distribution rates next, and finally the pseudoinverse method is used to insure that the desired total torque is delivered.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center An Assessment of Integrated Flywheel System Technol.; p 407-422
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  • 146
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    High-efficiency power conversion options for flywheel energy storage systems (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Description: The impact of efficiency on the power system and how efficiency is affected by component types is discussed. Some ac and dc bus configurations are described along with prototype systems.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center An Assessment of Integrated Flywheel System Technol.; p 349-367
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  • 147
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    Advanced high-power transfer through rotary interfaces (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Description: A roll-ring design that is uniquely suited for rotary signal/power transfer in space applications is described. Two high-power configurations of the roll ring were developed. Present lab-proven hardware is available with power transfer capability of 2 kW at 200 amps and higher power units with 100-kW capability are in the design stage. Theoretical analysis indicated that power levels of kW are possible.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center An Assessment of Integrated Flywheel System Technol.; p 341-348
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  • 148
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    Reaction wheels for kinetic energy storage (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: In contrast to all existing reaction wheel implementations, an order of magnitude increase in speed can be obtained efficiently if power to the actuators can be recovered. This allows a combined attitude control-energy storage system to be developed with structure mounted reaction wheels. The feasibility of combining reaction wheels with energy storage wwheels is demonstrated. The power required for control torques is a function of wheel speed but this energy is not dissipated; it is stored in the wheel. The I(2)R loss resulting from a given torque is shown to be constant, independent of the design speed of the motor. What remains, in order to efficiently use high speed wheels (essential for energy storage) for control purposes, is to reduce rotational losses to acceptable levels. Progress was made in permanent magnet motor design for high speed operation. Variable field motors offer more control flexibility and efficiency over a broader speed range.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center An Assessment of Integrated Flywheel System Technol.; p 329-340
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  • 149
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    The multipurpose composite flywheel (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The twin disk composite flywheel shows that the techniques that were developed at Rocketdyne to successfully design, fabricate, and test high-speed rotating machinery (turbopumps) for rocket engines could be used to develop advanced flywheels. This flywheel not only demonstrates that successful mating of metal flywheel characteristics (high torque and ruggedness) and composite flywheel characteristics (lightweight and high energy density) can be achieved, but the unique design lends itself to easy adaptation to other configurations.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center An Assessment of Integrated Flywheel System Technol.; p 233-242
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  • 150
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    Magnetically suspended reaction wheel assembly (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The magnetically suspended reaction wheel assembly (MSRWA) is the product of a development effort funded by the Air Force Materials Laboratory (AFML) at Wright Patterson AFB. The specific objective of the project was to establish the manufacturing processes for samarium cobalt magnets and demonstrate their use in a space application. The development was successful on both counts. The application portion of the program, which involves the magnetically suspended reaction wheel assembly, is emphasized. The requirements for the reaction wheel were based on the bias wheel requirements of the DSP satellite. The tasks included the design, fabrication, and test of the unit to the DSP program qualification requirements.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center An Assessment of Integrated Flywheel System Technol.; p 265-279
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  • 151
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    Summary results of the DOE flywheel development effort (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The technology and applications evaluation task focuses on defining performance and cost requirements for flywheels in the various areas of application. To date the DOE program has focused on automotive applications. The composite materials effort entails the testing of new commercial composites to determine their engineering properties. The rotor and containment development work uses data from these program elements to design and fabricate flywheels. The flywheels are then tested at the Oak Ridge Flywheel Evaluation Laboratory and their performance is evaluated to indicate possible areas for improvement. Once a rotor has been fully developed it is transferred to the private sector.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center An Assessment of Integrated Flywheel System Technol.; p 181-191
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  • 152
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    Westinghouse programs in pulsed homopolar power supplies (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: This document details Westinghouse's ongoing study of homopolar machines since 1929 with the major effort occurring in the early 1970's to the present. The effort has enabled Westinghouse to develop expertise in the technology required for the design, fabrication and testing of such machines. This includes electrical design, electromagnetic analysis, current collection, mechanical design, advanced cooling, stress analysis, transient rotor performance, bearing analysis and seal technology. Westinghouse is using this capability to explore the use of homopolar machines as pulsed power supplies for future systems in both military and commercial applications.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center An Assessment of Integrated Flywheel System Technol.; p 141-156
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    Comparative energy storage assessment item (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: This analysis, a Space Station application study, rediscovered Integrated Power and Attitude Control (IPAC) and found the approach to have lower initial and resupply weight and lower initial and resupply cost than either battery/CMG or regenerative fuel cell/CMG systems. Preliminary trade studies were performed comparing (IPAC) with equivalent independent electrochemical power and control moment gyro (CMG) control approaches. Technologies considered to have adequate status for an initial Space Station were: (1) nickel cadmium batteries (NiCd batteries), (2) regenerative fuel cells (RFC), (3) Skylab class CMG's, and (4) state of the art IPAC using metal wheels and ball bearing suspension (SOA-IPAC). An advanced IPAC (ADV-IPAC) employing composite rotor material and magnetic suspension was included in the comparisons to illustrate a possible range of performance and cost of inertial systems. The candidates were compared on the basis of initial weight and cost and on the basis of resupply weight and cost for a 15 year mission. Thus, SOA-IPAC would appear to be an attractive approach for the initial Space Station and possible technology improvements would further the appeal for the initial and/or growth Space Station.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center An Assessment of Integrated Flywheel System Technol.; p 91-99
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  • 154
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    European development experience on energy storage wheels for space (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: High speed fiber composite rotors suspended by contactless magnetic bearings were produced. European industry has acquired expertise in the study and fabrication of energy storage wheels and magnetic suspension systems for space. Sufficient energy density performance for space viability is being achieved on fully representative hardware. Stress cycle testing to demonstrate life capability and the development of burst containment structures remains to be done and is the next logical step.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center An Assessment of Integrated Flywheel System Technol.; p 65-73
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  • 155
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    Dynamics and controls working group summary (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Description: The technology status of the dynamics and controls discipline as it applies to energy storage wheel systems was evaluated. No problems were identified for which an adequate solution could not be proposed. Design issues that influence control were addressed. The dynamics and control aspects associated with the energy storage system concept and its various constituent parts, and the control tasks attendant to large, manned spacecraft are discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center An Assessment of Integrated Flywheel System Technol.; p 39-48
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    A summary of the 1983 Integrated Flywheel Technology Workshop (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The use of flywheels to perform the functions of attitude control and/or energy storage on a variety of space missions was studied. Integrated Flywheel Technology was discussed. The four primary objectives are: (1) determine the potential of flywheels for energy storage system applications and for combined energy storage and attitude control concepts; (2) assess the state of the art (SOA) in integrated flywheel technology through a review of government sponsored programs; (3) identify those technology areas which are in critical need of development to meet projected space mission requirements; (4) scope a program for the coordinated development of the required technology.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: An Assessment of Integrated Flywheel System Technol.; p 49-64
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  • 157
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    Electrical/electronics working group summary (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Description: The electrical/electronics, technology area was considered. It was found that there are no foreseeable circuit or component problems to hinder the implementation of the flywheel energy storage concept. The definition of the major component or technology developments required to permit a technology ready date of 1987 was addressed. Recommendations: motor/generators, suspension electronics, power transfer, power conditioning and distribution, and modeling. An introduction to the area of system engineering is also included.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center An Assessment of Integrated Flywheel System Technol.; p 29-38
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    Electromechanical/electromagnetics working group summary (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The component and system technology issues associated with suspension and power conversion systems for the flywheel were discussed. The development of the technology consists of three major steps and encompasses a complementary mix of analytical efforts and hardware development for validation of design approaches and concept implementations. The major elements included: (1) studies to determine the optimal system configuration considering gimballed and nongimballed wheel concepts and incorporating the best 1984 component technology. These studies must also address the impact of rotor configuration on other elements of the system such as motor/generators and magnetic suspension systems to permit the selection of the optimal configuration for the demonstration phase; (2) focus the development program on integration and demonstration of a complete system which includes the rotor, suspension, and power conversion subsystems which emphasis efficiency; (3) conduct a technology program on motor/generators, suspension systems, gimbals, and sensors to take advantage of known technological advances.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center An Assessment of Integrated Flywheel System Technol.; p 25-28
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  • 159
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    Rotating assembly working group summary (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Description: The feasibility of a fail safe flywheel system was demonstrated. Three of the major advantages of flywheel systems are: longer operational life, higher electrical efficiency, and higher system energy density. The use of composite material flywheels is important to realize these advantages. Rotor design and dynamics, rotor materials and fabrication, safety, nondestructive testing, and systems operation loads and environment, are outlined.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center An Assessment of Integrated Flywheel System Technol.; p 7-24
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  • 160
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    The Base Engine for Solar Stirling Power (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A new concept in Stirling engine technology is embodied in the base engine now being developed at Stirling Thermal Motors, Inc. This is a versatile energy conversion unit suitable for many different applications and heat sources. The base engine, rated 40 kW at 2800 RPM, is a four-cylinder, double-acting variable displacement Stirling engine with pressurized crankcase and rotating shaft seal. Remote-heating technology is incorporated with a stacked-heat-exchanger configuration and a liquid metal heat pipe connected to a distinctly separate combustor or other heat source. High efficiency over a wide range of operating conditions, long life, low manufacturing cost and low material cost are specifically emphasized. The base engine, its design philosophy and approach, its projected performance, and some of its more attractive applications are described.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 5th Parabolic Dish Solar Thermal Power Program; p 197-213
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  • 161
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    Deployment of a Secondary Concentrator to Increase the Intercept Factor of a Dish with Large Slope Errors (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Description: The testing of a hyperbolic trumpet non-imaging secondary concentrator with a parabolic dish having slope errors of about 10 mrad is reported. The trumpet, which has a concentration ratio of 2.1, increased the flux through a 141-mm focal aperture by 72%, with an efficiency of 96%, thus demonstrating its potential for use in tandem with cheap dishes having relatively large slope errors.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 5th Parabolic Dish Solar Thermal Power Program; p 170-178
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  • 162
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    Subatmospheric Brayton-cycle Engine Program Review (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A solar energy powered electrical generator utilizing a Subatmospheric Brayton cycle engine is examined. The generator consists of a subatmospheric, Brayton-cycle engine and a permanent magnet (PM) alternator. The electrical power is generated by an alternator driven directly by the Brayton-cycle engine rotating group. Features that enhance reliability and performance include air foil bearings on both the Brayton-cycle engine rotating group and the PM alternator, an atmospheric-pressure solar receiver and gas-fired trim heater, and a high temperature recuperator. The subatmospheric Brayton-cycle engine design is based on that of the gas fired heat pump engine.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 5th Parabolic Dish Solar Thermal Power Program; p 122-126
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  • 163
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    Near-term Brayton Module Status (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Description: The integration of subsystem components and the testing of a Parabolic Dish Module (PDM) to convert solar energy to grid compatible electric power is examined. System components are selected on a basis of current and projected performance efficiencies, technology readiness, future production probabilities and prices, current cost and availability. Potential for a near-term, 8 kW derivative of the PDM is adjudged to be superior to that of a 20 kW system. The PDM is suited to both grid connected and standalone applications, and it may be fired by solar, fossil, or solar/fossil hydrid means.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 5th Parabolic Dish Solar Thermal Power Program; p 113-121
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  • 164
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    United Stirling's Solar Engine Development: the Background for the Vanguard Engine (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The development and testing resulting in the Vanguard engine and some of the characteristics of the Stirling engine based power conversion unit are described. The major part of the solar engine development is concentrated to the three different areas, the receiver, the lubrication system and the control system. Five engines are on test within the solar project. The function of the components are validated in actual solar tests.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 5th Parabolic Dish Solar Thermal Power Program; p 95-101
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    Parabolic Dish Stirling Module (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The design, manufacture, and assembly of a commercially designed parabolic dish Stirling 25 kWe module is examined. The cost, expected performance, design uniquenesses, and future commercial potential of this module, which is regarded as the most technically advanced in the parabolic dish industry is discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 5th Parabolic Dish Solar Thermal Power Program; p 94
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  • 166
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    Continuing Research at Solar Steam, Incorporated (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The design and manufacture of two solar dish systems are discussed. A 30 foot diameter glass dish was designed, tested, and abandoned due to poor cost effectiveness during mass production. A 40 foot diameter glass dish that uses a single post wind abatement support carriage is under development.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 5th Parabolic Dish Solar Thermal Power Program; p 83
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  • 167
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    Advanced Solar Power Systems (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The Advanced Solar Power System (ASPS) concentrator uses a technically sophisticated design and extensive tooling to produce very efficient (80 to 90%) and versatile energy supply equipment which is inexpensive to manufacture and requires little maintenance. The advanced optical design has two 10th order, generalized aspheric surfaces in a Cassegrainian configuration which gives outstanding performance and is relatively insensitive to temperature changes and wind loading. Manufacturing tolerances also have been achieved. The key to the ASPS is the direct absorption of concentrated sunlight in the working fluid by radiative transfers in a black body cavity. The basic ASPS design concepts, efficiency, optical system, and tracking and focusing controls are described.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 5th Parabolic Dish Solar Thermal Power Program; p 68-80
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  • 168
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    Vanguard Concentration (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The design, manufacture, and performance of a solar parabolic dish/stirling engine system are investigated. The commercialization of the system is discussed based on ease of fabrication, assembly, and cost effectiveness. The various components contributed from government and related industries are evaluated.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 5th Parabolic Dish Solar Thermal Power Program; p 109
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  • 169
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    A Transmittance-optimized, Point-focus Fresnel Lens Solar Concentrator (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The development of a point-focus Fresnel lens solar concentrator for high-temperature solar thermal energy system applications is discussed. The concentrator utilizes a transmittance-optimized, short-focal-length, dome-shaped refractive Fresnel lens as the optical element. This concentrator combines both good optical performance and a large tolerance for manufacturing, deflection, and tracking errors. The conceptual design of an 11-meter diameter concentrator which should provide an overall collector efficiency of about 70% at an 815 C (1500 F) receiver operating temperature and a 1500X geometric concentration ratio (lens aperture area/receiver aperture area) was completed. Results of optical and thermal analyses of the collector, a discussion of manufacturing methods for making the large lens, and an update on the current status and future plans of the development program are included.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 5th Parabolic Dish Solar Thermal Power Program; p 25-37
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  • 170
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    Analysis of inclined growth of silicon sheet (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A general-purpose finite element program was developed for analysis of silicon sheet growth in inclined configurations. This program will be used to study parametric sensitivity of various growth geometries with respect to thermal control and growth rate, dopant segregation, thermal stress and interface morphology and instability.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 24th Project Integration Meeting; p 571-573
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  • 171
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    Stress and buckling analysis (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: An analysis is presented of elastic stress and buckling behavior due to thermal stresses in silicon ribbon. Thermal profiles for reducing stresses and improving flatness in wide ribbon are discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 24th Project Integration Meeting; p 525-543
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  • 172
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    Silicon dendritic web growth (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Technological goals for a silicon dendritic web growth program effort are presented. Principle objectives for this program include: (1) grow long web crystals front continuously replenished melt; (2) develop temperature distribution in web and melt; (3) improve reproductibility of growth; (4) develop configurations for increased growth rates (width and speed); (5) develop new growth system components as required for improved growth; and (6) evaluate quality of web growth.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 24th Project Integration Meeting; p 473-481
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  • 173
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    Temperature-stress modeling (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Temperature-stress modeling for silicon dendritic web growth is described. Temperature/stress fields near growth front are examined. The effects of lateral temperature gradients are also explored.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 24th Project Integration Meeting; p 483-490
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  • 174
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    Pulsed excimer laser processing for cost-effective solar cells (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The goal was to demonstrate the cost effectiveness feasibility of fabricating 16% efficient solar cells on 125 mm diameter Cz wafers using pulsed excimer laser for junction formation, surface passivation, and front metallization.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 24th Project Integration Meeting; p 437-446
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  • 175
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    Modeling of the silane FBR system (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Development of a mathematical model for fluidized bed pyrolysis of silane that relates production rate and product properties (size, size distribution, presence or absence of fines) with bed size and operating conditions (temperature, feed concentration, flow rate, seed size, etc.) and development of user oriented algorithm for the model are considered. A parameter sensitivity study of the model was also developed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 24th Project Integration Meeting; p 259-273
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  • 176
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    A fluidized-bed reactor for silane pyrolysis (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The silane decomposition in a fluidized bed reactor was studied. The process feasibility and operating windows were determined. Long duration tests were conducted and silicon purity was demonstrated. A high purity linear was installed in the fluid bed reactor; the FBR product was melted and single crystallized. Product purity improvements are noted.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 24th Project Integration Meeting; p 247-249
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  • 177
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    Comprehensive silicon solar-cell computer modeling (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A comprehensive silicon solar cell computer modeling scheme was developed to perform the following tasks: (1) model and analysis of the net charge distribution in quasineutral regions; (2) experimentally determined temperature behavior of Spire Corp. n+pp+ solar cells where n+-emitter is formed by ion implantation of 75As or 31P; and (3) initial validation results of computer simulation program using Spire Corp. n+pp+ cells.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 24th Project Integration Meeting; p 313-323
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  • 178
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    Polymerizable ultraviolet stabilizers (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Polymerizable ultraviolet stabilizers were examined. The objective was to synthesize polymerizable UV monomers, and to incorporate polymerizable UV stabilizers (benzotriazoles) into polymers.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 24th Project Integration Meeting; p 137-143
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  • 179
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    Micromolecular modeling (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A reaction kinetics based model of the photodegradation process, which measures all important rate constants, and a computerized model capable of predicting the photodegradation rate and failure modes of a 30 year period, were developed. It is shown that the computerized photodegradation model for polyethylene correctly predicts failure of ELVAX 15 and cross linked ELVAX 150 on outdoor exposure. It is indicated that cross linking ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) does not significantly change its degradation rate. It is shown that the effect of the stabilizer package is approximately equivalent on both polymers. The computerized model indicates that peroxide decomposers and UV absorbers are the most effective stabilizers. It is found that a combination of UV absorbers and a hindered amine light stabilizer (HALS) is the most effective stabilizer system.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 24th Project Integration Meeting; p 129-135
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  • 180
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    Silicon surface passivation by silicon nitride deposition (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Silicon nitride deposition was studied as a method of passivation for silicon solar cell surfaces. The following three objectives were the thrust of the research: (1) the use of pecvd silicon nitride for passivation of silicon surfaces; (2) measurement techniques for surface recombination velocity; and (3) the importance of surface passivation to high efficiency solar cells.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 24th Project Integration Meeting; p 333-345
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  • 181
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    Inertial Energy Storage for Spacecraft (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The feasibility of inertial energy storage in a spacecraft power system is evaluated on the basis of a conceptual integrated design that encompasses a composite rotor, magnetic suspension and a permanent magnet (PM) motor/generator for a 3-kW orbital average payload at a bus distribution voltage of 250 volts dc. The conceptual design, is referred to as a Mechanical Capacitor. The baseline power system configuration selected is a series system employing peak-power-tracking for a Low Earth-Orbiting application. Power processing, required in the motor/generator, provides potential alternative that can only be achieved in systems with electrochemical energy storage by the addition of power processing components. One such alternative configuration provides for peak-power-tracking of the solar array and still maintains a regulated bus, without the expense of additional power processing components. Precise speed control of the two counterrotating wheels is required to reduce interaction with the attitude control system (ACS) or alternatively, used to perform attitude control functions.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: The 1983 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 3-22
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  • 182
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    Recent Advances in Design of Low Cost Film Concentrator and Low Pressure Free Piston Stirling Engines for Solar Power (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The free piston Stirling-linear alternator was shown to be scalable to power levels of tens of kilowatts in a form which is simple, efficient, long lived and relatively inexpensive. It avoids entirely the vexing problem of high pressure shaft, and its control requirements are not severe nor do they represent a significant threat to durability. Linear alternators have demonstrated high efficiency and moderate weight, and are capable of delivering 3 phase power from single machines without great increases of cost or complexity. There remains no apparent impediments to the commercial exploitation of the free piston engine for solar electric power generation.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 5th Parabolic Dish Solar Thermal Power Program; p 179-196
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  • 183
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    White Cliffs: Operating Experience (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The fourteen dish white cliffs solar power station area is remote and subject to extreme environmental conditions, solution of the associated problems required careful and thoughtful attention and the application of resources. Notwithstanding the wide range and harshness of conditions, the difficulties caused by remoteness and the lack of a technological base and the need for relatively rapid demonstration of success, the project has had a very positive outcome. Qualitative and quantitative information and lessons are now available to enable considerable simplifications to be made for a new system, reducing both hardware and operation and maintenance costs. Experience and lessons are presented, particularly in relation to: system performance in various environmental conditions; design philosophies for collectors, the array, control systems, engine and plant; operation and maintenance strategies and cost reducing possibilities. Experience so far gives encouragement for the future of such paraboloidal dish systems in appropriate areas.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 5th Parabolic Dish Solar Thermal Power Program; p 146-158
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  • 184
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    Solar Total Energy Project (STEP) Performance Analysis of High Temperature Energy Storage Subsystem (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The 1982 milestones and lessons learned; performance in 1983; a typical day's operation; collector field performance and thermal losses; and formal testing are highlighted. An initial test that involves characterizing the high temperature storage (hts) subsystem is emphasized. The primary element is on 11,000 gallon storage tank that provides energy to the steam generator during transient solar conditions or extends operating time. Overnight, thermal losses were analyzed. The length of time the system is operated at various levels of cogeneration using stored energy is reviewed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 5th Parabolic Dish Solar Thermal Power Program; p 137-145
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  • 185
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    Brayton Module Development Overview (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The Advanced Gas Turbine (AGT) and the Subatmospheric Brayton Cycle (SABC) engines are under development. The AGT is developed for automotive applications while the SABC is developed for a gas fired heat pump application. Trade studies of the AGT, the SABC and other existing gas turbins are conducted in combination with various concentrators. The recommendation from these studies is to use the SABC for near term module development while following the AGT development for later advanced application. A preliminary design is completed at the module.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 5th Parabolic Dish Solar Thermal Power Program; p 110-112
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  • 186
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    Testing of the United Stirling 4-95 solar Stirling engine on test bed concentrator (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The objectives with the testing, test set-ups, component designs, and the results of the testing of the solar Stirling engine in a parabolic dish system are presented. The most important tests are characterization of receivers, full day performance of complete system, cavity and aperture window test including influence from windeffects, control system tests, radiator system tests and special temperature measurements with infrared camera. The influence on performance of flux distribution depnding on concentrator alignment, and the optimum receiver operating criteria when balancing flux and temperatures on cooled receiver surface while avoiding flux on uncooled surfaces are also discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 5th Parabolic Dish Solar Thermal Power Program; p 102-108
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  • 187
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    On Solar Thermal Electric Power Capacity Sizing (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The commercialization of parabolic dish/generator modules are investigated. Design analysis indicates that a 10 sq m/ three kilowatt generator configuration is simple and easy to maintain, manufacturing is easily adaptable, the demand is already established, the unit is cost effective and the hardware is readily available.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 5th Parabolic Dish Solar Thermal Power Program; p 81
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  • 188
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    Non-doe-sponsored Domestic Dish Activities (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The parabolic dish development activities being undertaken within the private sector of the United States were addressed. The primary emphasis of these non-DOE-sponsored activities is the development of commercial products that can penetrate the market in the near term. The exchange of information between these activities and the complementary DOE-sponsored work directed toward developing advancements in technology is considered to be of major importance. The experiences and problems encountered in the private sector serve as inputs that will help guide in the planning of the DOE program. In turn, a principal objective of the DOE program is the transfer findings of its technological development activities to the private sector. Activities in the private are characterized by their diversity in terms of both product design and marketing approach. The differences in the design concepts and the sizes of the dish concentrators under development are particularly noteworthy.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Proc. of the 5th Parabolic Dish Solar Thermal Power Program; p 67
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  • 189
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    Advanced Solar Receivers (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Low thermal efficiencies in solar receivers are discussed in terms of system design. It is recommended that careful attention be given to the overall thermal systems design, especially to conductive losses about the window and areas of relatively thin insulation. If the cavity design is carefully managed to insure a small, minimally reradiating aperture, the goal of a very high efficiency cavity receiver is a realistic one.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Proc. of the 5th Parabolic Dish Solar Thermal Power Program; p 50-56
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  • 190
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    Current Status of an Organic Rankine Cycle Engine Development Program (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The steps taken to achieve improved bearing life in the organic Rankine cycle (ORC) engine being developed for use on solar parabolic dishes are presented. A summary of test results is given. Dynamic tests on the machine shaft and rotors of the ORC engine are also discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 5th Parabolic Dish Solar Thermal Power Program; p 48
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  • 191
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    Parabolic Dish Concentrator (PDC-2) Development (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The design of the Parabolic Dish Concentrator (PDC-2) is described. The following five subsystems of the concentrator are discussed: (1) reflective surface subsystem, (2) support structure subsystem, (3) foundation, (4) drive subsystem, and (5) electrical and control subsystem. The status of the PDC-2 development project is assessed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 5th Parabolic Dish Solar Thermal Power Program; p 16-24
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  • 192
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    Laser assisted deposition (1983)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Applications of laser-based processing techniques to solar cell metallization are discussed. Laser-assisted thermal or photolytic maskless deposition from organometallic vapors or solutions may provide a viable alternative to photovoltaic metallization systems currently in use. High power, defocused excimer lasers may be used in conjunction with masks as an alternative to direct laser writing to provide higher throughput. Repeated pulsing with excimer lasers may eliminate the need for secondary plating techniques for metal film buildup. A comparison between the thermal and photochemical deposition processes is made.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the Flat-Plate Solar Array Res. Forum on Photovoltaic Metallization Systems; p 317-332
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  • 193
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    Metallization with generic metallo-organic inks (1983)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The use and fabrication of metallo-organic films are discussed. Metallo-organic compounds are ones in which a metal is linked to a long chain carbon ligand through a hetero atom such as O, S, N, P or As. Films formed by the thermal decomposition of these metallo-organics are called MOD films. In order that the products of decomposition contain only CO2, H2O, and in rare cases nitrogen compounds, and to avoid S containing products, the use of a set of metallo-organic compounds for ink fabrication where the linking hetero atom was oxygen was pioneered. These links were made from commercially available carboxylates, or synthesized from commonly available reagents. The processing is described and the molecular design criteria are given. The particular carboxylates or amine carboxylates selected were the octoates or neodecanoates, and they are described.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the Flat-Plate Solar Array Res. Forum on Photovoltaic Metallization Systems; p 277-300
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  • 194
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    Solar cell metallization: Historical perspective (1983)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Solar cell metallization design requirements are discussed. Space applications and terrestrial applications are considered. Cost factors are discussed in relation to design analysis.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the Flat-Plate Solar Array Res. Forum on Photovoltaic Metallization Systems; p 9-18
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  • 195
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    Economic implications of current systems (1983)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The primary goals of this study are to estimate the value of R&D to photovoltaic (PV) metallization systems cost, and to provide a method for selecting an optimal metallization method for any given PV system. The value-added cost and relative electrical performance of 25 state-of-the-art (SOA) and advanced metallization system techniques are compared.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Proc. of the Flat-Plate Solar Array Res. Forum on Photovoltaic Metallization Systems; p 19-33
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  • 196
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    Planar multijunction high voltage solar cell chip (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A new innovative planar multijunction solar cell chip for concentrated sunlight applications is proposed. The chip consists of many voltage-generating regions, called unit cells, which are connected in series within a single silicon wafer, thereby providing a high open-circuit voltage at multiple sun illumination levels. The unit cells are fabricated on 75 micron thick p-type single crystal silicon substrate. Each chip consists of 1.42 x 9.63 mm n(+)/p collecting junctions on the back of the wafer, while the illuminated front surface area is divided into 0.3 micron deep n(+) regions. The fabrication sequence includes standard degreasing and cleaning procedures, double-sided alignment photomasking, introduction of boron and phosphorus impurities, and photolithography. The open circuit voltage of the chip increased rapidly with illumination up to about 4 AM1 suns, and then began to saturate at the sum of the individual unit cell voltages of 3.5 above 4 AM1 suns. A short circuit density per unit cell of 300 mA/sq cm at 20 AM1 suns was observed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Journal of Applied Physics; 53; Nov. 198
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  • 197
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    A review of resonance response in large, horizontal-axis wind turbines (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: (Previously announced in STAR as N82-23711)
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Solar Energy; 29; 5, 19; 1982
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  • 198
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    Calibration of solar cells by the reference cell method - The spectral mismatch problem (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The calibration of solar cells by means of solar simulators and calibrated reference cells has always been faced with the problem of errors due to source spectral irradiance mismatch and cell spectral response mismatch. A general expression is derived in this paper to enable calculation of mismatch error. The information required to make this calculation is the relative spectra responses of the test and reference cells, and the relative spectral irradiance of the simulator (over the spectral range defined by cell response). The spectral irradiance of the solar standard is assumed given. Experimental results are presented.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Solar Energy; 29; 4, 19; 1982
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    Hybrid thermoelectric solar collector design and analysis (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A flat-plate solar collector is conceived where energy cascades through thermoelectric power modules generating direct-current electricity. The intent of this work was to choose a collector configuration and to perform a steady-state thermal performance assessment. A set of energy balance equations were written and solved numerically for the purpose of optimizing collector thermal and electrical performance. The collector design involves finned columns of thermoelectric modules imbedded in the absorber plate (hot junction) over a parallel array of vertical tubes. The thermoelectric power output is limited by the small hot-junction/cold-junction temperature difference which can be maintained under steady-state conditions. The electric power per unit tube pass area is found to have a maximum as a function of a geometric parameter, while electric power is maximized with respect to an electric resistance ratio. Although the electric power efficiency is small, results indicate that there is sufficient electric power production to drive a coolant circulator, suggesting the potential for a stand-alone system.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
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    Dispersed solar thermal generation employing parabolic dish-electric transport with field modulated generator systems (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: This paper discusses the application of field modulated generator systems (FMGS) to dispersed solar-thermal-electric generation from a parabolic dish field with electric transport. Each solar generation unit is rated at 15 kWe and the power generated by an array of such units is electrically collected for insertion into an existing utility grid. Such an approach appears to be most suitable when the heat engine rotational speeds are high (greater than 6000 r/min) and, in particular, if they are operated in the variable speed mode and if utility-grade a.c. is required for direct insertion into the grid without an intermediate electric energy storage and reconversion system. Predictions of overall efficiencies based on conservative efficiency figures for the FMGS are in the range of 25 per cent and should be encouraging to those involved in the development of cost-effective dispersed solar thermal power systems.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Solar Energy; 27; 1, 19; 1981
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