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  • Articles  (70,559)
  • 1990-1994  (35,743)
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  • Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology  (70,559)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A flat flame burner as calibration source for combustion research: Temperatures and species concentrations of premixed H2/air flames (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 2908-2911 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A commercially available flat flame burner with a sintered porous bronze disk was used to stabilize premixed H2/air flames at atmospheric pressure. Temperatures for various stoichiometries, flow rates, and heights above the burner disk have been measured by coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering with an accuracy of ≈2.5%. The corresponding exhaust gas compositions have been derived from equilibrium calculations. This burner together with the data presented in this article can be used for the verification or calibration of a variety of measuring techniques in combustion research.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1144637
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measurement of surface reflection coefficients via multiple reflection of microwaves (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 2920-2928 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Multiple reflection of a microwave beam between a horn antenna and a smooth target in the antenna near field produces an interference effect in the received power. This effect can be described by modeling the antenna and target as a closely coupled system with "coherent'' reflection coefficients. This model shows better agreement with experimental data than models based on isotropic antenna "backscatter.'' Measurement techniques are derived from this new model, which permit, by sampling the interference pattern, the remote sensing of the reflection coefficient of an unknown surface. From the reflection coefficient the dielectric constant or surface roughness can be obtained. A simple diagnostic apparatus is described together with possible industrial/laboratory applications.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1144578
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of laser beam waist using photoionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 2776-2780 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A method for the determination of a focused laser beam waist via photoionization and retarding potential analysis is discussed. The focused laser beam was employed to photoionize gas phase clusters generated from a supersonic cluster source. It intersects the cluster beam at right angle in the first stage of the time-of-flight (TOF) acceleration lens assembly. With a simple modification on a laser-based TOF mass spectrometer, retarding fields were applied right in front of the microchannel plate ion detector to map out the kinetic energy distribution of the cluster ions. The size of the laser beam along the molecular beam axis in the ionization region can then be directly related to this energy distribution. In addition, this method manifests a sensitive probe (within 10 μm) to the laser beam position.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1144615
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A broadband picovoltmeter based on the direct current superconducting quantum interference device with additional positive feedback (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 3005-3011 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A picovoltmeter working at 4.2 K and based on a direct current superconducting quantum interference device (dc SQUID) with additional passive positive feedback for investigating the properties of superconducting thin films, Josephson junctions, and SQUIDs has been developed. It has a large small-signal bandwidth fm(approximately-equal-to)800 kHz, a slew rate of (approximately-equal-to)38 mV/s, a dynamic range of 146 dB, and a voltage resolution of 5 pV/Hz1/2 for a signal source impedance Rs=0 Ω. The noise temperature is (approximately-equal-to)0.6 K for Rs=1 Ω. In this article the dynamics and noise properties of the instrument are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1144593
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Triggerable spark gap switches for pulsed gas lasers (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 3030-3031 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Two simple three-electrode spark gaps have been constructed to operate at high voltages up to 30 kV for use in a gas laser triggering system. The performance of each spark gap has been tested in a nitrogen laser system designed for this purpose, and the results are described in this report. The pressure-controlled spark gap has shown better results in terms of stability and lifetime, and it is highly reliable for high repetition rate switching.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1144598
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Susceptibility spectrum of a magnetic conducting sphere (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 3044-3045 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The frequency dependence of the complex ac susceptibility of a magnetic conducting sphere is derived. The resultant formulas can be used to determine electrical conductivity from ac susceptibility measurements, to calculate ac susceptibilities of standard samples for the calibration of ac susceptometers, and to analyze ac losses in materials research.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1144605
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A simple and efficient external gas filtration and trapping system for excimer lasers (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 2464-2469 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Excimer lasers are excellent sources of coherent light in the ultraviolet range of the spectrum. However, they have the drawback of requiring significant maintenance due to the corrosive gases, generation of dust, and contamination of the laser chamber optics which occur during normal operation. Improvements which are generally applicable to any excimer laser system are specifically described in terms of the two Questek (Lambda Physik, Acton, MA) model 2860 lasers in our lab. The same basic procedures are currently being implemented in two Lambda lasers in other research groups at our university. A novel gas triple filtration system, a simple cold trap with a counter-flow heat exchanger, and a careful selection of valves have been added to minimize dust contamination of the optics, to decrease contamination and leakage of the gas fill, to provide safe and easy dust removal, and to reduce maintenance downtime.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1145227
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Magnetic pulse compressor for prepulse discharge in spiker-sustainer excitation technique for XeCl lasers (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 2475-2481 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A high-voltage pulse output modulator using a step-up transformer with two stages of magnetic pulse compression circuits has been developed as a spiker for the purpose of obtaining the breakdown of the gas mixture when using the spiker-sustainer excitation technique for pumping XeCl discharge lasers. When the transformer input is fed by a current pulse with a peak value and a full width of 1.16 kA and 1.6 μs, respectively, formed by a discharge of an initially charged 19-kV, 57-nF capacitance in series in the transformer primary loop, the 2.7-nF output capacitor bank (Cp) of the spiker can be charged up to 67 kV with a (10%–90%) rise time of 59 ns. The modulator has been tested at a repetition rate of up to 600 Hz in burst mode using a resistor in parallel with Cp as the load.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1144705
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High-temperature scanning tunneling microscope with a novel sample heater and interchangeable scan heads (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 2519-2522 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A UHV-compatible, high-temperature scanning tunneling microscope (STM) with a sample stage incorporating a Si wafer as a resistive heater is described. The design allows for rapid interchange of scanning tubes so that the maximum scan size can be varied. The thermal stability of the microscope is excellent, allowing real-time studies of faceting and grain growth of metal surfaces at temperatures up to 400 °C with a long term drift of ∼0.05 A(ring)/s.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1144644
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Resonance response of scanning force microscopy cantilevers (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 2532-2537 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A variational method is used to calculate the deflection and the fundamental and harmonic resonance frequencies of commercial V-shaped and rectangular atomic force microscopy cantilevers. The effective mass of V-shaped cantilevers is roughly half that calculated for the equivalent rectangular cantilevers. Damping by environmental gases, including air, nitrogen, argon, and helium, affects the frequency of maximum response and to a much greater degree the quality factor Q. Helium has the lowest viscosity, resulting in the highest Q, and thus provides the best sensitivity in noncontact force microscopy. Damping in liquids is dominated by an increase in effective mass of the cantilever due to an added mass of the liquid being dragged with that cantilever.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1144647
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High-precision harmonic magnetic-field measurement and analysis using a fixed angle Hall probe (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 2548-2555 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A special theoretical concept involving the harmonic magnetic-field measurement and analysis method using a fixed angle Hall probe was developed at the Synchrotron Radiation Research Center (SRRC) for measuring as well as analyzing the triple bending achromat magnets of the storage ring. The method can be used to simulate the harmonic magnetic-field calculation of the two-dimensional (2D) "magnet'' program. This method has a quite simple mechanism. The Hall plate was fixed at a 0° angle with respect to the horizontal plane of magnet to measure only the vertical field. Additionally, the 2D nonlinear least-square fitting was used to fit the mapping data so as to find the normal and skew multipole field strength. If necessary, the angle of Hall probe could be rotated 90° precisely for measuring the horizontal field. Consequently, the skew dipole field could be obtained. A real-time Hall-probe automatic magnetic-field measurement system was also developed for fulfilling the concept of the harmonic field measurement. Some special mapping trajectories for different kinds of magnets were discussed to match this special theoretical concept with the analysis methodology. This was done so as to obtain the reliable and accurate harmonic field strength. The accuracy and precision of the harmonic field strength measurement and analysis of this method being better than ±0.01% was confirmed by experimental results.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1144650
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Improved optical tomography device (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 2574-2579 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: We report the development of an improved optical tomography diagnostic which measures the velocity-space distribution of a laboratory plasma in two dimensions. The new device is capable of imaging plasma distributions over a wider range of magnetic fields and plasma column diameters than the previous design, while minimizing the risk of misdiagnosis due to perturbations caused by inserting the device in the plasma. Computer-aided control of the diagnostic allows a greater number of single-dimensional scans to be collected in a shorter amount of time, resulting in increased resolution of the reconstructed image while freeing up more time for the user to perform the experiment. Recent data using the new device are presented to show improvement of resolution gained by doubling the number of total scans. Finally, we present a method to identify velocity-space nonuniformities without the need to reconstruct a complete image.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1144653
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ion temperature measuring probe in a strongly magnetized plasma (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 2607-2614 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A probe for the measurement of the ion temperature in a strongly magnetized plasma is described. The positive-ion current to a cylindrical probe, whose axis is set parallel to the magnetic field, is calculated in the collision-free regime as a function of the ion temperature and the magnetic-field strength. It is assumed that the electron Larmor radius is negligibly small compared to the radius of the cylinder. Only the ion Larmor radius is treated as finite. The ion temperature can be evaluated from the ratio of ion currents of the two cylindrical electrodes with different lengths, whose surfaces are parallel to the magnetic field. The effect of ion drift along the cylinder axis is also considered. Experiments have been made in the edge plasma of a JFT-2M tokamak to test the above probe for determining plasma parameters during ohmic and NBI heatings.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1144659
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gated x-ray imager gain correction using a tapered microchannel-plate stripline (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 2585-2586 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Gated imagers used to record x-ray emission in the 1–5 keV range in laser-plasma interaction experiments have suffered from resistive gain degradation between voltage drive pulse input and output ends of a microchannel-plate stripline. The reduction in gain as the pulse travels down the strip results in a lower signal-to-background ratio in the last image on a strip than in the first image. Compensation for this gain nonuniformity using a tapered stripline in place of the normally straight striplines is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1144655
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measurement of ion flows using an "unmagnetized'' Mach probe in the interchangeable module stellarator (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 2599-2606 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A Mach probe is used to measure poloidal and toroidal flows induced by a biased electrode in IMS. Mach probe theories are reviewed and classified as either magnetized or unmagnetized. A simple geometric model of the IMS Mach probe shows that the variation of the effective probe area as a function of the probe orientation with respect to the magnetic field is 20%–25%, predicting the probe to be only slightly magnetized. Measurements of the variation in the total ion saturation current collected by the probe, as the angle with respect to the magnetic field is varied, demonstrate this level of magnetization only at low neutral pressure at large minor radius, while in other cases the variation in the total collected current is negligible. Based on this result an unmagnetized model [M. Hudis and L. M. Lidsky, J. Appl. Phys. 41, 5011 (1970)] is chosen to analyze the IMS Mach probe data. Comparison of Mach probe poloidal flow measurements as a function of minor radius to calculations of the E×B drift velocity and the ion diamagnetic drift velocity from radial profiles of floating potential and ion saturation current, respectively, shows agreement to within 15%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1144658
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oscillatory deep channel interfacial rheometer (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 2675-2679 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: An interfacial rheometer to measure the dynamic response of a liquid–liquid interface subjected to a small amplitude oscillatory shear stress is described. Experiments are conducted in a deep channel rheometer fitted with an oscillatory floor. This instrument is used to examine the rheological behavior of interfaces in the presence of surfactants. Rheological parameters are calculated from a hydrodynamic analysis incorporating interfacial rheological models. It is demonstrated here that an adsorbed layer of macromolecular surfactants at an oil–water interface is viscoelastic even though the adjacent phases are Newtonian.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1144669
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Practical nitric oxide measurement employing a nitric oxide-selective electrode (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 2714-2718 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: An NO-selective electrode was developed as an easily applicable tool for a real-time nitric oxide (NO) measurement. The working electrode (0.2 mm diam) was made from Pt/Ir alloy coated with a three-layered membrane. The counterelectrode was made from a carbon fiber. When a stable NO donor, S-nitroso-N-acetyl-dl-penicillamine, was applied, the electrode current increased in a dose-dependent fashion. The current and calculated NO concentration showed a linear relationship in the range from 0.2 nM (S/N=1) to 1 μM of NO. The response of the electrode was 1.14±0.09 s. The effects of temperature, pH, and chemicals other than NO on the electrode current were also evaluated. Electrodes which were placed in the luminal side of rat aortic rings exhibited 30 pA of current due to NO generation induced by the addition of 10−6 M of acetylcholine. The current was eliminated in the presence of 50 μM NG-monomethyl-L-arginine, an inhibitor of NO synthase. Thus, this NO-selective electrode is applicable to real-time NO assay in biological systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1144674
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mechanical strength of sapphire windows under pressure (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 2719-2725 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Systematic tests of failure have been performed up to 700 MPa on 75 cylindrical sapphire windows of various thicknesses in the Poulter unsupported area geometry. Three distinct failure patterns are found to occur. The influence on the bursting pressure of the c-axis orientation, annealing, and fatigue are reported and discussed. Maximum working pressures are determined, as a function of the ratios of thickness and unsupported area diameter, to the window's diameter.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1145206
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An X–Y scan generator for a scanning tunneling microscope (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 2733-2734 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The design and construction of a digital X–Y scan generator used in conjunction with a scanning tunneling microscope and a data acquisition card for the purpose of digitizing images are presented here. The unit generates triangular waveform voltages for the piezoelectric elements and equally spaced pulses in the X and Y directions. The "n×n'' triggering pulses are used to initiate digital to analog conversions in a data acquisition card thus obtaining a symmetrical digitized image. The generator is well suited as a scan generator for any lab-built tunneling microscope.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1144608
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Soldered high-pressure high-temperature sapphire window (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 2739-2740 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A technique for making reliable optical windows to be used in high-pressure high-temperature experiments is described. Gas-tight sealing of the cylindrical sapphire window is achieved by soldering it to a thin cylindrical shell with the eutectic silver–copper alloy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1144611
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Novel magnetic-spiker sustainer excitation circuit for a multijoule TE CO2 laser (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 2175-2179 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Successful operation of a multijoule output TE CO2 laser using a new magnetic-spiker sustainer excitation circuit is reported. The use of the new excitation circuit has resulted in a significant reduction (∼90%) in the amount of sustainer pulse energy that has to pass through the magnetic switch. In addition, the new circuit technique allows operation of the discharge at reduced voltage (∼50%) and extends the range of excitation current pulse durations (up to ∼7 μs) over which arc-free discharges can be formed. The laser has produced a typical output of 5 J at an overall efficiency of ∼13% from a helium-free gas mixture at a pressure of 400 mbar.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1144722
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
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    Hyper-Rayleigh scattering in solution with tunable femtosecond continuous-wave laser source (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 2190-2194 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Hyper-Rayleigh scattering has been developed as a generally applicable technique for the determination of the first hyperpolarizability β of a wide class of molecules [Clays and Persoons, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 63, 3285 (1992)]. In this article, we show that it is possible to replace the low repetition rate, nanosecond pulse, Q-switched laser source and fast gated electronics by a self-mode-locked, femtosecond pulse, broadly tunable continuous-wave laser and phase-sensitive detection. This results in a faster and much simpler measurement procedure. The accuracy of the femtosecond hyper-Rayleigh scattering set-up was checked by measuring the first hyperpolarizability β of the octopolar molecule crystal violet in methanol [(450±100)×10−30 esu at 800 nm]. The sensitivity of the instrument allows concentration-dependence studies, down to the pure solvent.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1144725
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Condensed matter electron momentum spectrometer with parallel detection in energy and momentum (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 2214-2226 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: An electron momentum spectrometer has been constructed which measures electron binding energies and momenta by fully determining the kinematics of the incident, scattered, and ejected electrons resulting from (e,2e) ionizing collisions in a thin solid foil. The spectrometer operates with incident beam energies of 20–30 keV in an asymmetric, non-coplanar scattering geometry. Bethe ridge kinematics are used which for 20 keV incident energy has scattered electron energies of 18.8 keV at a polar angle of θs=14°and azimuthal angles φs in the range from −18° to +18° and ejected electrons of 1.2 keV and θe=76°with φe=π±6°. The technique uses transmission through the target foil, but it is most sensitive to the surface from which the 1.2 keV electrons emerge, to a depth of about 2 nm. Scattered and ejected electron energies and azimuthal angles are detected in parallel using position sensitive detection, yielding true coincidence count rates of 6 Hz from a 5.5 nm thick evaporated carbon target and an incident beam current of around 100 nA. The energy resolution is approximately 1.3 eV and momentum resolution approximately 0.15 a0−1. The energy resolution could readily be improved by monochromating the incident electron beam.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1144730
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cesium liquid metal ion source for secondary ion mass spectrometry (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 2276-2280 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A Cs liquid metal ion source (LMIS) and focused ion beam system for microarea secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) have been developed. Because of the chemical activity, low surface tension, and high vapor pressure of Cs, few successful Cs LMISs have heretofore been reported, as opposed to the many successful applications of Ga in LMIS. A new Cs-LMIS design had to be developed to supply Cs to the emitter/reservoir under UHV to prevent oxidation, to prevent liquid Cs from dripping off the emitter substrate, and to minimize the surface area exposed so as to minimize thermal evaporation. The last consideration is very important since the evaporation rate of Cs is many orders of magnitude higher than, e.g., Ga at the melting point. A focused Cs beam was obtained with a newly designed SIMS system, which is about 0.1 μm beam size and a beam current density on the specimen of 0.8 A/cm2. An operating time of more than 600 h has been achieved at a total emission current of 1 μA without resupplying the source material at room temperature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1144676
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    Short intense hydrogen gas pulses for transport studies in fusion plasmas produced by laser thermal desorption from titanium hydride (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 2306-2309 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The suitability of laser thermal desorption (LTD) from titanium hydride targets for the production of short intense hydrogen gas pulses for diagnostic applications in fusion devices was investigated. A hydrogen yield of 2.2×1018 H2 molecules was achieved with a pulse energy of 11 J on a target spot diameter of 4.5 mm. The duration of the gas puff is closely coupled to the laser pulse length of 1 ms. The production of gas pulses by LTD close to the plasma creates the requirements for investigating very fast transport processes, especially at the high-field side. The hydrogen pulses were contaminated by 2×10−3 Ti atoms/H2 molecule, primarily as a result of evaporation on overheated surface inhomogeneities. Conditioning the surface with giant laser pulses allowed the contamination to be reduced by a factor of 2.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1145226
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    Sensitivity profile of the Storey–Purcell array (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 2322-2325 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The Storey–Purcell array is an arrangement of four coaxial coils, composed of a Helmholtz pair nested inside a larger opposing Helmholtz pair whose respective area–turns products are sufficiently closely balanced to cancel the dipole moment of the combination when the magnitude of series current is the same in each coil pair. Ideally, the external field will exhibit 25-pole character and falloff with distance as r−7. The array has desirable properties as a flux sensor because it is closely coupled to internal oscillating flux yet strongly decoupled to fluctuating external fields arising in distant sources. We have built an array and measured the external axial field component up to ten radii away. Our measurement technique relies on the principle of reciprocity for mutual inductance. Our analysis indicates area–turns unbalance of less than 500 ppm is required for the measured sensitivity profile to approach the calculated shape characteristic of a 25 pole. Comparison of measured field values to those calculated from the magnetic multipole expansion show our imperfect construction results in an area–turns unbalance of the order of 2.5% or 25 000 ppm.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1144683
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    High-sensitive Pockels field sensor with a dielectric mirror (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 2351-2355 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The highly sensitive field sensor with a Pockels crystal which was devised by us has been modified by using a light reflection technique. By replacing a metallic mirror with a dielectric mirror which is sputtered on one end face of the Pockels crystal, the new field measuring system has an advantage of precisely measuring the field distribution in the long gap discharge. This is the case when the field sensing part consisting of the Pockels crystal is isolated from the main field measuring system and both are connected to each other with a long light guide cable. Based on our experiments, we found that the measurable minimum field strength in the long gap discharge is 2 V/cm with the accuracy of 16 dB and 0.2 V/cm with the critical accuracy of 0 dB. Furthermore, we point out that the size of the field sensing part can be reduced down to 1 mm in diameter by using a dielectric mirror and a light guide cable.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1144687
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    PVDF hydrophone and hydrophone array with side-looking elements (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 2376-2381 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Two single element hydrophones and an eight-element hydrophone array with side-looking polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) sensing elements are described. They were designed for measurements in which the ultrasonic beam insonifies the hydrophone from a direction perpendicular to the hydrophone axis. These hydrophones and the array have found various industrial and medical applications, especially for determining the ultrasound exposure of a patient in vivo. The construction and characterization of the hydrophones and the hydrophone array are reported and the directivities of the elements are compared with modeling results.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1145209
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    A method of compensating for the friction of a rotating bearing (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 2402-2405 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A torque converter and an electronic driver circuit are described that will generate a compensating applied torque that is equal and opposite to the frictional torque of a bearing over a range of angular velocities. The compensated bearing is effectively frictionless. The frictional torque is assumed to have a constant component and one that is proportional to the angular velocity.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1144694
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    Compact, semi-sealed-off, high-repetition-rate XeCl laser with a surface-wire-corona preionization (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 2410-2411 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: This paper describes the design and operating characteristics of a reasonably compact, semi-sealed-off, high-efficiency XeCl laser operating at prfs 〈170 Hz by a stable discharge system using a new type of surface-wire-corona preionizer. An efficient laser operation at a slope efficiency of 1.6% with an average power of 4.1 W (150 Hz) has been achieved from a discharge volume of 52 cc with an active length of 26 cm. With a small amount of H2 as additive, (approximately-greater-than)2×106 shots have been achieved on a single gas fill and an estimated half-power lifetime of 3×107 shots made.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1144697
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    Pulsed Laval nozzle with a large optical path length of 50 cm (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 2414-2415 
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    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: This note describes the design and performance of a pulsed valve developed as a gas source for a 500 mm long supersonic Laval nozzle with a 3 mm wide throat. The valve consists of a rotating drum with a slit, which allows an opening duration of approximately 14 ms. The duration of quasi-steady-state expansion is measured to be 10 ms at the nozzle throat when the pulsed valve is filled with 200 Torr of Ar gas.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1144699
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    Neural networks and their applications (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 1803-1832 
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    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Neural networks provide a range of powerful new techniques for solving problems in pattern recognition, data analysis, and control. They have several notable features including high processing speeds and the ability to learn the solution to a problem from a set of examples. The majority of practical applications of neural networks currently make use of two basic network models. We describe these models in detail and explain the various techniques used to train them. Next we discuss a number of key issues which must be addressed when applying neural networks to practical problems, and highlight several potential pitfalls. Finally, we survey the various classes of problem which may be addressed using neural networks, and we illustrate them with a variety of successful applications drawn from a range of fields. It is intended that this review should be accessible to readers with no previous knowledge of neural networks, and yet also provide new insights for those already making practical use of these techniques.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1144830
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    Aircraft-borne, laser-induced fluorescence instrument for the in situ detection of hydroxyl and hydroperoxyl radicals (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 1858-1876 
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    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The odd-hydrogen radicals OH and HO2 are central to most of the gas-phase chemical transformations that occur in the atmosphere. Of particular interest is the role that these species play in controlling the concentration of stratospheric ozone. This paper describes an instrument that measures both of these species at volume mixing ratios below one part in 1014 in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. The hydroxyl radical (OH) is measured by laser induced fluorescence at 309 nm. Tunable UV light is used to pump OH to the first electronic state (A˜ 2Σ+(v'=1) ← X˜2Π3/2 (v‘=0)) near 282 nm. The laser light is produced by a high-repetition rate pulsed dye-laser powered with all solid-state pump lasers. HO2 is measured as OH after gas-phase titration with nitric oxide. Measurements aboard a NASA ER-2 aircraft demonstrate the capability of this instrument to perform reliably with very high signal-to-noise ratios ((approximately-greater-than)30) achieved in short integration times (〈 20 sec).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1144835
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    High-efficiency retarding-potential Mott polarization analyzer (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 1893-1896 
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    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A compact retarding-potential Mott polarimeter is described that employs a thorium target. When operating at an electron accelerating voltage of 25 kV, the instrument provides effective asymmetry (Sherman) functions Seff between −0.15 and −0.25, the exact value being determined by the inelastic energy loss window selected. The corresponding scattering efficiencies I/I0 are in the range ∼6–2×10−3 resulting in optimized efficiencies η (≡S2effI/I0) of ∼1.6×10−4. These efficiencies are much larger than have been obtained previously with similar analyzers. The instrument is simple to construct, is stable in operation, and has a large electron-optical acceptance, estimated to be ∼104 mm2 sr eV. It is fully UHV compatible and is suitable for application in a wide range of spin-dependent studies.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1144839
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    Detection of a 10−4 helium peak in a deuterium atmosphere using a modified high-resolution quadrupole mass spectrometer (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 1912-1917 
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    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: This paper describes how a small helium (4He) peak can be separated from a large adjacent deuterium (D2) peak using a modified quadrupole mass spectrometer (QMS). This QMS utilized a condition of the second stability zone (zone II) in the Mathieu diagram. The minimum detectable peak ratio of 4He to D2 was 10−4 when a mass scan line was set close to the upper tip, and was 10−3 when the scan line was adjusted to the lower tip. The ion transmission rates simulating the peaks were calculated for the upper and lower zone conditions. It was found that a longer peak tail occurs when an unstable orbit has mainly a cosh function. From the experimental and theoretical data, it is concluded that the upper zone condition is the most suitable for realizing a high-resolution peak.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1144842
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    Adaption of synchronously scanned luminescence spectroscopy to organic-rich fluid inclusion microanalysis (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 1877-1882 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The instrumentation, the luminescence microprobe, and synchronously scanned luminescence spectroscopy technique described here can be used to classify microliter quantities of oil such as those in fluid inclusions in cements from petroleum reservoirs. It is primarily constructed to obtain synchronously scanned luminescence spectra from microscopic sized samples to characterize the organic classes of compounds that predominate. At present no other technique can so readily analyze a single oil-bearing fluid inclusion. The data collected from the technique are pertinent to evaluating systems and providing quantitative data for solving problems in oil migration and maturation determinations, oil-to-oil and oil-to-source correlations, oil degradation, and episodes and chemistry of cementation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1144836
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    Compact gas gun injection system for variable sized solid pellets (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 2316-2321 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The design, construction, and the testbed results for a novel compact gas gun injector for solid diagnostic pellets of different sizes and materials is reported here. The injector was optimized for the diagnostic requirements of the ASDEX Upgrade tokamak, yielding the possibility of a widely varying deposition profile of ablated material inside the plasma. This allows variation of the pellet velocity and the total number of injected atoms. The use of spherical carbon pellets and different propellant gases (He,N2,H2) results in an accessible velocity range from about 150 m/s to more than 600 m/s and pellet masses from 2×1018 to 1020 atoms. Both the scattering angle (∼1°) and the maximum propellant gas throughput to the tokamak (less than 1016 gas particles) were found to be sufficiently low. The injector provided both high efficiency (≥85%) and high reliability during the whole testbed operation period and also during the first injection experiments performed on ASDEX Upgrade. The pellet velocities achieved for different propellant gas pressures and pellet diameters were analyzed. It was discovered that, although the pellet diameters range from 0.45 to 0.85 times the barrel diameter, the pellet acceleration is mostly caused by gas drag. Pellet velocities in excess of those calculated on the basis of the gas drag model were observed. Additional acceleration that increases with the pellet diameter contrary to the gas drag model may be explained by the influence of the pellet on the gas dynamics in the barrel.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1144682
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    A comparison between conventional photothermal frequency scan and the lock-in rate window method in measuring thermal diffusivity of solids (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 2344-2350 
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    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A comparison between the conventional photothermal frequency scan method and the recently developed photothermal lock-in rate window technique for thermal diffusivity measurements of materials, is presented. In this comparison, a completely noncontact experimental configuration has been utilized based on infrared photothermal radiometry. This work shows that for thick materials with long thermal transport times across the sample where low-frequency measurements are required, the frequency scan method may be more appropriate due to its simplicity. The rate window method, however, gives superior signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for materials with very short thermal transport times such as metal foils, which otherwise require high frequency, low SNR measurements. A further advantage of the pulse duration-scanned rate-window mode is that it does not require knowledge of the instrumental transfer function as an input.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1144686
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    A rheometer to measure the viscoelastic properties of polymer melts at ultrasonic frequencies (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 2395-2401 
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    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A rheometer which uses a piezoelectric ultrasonic composite oscillator has been developed to measure the viscoelastic properties, G'(ω) and G‘(ω), of polymer melts at ultrasonic frequencies. The storage and loss moduli of an ethylene–tetrafluoroethylene copolymer melt were measured at six frequencies in the range 0.25×106–1.28×106 rad/s (between 40 and 200 kHz nominal frequency) and at a temperature of 280 °C. This ultrasonic instrument operates at strain amplitudes ranging from about 10−8 to 10−3 and is therefore ideally suited for linear viscoelastic property measurements.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1144693
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    Pulse charging of capacitors for reduction of voltage stress (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 2408-2409 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The advantages of on-demand pulse charging of high-voltage (HV) capacitors are discussed, highlighted by use of the technique to reduce the pulse width of a nitrogen laser to subnanosecond. Pulse charging reduces the HV stress on the capacitor dielectric resulting in a more compact laser reducing the discharge time of the laser strip-line capacitor. The HV pulse for charging is produced by switching a low-voltage capacitor via a step-up coil into the HV strip-line capacitor which is then immediately discharged. The system reduces the on-charge duty cycle to below 0.001.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1144696
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    All metal bakeable piezoelectric valve (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 2412-2413 
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    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: An ultrahigh vacuum leak valve is described, which can be baked up to 450 °C. The throughput can be adjusted between 1×10−10 and 5×10−6 Pa m3 s−1. The actuator is a piezoelectric stack which can be easily removed and set back. The baking temperature with the actuator in place is limited by the thermal specifications of the piezoelectric material. The inner surfaces, which are solely stainless-steel and gold, allow an almost unlimited choice of working gases.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1144698
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    A broadband method for the measurement of the surface impedance of thin films at microwave frequencies (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 2082-2090 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: We present a new technique to measure the complex surface impedance of the mixed state of superconducting thin films over the broad frequency range 45 MHz–20 GHz. The surface impedance is extracted from measurements of the complex reflection coefficient made on the film using a vector network analyzer. The technique takes advantage of a special geometry in which the self-fields from currents flowing in the film are everywhere parallel to the film surface, making it an ideal configuration in which to study vortex dynamics in superconductors. The broadband nature of the measurement system allows us to explore a region of magnetic field–temperature–frequency parameter space of superconductors previously inaccessible with other measurement techniques. The power of the technique is illustrated by measurements on thin films of the high temperature superconductor YBa2Cu3O7−δ.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1144816
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    A method for measuring the dependence of internal friction on strain (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 2102-2106 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A new method for investigating possible increases of internal friction when a sample is subjected to a substantial constant strain is discussed here. A special beam oscillator was designed in which the orientation of the apparatus determines whether the gravitational torque will apply either a large constant strain or a negligible one. The method was applied to test the strain dependence of the internal friction of a steel flexure 2.0 cm in length and 0.5 mm in thickness. When bent through an angle of 14.5°, it exhibited an 18% increase in internal friction over its unstrained value.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1144819
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    A fast multi-time-interval analyzer with real-time processing capability (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 2123-2129 
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    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: We report on the prototype of a new digital multi-time-interval analyzer (MTIA-1) based on a counter/memory architecture. The occurrence of multiple events with respect to a common start can be determined with a timing resolution of 4 ns. Incoming standard TTL or ECL pulses are processed and stored immediately after their detection in a 4096×16 Bit RAM. By virtue of this real-time histogramming concept, data acquisition does not have to be interrupted during signal processing. The maximum repetition rate of events to be processed in real time can be in excess of 20 MHz. The MTIA-1 is designed for repetitive timing applications where multiple time intervals have to be processed with very high speed. The analyzer accepts standard TTL or ECL pulses and has a maximum measurement range of 4096 channels. After the end of an individual multi time interval measurement no additional time consuming postprocessing is needed for data transfer or data analysis. The article gives an overview of the structure of the analyzer and its principle of operation. We further present an example for an application where the MTIA-1 is used in fiberoptic distributed temperature sensing.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1144708
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    Current distribution in a high Tc superconductor (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 2070-2074 
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    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: An experimental technique to measure the spatial surface B field distribution in a high Tc superconductor in the temperature range 15–90 K and low applied magnetic fields (less than 300 Oe) is described. A model of magnetic dipoles has been used to describe the magnetic properties of these superconductors. The surface B field is calculated and compared with the experimental data. The experimental surface B field data are used to calculate the spatial current distribution in the superconductor by a two-dimensional Fourier transform.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1144814
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    Micromachined 1–3 composites for ultrasonic air transducers (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 2095-2098 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Airborne ultrasound has many applications, such as robotic sensing, NDE, and gas flow measurements. Coupling of ultrasound into air from plane piston piezoelectric transducers is inefficient because of the large impedance mismatch between the piezoelectric and air, and the lack of appropriate matching materials. Standard design practice requires the use of a matching layer material with an acoustic impedance of approximately 0.02 MRayls and a thickness of a quarter-wavelength. Such materials are not readily available. A method to manufacture low impedance materials using micromachining techniques for matching piezoelectrics into air are presented here. These materials are capped 1–3 composites of air and Kapton(R). The acoustic effect of the cap is significant and necessitates a modified design technique. This technique involves the use of two matching layers with inverted acoustic impedances. Using the new fabrication technology and the new design technique, an 860-kHz transducer was fabricated with a one-way insertion loss of 17 dB and a fractional 3 dB bandwidth of 6%. It is believed that, using this technology, a transducer with a one-way insertion loss of 10 dB and a fractional bandwidth of 10% is possible.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1145231
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    Temperature-dependent property measurements on multi-electroded thin-layer dielectrics (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 2107-2111 
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    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A measurement system was designed and assembled for the automatic collection of electrical data for thin-layer dielectrics as a function of temperature. The dielectrics were deposited on platinized silicon by sol-gel processing, and the dielectric thickness was 0.2–0.4 μm. Many ((approximately-greater-than)25) surface electrodes were formed by sputtering gold through a shadow mark, with a typical electrode size of 210×210 μm2. The measurement equipment was computer controlled, with three-axis digital stepping motors that could scan multi-electroded capacitors and collect statistically meaningful data. The temperature-dependent properties were measured between −100 and 300 °C as a function of frequency (100 Hz to 1 MHz) and applied field strength (0–50 MV/m). Data are reported for sol-gel-derived BaTiO3, PbZrO3, and (Pb,La)(Zr,Ti)O3 (i.e., PLZT) thin-layer capacitors. Capacitance values were typically 500–1000 pF, and the dielectric constant could be determined within a standard deviation of ±1.3%. Nanocrystalline BaTiO3 was found to have a dielectric constant of 210 at room temperature with no ferroelectric properties or dielectric anomalies between −80 and 200 °C. Antiferroelectric PbZrO3 had characteristic field-forced phase transformation behavior to the ferroelectric state with increasing bias. The field-induced polarization was approximately 300 mC/m2 and the coercive field was 22–28 MV/m. PLZT 8/65/35 had a dielectric constant of 556±7 at 25 °C, 100 KHz, and 50 mV.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1144820
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    A high-voltage pulser circuit with subnanosecond rise time (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 2134-2136 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A fast (≤1 ns rise time) high-voltage pulser circuit was developed using 2N5551/2N5550 transistors in avalanche mode as switching elements. This circuit has transistors in series stack configuration and provides ∼2 kV amplitude and ≤1 ns rise time into 50 Ω with a 13 ns delay and 〈500 ps jitter. A simple arrangement to generate two symmetrical opposite polarity pulses from single pulse of either polarity is also presented.
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    A simple timer-relay-based system for reciprocating rotation of crucible/seed in crystal growing systems (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 2151-2152 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A simple but versatile reciprocating rotation mechanism is described which can be used to rotate crucible and/or crystal in a crystal growing system. It employs commercially available timer relays allowing accurate periods of motion and delay in the rotation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1144717
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    A simple method for producing liquid or solid NMR samples containing dissolved gases at elevated pressures (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 2149-2150 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The method and apparatus for preparing liquid or solid NMR samples containing dissolved gas at elevated pressures up to 5 MPa is described. A minimal amount of gas under pressure (a few mm3), avoiding dangerous explosions, is stored in the samples. Any contact of the liquid with metal and contamination is avoided by using the frozen liquid as valves. The samples can be stored and studied by different spectroscopies, such as ESR, IR, or UV spectroscopy. Sample rotation in NMR spectroscopy and temperature variations are possible.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1145228
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    Simple rough approach system for scanning tunneling microscope (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 2157-2159 
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    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A simple rough approach system for a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) is presented. The system uses a commercial low velocity washing machine timer motor working at 127 VAC, 60 Hz in a continuous rotation. The motor moves a differential screw system and is controlled by an electronic circuit to stop its rotation when a preset value of tunnel current is detected. This rough approach system is simpler and less expensive than a stepping motor and does not use high voltage amplifiers. This mechanism can be easily adapted to STMs with mechanical approach systems because it consists of only a few simple components.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1144720
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    A single-shot spectrograph for the soft x-ray region (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 1631-1635 
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    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A novel spectrograph comprised of a transmission grating, toroidal mirror, and microchannel plate detector is presented here. It is capable of detecting spectra in the wavelength range from 5 to 150 A(ring) with a resolution of about 1.5 A(ring). Owing it to high efficiency, even an x-ray spectrum of a low-energy laser produced plasma, i.e., emission of the order of 10−10 J/sr, can be measured in a single shot.
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    Nuclear quadrupole resonance gaussometry of low magnetic fields (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 1663-1666 
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    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A new method of measuring low magnetic fields accurately by employing a nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) technique in which a hexamethylene–tetramine [(CH2)6N4] crystal is used as the detector is proposed here. By applying the magnetic field (B0) along the Z axis of the electric field gradient tensor at 14N in this crystal (η=0), one 14N NQR line (ν0) splits into two lines (ν+ and ν−). The difference of these two lines (δν=ν+−ν−) is proportional to the applied low magnetic field. Consequently, the magnetic field can be measured with this frequency difference in terms of the nuclear magnetic moment of the 14N nucleus. The accuracy, advantages, and limitations of this technique are discussed.
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    Device for assessing the fracture toughness of giant magnetostrictive materials (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 2137-2138 
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    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A device for mode II fracture testing of giant magnetostrictive materials has been developed. With this device, the driving force for crack initiation can be generated from applied stress, applied magnetic field, or a combination of both. Stresses and magnetic fields of up to 320 MPa and 57 kA/m, respectively, have been applied with the device.
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    Production and storage of 2p2 3P ground state O2+ ions from iron oxide targets (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 2143-2144 
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    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: 2p2 3P ground state O2+ ions are produced by laser ablation of solid Fe2O3 targets and stored in a radio frequency ion trap. The state of the O2+ ions is confirmed by comparing a known charge transfer rate coefficient for ground state O2+ ion and H2 with our measurement. The storage time is estimated to be about 10 s at the vacuum base pressure of 6×10−10 Torr.
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    Liquid EXAFS cells for measurements in transmission and fluorescence mode of corrosive samples (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 2153-2154 
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    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The design of two small, compact and portable cells for EXAFS measurements of liquids is presented. One of the cells has been optimized for transmission measurements and the other for fluorescence. The sample chamber of both cells has been designed metal free to avoid corrosion by acids or bases. Materials and construction of the cell are such that their cost is quite low. The cells have been tested by recording EXAFS spectra of ionic aqueous solutions.
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    Broadband Pockels cell and driver for a Mark III-type free electron laser (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 1496-1501 
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    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A Pockels cell with an operating range of 2 to 10 μm has been designed, constructed, and tested for use with the Vanderbilt free electron laser. The Pockels cell can be continuously adjusted to switch out from 80 ns to the full 6 μs duration of the FEL macropulse. The extinction ratio is better than 180:1 and the optical pulse is square with rise and fall times under 10 ns. The high voltage drivers are based on semiconductor switches that are compact and mounted directly to the Pockels cell; this design avoids problems associated with fast, high voltage pulses traveling in cables. In addition, designs for two alternative drivers to generate optical pulses with durations ranging from a few nanoseconds down to the subnanosecond regime are presented here. Prototypes using single high voltage transitions have been constructed and tested electrically.
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    On the use of the open photoacoustic cell technique for studying photosynthetic O2 evolution of undetached leaves: Comparison with Clark-type O2 electrode (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 1512-1516 
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    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The leaf photosynthetic O2 evolution detected by the open photoacoustic cell (OPC) technique is compared to the measurements using a Clark-type O2 electrode detector. In vivo and in situ measurements were carried out with undetached maize leaves. From the correlation between these two methods the possibility of a calibration is proposed for the oxygen evolution OPC signal.
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    Investigations of polarization profiles in multilayer systems by using the laser intensity modulation method (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 1541-1550 
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    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The laser intensity modulation method (LIMM), developed by Lang in the early eighties, is a useful technique for determining the spatial polarization and/or space charge distributions in pyroelectric and/or piezoelectric materials, for instance in thin polymer electret films. The advantage of the LIMM is the high spatial resolution near the irradiated side. Therefore, we introduced the logarithmic spatial grid distribution into the deconvolution process. For the first time the self-consistency method developed by Honerkamp and Weese is applied to the deconvolution program with respect to LIMM. Using multilayer systems with known spatial distributions our new equipment is tested with regard to providing reasonable results as well as the deconvolution program to represent the known spatial distributions.
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    Effect of PZT and PMN actuator hysteresis and creep on nanoindentation measurements using force microscopy (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 1561-1565 
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    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Nanoindentation measurements performed using the atomic force microscope (AFM) are significantly affected, both with regard to indentation curve shape and quantitative values of the measurements (70% variation in measured modulus), by the well-known effects of hysteresis and creep in the lead zirconate titanate (PZT) piezoceramic actuators used to control the positioning and motion of the mechanical components of the AFM. A capacitance-based displacement calibrator has been built and it was discovered that the response of PZT ceramics may vary (up to 66%) depending upon the conditions under which the piezoceramic is calibrated. By replacing the PZT actuators with lead magnesium niobate (PMN) electrostrictive actuators, nanoindentation measurements have been obtained using the AFM that are both reproducible and quantitative.
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    Measuring microwave shielding effectiveness in liquid nitrogen (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 1002-1005 
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    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A technique to distinguish between materials that can and cannot shield microwaves in liquid nitrogen was developed. The samples are placed in a modified X-band waveguide, which operates by the same "insertion loss'' principle as a coaxial device used to measure shielding effectiveness from 300 to 1000 MHz. Verification of the waveguide fixture was accomplished by measuring the shielding effectiveness of a good conductor, coppper; a nonconductor, Teflon; and two intermediate conductors, steel and a carbon-filled elastomer. After verification, the waveguide fixture was used at liquid nitrogen temperatures to compare the shielding effectiveness of YBa2Cu3O7−x, a high temperature superconductor, with copper, a known shielding material.
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    An autocollimator based optical system for precise angular alignment control over large exploring areas (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 1012-1014 
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    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: An autocollimator based optical system has been developed which allows the relative angular positions of separate reflecting targets to be measured with high accuracy over a relatively large area. Misalignments suffered by the autocollimator head during translation between different measuring points are accounted for by utilizing a large plane reference mirror. Accuracies better than ±2 arcsec have been obtained over a 0.5 m diameter circular exploring area.
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    A miniature interferometry sensor for monitoring the changes of film thickness and refractive index (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 1021-1022 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A new miniature interferometer has recently been developed for monitoring the changes of film thickness and refractive index, wherein a semiconductor laser and a photodiode detector are integrated to form a laser/detector hybrid. The laser light is collimated by a lens. When the laser light hits a film, it is reflected twice by the two interfaces between the film and the surrounding mediums. The two reflected light beams are interfered at the detector by the same lens. Due to the interference, the detected intensity is a function of the film thickness. The swelling of thin gelatin gel film has been used to demonstrate the use of this novel sensor. The sensor is ready to be used in many applications, such as inside a vacuum chamber, on a robot arm, and in a small reaction container, wherever a conventional interferometric setup cannot be easily implemented because of its size.
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    Review of the Eleventh International Workshop on ECR ion sources (invited) : Proceedings of 5th international conference on ion sources (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 1045-1050 
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    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: At the Workshop, the operation of various new and existing ECR ion sources was reported, with most of the emphasis on new methods to improve the performance and extend the variety of species. Much attention was paid to theoretical aspects, in particular to the basic question of electron heating; a complete investigation is still considered to be a long term project. A number of measurements of diagnostic character were presented. The strong radial component of the field in the magnetic trap turns out to play a crucial role in the confinement of hot electrons and hence in the production of very high charge state ion beams. A donor for cold electrons in any form—like a biased probe, plasma cathode, or electron gun—contributes strongly to increased output and stability of operation of the ECR ion source.
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    The superconducting electron cyclotron resonance 6.4 GHz high-B mode and frequency scaling in electron cyclotron resonance ion sources (abstract)a) : Proceedings of fifth international conference on ion sources (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 1060-1060 
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    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: We would like to present the initial results and description of the superconducting electron cyclotron resonance ion source (SCECR) operating in the high-B mode—a new high magnetic field, low-frequency mode of operation. First, we describe the operating characteristics of this mode, which include very high mirror confinement in all directions, yet having a minimum field low enough for electron cyclotron resonance heating of 6.4 GHz. The source performance for oxygen, neon, argon, krypton, and xenon is presented and comparisons are made with several existing high-performance ECR sources. In this high-B mode the SCECR matches or exceeds the performance of all existing ECR sources. These results perhaps invalidate the classical frequency squared source performance scaling law, and suggest the new possibility of high-performance, low-frequency (and hence low cost) sources as will be discussed.
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    A new electrochemical cell for atomic force microscopy (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 1019-1020 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Described is the design for a new electrochemical cell for in situ studies with the atomic force microscope. Improvements over presently used cells include an axially symmetric electrode geometry, large counter electrode, and the ability to incorporate a standard reference electrode close to the working electrode.
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    Intense high charge state ion sources (invited) : Proceedings of fifth international conference on ion sources (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 1039-1044 
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    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A review of Penning ionization gauge (PIG), duoplasmatron (DP), laser-plasma ion source (LPIS), Electron cyclotron resonance ion source (ECRIS), and electron beam ion source (EBIS) used for the production of intense and high charge state ion beams is given. The outputs of high charge states of different elements of the Periodic Table from ion sources of these types are compared. Bare nuclei up to Ar can be obtained from EBIS and ECR and Xe+54 from EBIS. Comparisons are made of compilations of the output (high average current of 107–1017 pps) for different charge states of Xe for PIG, DP, ECRIS, EBIS ion sources and Ta, Pb for different charge states of the LPIS. The present level and perspectives of development (a pulsed gas feed, stationary electric field) of the PIG ion source are presented. The beam performance and future development of these intense and high charge state ion sources are discussed from the point of view of the perspectives of the cyclotron programs at FLNR and JINR.
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    The SERSE project : Proceedings of 5th international conference on ion sources (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 1057-1059 
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    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The project for a superconducting electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) ion source has been funded by INFN in 1992 as a joint venture between INFN and CEA/DRFMC. The source is devoted to the production of high charge state heavy ions to be injected into the K-800 superconducting cyclotron. The magnetic system consists of three solenoids and of an hexapole which will allow one to attain a strong plasma confinement by means of a B-min field configuration with a very high magnetic field (1.4 T on the plasma chamber wall). At the intermediate frequency of 14.5 GHz, it will be possible to study the scaling of ECR ion sources at different magnetic fields far beyond the existing levels. The source will eventually work at a higher frequency, in the range 28–35 GHz of gyrotron tubes. The design of the superconducting magnets and of the cryostat has been carefully carried out, taking into account this goal, and the construction is now under course. The mechanical design of the plasma chamber is also outlined.
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    An EBIS for use with synchrotron radiation : Proceedings of 5th international conference on ion sources (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 1066-1068 
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    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: At RIKEN we have constructed an electron-beam ion source (EBIS) for use with synchrotron radiation to study the photoionization process of highly charged ions. The reason for using an EBIS as an ion target is that it can produce several orders of magnitude higher density ion targets than conventional ion sources in an ultra-high-vacuum environment. Calculations have shown that ion densities between 108 and 1010 ions/cm3, under various operating conditions, are obtainable in an EBIT. The apparatus will also be used to test the photon beam ion source (PHOBIS) mode of operation to create low-energy multicharged ions by replacing the electron beam with synchrotron radiation.
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    Optimization of intermediate charge state output from electron beam ion source devices : Proceedings of fifth international conference on ion sources (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 1075-1077 
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    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A few methods for optimizing output of intermediate charge state ions from electron beam ion source devices are examined. The schemes are based on reducing the charge state of the highest charge state ions into the intermediate states, thus enhancing the relative abundance of these states. Only the most elementary considerations are invoked. Although a thorough analysis may not be feasible due to lack of good data, the schemes are easy to try experimentally.
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    The Oxford electron-beam ion trap: A device for spectroscopy of highly charged ions : Proceedings of the 5th international conference on ion sources (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 1072-1074 
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    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: An electron-beam ion trap (EBIT) has just been completed in the Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford. The design is similar to the devices installed at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. It is intended that the Oxford EBIT will be used for x-ray and UV spectroscopy of hydrogenic and helium-like ions, laser resonance spectroscopy of hydrogenic ions and measurements of dielectronic recombination cross sections, in order to test current understanding of simple highly charged ions.
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    The ECR ion source DECRIS : Proceedings of fifth international conference on ion sources (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 1084-1086 
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    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The design of the electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) multicharged ion source DECRIS (Dubna ECR ion source, 14 GHz) was started at the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions at the beginning of 1990 and in January 1992 the first plasma was ignited. A classical magnetic configuration based on the MINIMAFIOS with some "features'' served as the basis for the source design. The DECRIS was installed on the ECR test bench. The first study of the source was carried out in continuous mode of operation at strict control of hexapole temperature. The ion source has been tested with He, N, O, and Ar ions. The results of these initial measurements are presented.
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    Single-stage 5 GHz ECR-multicharged ion source with high magnetic mirror ratio and biased disk : Proceedings of fifth international conference on ion sources (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 1091-1093 
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    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A low-cost, single-stage 5 GHz electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) multicharged ion source (MCIS) has been constructed for various atomic collision experiments. It features an axial magnetic field with a mirror ratio of up to five, and a magnetic hexapole field produced by a simple Nd–Fe–B permanent-magnet assembly. A disk probe axially mounted near the ECR resonance zone opposite to the ion extraction, and negatively biased with respect to the ECR plasma potential, permits reduction of the appropriate neutral feeding gas pressure by an order of magnitude, resulting in greatly improved ion charge state distributions, as normally offered by two-stage ECR–MCIS only. We present performance data for multicharged ion production from Ar and N2, including measured ion current emittances.
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    Design studies for an advanced ECR ion source (abstract)a) : Proceedings of 5th international conference on ion sources (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 1100-1100 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Magnet design codes, plasma dispersion solvers, and particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation codes have been used to arrive at the first step in the design of an advanced ion source based on ECR technology. The advanced concept design uses a minimum-B magnetic mirror geometry, which consists of a multicusp magnetic field, to assist in confining the plasma radially, a flat central field for tuning to the ECR resonant condition, and specially tailored mirror fields in the end zones to confine the plasma in the axial direction. The magnetic field is designed to achieve an axially symmetric plasma volume with constant mode-B, which extends over the length of the central field region. The design permits separation of the "tune'' and confinement magnetic fields, thus enabling the use of low-frequency, low-cost microwave power sources; the location and increased physical size of the ECR zone over those in conventional sources is commensurate with the generation of higher beam intensities, higher charge states and a higher degree of ionization. A summary of the results of these studies is presented in this report.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1145076
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    Electron cyclotron resonance multicharged ion source with elemental boron : Proceedings of the 5th international conference on ion sources (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 1113-1115 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Fundamental experiments have been carried out by using a two-stage electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) ion source (2.45 GHz) to produce multiply charged boron ions without gaseous feedstocks. A boron target, inserted into the ECR source, is heated and efficiently sputtered by dc bias. The B2+ ion current is successfully extracted under low microwave power (∼100 W). Dependence of extracted B+ ion current on dc bias voltage is similar to that of theoretical sputtering yield on incident ion energy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1145081
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    Dense negative ion currents from laser produced plasma : Proceedings of the 5th international conference on ion sources (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 1182-1184 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Recent studies on the Munich laser ion source were aimed at the understanding and optimization of the production mechanism of negative ions. The possibility of extremely high, pulsed negative ion currents is due to the outstanding features of the laser produced plasma: a high electron density in conjunction with a low electron temperature. The intensity of the laser beam is restricted to a relatively small range from 5×107 up to 1×109 W/cm2. More than 20 different ions have been produced from pure element targets and from a number of salts. The yields achieved are in good agreement with a model including Saha equilibrium distributions. The comparison between pure elemental targets and alloys or salt shows a strong influence of ions with a low ionization potential on the negative ion production.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1145240
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    dc H−/D− sources at TRIUMF : Proceedings of 5th international conference on ion sources (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 1189-1191 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Several H−/D− dc sources employing multicusp confinement and magnetic filtering to enhance H−/D− production have been designed, built, and tested. Source performance in terms of beam output, emittance merit as functions of arc current, confinement magnetic strength, plasma volume, beam exit diameter, and extraction lens configuration have been studied in detail. At present, up to 9 mA H− and 3 mA D− beams with a normalized emittance of 0.44 mm mrad for H− beam have been extracted. A number of sources are tailored to fit the requirements of individual projects. In this article, a general description of source structure, power and biasing algorithms, and extraction geometries of these cusp sources will be given.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1145053
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    A 2.45-GHz electron cyclotron resonance multi-mA Li+ ion gun for fusion plasma diagnostics : Proceedings of the 5th international conference on ion sources (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 1094-1096 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: For the purpose of neutral-lithium beam tokamak–plasma diagnostics we have developed a compact, high current (several tens of mA/cm2) 2.45-GHz electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) Li+ plasma ion source in coaxial geometry, coupled to a helium-buffered lithium feeding system working according to the heat pipe principle. The accel–decel-type ion extraction system features either seven holes or one single aperture. First experimental results for the extractable Li+ and He+ ions in both cw and pulsed-mode operations are presented.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1145074
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    Solid material evaporation into an electron cyclotron resonance source by laser ablation : Proceedings of the 5th international conference on ion sources (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 1104-1106 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: In an effort to explore new methods of producing ion beams from solid materials, a laser-ablation technique for evaporating materials directly into an electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) ion source plasma was developed. A pulsed NdYaG laser with approximately 25 W average power and peak power density on the order of 107 W/cm2 has been used off-line to measure ablation rates of various materials as a function of peak laser power. The benefits anticipated from the successful demonstration of this technique include the ability to use very small quantities of materials efficiently, improved material efficiency of incorporation into the ECR plasma, and decoupling of the material evaporation process from the ECR source tuning operation. The results of these tests are reported herein and the design is described for incorporating such a system directly with the Argonne Tandem Linac Accelerator System Positive Ion Injector ECR (ATLAS PII-ECR) ion source.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1145078
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    A method of measurement of gas flow rates in ECR and PIG ion sources : Proceedings of 5th international conference on ion sources (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 1119-1121 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A method of measurement of an instantaneous value of the volume flow rate (in the range 0.05–5 cm3 min−1)of a gas flowing into an ion chamber of an ion source is described. It consists of the measurement of pressure differences (0–100 Pa) on a system of diaphragms with a small hole (0.2 mm) made in the center of them. The pressure differences are generated by the flowing of the gas through the latter. The sensitivity of the system depends on the number of diaphragms used. Parameters of diaphragms are estimated by the special equation describing the flow of the gas through an orifice in a pipe and the equation for laminar flow in a round tube. Calibrating measurements with He, air, Ar, and Xe demonstrated that our diaphragm can be used for the measurement of flow rates of all these gases.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1145083
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    The study of a 2.45 GHz plasma source as a plasma generator for the SCECR electron cyclotron resonance ion source : Proceedings of 5th international conference on ion sources (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 1135-1137 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The 2.45 GHz plasma source is a multicusp electron cyclotron resonance source with a tuned single mode microwave cavity. This is a bright plasma source with a well characterized operating mode and plasma parameters [A. K. Srivastava, et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 63, 2556 (1992); A. K. Srivastava and J. Asmussen, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 11, 1307 (1993)]. The superconducting electron cyclotron resonance (SCECR) is a fully superconducting, hexapole stabilized tandem mirror ion source with a multimode microwave cavity. It is a high charge state ion source with extensive beam diagnostics [T. A. Antaya, Nucl. Instrum. Methods B 40/41, 1024 (1989)]. The coupling of these two sources permits a number of fundamental studies important to both classes of ion sources. The 2.4 GHz plasma source will be used to study the effects of ion or electron (or both) density enhancement on the charge state distribution, total extracted current, and ion energy distributions of the SCECR. The SCECR in turn will be used as a test stand to measure directly the ion distribution and beam characteristics of the 2.45 GHz plasma source. The first results with this hybrid ion source will be presented at this conference.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1145038
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    Intense negative ion sources at Culham Laboratory (invited) : Proceedings of the 5th international conference on ion sources (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 1153-1158 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Over the past 20 years, Culham Laboratory has been involved in the development of ion sources. Initially these were positive ion systems using magnetic multipole sources for neutral beam heating in the fusion program. However, the development of high proton yield sources with a magnetic filter at Culham has led to a major program in negative ion sources based on the so-called volume-type source which has a similar design. This work has been the basis of a range of negative ion sources for industrial, defence, and fusion applications, all of which are described. A significant part of this work lies in the basic physics of these sources, both for modeling and ion beam acceleration. Numerical models of these are presented. Recently the effects of catalysts such as cesium on the discharge has been shown to cause considerable enhancement in H− and D− yield. The cesium itself also acts as a discharge component and a large source and accelerator for a pure cesium diagnostic beam has been developed. This technique is applicable to other vapors.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1145043
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    Identification of cesium effects on enhancement of H− production in a volume negative ion source : Proceedings of the 5th international conference on ion sources (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 1213-1215 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Effects of cesium vapor injection on H− production in a tandem source are studied theoretically and parametrically as a function of different surface processes. Model calculation is done by solving a set of particle balance equations in steady-state hydrogen discharge plasmas. By including H− surface production processes caused by H atoms or positive hydrogen ions, enhancement of H− production observed experimentally is reproduced in the model.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1145009
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    Optimum extracted H− and D− current densities from gas-pressure-limited high-power hydrogen/deuterium tandem ion sources : Proceedings of the 5th international conference on ion sources (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 1219-1221 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The tandem hydrogen/deuterium ion source is modeled for the purpose of identifying the maximum current densities that can be extracted subject to the gas-pressure constraints proposed for contemporary beam-line systems. Optimum useful extracted current densities are found to be in the range of approximately 7–10 mA cm−2. The sensitivity of these current densities is examined subject to uncertainties in the underlying atomic/molecular rate processes. A principal uncertainty remains the quantification of the molecular vibrational distribution following H+3 wall collisions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1145011
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    Negative-ion production probability in rf plasma sputter-type heavy negative-ion source (abstract)a) : Proceedings of fifth international conference on ion sources (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 1226-1226 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: We have constructed a rf plasma sputter-type heavy negative ion source, which can deliver high current negative ion beams such as Cu− of 12.1 mA, Si− of 3.8 mA, and B−2 of 1 mA in dc operation mode. In our source, the estimated negative ion production probability of Cu was much more than the value obtained by the conventional negative ionization probability equation with an exponential dependence on velocity. We measured heavy negative ion production probabilities by Xe+ sputtering on various cesiated metals. The probabilities were strongly affected by the cesiated surface condition which was determined by a flux of neutral cesium supply to the surface and a target surface temperature. The measured maximum probabilities at the optimal conditions were considerably high, and they were about 10% or more for Cu, C, Si, Ge, and W targets and about 1% for Ta and Mo targets. The probability for very low velocity particles such as sputtered heavy metal atoms might be affected by a surface ionization process with a high local surface temperature.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1145014
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    A neutral lithium beam source : Proceedings of 5th international conference on ion sources (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 1231-1233 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A low energy neutral lithium beam source with energy about 6 keV and a neutral beam equivalent current of 20 μA/cm2 has been developed in ASIPP in order to measure the density gradient and the fluctuations in the edge plasma of the HT-6M tokamak. In the source, lithium ions are extracted from a solid emitter (β-eucryptite), focused in a two-tube immersion lens, and neutralized in a charge-exchange cell with sodium. This source operates in pulsed mode. The pulse length is adjustable from 10 to 100 ms.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1145017
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    Production and acceleration of pulsed kiloampere currents of H− and subkiloampere currents of C−, F−, I−, and Pb− ions : Proceedings of the 5th international conference on ion sources (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 1234-1236 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Experiments on acceleration of various negative ions in a high-power coaxial diode with magnetic insulation are described. Various methods of initiating cathode plasma for H− production were tried: surface discharge of a dielectric by the prepulse in two cathode configurations and laser illumination of a dielectric cathode. A new more universal method of cathode plasma initiation was developed, allowing us to produce various species of negative ions including metallic ones. Rather rare plasma was injected from a plasma gun at the outer surface of the anode. This plasma penetrates partially into the diode through holes, and positive ions are extracted and accelerated by the negative prepulse or/and main voltage pulse of the diode and bombard the cathode surface. The energy deposition and cathode plasma parameters can be easily varied by orders of magnitude by changing near anode plasma density (by varying charging voltage of plasma gun and time delay between plasma gun pulse and prepulse and main voltage pulse of the diode) and ion acceleration voltage. Up to 30 A/cm2 of H− ion current density was recorded, as well as about 1 A/cm2 for C−, 0.3 A/cm2 for F−, and 0.1 A/cm2 for I− and Pb−.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1145018
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    Various ways of cathode plasma formation to produce up to 200 A/cm2 of H− and 0.1–1 A/cm2 of C−, F−, I−, and Pb− ions : Proceedings of the 5th international conference on ion sources (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 1245-1247 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Various ways of initiating cathode plasma for producing high-current densities of negative ions were tried at the P. N. Lebedev Physical Institute. The first was prepulse induced electrical breakdown on the surface of a dielectric inserted between two metallic parts of a cathode. A second method was surface discharge of a perforated dielectric sleeve on a metallic cathode rod, which yielded acceptable plasma parameters for larger prepulse voltages than in the first case. A circuit was developed and tested to supply an externally applied prepulse with changeable parameters. The third method employed laser illumination of a cathode dielectric surface to initiate cathode plasma. No prepulse was used in this case and nearly the same current densities of negative hydrogen ions were obtained as with the first method of plasma initiation. A new more widely applicable way of cathode plasma initiation was proposed recently and studied experimentally. This method allows one to produce negative ions of various chemical elements in high-current pulsed diodes. It utilizes cathode bombardment by positive ions extracted from near-anode plasma injected at the outer surface of the anode and which penetrates partially through anode holes into the diode. Plasma parameters can be easily varied by changing plasma gun voltage and time delay between plasma gun pulse and diode voltage pulse. Current densities of up to 30 A/cm2 of H− and about 1 A/cm2 of C−, 0.3 A/cm2 of F− and 0.1 A/cm2 of I− and Pb− were recorded using this last method of cathode plasma production. The merits and disadvantages of all methods of cathode plasma production are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1145022
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    Low energy vacuum arc ion source : Proceedings of the 5th international conference on ion sources (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 1260-1261 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: We have developed a version of vacuum arc ion source that produces a metal ion beam with energy of order 1 keV. The ion beam extractor is a three-grid, multiaperture configuration with a low accel–decel ratio so that ions are extracted from the plasma at a relatively high energy and then decelerated to the desired net beam energy. We have tentatively given this ion source the name leva, for low energy vacuum arc ion source. The leva source is cylindrical in shape with diameter about 6 cm and length about 16 cm and is located completely within the vacuum system; it is constructed from metal and alumina only and can be baked. We have operated it at net extraction voltages in the range 0.5–10 kV and produced a titanium ion beam current of up to 120 mA. Here we describe the source construction details and its performance.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1145239
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    Measurement of some parameter on MEVVA ion source : Proceedings of fifth international conference on ion sources (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 1263-1265 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The charge density and the charge state distribution of ions extracted from metal vapor vacuum arc ion source have been measured by single, double probe, and time of flight systems, and the ion beam density distributions near the extracting electrode have been measured with and without a cusped magnetic field in order to improve the performance of ion beams. The charge state distributions as a function for many operational cathode materials were investigated.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1145028
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    The preliminary experiments on laser ion source at IMP : Proceedings of 5th international conference on ion sources (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 1275-1277 
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    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The experimental results of a study on a laser ion source are presented in this report. A gain of about five in the total peak current and an enhanced relative amount of higher charge states were observed when the laser-generated plasma was transported through magnetic bottle fields. Radio-frequency discharge was added to the laser ion source, further ionizing the primary laser plasma. In this case, the total peak current increased from 0.46 to 1.4 mA. It is suggested that the laser plasma can be used in an electron cyclotron resonance source to produce ions of solid elements.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1145032
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    Development and experiments of a MEVVA ion source : Proceedings of 5th international conference on ion sources (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 1281-1283 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The MEVVA ion source presented in the present paper adopts the arc discharge mechanism with a cathode changeable by a motor for pushing in, and an accel–decel three-grid extraction system. The voltage proof level is higher than 60 kV, the ion source generally runs at a voltage of 40 kV, the average beam current is higher than 5 mA, the beam spot is about 150 mm in diameter, and the nonuniformity of beams is within ±20%. Measurements of the beam radial profile show that there is a platform of about 40 mm in diameter in the central region. Ion beams and their optimal operation conditions for the cathode materials Al, Ti, Cr, Fe, Ni, Cu, Y, Zr, Mo, Ta, W, C, LaB6, etc., have already been obtained.
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    Ion sources for microfabrication (invited) : Proceedings of the 5th international conference on ion sources (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 1298-1303 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Several microfabrication processes benefit from the application of ion sources including the physical, reactive, and chemically assisted sputtering/etching of surfaces, the deposition/growth of materials, and the modification/cleaning/preparation of surfaces. This paper reviews the types, properties, and requirements of ion sources applied to microfabrication processes including etching, epitaxial growth, ion implantation, and nanostructure formation. Particular emphasis is given to the requirements of ion streams for low-damage semiconductor processing. The types of sources covered include broad-beam ion sources; ECR, helicon, helical resonator, and inductively coupled plasma/ion sources; ion implanters; compact MBE-ECR ion/free radical sources; and focused ion beam sources.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1144986
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    Vacuum arc ion source with filtered plasma for macroparticle-free implantation : Proceedings of the 5th international conference on ion sources (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 1319-1321 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: An inherent feature of the vacuum arc discharge is that small droplets of micrometer size (macroparticles) are produced along with the plasma in the cathode spots. Droplet contamination of the substrate can occur when implanting metal ions using a vacuum arc ion source. The contamination can be significant for some cathode materials such as lead and other low melting point metals, which for some ion implantation applications such as for semiconductor doping and metallic corrosion inhibition can be a detriment. We have developed a vacuum arc ion source in which the plasma is filtered before the ions are extracted. By guiding the arc-produced plasma through a 60° bent magnetic duct, macroparticles are completely removed from the plasma. No additional power supply for the guiding magnetic field is required since the pulsed arc current itself is used to drive the magnetic solenoid. Tests have shown that macroparticle-free metal ion implantation can be done while maintaining the high ion beam current typical of vacuum arc ion sources.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1144997
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    Development of a new-type full-ion source : Proceedings of 5th international conference on ion sources (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 1334-1336 
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    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: This article gives the physical thinking and technical design for studying a new-type full-ion source. An optimum configuration of the source, the optimum distribution of electric field and magnetic field in the discharge chamber, and the operation parameters are given by theoretical calculations. The source has features as follows: It has a microwave plasma cathode; in principle, it may produce the ions of all elements in the periodic table and provide high current ion beams; the sputtering mechanism for the production of metal ions has been adopted; the configuration of the source and the distribution of the electric field and magnetic field in the discharge chamber contribute more to producing high-concentrated plasma; ions of multiple charge state may be obtained.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1145002
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    New applications of arc discharge source : Proceedings of 5th international conference on ion sources (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 1340-1341 
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    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: We describe some details of the production of 57Fe and C60 ions by the Nielsen source. Some application results are also given.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1145004
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    Pulsed intense ion diode for surface modification : Proceedings of the 5th international conference on ion sources (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 1345-1347 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Pulsed intense ion diodes were investigated as the device made a unique processing of material surface. For the ion implantation, the intense metal ion beams were obtained from the annular magnetically insulated ion diodes. The metal ions of Cu, Al, Pb, Mo, and Ta, of the energy of ∼100 keV, the total current of ∼1 kA, and the pulse width of ∼0.5 μs were produced. For the pulsed intense heat or momentum, a cylindrically focusing pulse intense light ion beams of the ion current density ∼1 kA/cm2 were generated from a cylindrical magnetically insulated ion diode. By an ion diode of a conical PED, the high density ion beam was focused nearby the source.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1145006
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gallium liquid metal ion source (abstract) : Proceedings of fifth international conference on ion sources (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 1355-1355 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Considerable interest has been shown in the electrohydrodynamic liquid field emission ion source, from which positive ions emitted under the action of high electric fields, and high brightness sources are being developed with a variety of applications in mind. The basic principles of such sources are discussed. The threshold voltage Vth, the ion current (I) versus extraction voltage (V) relationships under various operating temperatures To, I versus To relationship, the angular current intensity and brightness, energy spread, as well as the current changes slowly with time under a definite voltage, are presented and discussed. The experiments show that the present performance of the ion source is as follows: The threshold voltage is about 5.4 kV, the brightness equal to 1×108A/cm2 sr, and energy spread of 26 eV.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1144958
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Large volume radio-frequency plasma source using a magnetic line-cusp field : Proceedings of 5th international conference on ion sources (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 1365-1367 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A large volume cylindrical radio frequency (rf)-plasma source with a magnetic line-cusp field has been developed for large scale plasma processing. In this type of plasma source, a capacity-coupled 13.56 MHz rf plasma is produced in the presence of a magnetic line-cusp field. Two versions of the plasma source have been made and tested. The first version has peripheral rf electrodes placed on the outside of the ionization chamber, and is suitable for preparing a large volume uniform plasma. This plasma source can attain a useful area of uniform plasma over a 30-cm-diam region within 10% nonuniformity. The second version is featured by parallel doughnut-plate electrodes which forms part of the chamber wall and serves as a high current source. The electron density in such a version is proportional to the rf power, being equal to 4×1010 cm−3 at 400 W. The measured electron energy distribution function showed the Maxwellian-like distribution from a drift motion in the magnetic line-cusp field.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1144962
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Low energy broad beam multipole ion source : Proceedings of 5th international conference on ion sources (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 1371-1373 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A low energy broad beam multipole ion source has been successfully developed at the Southwestern Institute of Physics, which can be used for both sputtering deposition and direct ion beam deposition. The extracted A+r beam current is 30–250 mA at a beam energy of 200–6000 eV. It has been used for sputtering deposition at the three beam synchronously mixing machine in Dalian University of Technology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1144964
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