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  • Articles  (18,730)
  • Springer  (18,730)
  • 1985-1989  (11,078)
  • 1980-1984  (7,652)
  • Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition  (18,730)
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  • Articles  (18,730)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differentiation of soil fauna in desert agriculture of the Mariut region (1985)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 1 (1985), S. 9-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Mesic detritivores ; Dry farming ; Mariut desert ; Carabidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The soil fauna of 23 sites in the Mariut region, west of Alexandria, Egypt, was sampled monthly or seasonally for periods of 1,5–2.5 years. These sites range from unutilized littoral sand dunes, to free-grazing pasture, to low- and high-intensity dry farming, to irrigated agriculture. The average population densities of the encountered taxa were compared by corresponding analysis and by ascending hierarchic classification. With intensification of the agricultural practices, true detritivores of the original system, capable of dealing with the available plant and animal litter and adapted to the harsh desert climate, are replaced by other mesic detritivores adapted to the changes in litter quality (less animal and more plant) and also adapted to the new physical and chemical soil conditions. Meanwhile, the increase in plant biomass encourages the appearance and proliferation of cryptic phytophages (agricultural pests), occupying the niche of the removed large (domestic) herbivores. Carnivores (e.g.Carabidae) also change accordingly. Sites can thus be characterized on the basis of their soil faunas, according to the stage of their evolution, and a system of exchange of missing key taxa between sites should be established.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00710965
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of synthetic and microbially produced chelates on the diffusion of iron and phosphorus to a simulated root in soil (1985)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 1 (1985), S. 45-52 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Iron ; Phosphorus ; Siderophore ; Hydroxamate ; Chelates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Hydroxamate siderophores (HS) are microbially produced, ferric-specific chelates, known to occur in soil, and to be capable of providing iron to higher plants. This study examined the potential for HS to influence the diffusion of both iron and phosphorus to plant roots in soil. The HS desferrioxamine-B (DFOB) and desferriferrichrome (ferrichrome) were compared with the synthetic chelates ethylenediamine [di(o-hydroxyphenylacetic)acid] (EDDHA) and ethylenediamine-tetraacetic acid (EDTA), and citrate, oxalate, and distilled water in their ability to increase diffusion of iron using a simulated root technique. Chelate solutions were pumped through porous fiber bundles imbedded in soil previously labeled with55Fe. In a sandy loam of pH 7.5,55Fe diffusion caused by 10−4 M DFOB was twice that of water, but similar to that caused by 10−4 M EDDHA. However, 10−3 M EDDHA resulted in greater diffusion than 10-3 M DFOB. The diffusions resulting from equimolar quantities of citrate, oxalate, and EDTA were similar to that with distilled water. In a clay soil of pH 5.2 previously labeled with55Fe and32 P, the response in55Fe diffusion to chelate treatments was: 10−4 M EDDHA 〉 10−4 M ferrichrome 〉 10−3 M DFOB 〉 10−4 M DFOB 〉 water. Both ferrichrome and EDDHA caused2 P diffusion to increase substantially over that of distilled water. These results suggest that hydroxamate siderophores present in the rhizosphere could effectively increase the level of soluble iron for root uptake and possibly increase phosphorus uptake by solubilization of phosphorus from iron phosphates at acid pH.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00710970
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of grazer regulation and algal inoculation on photodependent nitrogen fixation in a wetland rice field (1985)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 1 (1985), S. 61-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Cyanophyceae ; Ostracoda ; Ricefields ; Grazing ; N2-fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A dry season field experiment conducted for two consecutive years highlighted problems of achieving increased populations of N2-fixing blue-green algae (BGA) in wetland rice fields. Inoculation of non-indigenous BGA strains, either dried or as fresh viable inocula even at high levels of application, was unsuccessful. A limiting effect of grazing invertebrate populations on BGA establishment was evident, but other factors were involved. Reducing grazer pressure did not permit establishment of inoculated BGA; interspecific competition and environmental factors may explain the inoculation failure. Grazer regulation permitted the establishment of a fast-growing indigenous N2-fixing Anabaena and the doubling of N2-fixing activity over a control. Neither inoculation nor grazer control affected grain yields significantly.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00255132
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of ecophysiological maintenance carbon requirements of soil microorganisms in a dormant state (1985)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 1 (1985), S. 81-89 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Dormant populations ; Maintenance carbon requirements ; Microbial biomass ; Biomass carbon loss
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary An experimental approach was attempted for determining the maintenance carbon requirements of the dormant microbial biomass of two agricultural soils (I, II) and one, forest soil (III). The amount of carbon needed for preventing microbial-C loss during incubation expressed as coefficient m (mg glucose-C·mg-1 biomass-C·h-1) was 0.00031, 0.00017 and 0.00017 h-1 at 28°C and 0.000043, 0.000034 and 0.000016 h-1 at 15°C for soils I, II and III, respectively. Depending on the temperature, the determined m values of the dormant population were two to three orders of magnitude below known values from pure cultures or m values of metabolically activated biomasses under in situ conditions. Corresponding microbial-C loss quotients were comparable to the observed maintenance coefficients but were always above m. The metabolic quotient q for CO2 (mg CO2-C·mg-1 biomass-C·h-1) of the dormant populations in the three soils tested was at q = 0.0018 h-1 (22°C) one order of magnitude below metabolically activated cells but did not correspond to the low maintenance values determined, which implies that in addition to possible utilization of native soil organic matter dormant biomasses must largely have an endogenously derived respiratory activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00255134
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The electro-ultrafiltration method for controlling the effect of Bacillus cereus on phosphorus mobilization in a calcareous soil (1985)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 1 (1985), S. 97-102 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Bacillus cereus ; Calcareous soil ; Electro-ultrafiltration ; P-Mobilization ; Phosphorus Uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effects of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria on the phosphorus mobilization and P utake by Lolium multiflorum from a calcareous soil were investigated using a greenhouse pot experiment. The soil was inoculated with Bacillus cereus and the pots were either planted with Lolium multiflorum or left fallow. Treatments were designed to study the effect of inoculation of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria on phosphorus dynamics throughout the experiment. The dynamics were studied by the electro-ultrafiltration method, the results of which were used to interpret phosphorus mobilization in the soil. Phosphate uptake by L. multiflorum from the inoculated soil showed a 40% increase over the control soil, and an increase in total dry matter of 50%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00255136
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Zinc effects on soil microflora and glucose metabolites in soil amended with 14C-glucose (1985)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 1 (1985), S. 117-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Soil respiration ; 14C-glucose metabolites ; Zn effects ; bacterial and fungal populations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effects of zinc added to a diluvial sandy clay loam soil on its microflora and the metabolic products of amended glucose in the soil were investigated, and its influences on both biological and chemical turnover are discussed. Changes in the soil microflora were followed by counting the microbes and measuring their contributions to soil respiration. The transformations of 14C-glucose products were traced in five divided fractions. Amended glucose was readily assimilated into microbial tissues and transformed to metabolites in the control soil. Within the initial 24 h of the incubation, most of the glucose was decomposed and about 40% of the substrate evolved as carbon dioxide. This primary metabolism was attributed to the bacterial population, and the subsequent secondary metabolism was associated with fungal growth rather than bacteria. On the other hand, zinc (1000 μg/g) added as chloride prolonged the primary metabolism of glucose and a large part of the incubation period for 96 h was occupied by this metabolism, which was mostly dependent on the fungal population. Viable bacterial number noticeably within the first 24 h of the incubation. During the course of the subsequent incubation, however, this number increased and the selection for zinc tolerance was suggested.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00301778
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Toxicity of metals to the earthworm Eisenia fetida (1985)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 1 (1985), S. 149-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Eisenia fetida ; Artificial soil test ; Contact test ; Acute toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Development of methods to measure the effect of man's residuals on soil ecosystems is desirable. Earthworms, as one of the largest and most easily obtained components of the soil biota, are suitable for evaluating perturbations to soil ecosystems. The impact of five metals (Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) on the survival of the earthworm Eisenia fetida (Savigny) was evaluated using the contact and artificial soil tests. There was no difference in toxicity between the different metal salts (acetate, chloride, nitrate, and sulfate) of each of the five metals using the contact test. In the contact test, the order of toxicity, from most toxic to least toxic, was Cu 〉 Zn 〉 Ni ≈ Cd 〉 Pb. The nitrate salt of the five metals was tested using the artificial soil test and the order of toxicity, from most toxic to least toxic, was Cu ≈ Zn ≈ Ni 〉 Cd 〉 Pb. Stress on earthworm populations, as shown by weight loss, was shown to increase with increasing concentrations of metal salts. These studies indicate that: (a) earthworms can be a suitable biomonitoring tool to assist in measuring the effect of metals in wastes added to soils and (b) the contact and artificial soil tests can measure the biological impacts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00301782
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polysaccharide synthesis by capsular microorganisms in coculture with cellulolytic fungi on straw and stabilization of soil aggregates (1985)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 1 (1985), S. 161-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Microorganisms ; Polysaccharide ; SoilStabilization ; Straw
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Studies using cocultures of a cellulolytic fungus with a capsular organism show that microbial polysaccharides can be synthesized during the degradation of wheat straw. Polysaccharide accounted for up to 1.6% (w/w) of the initial straw weight but the sugar composition and viscosity indicated that a large fraction was low molecular weight material of plant origin. Nevertheless several cocultures produced sufficient microbial polysaccharide effectively to stabilize aggregates of Hamble silt loam. This correlated significantly with increased viscosity and also stabilization of Mount St. Helens volcanic ash. Four cocultures, Sordaria alcina with two strains of Enterobacter cloacae and a Pseudomonas sp. and Trichoderma harzianum with E. cloacae, were significantly more effective than a natural inoculum from straw. Inoculation of straw to produce a “compost” which can increase the stability of poorly structured soils is suggested.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00301784
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A comparison of three earthworm bioassay procedures for the assessment of environmental samples containing hazardous wastes (1985)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 1 (1985), S. 195-200 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Earthworm bioassay ; Soil toxicity assessment ; Complex mixtures ; Hazardous materials
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Three different laboratory earthworm protocols for assessing the potential toxicity of environmental samples were evaluated using Eisenia fetida. The 48-h Contact Test (CT) is a short test and may indicate the presence of water-soluble chemicals. The 14-day Soil Test (ST) is best suited to assess chemical impacts of either known or unknown chemicals in soils. The Giant Axon Conduction Velocity protocol (GACVT) used with either the CT or the ST can detect sublethal neurotoxic effects in shorter periods of time and at lower chemical concentrations than mortality tests. The use of these tests is suggested as an estimate of potential toxicity of environmental soil samples.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00257637
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Participation of soluble and oxidizable soil organic compounds in denitrification (1985)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 1 (1985), S. 209-213 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Denitrification ; Soluble organic carbon ; Electron donors ; Oxygen consumption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The role of soluble organic carbon (SOC) in denitrification in four mineral soils and one organic soil was evaluated in laboratory studies. Denitrification capacities and SOC concentrations were determined by nitrate loss from air-dried flooded soil treated with a solution containing 100 μg/ml N03 −-N, while the rate of consumption was measured by Warburg manometry on 20 g air-dried soils to which 10 ml water had been added. High correlation coefficients (r 〉 0.93) were obtained between denitrification capacities, SOC, and oxygen consumption in the five soils. A mineral soil was amended with extracts of an organic soil. After incubating for 1 week, denitrification capacity was enhanced and SOC concentrations decreased in that soil. Extracted mineral soil had a lower denitrification capacity than an unextracted one. Decreases in concentrations of SOC were related to color change. Infrared spectra of precipitates from soil extracts indicated that absorption at wave number 1420–1440 cm -1 was also related to the color changes. It was implied that low molecular weight fulvic acid like compounds represented the SOC mineralized in denitrification, and that their supply to soil solution by solubilization of organic matter influenced the denitrification rate in the soil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00257639
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reduced chlamydospore formation and enhanced lysis of chlamydospores ofFusarium oxysporum in soil with added urea or ammonium chloride (1986)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 2 (1986), S. 1-6 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Fusarium oxysporum ; Chlamydospore formation and lysis ; Nitrite and ammonia effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Addition of 0.1% NH4Cl or 0.1% urea to one of two soils tested had little or no effect in one soil, but resulted in fewer chlamydospores ofFusarium oxysporum present after 6 weeks in the other soil. This was due to reduced formation of chlamydospores and, particularly, to enhanced lysis of chlamydospores. The hypothesis that ammonia was the causal factor was tested. Ammonia evolved from NH4Cl and urea in both soils to the same amount. Since the effects of NH4Cl and urea were different in the two soils, it is concluded that ammonia was not responsible for the reduced number of chlamydospores. Possibly nitrite is involved.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00638954
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microbial biomass and mineralization-immobilization of nitrogen in some agricultural soils (1986)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 2 (1986), S. 157-163 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Available N ; Fumigation method ; N immobilization-remineralization ; Microbial biomass
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The chloroform fumigation-incubation method (CFIM) was used to measure the microbial biomass of 17 agricultural soils from Punjab Pakistan which represented different agricultural soil series. The biomass C was used to calculate biomass N and the changes occurring in NH4 +-N and NO3 −-N content of soils were studied during the turnover of microbial biomass or added C source. Mineral N released in fumigated-incubated soils and biomass N calculated from biomass C was correlated with some N availability indexes. The soils contained 427–1240 kg C as biomass which represented 1.2%–6.9% of the total organic C in the soils studied. Calculations based on biomass C showed that the soils contained 64–186 kg N ha−1 as microbial biomass. Immobilization of NCO3 −-N was observed in different soils during the turnover of microbial biomass and any net increase in mineral N content of fumigated incubated soils was attributed entirely to NH4 +-N. Biomass N calculated from biomass C showed non-significant correlation with different N availability indexes whereas mineral N accumulated in fumigated-incubated soils showed highly significant correlations with other indexes including N uptake by plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00257595
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Soybean nodulation and nitrogen fixation on soil previously amended with sewage sludge (1986)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 2 (1986), S. 181-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Rhizobia ; Heavy metals ; Waste disposal ; Nonnodulating ; Glycine max
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A greenhouse study was conducted to examine the residual effects of sewage sludge on soybean Glycine max (L.) Merr., nodulation, and N fixation. Nodulating and nonnodulating isolines of Clark soybean were grown to the R2 stage in soils (Typic Paleudults) obtained from plots where heat-treated sludge had been applied in 1976 at rates equal to 0, 56,112, and 224 Mg ha−1 high (7.0) and low (6.2) soil pH regimes were established by CaCO3 additions. Sludge and soil pH treatments resulted in clearly defined differences in metal uptake by soybean shoots. Plant Zn, Cd, and Ni concentrations were greater on pH 6.2, sludge-amended soil than on the pH 7.0, amended soil. At low soil pH, soybean Zn and Cd concentrations, respectively, increased from 41 and 0.19 mg kg−1 (control) to 120 and 0.58 mg kg−1 at the 224 Mg hat sludge rate. At the high soil pH and 224 hg hat sludge rate, Zn and Cd concentrations were 45 and 0.15 mg kg−1, respectively. Symbiotic N fixation provided 90% of the total N accumulation. Total N accumulation, shoot N concentration, dry matter, and N fixation by nodulating soybeans exhibited a significant linear increase with sludge rate. Total N accumulation, dry matter, and N fixation were significantly greater at high soil pH. For high and low soil pH, respectively, N fixation increased from 422 and 382 mg N per plant (control) to 614 and 518 mg N per plant at the 224 Mg ha−1 sludge rate. While soybean nodulation also increased linearly on sludge-amended soil, a significant rate times pH interaction for nodule number indicated that nodulation was less strongly enhanced by sludge at low soil pH.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00260841
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of nutrient compositions in peat hydrolysate on protein and biomass yields of Candida tropicalis (1986)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 2 (1986), S. 187-194 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Peat hydrolysate ; Biomass ; Candida tropicalis ; Nutrient effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Research was conducted to study the effect of nutrient compositions, at different levels, added in peat hydrolysates on biomass yields and protein of Candida tropicalis. Samples of Minnesota sphagnum peat were hydrolyzed by boiling at 100°C with 1-1 H2SO4 solutions to produce peat hydrolysates which can support the growth of yeast. Peat hydrolysates were adjusted to pH 5.5 and mixed with mineral nutrients (NH4NO3, NaH2PO4 + Na2HPO4, KCl, and MgSO4) and glucose. Among the single nutrients tested, glucose produced the most significant enhancement of biomass yields, followed by NH4NO3, NaH2PO4 + Na2HPO4, KCl, and MgSO4. NH4NO3 was found to be the most important single nutrient affecting protein accumulation in yeast cells, followed by glucose 〉 NaH2PO4 + Na2HPO4 〉 KCl 〉 MgSO4. However, protein and biomass production was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) greater for combined nutrients than for any single-nutrient enrichment. The level of residual reducing sugars in peat hydrolysate was inversely proportional to cell counts and optical densities. Addition of high concentrations of nutrients delayed the time of reaching to stationary phase in optical density, cell counts, and pH of yeast cultures. In general, as nutrients were increased, significant (P ≤ 0.05) increases in productivity and cell density were observed. However, specific growth rate decreased with increasing nutrient concentrations. It was concluded that nutrient amendments containing supplementary sources of C/N/P/K/S = 400:36:3.3:3.8:1 are most suitable for biomass production and the biosynthesis of protein by C. tropicalis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00260842
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of rate and depth of fertilizer application on emission of nitrous oxide from soil fertilized with anhydrous ammonia (1986)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 2 (1986), S. 201-204 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Fertilizer ; Nitrification ; Denitrification ; N2O emission ; Anhydrous ammonia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Field studies to determine the effect of different rates of fertilization on emission of nitrous oxide (N2O) from soil fertilized with anhydrous ammonia showed that the fertilizer-induced emission of N2O-N in 116 days increased from 1.22 to 4.09 kg ha−1 as the rate of anhydrous ammonia N application was increased from 75 to 450 kg ha−1. When expressed as a percentage of the N applied, the fertilizer-induced emission of N2O-N in 116 days decreased from 1.6% to 0.9% as the rate of fertilizer N application was increased from 75 to 450 kg N ha−1. The data obtained showed that a 100% increase in the rate of application of anhydrous ammonia led to about a 60% increase in the fertilizer-induced emission of N2O. Field studies to determine the effect of depth of fertilizer injection on emission of N2O from soil fertilized with anhydrous ammonia showed that the emission of N2O-N in 156 days induced by injection of 112 kg anhydrous ammonia N ha−1 at a depth of 30 cm was 107% and 21 % greater than those induced by injection of the same amount of N at depths of 10 cm and 20 cm, respectively. The effect of depth of application of anhydrous ammonia on emission of N2O was less when this fertilizer was applied at a rate of 225 kg N ha−1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00260844
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    In memoriam Mercurii Sergeivich Ghilarov 1912–1985 (1987)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 3 (1987), S. 1-2 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00260570
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Erythraeus ghilarovi n.sp., a new soil mite from South America (Acari, Trombidiformes) (1987)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 3 (1987), S. 15-18 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Soil mites ; Erythraeidae ; South America ; Andean fauna ; Erythraeus ghilarovi n.sp.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The soil mite Erythraeus ghilarovi n.sp. is described with regard to its intraspecific morphological variation. The specimens were collected in the Andes of southern Peru, at an altitude of about 4700 m (puna grass region).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00260573
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of irrigation on nematode population dynamics and activity in desert soils (1987)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 3 (1987), S. 3-10 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Nematode community ; Chihuahan desert ; Irrigation ; Nematode extraction ; Anhydrobiosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The nematode community in litter and soil was examined for a year in the Chihuahuan desert, before and after supplemental rainfall application. Proportions of nematode-active or anhydrobiotic forms and population densities were determined for 3 treatments: control (natural rainfall), a single, large (25-mm) monthly irrigation pulse, and 4 smaller (6-mm) irrigations spaced at weekly intervals. In litter the greatest nematode abundance was in the 6 mm week−1 treatment (48 nematodes 20 g−1 litter). Bacteriovores and fungivores accounted for approximately 95% of the numbers and biomass in all treatments. In soil, water amendments had no significant effect (P 〈 0.05) on annual mean densities of total nematodes, fungivores, bacterivores, or omnivore predators. Phytophage densities were greater on both irrigation treatments, with highest densities (9268 m−2) in the 6 mm week−1 soils, which was 5.9% of the total soil nematode density. Total densities of individual trophic groups were not significantly different before or after rainfall. Soil nematode densities fluctuated independently with trophic group, month, and season. Bacterial feeders and omnivore predators were the largest contributor to total soil nematode density and biomass. Prior to irrigation, there were no differences in the percentage of anhydrobiotes on the three treatments. Anhydrobiotes decreased after irrigation in all treatments, and were significantly lower in soils of the larger, monthly irrigation. Nematodes were inactive (anhydrobiotic) and decoupled from decomposition processes when soil water matric potentials reached −0.4 MPa.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    The micro-edaphon in ecofarmed and conventionally farmed dryland cornfields near Vienna (Austria) (1987)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 3 (1987), S. 45-49 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Ecofarming ; Protozoa ; Nematodes ; Community structure ; Soil enzymes ; Humus ; R. Steiner
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The micro-edaphon (testate amoebae, ciliates, nematodes), the activity of some soil enzymes (catalase, urease, saccharase), the CO2 release, and a few abiotic factors (humus, bulk density, pH, soil moisture) were analysed in two ecofarmed (biodynamic method of R. Steiner) and two conventionally farmed dryland cornfields situated close together. The arithmetic means of four sampling occasions show many marked differences, but few of them can be guaranteed with a high statistical probability, most likely due to the low sample size. However, means and significant differences invariably show that the ecofarmed plots have a greater number of organisms, a greater CO2 release, and greater enzymatic activities than the conventionally managed fields. One reason for this could be the humus content, which is significantly higher in the ecofarmed plots. No pronounced differences could be detected in species diversity and species richness. A preliminary comparison with “organically-biologically” and conventionally farmed fields under Atlantic climatic conditions shows differences in an order of magnitude similar to that found in the present study.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00260578
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  • 20
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    Moisture preferences, growth and reproduction of the compost worm Eisenia fetida (Oligochaeta) (1987)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 3 (1987), S. 135-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Eisenia fetida ; Moisture preference ; Growth ; Cocoon production ; Compost worm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Although moisture requirements of Eisenia fetida are considered to be generally known, very few in-depth studies have been performed. The moisture preferences of juveniles as well as adults of this species were determined in moisture towers containing cow manure with a particle size bigger than 500 and smaller than 1000 μm and an organic matter content of 54%. The clitellate worms showed a wider preference range than the juveniles but deposited most of their cocoons within the narrow range of 65%–70% moisture — a moisture range preferred by 80% of the juveniles. Growth studies of newly hatched worms at various moisture levels over a period of 90 days showed that growth rate and final biomass were influenced by moisture availability with a very low rate of growth at low as well as at high moisture levels. The change in biomass of clitellate specimens as well as their consecutively produced cocoons were monitored at different moisture levels. A clear relationship between mass of cocoons and biomass of the producing worms was established at presumably favourable moisture conditions. Furthermore, the relation between cocoon mass and the production rate of cocoons was also determined, which showed that cocoon mass increased concomitantly with increase in cocoon production. The study also showed that clitellum development was increased at moisture levels above 64%. The onset of cocoon production was, however, earliest at slightly lower moisture levels, from which it is concluded that the optimal moisture level for growth and development of clitella are not necessarily optimal for the production of cocoons.
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  • 21
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    Relation between soil microbial activity and the effect of seed inoculation with the rhizopseudomonad strain 7NSK2 on plant growth (1987)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 3 (1987), S. 147-151 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Rhizopseudomonads ; Seed inoculation ; Microbial activity ; Zea mays ; Hordeum vulgare
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The relationship between the microbial activity in the soil and the effect of seed inoculation with the rhizopseudomonad strain 7NSK2 was evaluated in a series of pot experiments under greenhouse conditions. The microbial activity in plain soil, as measured by the respiratory activity, was significantly increased by the growth of the plants. Both the respiration rate of the microorganisms and the density of the bacteria and fungi in the bulk soil increased with increasing duration of the plant growth. Upon repeated short-term growth of plants on the same soil, a similar stimulation was noticed. The effect of seed inoculation on the growth of the maize cultivar Beaupré and the barley cultivar Iban was most pronounced in the microbiologically more active soils. The results suggest that the increase of the plant growth by seed inoculation is probably due to the inhibition of deleterious root microorganisms.
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  • 22
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    Effect of seed inoculation with the rhizopseudomonad strain 7NSK2 on the root microbiota of maize (Zea mays) and barley (Hordeum vulgare) (1987)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 3 (1987), S. 153-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Rhizopseudomonads ; Seed inoculation ; Rhizosphere microbiota ; Coliform bacteria ; Soil respiration ; Zea mays ; Hordeum vulgare
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The addition of sugars or amino acids to the soil gave rise to the development of different groups of microorganisms. The increase in the number of different groups of microorganisms in the soil had an influence on the microbiota in the rhizoplane and endorhizosphere of maize and barley grown in that soil. Furthermore, growth of maize and barley decreased with increasing microbial activity and density in soil. This effect could be counteracted effectively by the rhizopseudomonad strain 7NSK2. The beneficial effect of the strain 7NSK2 correlated inversely with the microbial activity, as measured by soil respiration, in the bulk-pretreated soil. The effect of seed inoculation with the rhizopseudomonad strain 7NSK2 on the root microbiota of maize and barley was evaluated. The strain 7NSK2 was capable of colonizing the rhizoplane and endorhizosphere of the maize cultivar Beaupré and barley cultivar Than very effectively and of considerably altering their composition. The number of total bacteria, fungi, pseudomonads and coliform bacteria in the rhizoplane and endorhizosphere of both plants was strongly reduced by inoculating the seeds with the strain 7NSK2.
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    Characterization of a phosphodiesterase component in a forest soil extract (1987)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 3 (1987), S. 159-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: A bis-(p-nitrophenyl) phosphatase (BPNPase) ; Forest soil extract ; Fractionation on DEAE-cellulose column chromatography ; Oligonucleotides ; Cyclic nucleotides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A bis-(p-nitrophenyl) phosphatase (BPN-Pase) was extracted from a forest soil and fractionated by DEAE-cellulose column chromatography into seven fractions (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7). The main fraction (fraction 5) was further fractionated into 3 subfraction (fractions 1, 2 and 3) by affinity chromatography for nuclease. The properties of the BPNPase in subfraction 3 were characterized and the results are reported in this article. Subfraction 3, which had a peak at about 278 run in the UV absorption spectrum, hydrolyzed 2′,3′-cyclic-nucleotides more readily than 3′,5′-cyclicnucleotides, adenylyl-(3′ → 5′)uridine, uridylyl-(3′ → 5′)adenosine, thymidine 3′-p-nitrophenyl phosphate, thymidine 5′-p-nitrophenyl phosphate, p-nitrophenyl phosphate and BPNP. Subfraction 3 hydrolyzed BPNP into 2 mol p-nitrophenyl and 1 mol inorganic phosphate during incubation. Apparent molecular weight of the BPNPase was estimated to be about 58 000 by gel filtration. The BPNPase activity had a pH optimum at 5.0 and was inhibited by Hg2+ and slightly inhibited by F− and PO 4 3− . These observations suggest that the BPNPase is subfraction 3 has been constituted mainly with 2′,3′cyclic-nucleotide 2′-phosphodiesterase [EC 3.1.4.16] or 2′,3′-cyclic-nucleotide 3′-phosphodiesterase [EC 3.1.4.37].
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    Relationship of root necrosis potential of soil to asparagus (Asparagus officinalis) decline in Switzerland (1987)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 3 (1987), S. 195-198 
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    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Asparagus officinalis ; Asparagus root necrosis ; Root necrosis potential (RNP) ; Fusarium oxysporum ; Fusarium oxysporum var.redolens ; Fusarium solani ; Penicillium verrucosum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The possible relationship between asparagus decline and the root necrosis potential (RNP) of soil was investigated for 11 asparagus and 4 nonasparagus soils. Asparagus seedlings were grown in each soil in climate chambers. A root necrosis index was used to determine RNP. RNP was correlated with the decline observed in the field for seven white asparagus crops, but not for three white and one green asparagus crops. Low RNP values were obtained from the soils not planted to asparagus.Fusarium oxysporum andF. oxysporum var. redolens accounted for 7070 of the fungi isolated from necrotic roots in RNP tests. BothFusarium were obtained from all soils. AllF. oxysporum andF. oxysporum var. redolens isolates tested were highly virulent on asparagus seedlings in inoculation experiments.F. solani, Penicillium verrucosum var.corymbiferum, andRhizoctonia violacea were isolated less frequently but were also highly virulent. It is concluded that soil RNP indicated a risk of decline caused by fusaria, but other soil factors were likely to be involved in the aetiology of decline. The study of these factors is necessary to develop a method for the prognosis of decline associated with fusaria.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00640629
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    Nitrogen-fixing stem nodules on Aeschynomene afraspera (1987)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 4 (1987), S. 61-66 
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    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Stem nodulation ; Aeschynomene afraspera ; Legume ; Nitrogen fixation ; Acetylene reduction assay (ARA)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Aeschynomene afraspera is a wild annual legume growing in periodically waterlogged soils in western Africa. This legume is characterized by a profuse stem nodulation. Nodules are formed on the stem at the emergence of lateral root primordia, called nodulation sites. These sites are irregularly distributed on vertical rows all along the stem and branches. Stem nodules are hemispherically shaped. Their outside is dark green and they contain a red-pigmented central zone. Stem nodules exhibit a high nitrogen-fixing potential. Acetylene reduction assays result in stem nodule activity of 309 μmol C2H4 g−1 dry nodule h−1. Field-grown stem nodulated Aeschynomene accumulated more N (51 g N m−2 in 10 weeks) than the root nodulated one. Because of this nitrogenfixing potential and its ability to grow in waterlogged conditions, A. afraspera could probably be introduced into tropical rice cropping systems.
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    Peculiar effect of Azospirillum inoculation on growth and nitrogen balance of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) (1987)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 4 (1987), S. 55-59 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Azospirillum brasilense ; Triticum aestivum ; Inoculation ; N and dry matter yield ; N percentages in plant parts ; Associative N2 fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Wheat plants (Triticum aestivum) grown in pots and in the field under the Mediterranean climate of the south of France were inoculated with a strain of Azospirillum brasilense. Comparisons with non-inoculated plants grown under the same conditions showed significant responses to inoculation with an increase in the number of fertile tillers, shoot and root dry weight, and root to shoot biomass ratio. The roots of inoculated plants attracted relatively more assimilates than those of the control plants until a late stage of growth (heading stage) but the rhizosphere respiration expressed per unit of root growth was not increased by inoculation. Nitrogen yield, both total and in grains, was also enhanced; however, N percentages of all aerial parts of the plants grown in pots were always statistically lower after inoculation than in the control. At maturity, the N % in seeds was 1.81 and 2.45, respectively. The possible mechanisms of this effect of inoculation under the experimental conditions of this study are discussed.
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    Numerical characterization of forest soils using biological and biochemical properties (1987)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 5 (1987), S. 61-67 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Soil pH ; Moisture content ; Oxygen uptake ; Soil enzymes ; Numerical characterization ; Forest soils ; Principal component analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary To find if surface soils could be grouped by their biological and biochemical properties, soil samples (0–5 cm) were collected at 4-week intervals for 56 weeks from 48 woods in and around the English Lake District, and pH, loss-on-ignition (LOI), moisture content, oxygen uptake, and cellulase and phosphatase activities were measured. Results expressed on a loss-on-ignition basis were more informative than those on an oven-dry basis. In a principal component analysis of each property over the 14 samplings, the first component values represent “smoothed” between-plot differences; other components identify plots which behave differently from the majority at certain times. Analysis of variance showed very highly significant differences between plots for all the properties. pH and loss-on-ignition showed the smallest, but significant, differences between samplings. On a loss-on-ignition basis, the only significant correlations between first component values, and between plot means, were phosphatase with oxygen uptake and cellulase with pH. It is concluded that no individual physiological property can be used as a measure of soil bioactivity, which supports the conclusions of other authors. None of the principal component analyses of individual or combined properties showed any evidence of the existence of distinct clusters of plots. On a loss-on-ignition basis, a priori groups based on (1) pH 〈 3.8, (2) pH 3.8 – 5.0 and (3) pH 〉 5.0, showed no significant difference in moisture content. However, oxygen uptake was significantly lower in (1) than in (2). Cellulase activity was significantly greater in (3) than in (1) and (2). Phosphatase activity was significantly lower in (1) than in (2), and there appeared to be a peak at pH 3.8 – 5.0.
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    Carbon transfer in a winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) ecosystem (1987)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 5 (1987), S. 76-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Biomass accumulation ; Decomposition ; Litter ; Soil organic matter ; Soil respiration ; 14C deposition ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In a field experiment with 14C-labeled winter wheat conducted in the north-central region of the United States, crop-accumulated carbon (grain excluded) returned to the soil was found to be 542 g m−2 year−1. Almost half of the carbon from the underground compartment was released in the form of CO2 during the first 3 months after harvest due to very favorable conditions for biological activity. After 18 months, no less than 80% of the carbon from the plant residues was mineralized. About 16% of straw carbon and 24% of root carbon was transferred into soil organic matter. The annual rate of soil organic matter decomposition was approximated as 1.7%.
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    Microbial biomass and mineralizable nitrogen distributions in no-tillage and plowed soils (1987)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 5 (1987), S. 68-75 
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    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Microbial biomass ; Potentially mineralizable nitrogen ; Long-term tillage ; No tillage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Distribution of soil microbial biomass and potentially mineralizable nitrogen (PMN) in long-term tillage comparisons at seven sites in the United States varied with tillage management and depth in soil. Microbial biomass and PMN levels of no-tillage soils averaged 54% and 37% higher, respectively, than those in the surface layer of plowed soil. Biomass and PMN levels were greatest in the surface 0 to 7.5-cm layer of no-tillage soil and decreased with depth in soil to 30 cm. Biomass and PMN levels of plowed soil, however, were generally greatest at the 7.5 –15 cm depth. Microbial biomass levels were closely associated with soil distributions of total C and N, water content, and water-soluble C as influenced by tillage management. Potentially mineralizable N levels in soil were primarily associated with distributions of microbial biomass and total N. Absolute levels of PMN and microbial biomass and the relative differences with tillage management were dependent on climatic, cropping, and soil conditions across locations. The additional N contained in soil biomass and PMN in the surface 0–7.5 cm of no-tillage compared with plowed soils ranged from 13 to 45 and 12 to 122 kg N/ha, respectively, for 6 of 7 locations. Fertilizer placement below the biologically rich surface soil layer and/or rotational tillage may improve short-term nitrogen use efficiency and crop growth on reduced-tillage soils.
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    Effect of inoculum rate on the performance of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Rhizobium strains in the field (1987)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 5 (1987), S. 83-87 
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    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Inoculation ; Inoculum dose ; Nitrogen fixation ; Chickpea ; Rhizobium spp. ; Cicer arietinum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The influence of three inoculum rates on the performance of three chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Rhizobium strains was examined in the field on a Mollisol soil. Increasing amounts of inoculum improved the performance of the strains. A normal dose (104 cells per seed) applied at different intervals gave non-significant increases in nodulation, nitrogenase activity (acetylene reduction assay), nitrogen uptake and grain yield. A ten-fold increase in inoculum increased nodule number, shoot dry weight, nitrogenase activity (ARA) and grain yield, but increases over the control were significant only for nodule dry weight and nitrogen uptake by shoot and grain. The highest level of inoculum (100 × normal) significantly increased nodule dry weight, grain yield, total nitrogenase activity (ARA) and nitrogen uptake by shoot and grain. Strain TAL 620 was more effective than the other two. Combined nitrogen (60 kg N ha−1) suppressed nodulation and nitrogenase activity (ARA).
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    Stability constant of Fe2+ chelates with soluble ligands from incubated soils (1987)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 5 (1987), S. 88-92 
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    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Ferrous iron ; Fe2+ chelates ; Stability constants ; Anearobic decomposition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The stability constants (log K) of Fe2+ chelates were determined on the basis of the shift in peak potential during the reduction of Fe2+ by a consortium of soluble ligands from incubated soils. Log K values ranged from 2.6 to 4.5. On average a change in pH of 1 unit induced a change in log K of 0.92 units. Aeration of the anaerobic decomposition products increased log K. The log K for Fe2+ chelates was about 0.8 units larger than that for Mn2+ chelates. It is considered that the chelation of ferrous iron plays an important role in the mobility and availability of iron to plants.
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    Incorporation of heavy metals by the mud snail, Cipangopaludina chinensis malleata Reeve, in submerged paddy soil treated with composted sewage sludge (1987)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 5 (1987), S. 93-97 
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    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Mud snail ; Cipangopaludina chinensis malleata Reeve ; Heavy metals ; Paddy soil ; Reed-sludge compost ; Bioconcentration of Cu and Zn
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The biomass of newborn snails was higher in paddy soil without rice plants than in the soil with rice plants. There was an inverse correlation between shell width and concentratins of Zn and Cu in snail flesh. The Zn and Cu concentrations in snail flesh were extremely high compared with those in the paddy soil surrounding the snails, possibly because snails ingest sludge, one of the main components of the composts. These results suggest that this type of snail may be used to eliminate Zn and Cu from paddy soil when composted sewage sludge has been applied.
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    Significance of developmental stages in the coexistence of three species of Mononchoidea (Nematoda) in a pasture soil (1987)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 5 (1987), S. 225-229 
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    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Predation ; Nematoda ; Partitioning ; Populations ; Earthworms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Populations of each developmental stage of three mononchid species (Clarkus, Cobbonchus, Iotonchus) under grazed pasture were estimated in the presence and absence of the earthworm Aporrectodea caliginosa. All stages of all species had signs of prey in their gut. Introduction of earthworms changed the abundance of the species from 158000, 84000 and 2400/m2 to 43 000, 5000 and 41300/m2, but total biomass remained relatively unchanged at 288000 μg/m2. The larger Iotonchus was more abundant in the soil with earthworms and improved texture. The length ratios between the stages of the three species are 1.225, 1.235 and 1.395, with the overall mean of 1.285 close to the value for the Dyar-Hutchinson rule. Other analyses of population separation are made. Given the unequal abundance of the various stages, the species successfully coexist and exploit a wide resource. Predation by such nematodes on bacterial-feeding nematodes may influence bacterial grazing and thus nutrient cycling.
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    Carbon and nitrogen budgets of nematodes in arable soil (1988)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 6 (1988), S. 1-8 
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    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Barley ; Grass ; Lucerne ; Soil nematodes ; Biomass ; Respiration ; Feeding groups ; Nutrient cycling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The amounts of C and N that pass through the nematode biomass in four cropping systems, barley without and with N fertilization, grass ley and lucerne, has been estimated. The nematodes were sampled at the field site of a Swedish integrated research project “Ecology of Arable Land: The Role of Organisms in Nitrogen Cycling”. The nematode biomass was lower (200 mg dry weight m−2) in the annual (barley) than in the perennial (grass and lucerne, 350 mg dry weight m−2) crops. For respiration, the nematodes used 4–71 O2m−2 year−1 corresponding to C liberation of 1.3%–2.0% of the carbon input to the soil. A higher relative contribution by bacterial-feeding nematodes to the C and N fluxes and a higher turnover rate of the nematode biomass is an indication of more rapid nutrient circulation in the annual than in the perennial cropping systems.
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    Dynamics of algal populations and acetylene-reducing activity in five rice soils inoculated with blue-green algae (1988)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 6 (1988), S. 14-21 
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    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The dynamics of five inoculated strains of heterocystous blue-green algae (BGA) and indigenous algae were studied for 1 month in 1-m2 microplots of five soils previously air-dried or oven-dried. The same soils were then dried and resubmerged for another 2 months to study the effect of controlling algal grazers with neem (Azardirachta indica) seeds on the revival and dynamics of indigenous and inoculated algae. During the month following inoculation, inoculated BGA multiplied to some extend in all soils but never dominated the total algal flora. They rarely dominated the indigeneous heterocystous BGA, and did so only when the growth of N2-fixing BGA was poor or after the decline of blooms of indigenous strains. Once the soils were dried, two of the five inoculated strains did not reappear. During the 1st month following rewetting, the remaining inoculated strains again exhibited poor growth; however, after 2 months of submergence, inoculated Aulosira fertilissima developed an agronomically significant bloom in neem-treated plots of two soils. Correlations between acetylene-reducing activity and heterocystous BGA populations indicated a major contribution by indigenous BGA and a minor contribution by inoculated BGA to the N2-fixing activity of the soils during the first experiment and the 1st month of the second experiment. The establishment of inoculated BGA exhibited clear differences among strains but was less affected by the nature of the soil and heat treatment. Neem application might have had a delayed positive effect on the late establishment of inoculated A. fertilissima and favored BGA growth and N2 fixation by the total algal population.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00257914
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    Nitrogen contribution to wetland rice by green manuring with Sesbania spp. in an alkaline soil (1988)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 6 (1988), S. 22-25 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Nitrogen ; Green manure ; Sesbania sp. ; Wetland rice ; Oryza sativa L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Two annual species of Sesbania, S. aculeata and Sesbania sp. PL Se-17, were field evaluated as green manure for wetland rice in an alkaline soil. The two species were raised as a catch crop during summer in a wheat-rice rotation, and added as 24.7 and 20.8 t ha−1 of green matter, 116 and 98 kg N ha−1, respectively, after 45 days of growth. For the optimum green manuring effect on rice grain yield and N uptake, S. aculeata required 5 days of decomposition (after turning in and before rice transplantation), whereas no decomposition period was necessary for Sesbania sp. PL Se-17. The effect on grain yield and N uptake of rice was equivalent to an application of 122 and 78 kg ha−1 of chemical N, for the two species, respectively. There was no residual effect of the green manuring on the soil N status after rice harvest.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00257915
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    Carbon and nitrogen mineralization in subarctic agricultural and forest soils (1988)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 6 (1988), S. 33-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Microbial activity ; Nitrification ; Taiga ; Tillage system ; Crop residue management
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary C and N mineralization potentials were determined, in a 12-week laboratory incubation study, on soil samples obtained from recently cleared land which had been cropped to barley for 4 years (field soils) and from nearby undisturbed taiga (forest soils). Treatments for the cropped soils were conventional and no-tillage with and without crop residues removed. An average of about 3% of the total C was evolved as CO2 from the field soils compared with 〉 10% and 4% for the upper (Oie) and lower (Oa) forest-floor horizons, respectively. Significantly more C was mineralized from the Ap of the no-till treatment with residue left on the surface than from the other field Ap horizons. Both forest-floor horizons showed rather long lag periods for net mineralization compared with the field soils, but at the end of the incubation, more mineral N was recovered from the forest Oie despite a rather wide C:N ratio, than from the field soils. After 12 weeks about 115, 200 and 20 μg mineral N/g soil were recovered from the field Ap, the forest Oie and the forest Oa horizons, respectively. Very little C or N was mineralized from the B horizon of the forest or the field soils. Nitrification was rapid and virtually complete for the field soils but was negligible for both forest-floor O horizons.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00257917
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    Importance of biological processes in the sulfur budget of a northern hardwood ecosystem (1987)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 5 (1987), S. 258-264 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: C-bonded S ; Mineralization ; Organic S
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Total S, organic S and sulfate were measured in foliage, litter, roots, soil and solutions at a hardwood site within the Adirondack Mountains of New York. Sulfate as a percentage of total S was similar in foliage and litter (10%), but was greater in roots (30%). Sulfur constituents in the hardwood forest ecosystem were dominated by C-bonded S (60 g m−2) and ester sulfate (16 g m−2) which are formed by biological processes. Because sulfur mineralization (1.42 g m−2 yr−1) was greater than wet precipitation inputs (0.82 g m−2 yr−1), those factors that influence mineralization-immobilization processes are important in evaluating S cycling and sulfate fluxes in this ecosystem. Ester sulfate was formed within the forest floor by the soil biota and was leached to mineral horizons. Annual turnover of this pool was high (25%) within the mineral forest floor. Forest-floor C-bonded S was derived from root and above-ground litter, and substantial amounts were leached to mineral horizons. Calculated storage + outputs (1.64 g m−2 yr−1) was much greater than wet inputs (0.82 g m−2 yr−1).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00256911
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    Organic nitrogen compounds extracted from arable and forest soils by electro-ultrafiltration and recovery rates of amino acids (1988)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 5 (1988), S. 271-275 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Electro-ultrafiltration ; Soil N ; Aminoacid N ; Hydrolysable N ; Extractable organic N
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Extraction of synthetic amino acids dissolved in water by means of electro-ultrafiltration (EUF) showed average recovery rates of about 75%. Higher losses were obtained, particularly with cysteine, methionine and NH4 4; the latter, probably being deprotonated at the cathode, may be lost in form of NH3. The EUF extracts of three arable and two forest soils were investigated for their N compounds. In the arable soils only about 3% of the total organic N extracted by EUF was free amino acids; about 23%–55% consisted of amino N (hydrolysable N) and the rest was non-hydrolysable N. The two forest soils contained higher amounts of EUF-extractable organic N compared with the arable soils. In the two forest soils the content of free amino-acid N amounted to 8% and 11% of the EUF organic N, and the proportion of hydrolysable N from total EUF-organic N was 41% and 46%. It is suggested that the amino-acid N and the hydrolysable N can be easily mineralized.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00262130
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    The hormone-like effect of earthworm casts on plant growth (1988)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 5 (1988), S. 288-294 
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    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Earthworm casts ; Microbial metabolites ; Growth regulators ; Hormone-like effect ; Root biomass ; Carpophore formation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The fertilizing effect of earthworm casts depends on microbial metabolites, mainly growth regulators. The hormone-like effect of earthworm casts is discussed with reference to the literature and ad hoc experiments. When used in plant propagation, earthworm casts promote root initiation and root biomass and increase root percentage. When applied as a casing layer, earthworm casts stimulate carpophore formation in Agaricus bisporus, and N assimilation. When used in horticulture, earthworm casts have a hormone-like effect, influencing the development and precociousness of plants or inhibiting them. These effects are dependent on dose, application time and plant species. In addition, results recorded on dwarfing, stem elongation and precociousness of flowering suggest that the biological effect of earthworm casts is linked to microbial metabolites that influence plant metabolism, growth and development.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00262133
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    Variation in nitrogen fixation among populations ofFrankia sp. andCeanothus sp. in actinorhizal association (1989)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 7 (1989), S. 269-274 
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    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Nitrogen fixation ; Frankia-Ceanothus spp. association ; Acetylene reduction assay (ARA) ; Microsymbiont population ; Nodules ; Actinomycetes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Wildland shrub improvement is needed for sound range and disturbed land revegetation practice. The possibility of selecting superior N2-fixingFrankia-Ceanothus spp. actinorhizal associations was examined. Greenhouse tests were used to expose various soil-borne microsymbiont andCeanothus sp. population accessions in reciprocal combination. The acetylene reduction rate was used as a measure of N2-fixation capacity. There was no significant interaction between host and microsymbiont regardless of source for all variables measured. The acetylene reduction rate, nodule number and mass, plant biomass, and root: shoot ratio were significantly different among soil sources. The acetylene reduction rate was not significantly different amongCeanothus sp. accessions. Neither was it strongly correlated with other variables. It was concluded that the N2-fixation rate is more a function ofFrankia sp. than the hostCeanothus sp. in actinorhizal associations. It appears possible to select soil sources with superior N2-fixing microsymbiont populations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00709660
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    Evaluation of nitrogen fixation by different strains of theAzolla-Anabaena symbiosis in the presence of a high level of ammonium (1989)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 7 (1989), S. 275-278 
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    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Ammonium assimilation ; Azolla spp. ; Dinitrogen fixation ; Productivity-N content ; N yield ; 15N dilution technique
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The proportion of N derived from N2 fixation for 99 strains ofAzolla spp. (comprising all known species) in the presence of ammonium (40 mg/1) was assessed using a15N-dilution technique. The percentage of N derived from air varied from 29.5% to 79.9%. Although the N concentration ofAzolla spp. was not correlated with fertilizer N, it correlated fairly well with N2 fixation. Regression analysis suggests that the N yield ofAzolla spp. is more dependent on N2 fixation than on ammonium assimilation. The high correlation between N yield and isotopically determined, fixed N2 indicates that the N yield could be used as a parameter in the selection ofAzolla spp. strains that are capable of maintaining high N2 fixation in the presence of a high level of ammonium.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00709661
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    Soil microbial biomass and enzyme activity in subarctic agricultural and forest soils (1989)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 7 (1989), S. 283-288 
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    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Phosphatase ; Dehydrogenase ; Urease ; Microbial activity ; No tillage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Microbial biomass, activities of dehydrogenase, phosphatase, and urease, and numbers of ammonium oxidizers were determined at monthly intervals on soil samples obtained from an on-going tillage residue-management study during the summers of 1985 and 1986. The site was cleared of black spruce (Picea mariana, Mill.) in 1979 and has been planted to spring barley (Hordeum vulgare) since 1982. Tillage treatments were no-tillage or disked twice, and residuemanagement treatments were removal of stubble and loose straw or leaving all straw on the plots. Microbial biomass and enzyme activities were moderate to high in the Ap horizon but very low in the B horizon. There was no difference in any parameter measured due to tillage or residue management. In 1986, comparisons were made between the Ap horizon and the agricultural soil and the A horizon of the soil beneath an adjacent black-spruce forest. Total microbial biomass and enzyme activities were generally greater in the forest soil than in the agricultural soil. However, specific activity of the biomass was generally greater in the agricultural soil. Soil microbial biomass and urease activities of both agricultural and forest soils were similar to those reported for warmer climates, but dehydrogenase activity was higher and phosphatase was lower.
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    Fluorine contamination of soils and earthworms (Lumbricus spp.) near a site of long-term industrial emission in southern Germany (1989)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 7 (1989), S. 297-302 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: F contamination ; Soil contamination map ; F fractions ; Lumbricus spp. ; Earthworm burrows ; Bioaccumulation ; Soil fauna
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The F contamination of soils and Lumbricus spp. around a site of long-term industrial emission in southern Germany was examined. Among total, water extractable, and HCl-soluble fractions, the latter most appropriately characterized anthropogenic F accumulation. Based on the HCl-soluble fractions from 88 sampling sites, a contamination map consisting of three zones was established. F accumulation in the calcareous soils of the area was restricted to the top 40–50 cm and can be explained by precipitation as CaF2. Earthworms (Lumbricus spp.) collected from the different zones reflected the F contamination well in the significant correlations found between total F in earthworms with and without gut and the corresponding soils. The bioaccumulation of F in earthworms is obvious, and may become hazardous for the earthworms themselves and for other animals feeding on contaminated soil and/or its fauna. A significantly higher F value was recorded in the linings of earthworm tubes than in the corresponding soil. F translocation by earthworm burrowing may be a mechanism of subsoil contamination.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00257823
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    The soil microbial community in a sewage-sludge-amended semi-arid grassland (1989)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 7 (1989), S. 310-317 
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    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The value of sewage sludge for improving the fertility and productivity of a degraded semi-arid grassland soil was tested by quantifying and describing the effects of surface application of sewage sludge on soil chemical properties and the soil microbial community. Three surface application rates (22.5, 45, and 90 Mg sludge ha−1) were tested over the course of two growing seasons. Most nutrient levels, including N, P, and K, increased linearly with increasing sludge application rates. Soil pH, however, declined linearly, from 7.8 to 7.4, with increasing sludge application rates. With the exception of Zn, heavy metals, including Cd, did not increase with the small decrease in pH or with increasing sludge application rates. Soil bacterial, fungal, and ammonium oxidizer populations increased linearly with increasing sludge application rates, and Streptomyces spp. populations remained relatively unchanged. The diversity of fungal groups declined initially with increasing sewage sludge rates but rebounded to near pretreatment levels under the low and intermediate application rates within 1 year. High fungal populations and low fungal diversity were related to the high nutrient contents provided by sludge amendment. Mucor spp. and Penicillium chrysogenum dominated the sludge-amended soils, and their densities in the treated soils in the first growing season were almost directly proportional to the sludge application rates. The improvement in soil fertility of a degraded semi-arid grassland due to sludge application was reflected in populations, diversity, and composition of the soil microbial community.
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    Relative efficiency, ureide transport and harvest index in soybeans inoculated with isogenic HUP mutants of Bradyrhizobium japonicum (1989)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 7 (1989), S. 325-329 
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    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: N2 fixation ; Soybeans ; Bradyrhizobium japonicum ; HUP mutants ; N transport ; Ureide ; Acetylene reduction assay (ARA)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Differences between isogenic uptake hydrogenase (HUP) mutants of Bradyrhizobium japonicum in terms of nodule efficiency, N2 fixation and N incorporation into various plant parts were studied in a monoxenic greenhouse experiment in order to confirm previous results with soybeans and beans inoculated with various HUP+ and HUP− strains. The HUP+ revertant PJ17-1 of a HUP− mutant (PJ17) of strain USDA DES 122 showed a completely restored relative efficiency (100% versus 78±2% for the HUP− mutant), higher nodule efficiency (N2 fixed per g nodules), higher ureide-N transport rates, higher N contents in pods and higher N harvest indices. All these observations confirm previous experiments with HUP+ and HUP− strains.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00257827
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    Effects of organic solvents on denitrification in soil (1989)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 7 (1989), S. 336-340 
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    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Denitrification ; Nitrate ; Methanol ; Ethanol ; Acetone ; Phenylmercuric acetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Although organic solvents such as methanol and ethanol have been shown to act as energy sources for denitrifying microorganisms, no studies on the influence of organic solvents on denitrification in soil have been reported. Organic solvents have been used as an aid in the application of pesticides and other agricultural chemicals to soil, in studying the effects of these chemicals on denitrification in soil. During these applications, the soil is often aerated or heated to remove the solvent while leaving the chemical in the soil. The work reported here shows that treating soils with methanol, ethanol, or acetone had a very marked effect on their denitrifying ability, even when the soils were aerated thoroughly or heated at 50°C to remove these solvents. This indicates either that it is not possible to effect complete removal of organic solvents from soils by aeration or heating or that organic solvents promote denitrification by solubilizing a fraction of soil organic matter that is not available to denitrifying microorganisms before the addition of these solvents. Experiments using phenylmercuric acetate (a herbicide and nitrification inhibitor) showed that although this compound had a marked inhibitory effect on denitrification when added to soil in methanol, ethanol, or acetone, it had no inhibitory effect on denitrification when added to soil in water. The work reported shows that the use of an organic solvent in adding an agricultural chemical to soil can lead to erroneous conclusions in studies on the effects of the chemical on soil denitrification.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00257829
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    Cellulolytic and pectolytic activity of streptomycetes isolated from root-free soil, rhizosphere and mycorrhizosphere of pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) (1989)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 7 (1989), S. 365-369 
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    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Streptomycetes ; Cellulolytic ; Pectolytic activity ; Pine ; Pinus sylvestris ; Rhizosphere
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Our studies have revealed that streptomycetes inhabiting root-free soil and the root zone of pine trees differ in their capacity to produce cellulolytic and pectolytic enzymes. Most of the root-zone organisms but only a few of the root-free soil isolates exhibited cellulolytic activity. A few of the root-zone organisms but no soil isolate showed pectolytic activity. In general the cellulolytic activity was higher in cellulase producers from the root zone than in those derived from the root-free soil. The streptomycetes studied produced only endopolymethylgalacturonase. The mean total activity of this enzyme was higher in the rhizosphere isolates but the mean specific activity was higher in the mycorrhizosphere organisms.
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    Fate and dispersal of recombinant bacteria in a soil microcosm containing the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris (1989)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 7 (1989), S. 374-376 
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    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Risk assessment ; Genetically engineered microorganisms ; Earthworm microcosm ; Lumbricus terrestris
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A model ecosystem was designed containing Lumbricus terrestris in soil. The microcosm is suitable for assessing the dispersal and survival of genetically engineered microorganisms. After the inoculation of genetically engineered microorganisms their number in the worm excretions decreased continuously to reach the level of the detection limit within 50 days.
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    Effect of pre-incubated sawdust-based cowdung on growth and nutrient uptake of Zea mays (L.) and on soil chemical properties (1989)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 7 (1989), S. 176-179 
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    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Pre-incubation ; Sawdust-based cowdung ; Zea mays (L.)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A greenhouse soil culture experiment was set up to evaluate the effect of pre-incubation time (0, 2, 4, 6 weeks) of sawdust-based cowdung, prior to use, on the growth, dry-matter yield, and uptake of nutrients by Zea mays (L). The chemical properties of the soil (an Alfisol) were examined after the various treatments. The results indicated that incubation of cowdung for 4 weeks before planting time enhanced the growth and dry-matter yields of maize. Soil pH increased with the length of incubation while organic-C contents and cation exchange capacity remained unaffected. The length of pre-incubation enhanced the uptake of N and P but did not affect the uptake of K, Ca, Mg, and Na.
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    Synthesis of 15N-labelled microbial biomass in soil in situ and extraction of biomass N (1989)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 7 (1989), S. 180-185 
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    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Extractability ratios ; Microbial biomass ; N immobilization-remineralization ; Priming effect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A Pakistani soil (Hafizabad silt loam) was incubated at 30°C with varying levels of 15N-labelled ammonium sulphate and glucose (C/N ratio of 30 at each addition rate) in order to generate different insitu levels of 15N-labelled microbial biomass. At a stage when all of the applied 15N was in organic forms, as biomass and products, the soil samples were analysed for biomass N by the chloroform (CHCl3) fumigation-extraction method, which involves exposure of the soil to CHCl3 vapour for 24 h followed by extraction with 500 mM K2SO4. A correction is made for inorganic and organic N in 500 mM K2SO4 extracts of the unfumigated soil. Results obtained using this approach were compared with the amounts of immobilized 15N extracted by 500 mM K2SO4 containing different amounts of CHCl3. The extraction time varied from 0.5 to 4 h. The amount of N extracted ranged from 27 to 270 μg g−1, the minimum occurring at the lowest (67 μg g−1) and the maximum at the highest (333 μg g−1) N-addition rate. Extractability of biomass 15N ranged from 25% at the lowest N-addition rate to 65%a for the highest rate and increased consistently with an increase in the amount of 15N and glucose added. The amounts of both soil N and immobilized 15N extracted with 500 mM K2SO4 containing CHCl3 increased with an increase in extraction time and in concentration of CHCl3. The chloroform fumigation-extraction method gives low estimates for biomass N because some of the organic N in K2SO4 extracts of unfumigated soil is derived from biomass.
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    Arylsulphatase activity of different latosol soils of Ghana cropped to cocoa (Theobroma cacao) and coffee (Coffea canephora var. robusta) (1989)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 7 (1989), S. 186-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Arylsulphatase ; Sulphur ; Plant available S ; Rhodic Ferralsols ; Theobroma cacao ; Coffea canephora
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A study was undertaken to investigate arylsulphatase activity in 15 soils cropped to cocoa (Theobroma cacao) and coffee (Coffea canephora var. robusta) in Ghana. The arylsulphatase activity was correlated positively and significantly with organic C, total N, and cation exchange capacity, and correlated negatively with acetate soluble sulphate. The enzyme was deactivated at an incubation temperature of over 60°C. Preheating and oven-drying of soils decreased arylsulphatase activity. Addition of 1.0 ml toluene during the assay resulted in a sharp decline in arylsuphatase activity. The addition of trace elements at a concentration of 1 ppm caused a reduction in soil arylsulphatase activity compared with that of the untreated samples.
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    Grouping of soil bacteria by analysis of colony formation on agar plates (1989)
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    Biology and fertility of soils 7 (1989), S. 198-201 
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    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Plate technique ; Colony formation ; Growth rate ; Bacterial grouping ; Oligotrophic bacteria ; Copiotrophic bacteria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The colony formation of soil bacteria was studied in relation to incubation time. The process was simulated by a colony-forming curve (CFC) which was a superposition of several component curves (cCFC) given theoretically by the first-order reaction (FOR) model. This model had been previously proposed to define the colony formation of cells of a single culture. Soil bacteria were divided into several groups by these cCFC, as different types of bacteria produced their own colonies. Bacteria belonging to a single group grew at a similar rate on the plating medium and each group was characterized by a different growth rate. Most copiotrophic bacteria were fast growers and most oligotrophic bacteria slow growers.
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    Transformation of 15N-labelled leguminous plant material in three contrasting soils (1989)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 8 (1989), S. 54-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Biomass N ; Humus fractions ; Hydrolyzable N ; Legume N ; Mineralizable N ; N-mineralization ; 15N-labelled material
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Two soils from Pakistan (Hafizabad silt loam and Khurrarianwala silt loam) and one from Illinois, USA (Drummer silty clay loam) were incubated with 15N-labelled soybean tops for up to 20 weeks at 30°C. Mineralization of soybean 15N was slightly more rapid in the Pakistani soils, and after 20 weeks of incubation, 50%, 53%, and 56% of the applied 15N was accounted for as (NH4 ++NO3 −)-N in Drummer, Hafizabad, and Khurrarianwala soils, respectively. Potentially mineralizable N (determined by anaerobic incubation) varied between 1.5% and 10% of the applied 15N in the three soils at different stages of incubation; somewhat higher percentages were mineralizable in the Pakistani soils than in the Drummer soil. From 3.7% to 9% of the applied 15N was accounted for in the microbial biomass. From 10% to 32% of the applied N was recovered in the humic acid and fulvic acid fractions of the organic matter by sequential extraction with Na4P2O7 and NaOH; from 12% to 49% was recovered in the humin fraction. Of the three soils, Drummer soil contained more 15N as humic and fulvic acids. In all cases, the 15N was approximately equally distributed between the humic and fulvic acid fractions. A significant percentage of the humin 15N (52%–78%, equivalent to 8%–34% of the applied 15N) occurred in non-hydrolyzable (6 N HCl) forms. Of the hydrolyzable 15N, 42%–51% was accounted for as amino acid-N followed in order by NH3 (17%–30%), hydrolyzable unknown forms (20%–22%), and amino sugars (6%–2%). The recovery of applied 15N for the different incubation stages was 87±22%. Recovery was lowest with the Khurrarianwala soil, presumably because of NH3 volatilization losses caused by the high pH of this soil.
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    Microdetermination of protease activity in humic bands of different sizes after analytical isoelectric focusing (1989)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 7 (1989), S. 202-206 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Humus fractionation ; Isoelectric points ; Humus-enzyme complexes ; Extracellular protease microdetermination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Extracellular benzoyl-l,-argininamide (BAA)-hydrolysing protease was extracted with neutral pyrophosphate from an arable soil and fractionated by membrane ultrafiltration. There were three fractions: A1 (molecular weight 〉 105), AII (molecular weight 104–105), and R (molecular weight 〈 104). Analytical isoelectric focusing (IEF) of the fractions was carried out on polyacrylamide gels with a restricted pH gradient of 4.0 to 5.0. Two extracellular proteases characterized soil extract E, with one peak (Ip 4.44) bound to a large amount of humic matter and the other (Ip 4.06) bound to a small amount of humus. Following ultrafiltration, the humus-enzyme complex of extract E (Ip 4.44) split into the fractions AI, AII, and R, and was displaced at Ip values that depended on the electrophysical properties of bound organic matter, whereas that at Ip 4.06 was completely removed from the extract E and accumulated only into the low-molecular-weight fraction R. High recoveries of absolute activity were obtained after IEF of the whole extract E, and fractions AII and R, but only about 50% was recovered from fraction AI. It appears that humic substances have reversible inhibitory effects on extracellular proteases, since the maximum recoveries of activity were obtained from fractions where high amounts of protease non-active organic matter had been removed by IER IEF was able to fractionate humic molecules and purify humic-protease complexes on the basis of smaller differences in Ip, and even smaller differences of 0.05 pH units. The present results show that BAA hydrolysing proteases were preferentially linked with a specific class of humic molecules with an Ip of close to 4.44.
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    Asymbiotic dinitrogen fixation by tundra in the Imnavait Creek drainage, Alaska, USA (1989)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 7 (1989), S. 207-212 
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    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Dinitrogen fixation ; Acetylene reduction assay (ARA) ; Tundra ecosystem ; Nitrogen pool
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary N2 fixation by free-living microorganisms was investigated at an intensively studied low Arctic site near Toolik Lake in the northern foothills of the Brooks Range, Alaska, during July 1987. Four characteristic vegetation associations along an elevational gradient were assayed using minimally disruptive in situ acetylene reduction assay methods. The acetylene reduction rates did not differ significantly among vegetation associations. The mean rate for the site was 9.60 μmol m−2 h−1 or 90 μg N m−2 day−1, which is within the range of values given for other Arctic and alpine tundra studies. The complex microtopography and resulting patchy distribution of free-living and phycobiont diazotrophs is the most likely cause of the high spatial variability in acetylene reduction activity. Rates were most variable among samples from the lowest position, a riparian site. The potential contribution of heterotrophic diazotrophs was examined through a laboratory enrichment study. Soils from the two lower slope positions showed dramatic responses to added C, suggesting that heterotrophs may contribute fixed N2 to this system.
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    Determination of available sulphate in some soils of Ghana using five extraction methods (1989)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 8 (1989), S. 80-86 
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    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Extraction ; Available sulphate ; Soil solution ratio ; Soil profiles ; Arylsulphatase activity ; Water-soluble sulphate ; Phospate-extractable sulphate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A study was undertaken to measure the sulphate-S in some representative soils cropped to cocoa (Theobroma cacao) and coffee (Coffea canephora var. robusta) in Ghana using five extraction methods at two soil-extractant ratios. The least extracting power was shown by 0.1 N HCL. A soil-extractant ratio of 1:10 extracted higher amounts of SO 4 2− −S than a 1:5 ratio. There were highly significant differences among the extractants and among the soils. From the 15 soil samples, the highest amount of SO 4 2− −S was extracted at the 1:5 ratio and at the 1:10 ratio by H2O and the KH2PO4− extracting solution, respectively. There was no correlation between arylsulphatase activity and the various amounts of extractable SO4/2− −S, and therefore soil arylsulphatase activity seems less appropriate as an indicator of plant-available inorganic SO 4 2− −S. In the three soil profiles analysed, the amounts of H2O-extractable SO 4 2− −S decreased with depth while those extracted by sodium acetate buffer increased with depth. The possibility of large amounts of extractable SO 4 2− −S in the subsoils should be considered along with the SO 4 2− −S in the surface samples if an estimation is made of the available −S status of cocoa and coffee rooting zones.
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    A new growth medium for the study of siderophore-mediated interactions (1989)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 8 (1989), S. 97-101 
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    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Gaeumannomyces ; Pseudomonas ; Siderophore ; Pseudobactin ; Iron
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A microbial growth medium, RSM, was developed to study the role of siderophores (microbial Fe-transport compounds) in the inhibition of the take-all pathogen, Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici, by Pseudomonas putida strain B10. The inorganic constituents of the medium were designed to mimic the rhizosphere while the organic composition was designed to promote rapid growth and siderophore production. The antibiosis experiments were highly reproducible and the antagonism appeared to be due to production of pseudobactin, the siderophore of B10. On plates amended with chrome azurol S, G. graminis did not produce siderophores while other fungi did. The growth of G. graminis on plates prepared with Fe chelate buffers was inhibited at a free ferric ion concentration of 10−24.6 M, although three other fungi were not inhibited, even at 10−25.5 M, presumably due to their greater production of siderophores. In liquid medium amended with Fe chelate buffers, both the doubling time and the lag phase of P. putida increased as the free ferric ion concentration was reduced. A wide variety of fungi and bacteria were found to grow on this medium. Because the inorganic composition of RSM is based on that of the rhizosphere, the development of this medium may be a first step towards the study of the chemistry and biology of the rhizosphere under well defined conditions.
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    Leucaena leucocephala seedling response to vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation in soils with varying levels of inherent mycorrhizal effectiveness (1989)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 8 (1989), S. 111-115 
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    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Glomus aggregatum ; Leucaena leucocephala ; Pinnule ; P status ; Tropical soils
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The symbiotic effectiveness of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi present in widely differring tropical soils was evaluated in a greenhouse experiment. Small volumes of field soil, a standard inoculum (Glomus aggregatum) or both were introduced into a fumigated sand-soil medium amended with nutrients for optimum VAM activity. Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit var. K8 was grown in the medium as an indicator plant. VAM effectiveness was monitored as a function of time by determining the P status of pinnules. The soils differed from each other with respect to the time their endophytes required for the expression of initial and maximum effectiveness and in the level of maximum effectiveness they exhibited. The effect of mycorrhizal inoculation, calculated as the ratio of the areas enclosed by the effectiveness curve of G. aggregatum to that enclosed by the effectiveness curves of test soils, was found to be a good indicator of the response of L. leucocephala to inoculation of soils with G. aggregatum
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    Effect of N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide on hydrolysis of urea by plant, microbial, and soil urease (1989)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 8 (1989), S. 123-127 
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    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: N-(n-Butyl) thiophosphoric triamide ; Phenylphosphorodiamidate ; Urea ; Urease ; N-(n-Butyl) phosphoric triamide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Comparison of the effects of N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT) and phenylphosphorodiamidate (PPD) on hydrolysis of urea by plant (jackbean), microbial (Bacillus pasteurii), and soil urease showed that whereas NBPT was considerably more effective than PPD for inhibiting hydrolysis of urea added to soil, it was much less effective than PPD for inhibiting hydrolysis of urea by plant or microbial urease. Studies to account for this observation indicated that NBPT is rapidly decomposed in soil to a compound that is much more effective than NBPT for inhibition of urease activity and that this compound is N-(n-butyl) phosphoric triamide.
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    Shoot, root, soil and microbial nitrogen dynamics in two contrasting soils cropped to barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) (1989)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 8 (1989), S. 134-143 
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    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Active N ; Cryoboralf ; Cryoboroll ; 15N ; N cycling ; Hordeum vulgare L. ; Microbial biomass N
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Dynamics of barley N, mineral N, and organic N were compared at Ellerslie (Black Chernozem, Typic Cryoboroll) and Breton (Gray Luvisol, Typic Cryoboralf) in central Alberta, using 15N-urea. On average, shoot N and shoot 15N recoveries at Ellerslie (14.1 g m−2, 36%) were greater than at Breton (4.5 g m−2, 17%). Root N (g m−2) did not significantly differ between sites (0–30 cm) but root 15N recovery was greater at Breton (3.4%) than Ellerslie (1.8%). Low levels of shoot N and shoot 15N at Breton were partly due to very wet soil conditions in July, which resulted in premature shoot senescence and low plant N uptake. Although the total 15N recoveries from the system (to 30 cm depth) at Ellerslie (63%) and Breton (56%) were similar, soil 15N was greater at Breton (35%) than at Ellerslie (26%). There were no differences in mineral N between sites but the average 15N recovery in the mineral-N pool was significantly greater at Ellerslie (3.3%) than at Breton (1.6%). There was no difference in 15N recovery in the microbial biomass (∼3%) between sites, although non-microbial organic 15N was greater at Breton (31 %) than at Ellerslie (20%). The two soils showed differences in the relative size of kinetically active N pools and in relative mineralization rates. Microbial N (0–30 cm) was greater at Ellerslie (13.3 g m−2) than at Breton (9.9 g m−2), but total microbial N made up a larger proportion of total soil N at Breton (1.6%) than at Ellerslie (0.9%). In the 0–10 cm interval, microbial N was 1.7-fold greater and non-microbial active N was 3-fold greater at Breton compared to Ellerslie, when expressed as a proportion of total soil N. Net N mineralization in a 10-day laboratory incubation was 1.4-fold greater in the Black Chernozem (0–10 cm interval) from Ellerslie, compared to the Gray Luvisol from Breton, when expressed per gram of soil. Net N mineralization in the soil from Breton was double that of the soil from Ellerslie, when expressed as a proportion of soil N. Although soil N (g m−2) was 2.5-fold greater at Ellerslie compared to Breton, it was cycled more rapidly at Breton.
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    Impact of landspread sewage sludge and earthworm introduction on established earthworms and soil structure (1989)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 8 (1989), S. 160-165 
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    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Sewage sludge ; Earthworms ; Formalin extraction ; Eisenia fetida ; Lumbricus terrestris ; Spruce plantation ; Hardwood site
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Sewage sludge was applied to twelve 4-m2 plots in two forest (mixed hardwood, Norway spruce plantation) site and one old field site. The earthworm Eisenia fetida was introduced to half the control and half the treated plots. Earthworm populations were sampled by formalin extraction and hand-sorting five times in the year following treatment. One year after treatment, soil samples were wet-sieved and water-stable aggregate size-class arrays were determined. The dominant earthworm in the study site, Lumbricus terrestris, increased in density and mean individual biomass in response to sludge treatment in mixed hardwood and old field plots. In the Norway spruce plots, L. terrestris increased in individual biomass but decreased in density following sludge application. The density of the introduced E. fetida rapidly declined in all control plots. One year after introduction, E. fetida was found only in the sludge-treated Norway spruce plot. The introduction of E. fetida with sludge decreased the density and biomass of L. terrestris in the hardwood plots. Sludge treatment increased the percentages of 4-mm diameter water-stable aggregates in old field and hardwood plots. The addition of E. fetida with sludge in the hardwood plots generated no increase in 4-mm water-stable aggregates. In the old field, sludge + E. fetida increased the 4-mm water-stable aggregates. Little change in water-stable aggregates in response to either treatment combination was seen in the Norway spruce site.
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    Hydrogen metabolism and nitrogen fixation of soybean (Glycine max. L.) inoculated with different strains ofRhizobium spp. (1989)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 7 (1989), S. 259-262 
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    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Hydrogenase ; Nitrogenase ; Nodulation ; Bradyrhizobium japonicum ; Rhizobium fredii ; Acetylene reduction assay (ARA)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Hydrogenase activities and N2-fixing capacities of soybean nodules (Glycine max. cv. Hodgson), inoculated with strains ofBradyrhizobium japonicum andRhizobium fredii from different geographical regions, were measured after 35 days of culture under controlled conditions. Of the strains tested, 47% induced nodules with bacteroids which recycled H2. The data obtained suggest that H2-recycling ability is not a major factor influencing early N2-fixation which depends essentially on the precocity and intensity of the initial nodulation.
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    Crop growth and nitrogen transformations in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) planted after wetland rice (Oryza sativa L.) (1989)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 7 (1989), S. 263-268 
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    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Dentrification ; Immobilization ; Tillage ; N leaching ; Wheat ; Wetland rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A field study was undertaken to examine the effects of various management strategies on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) performance and N cycling in an intensively cropped soil. Microplots receiving 100 kg N ha−1 as15NH4 + 15NO3 − at sowing, tillering or stem elongation were compared with unfertilized microplots. Stubble from the previous rice crop was either incorporated, burnt without tillage, burnt then tilled or retained on the surface of untilled soil. Wheat grain yield ranged from 1.5 to 5.1 t ha− and was closely related to N uptake. Plant accumulation of soil N averaged 36 kg N ha−1 (LSD 5% = 10) on stubble-incorporation plots and 54 kg N ha−1 on stubble-retention plots. Fertilizer N accumulation averaged 18 kg N ha−1 (LSD 51% = 6) on stubble-incorporation plots and 50 kg N ha−1 on stubble-retention plots. Tillage had little effect on burnt plots. Delaying N application from sowing until stem elongation increased average fertilizer N uptake from 26 to 39 kg N ha−1 (LSD 5% = 6), but reduced soil N uptake from 50 to 37 kg N ha− (LSD 5% = 10). Immobilization and leaching did not vary greatly between treatments and approximately one-third of the fertilizer was immobilized. Less than 1% of the fertilizer was found below a depth of 300 mm. Incorporating 9 t ha−1 of rice stubble 13 days before wheat sowing reduced net apparent mineralization of native soil N from 37 to 3 kg ha−1 between tillering and maturity. It also increased apparent denitrification of fertilizer N from an average 34 to 53 kg N ha−1 (LSD 5% = 6). N loss occurred over several months, suggesting that denitrification was maintained by continued release of metabolizable carbohydrate from the decaying rice stubble. The results demonstrate that no-till systems increase crop yield and use of both fertilizer and soil N in intensive rice-based rotations.
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    Growth and survival of cowpea bradyrhizobia in various carrier materials (1989)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 7 (1989), S. 279-282 
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    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Carrier materials ; Bradyrhizobium inoculum ; Cowpea ; Vigna radiata ; Survival at 4° and 20°C ; Mungbean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Pakistan does not yet have the technology for commercial production ofRhizobium andBradyrhizobium inoculum. Therefore, investigations were undertaken to evaluate the suitability of different materials like compost, sawdust, rice husks, sugar cane, filter mud, and peat asBradyrhizobium carriers. The growth and survival of bradyrhizobia (strain TAL 441 of the cowpea type) was studied in sterilized and unsterilized carriers mixed with loam and enriched with lucerne meal and sucrose. Three different sterilization methods (autoclaving, gamma irradiation, and dry heating of the carriers) were used. The growth and survival of bradyrhizobia in the inoculants were studied at two different storage temperatures, 4° and 20°C. After 2–21 months of inoculation, maximum survival of rhizobia (7.6 × 109 cells g−1) was observed in autoclaved filter mud containing loam-lucerne meal and sucrose. The survival of rhizobia in autoclaved peat was 3.4x 109 cells g-t. The maximum viable number of rhizobia per seed of mungbean (Vigna radiata) was 7.7 × 108 in gamma-irradiated compost and least (1 × 107 cells seed−1) in rice husks.
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    Pesticide toxicity using protozoans as test organisms (1989)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 7 (1989), S. 289-296 
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    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Most probable number method ; Absorbance method ; LC50 ; LCIO ; Protozoa ; Colpoda cucullus ; Blepharisma undulans ; Oikomonas termo ; Pesticides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A toxicity test using protozoa as test organisms was devised for pesticides. Two different methods were used, the most probable number method and the absorbance method (based on measurement of protozoa growth through absorbance). The ciliates Colpoda cucullus and Blepharisma undulans and the flagellate Oikomonas termo were isolated from different biological starter cultures and tested with the herbicides Chlorex, MCPA, dichlorprop and Matrigon, the fungicide Benlate, and the insecticide Sumicidin. The protozoans showed quite different sensitivities to the pesticides, using 9-h lethal concentrations (LC50 and LC10) as criteria. The 9-h LC50 (concentration at which 50% of the protozeon population has died after 9 h of incubation) ranged from 0.7 ppm for Benlate to 40000 ppm for Chlorex. The usual soil application rates of Chlorex, MCPA, and Benlate were toxic to some of the organisms.
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    Denitrification and fermentation in plant-residue-amended soil (1989)
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    Biology and fertility of soils 7 (1989), S. 303-309 
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    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Volatile fatty acids ; Water-soluble C ; Nitrate ; Nitrite ; Fermentative nitrate reduction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Nitrous oxide production (denitrification) during anaerobic incubation of ground-alfalfa-, red-clover-, wheat-straw-, and cornstover-amended soil was positively related to the initial water-soluble C content of the residue- amended soil. The water-soluble C concentration decreased in all treatments during the first 2 days, then increased in the alfalfa-, red-clover-, and wheat-straw-amended soil until the end of the experiment at 15 days. An accumulation of acetate, propionate, and butyrate was partly responsible for the increased water-soluble C concentration. Denitrification rates were much higher in the alfalfa-and red-clover-amended soil, but NO 3 − was not fully recovered as N2O in these treatments. Supported by earlier experiments in our laboratory, we conclude that some of the NO 3 − was reduced to NH 4 + through fermentative NO 3 − reduction, otherwise known as dissimilatory NO 3 − reduction to NH 4 + . Acetate, the primary product of anaerobic fermentation, accumulated in the alfalfa- and red-clover-amended soil in the presence of NO 3 − , supporting previous observations that the processes of denitrification and fermentation occur simultaneously in C-amended soil. The partitioning of NO 3 − between denitrification and fermentative NO 3 − reduction to NH 4 + depends on the activity of the denitrifying and fermentative bacterial populations. NO2 concentration may be a key in the partitioning of NO 3 − between these two processes.
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    Nitrogen mineralization in coal mine spoil and topsoil (1989)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 7 (1989), S. 318-324 
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    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: N mineralization potential ; N immobilization ; N mineralization ; N cycling ; Reclamation ; Coal-mine spoil ; Sludge amendment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary N mineralization was compared in fresh topsoil, stockpiled topsoil, coal-mine spoil, and in various mixtures of soil and mine spoil, with and without sludge amendment. N mineralization was slightly lower in stockpiled topsoil than in fresh topsoil or mine spoil. Differences between stockpiled and fresh topsoil were small and were attributed to changes in the relative proportions of readily degradable versus slowly degradable organic fractions. Sludge amendment increased N mineralization, but straw amendment immobilized N through 12 weeks of incubation. More N was leached from mixtures of mine spoil and soil than from soil or mine spoil alone, but net N mineralization decreased with increasing mine-spoil-to-soil ratios, probably as a result of greater denitrification losses. Mixing mine spoil with soil can increase plant available N more than soil or spoil alone, because spoil contributes mineralizable organic N while soil improves the physical and chemical environment of the mine spoil.
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    The microarthropod fauna associated with a deep rooted legume, Prosopis glandulosa, in the Chihuahuan Desert (1989)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 7 (1989), S. 330-335 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Prosopis glandulosa ; Rhizosphere ; Mites ; Collembolans ; Chihuahuan Desert
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The rhizosphere microarthropod fauna of a woody, deep-rooted legume, Prosopis glandulosa, was sampled at four sites in the northern Chihuahuan Desert and compared with the rhizosphere microarthropod fauna of a co-dominant shrub, Larrea tridentata. Prostigmatid mites (Speleorchestes sp.,Neognathus sp., Rhagidia sp., Tydaeolus sp., Steneotarsonemus sp., Tarsonemus sp., Nanorchestes sp., Gordialycus sp.), the cryptostigmatid mites (Bankisonoma ovata and Passalozetes neomexicanus), the mesostigmatid (Protogamasellus mica), and the collembolan (Brachystomella arida) characterized the fauna at depths greater than 1 m. Microarthropods were recovered from soils at a depth of 13 m at the edge of a dry lake and at depths of 7 m in a dry wash which were pre-European man P. glandulosa habitats. In habitats where P. glandulosa is a recent invader, root depth and microarthropods were less than 3 m. In most habitats, population densites of microarthropods at depths 0.5 m were more than 100 times those at depths ≫ 0.5 m. Population densities of microarthropods associated with P. glandulosa growing at the edge of a dry wash were not significantly smaller at 0.5−1.0 m depth than at 0−0.5 m. The deep-rhizosphere microarthropod fauna is a reduced subset of the fauna of surficial soils, suggesting that this fauna plays a role in decomposition and mineralization processes functionally similar to that of microarthropods in surficial soils.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00257828
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    Distribution of microbial biomass across the rhizosphere of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in soils (1989)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 7 (1989), S. 341-345 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: ATP content ; Bulk soil ; CO2 production ; Mineral N ; Nitrification inhibitor ; Rhizosphere ; Sewage sludge ; Hordeum vulgare
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The microbial activity at the soil-root interface (rhizosphere) of barley was examined using a rhizobox system. In this system, the soil was placed in several compartments separated from each other by a 500-mesh nylon cloth. Plants were grown in the central compartment and after a 2-month growing period the roots were still confined to this compartment. The soil from each compartment was then analyzed for ATP, NO3 /−, total N, total C and CO2 production. The increase in ATP concentration was found in a range of 4 mm around the roots. The ATP content and CO2 production across the rhizosphere were correlated in all the soils used, but changes in NO3 − were not correlated with ATP changes. The range of NO3 − change was wider than that of the ATP change, indicating that NO3 − production is not influenced by the biological activity in the rhizosphere.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00257830
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    Band-applied elemental sulfur to enhance the phytoavailability of phosphorus in alkaline calcareous soils (1989)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 7 (1989), S. 346-350 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Sulfur oxidation ; Acidification ; Alkaline soils ; Available P ; Thiobacillus thioparus ; Triticum aestivum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Applications of elemental sulfur (S°) increase the phytoavailability of P in alkaline high-Ca soils through the production of H2SO4 which is induced by microbial oxidation of S. Concentrated S bands, allowing “time release” acidity, may aid in maintaining the phytoavailability of both residual and fertilizer P. Greenhouse and field studies were therefore conducted to determine the effectiveness of band-applied S° for increasing the phytoavailability of residual and fertilizer P for spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and corn (Zea mays L.). We also used inoculation of S° with Thiobacillus thioparus to determine whether it is necessary or helpful in alkaline soils to initiate acidification. Treatments were inoculation, S°, S° + inoculation, triple superphosphate, triple superphosphate + S°, triple superphosphate + inoculation, and triple superphosphate + S° + inoculation applied to three alkaline soils: Typic Argiborolls, Borollic Calciorthids, and Ustollic Haplargids. P availability was determined by plant uptake of P, NaHCO3-extractable P, dry-matter yield, grain yield and grain-protein production, and on available-P index (NaHCO3-extractable P, post-harvest, + plant uptake of P). Application of S° with triple superphosphate gave a significantly higher available-P index than triple superphosphate alone on all three soils. Inoculation of S° with T. thioparus increased soil acidity; however, in some cases this treatment eliminated the beneficial effect of S°. Grain yields of wheat increased with S° applications at one of two field sites. These results suggest that applying S° with triple superphosphate may be an effective means of increasing soil P availability and the efficiency of superphosphate fertilizers on alkaline high-Ca soils.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00257831
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    Enzyme activity and carbon dioxide evolution from upland and wetland rice soils under three agricultural practices in hilly regions (1989)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 7 (1989), S. 359-364 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Soil enzymes ; Soil respiration ; Hill agriculture ; Wetland rice ; Dehydrogenase activity - Urease activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Dehydrogenase activity (a measure of microbial biomass), urease activity and CO2 evolution were measured in soils planted to rice (Oryza sativa L.) under three different agricultural practices prevalent in hill regions. The effects of hill slope, terrace and valley agriculture were investigated for two cropping seasons. The valleys and terraces were kept flooded during each cropping season while the hill slopes were cultivated with dryland practices. The type of agricultural practice and the date of observation had a significant influence on enzyme activity and CO2 evolution. A positive correlation was observed between dehydrogenase and urease activity and soil moisture content. Dehydrogenase and urease activity and soil respiration were positively correlated among themselves. The activity of both enzymes and CO2 evolution were highest in valley soils followed by terrace and hill-slope sites.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00257833
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    Acetylene reduction, hydrogen evolution and nodule respiration in Phaseolus vulgaris (1989)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 7 (1989), S. 351-358 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Phaseolus vulgaris ; Rhizobium ; Nitrogenase ; Hydrogenase ; Nodulation ; Acetylene reduction assay (ARA)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In an experiment performed under greenhouse conditions, four cultivars of Phaseolus vulgaris L. (Venezuela-350; Aroana; Moruna; Carioca) were inoculated with three Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar phaseoli strains (C-05; C-40 = CIAT 255; C-89 = CIAT 55) and were fertilized with an N-free mineral nutrient solution. The plants were harvested 25, 40, and 55 days after emergence and the following paramenters were evaluated: Nitrogenase activity of nodulated roots, H2 evolution by the nodules; relative efficiency of nitrogenase; respiration rates of nodulated roots and detached nodules; dry weight and total N of stems, leaves, pods, roots, and nodules. Generally the bean cultivar, Rhizobium strain, had an effect and there was an interaction effect with both symbiotic partners, on all parameters. On average, nodules represented 23% of total root respiration but the best symbiotic combinations showed lower ratios of C respired to N fixed. The maximum N-assimilation rate (between 40 and 55 days after emergence) of 11.93 mg N plant−1 day−1 occurred with the symbiotic combination of Carioca × C-05, while the poorest rate of 0.55 mg N plant−1 day−1 was recorded with Venezuela-350 × C-89. The best symbiotic combinations always showed the highest relative nitrogenase efficiency, but the differences in N2-fixation rates cannot be explained solely in terms of conservation of energy by recycling of H2. This requires further investigation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00257832
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    Interaction of the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae of maize with extractable soil phosphorus levels and nitrogen-potassium fertilizers (1989)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 8 (1989), S. 307-310 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Corn production ; Soil P ; Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae ; Zea mays ; Extractable phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A field experiment was conducted for 3 years to determine whether increasing extractable soil P levels would affect vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM) of maize (Zea mays L.) and the subsequent uptake of P and production of dry matter. Five levels of extractable soil P were established on an Aquic Dystrochrept soil with high and low NK fertilization. The results show that as extractable soil-P levels increase the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae of maize decrease, but P concentrations in both leaf and root tissue increase. There was a significant interaction between the extractable soil-P levels and NK treatment. At the low soil-P level NK fertilization increased mycorrhizae, while at the high soil-P levels NK fertilization reduced mycorrhizae. Dry-matter production generally paralleled extractable soil-P levels from 1.0 mg P kg−1 to a maximum at 10 mg P kg−1 soil (by ammonium acetate, pH 4.8). The reduction in vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae at the highest levels of extractable soil P apparently was not critical to either P uptake or dry-matter production.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00263160
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    Organic and inorganic soil phosphates and acid phosphatase activity in the rhizosphere of 80-year-old Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] trees (1989)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 8 (1989), S. 128-133 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Organic phosphates ; Rhizosphere ; Mycorrhizal roots ; Acid phosphatase ; Picea abies (L.) Karst. ; Norway spruce
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Inorganic and organic phosphates (P) were measured in bulk soil, rhizosphere soil and mycorrhizal rhizoplane soil of Norway spruce. Various methods of P extraction and estimation were compared. In addition, acid phosphatase activity and mycelial hyphae length were determined. In soil solutions from various locations, about 50% (range 35%–65%) of the total P was present as organic P. Compared to the bulk soil, the concentrations of readily hydrolysable organic P were lower in the rhizosphere soil and in the rhizoplane soil; this difference was particularly marked in the humus layer. In contrast, the concentrations of inorganic P either remained unaffected or increased. A 2- to 2.5-fold increase was found in the activity of acid phosphatase in the rhizoplane soil in comparison to the bulk soil. There was a positive correlation (r = 0.83***) between phosphatase activity and the length of mycelial hyphae. The results stress the role of organic P and of acid phosphatase in the rhizosphere in the P uptake by mycorrhizal roots of spruce trees grown on acid soils.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00257756
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    Soil respiration in eucalypt forests of southeastern Australia (1989)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 8 (1989), S. 154-159 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Soil respiration ; Eucalyptus forests ; Glucose ; Water-soluble carbon ; Eucalyptus regnans
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Soil respiration was measured in five eucalypt forests of southeastern Australia. Regardless of the type of forest, the rate of respiration in soils responded to the addition of an available C source (glucose) and did not to the addition of N or P. Addition of glucose, at up to 100% of the glucose equivalent in soil, increased the rate of respiration sigmoidally. The concentration of glucose needed to achieve the maximum rate of respiration in the topsoil (0–2 cm) of an Eucalyptus regnans forest was at least an order of magnitude greater than its equivalent in the soil. The results indicate that microbial respiration in soils from eucalypt forests is limited by an available source of C.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00257759
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    Dynamics of microbial biomass and soil fauna in two contrasting soils cropped to barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) (1989)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 8 (1989), S. 144-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Cryoboralf ; Cryoboroll ; Microarthropods ; Nematodes ; Protozoa ; Soil respiration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary This study compared the dynamics of shoots, roots, microbial biomass and faunal populations in two different soils cropped to barley. The dynamics of microbial C, protozoa, nematodes, acari, collembola, shoot and root mass were measured between July and October under barley at Ellerslie (Black Chernozem, Typic Cryoboroll) and Breton (Gray Luvisol, Typic Cryoboralf) in central Alberta. Very wet soil conditions in early July reduced the barley yield at Breton. The peak shoot mass was greater at Ellerslie (878 g m−2) compared to Breton (582 g m−2), but the root mass did not differ significantly between sites. Microbial C at 0–30 cm depth was greater at Ellerslie (127 g m−2) than Breton (68 g m−2). The average protozoa population (no. m−2) did not differ significantly between sites. The average nematode population at 0–20 cm depth was greater at Ellerslie (5.1 × 106 no. m−2) compared to Breton (1.0 × 106 no. m−2) Acari and collembola populations at 0–10 cm depth at Ellerslie (43 × 103 and 43 × 102 no. m−2), respectively) were greater than at Breton (2 × 104 and 9 × 102 no. m−2) respectively). Tenday laboratory incubations of 0–10 cm soil samples from Ellerslie evolved more CO2-C (120 μg g−1 soil) compared to samples from Breton (97 μg g−1 soil), but the CO2-C evolution did not differ when expressed on an area basis (g m−2) due to the greater soil bulk density at Breton. The soil from Breton respired twice as much CO2-C when expressed as a proportion of soil C and 1.5 times as much CO2-C when expressed as a proportion of microbial C, compared to the soil from Ellerslie. The greater CO2-C: microbial C ratio, lower flush C:N ratio, and greater protozoa population: soil C ratio at Breton compared to Ellerslie suggest that the food web was relatively more active at Breton and was related to greater C availability and water availability at Breton.
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    Native carbon mineralization of an acid organic soil after use of the chloroform-fumigation method to estimate microbial biomass (1989)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 8 (1989), S. 172-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Biomass ; Chloroform fumigation-incubation technique ; Acid organic soil ; Carbon mineralization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Two experiments were carried out on a dysmoder humus sampled from a depth of 2–5 cm from a mixed hardwood forest. In acid soil, the chloroform fumigation-incubation method failed to estimate the microbial biomass, not because bacterial growth was inhibited after fumigation but because a labile C source was taken up which differed from the killed biomass C.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00257762
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    Interaction between a peat carrier and bacterial seed treatments evaluated for biological control of the take-all diseases of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (1989)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 8 (1989), S. 166-171 
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    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Pseudomonas ; Disease predisposition ; Take-all ; Gaeumannomyces ; Seed treatment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Field plots were established in Indiana, Oregon, and Montana to evaluate the potential for biological control of various strains of bacteria as seed treatments to reduce the severity of take-all root, crown, and foot rot of wheat. The bacteria were grown in liquid broth Cas-amino acid broth media, mixed with finely ground peat, and applied to seed with methyl cellulose as a glue just before planting in field soils conducive for severe take-all. Autoclave-sterilized peat (minus bacteria) seed treatments increased take-all, immobilized Mn, and reduced plant vigor and grain yields. These effects were intensified when the pH of the natural peat was adjusted from 5.2 to 7.0 with CaCO3. The ability of the bacterial strains to counteract this peat-induced predisposition to take-all varied, and was influenced by planting site, genetic tolerance of the cultivar, and N treatment. Although the strains differed in their ability to suppress the peat-induced take-all, none of the isolates fully nullified the deleterious effects of the peat carrier. It is clear from this study that the carrier used with potential biological-contol agents may have a greater influence on disease than the biological agent.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00257761
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    Extraction of nitrogen from soils (1989)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 8 (1989), S. 189-190 
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    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Nitrogen ; Ammonium ; Nitrate ; Nitrogen extraction ; Soils ; Nitrogen mineralization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A roller bed and rotary end-over-end shaker were compared for the extraction of mineral N from a variety of soil types; both were equally efficient with an optimum extraction time of 30 min. However, the roller bed permitted a greater operational capacity, a faster throughput of samples, and easier identification of sample bottles compared with the end-over-end shaker. More NH4 +-N and NO3 −-N (P〈0.001) was recovered from soil by 2 M KCl than by any other extractant, in a soil: extractant ratio of 1 to 5 (w:v), except water, which was equally efficient at removing NO3 −-N from soils.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00257765
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    Effect of cultivation on microbial carbon and nitrogen in dry tropical forest soil (1989)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 8 (1989), S. 343-348 
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    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Soil biomass ; Dry tropical forest ; Farmyard manure ; Biomass N ; Biomass C ; Cultivation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Fifteen- and forty-year-old cropfields developed from a dry tropical forest were examined for soil organic C and total N and soil microbial C and N. The 15-year-old field had never been manured while the 40-year-old field had been fertilized with farmyard manure every year. The native forest soil was also examined. The results indicated that the native forest soil lost about 57% and 62% organic C and total N, respectively, in the 0–10 cm layer after 15 years of cultivation. The microbial C and N contents of the forest soil were greater than those of the cultivated soils. Application of farmyard manure increased the biomass-C and -N levels in the cultivated soil but the values were still markedly lower than in the forest soil. There was an appreciable seasonal variation in biomass C and N, the values being highest in summer and lowest in the rainy season. During an annual cycle, biomass-C contents varied from 180 to 727 μg g−1 and N from 20 to 80 μg g−1 dry soil, and both were linearly related. Microbial biomass C represented 1.6%–3.6% of total soil organic C and microbial biomass N represented 1.7% 1–4.4% of soil organic N.
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    Inoculation withGlomus mosseae improves N2 fixation by field-grown soybeans (1985)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 1 (1985), S. 15-23 
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    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Glomus mosseae ; Soybean ; Inoculation ; A value method ; Senegal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A field study carried out in a sandy, relatively acid Senegalese soil with a low soluble P content (7 ppm) and low vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) populations showed that soybean responded toGlomus mosseae inoculation when the soluble P level in the soil had been raised by the addition of 22 kg P ha−1. In P-fertilized plots, N2 fixation of soybean, assessed by the A value method, was 109 kg N2 fixed hat when plants were inoculated withRhizobium alone and it reached 139 kg N2 fixed ha−1 when plants were dually inoculated withRhizobium andGlomus mosseae using an alginate bead inoculum. In addition to this N2 fixation increase (+28%),Glomus mosseae inoculation significantly improved grain yield (+13%) and total N content of grains (+16%). This success was attributed mainly to the low infection potential of the native VAM populations in the experimental site. In treatments without solubleP or with rock phosphate, no effect of VAM inoculation was observed.
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    Effect of habitat on decomposition of standard leaf-litter species (1985)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 1 (1985), S. 201-207 
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    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Central Himalaya ; Standard leaf-litter decomposition ; Nitrogen immobilization ; Annual weight loss
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Decomposition of a standard leaf-litter species, Quercus leucotrichophora, was studied over a 1-year period by enclosing it in 10 × 10-cm litter bags (mesh 1 mm) and placing these at five forest sites located in the northwestern part of the central Himalaya along an altitudinal gradient of 329–2150 m. The annual weight loss ranged from 75% to 99%. Rainfall, litter moisture and mean annual temperature were important factors affecting decomposition. There was a significant inverse relationship between the percentage original mass remaining and the nitrogen concentration of the residual matter. However, in two out of the five sites the data tended to follow an exponential decay curve better than a linear curve.
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    Influence of the water regime on denitrification and aerobic respiration in soil (1986)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 2 (1986), S. 15-21 
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    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Denitrification ; Aerobic respiration ; Water potential ; Soil respiration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The influence of soil moisture on denitrification and aerobic respiration was studied in a mull rendzina soil. N2O formation did not occur below −30 kPa matric water potential (Ψm), above 0.28 air-filled porosity (a) and below 0.55 fractional water saturation (Θv/PV ≙ volumetric water content/total pore volume). Half maximum rates of N2O production and O2 consumption were obtained between Ψm = −1.2 and −12 kPa,a = 0.05 and 0.23, and Θv/PV = 0.63 and 0.92. No oxygen consumption was measured at Θv/PC ≧ 1.17. O2 uptake and denitrification occurred simultaneously arounda = 0.10 (at Ψm = −10 kPa and Θv/PV = 0.81) at mean rates of 3.5 µl O2 and 0.3 µl N2 h−1g−1 soil. Undisturbed, field-moist soil saturated with nitrate solution showed constant consumption and production rates, respectively, of 0.6 µl O and 0.22 µl N2O h−1g−1 soil, whereas the rates of air-dried remoistened soil were at least 10 times these values. The highest rates obtained in remoistened soil amended with glucose and nitrate were 130 µl O2 and 27 µl N2O h−1g−1 soil.
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    Effect of continuous maize-cropping on yield, organic carbon mineralization and phosphorus supply of savannah soils in western Nigeria (1986)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 2 (1986), S. 151-155 
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    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Organic carbon ; P fractions ; P uptake ; Savannah soils ; Continuous maize-cropping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Sixty surface soils collected from major soil classes in the western Nigeria savannah were cropped to maize 6 times in succession without P fertilization. Dry matter yields, %P and P uptake decreased significantly until the sixth cropping. Organic matter decreased with cropping but no significant loss in total P was recorded. Inorganic P and saloid-bound P decreased, while organic P, Al-P, Ca-P and Fe-P increased. All the changes had little or no relationship with yield and P uptake while contributions from saloid-bound and Al-P utilization by maize were indicated. Bray's P1 available P decreased until the fourth cropping, but increased afterwards. The increase notwithstanding, lower correlations were obtained with yield and P uptake of the succeeding crops.
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    15N studies on the transfer of legume-fixed nitrogen to associated cereals in intercropping systems (1986)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 2 (1986), S. 165-171 
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    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Cereal-legume intercropping ; N fixation ; Transfer of legume N ; Rhizobium inoculation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary An attempt has been made to estimate quantitatively the amount of N fixed by legume and transferred to the cereal in association in intercropping systems of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) — gram (Cicer arietinum L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) —cowpea (Vigna unguiculate L.) by labelling soil and fertilizer nitrogen with 15N. The intercropped legumes have been found to fix significantly higher amounts of N as compared with legumes in sole cropping if the intercropped cereal-legume received the same dose of fertilizer N as the sole cereal crop. But when half of the dose of the fertilizer N applied to sole cereal crop was received by intercropped plants, the amount of N fixed by legumes in association with cereals was significantly less than that fixed by sole legumes. Under field conditions 28% of the total N uptake by maize (21.2 kg N ha−1) was of atmospheric origin and was obtained by transfer of fixed N by cowpea grown in association with maize. Under greenhouse conditions gram and summer and monsoon season cowpea have been found to contribute 14%–20%, 16% and 32% of the total N uptake by associated wheat and summer and monsoon maize crops, respectively. Inoculation of cowpea seeds with Rhizobium increased both the amount of N fixed by cowpea and transferred to maize in intercropping system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00257596
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  • 87
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    Effects of nitrification inhibitors on denitrification of nitrate in soil (1986)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 2 (1986), S. 173-179 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Nitrate ; Potassium azide ; Nitrapyrin (N-Serve) ; Etridiazole (Dwell)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The influence of 28 nitrification inhibitors on denitrification of nitrate in soil was studied by determining the effects of different amounts of each inhibitor on the amounts of nitrate lost and the amounts of nitrite, N2O and N2 produced when soil samples were incubated anaerobically after treatment with nitrate or with nitrate and mannitol. The inhibitors used included nitrapyrin (N-Serve), etridiazole (Dwell), potassium azide, 2-amino-4-chloro-6-methylpyrimidine (AM), sulfathiazole (ST), 4-amino-1,2,4-triazole(ATC),2,4-diamino-6-trichloromethyl-s-triazine (CL-1580), potassium ethylxanthate, guanylthiourea (ASU), 4-nitrobenzotrichloride, 4-mesylbenzotrichloride, sodium thiocarbonate (STC), phenylmercuric acetate (PMA), and dicyandiamide (DCD). Only one of the nitrification inhibitors studied (potassium azide) retarded denitrification when applied at the rate of 10 μg g−1 soil, and only two (potassium azide and 2,4-diamino-6-trichloromethyl-s-triazine) inhibited denitrification when applied at the rate of 50 μg g−1 soil. The other inhibitors either had no appreciable effect on denitrification, or enhanced denitrification, when applied at the rate of 10 or 50 μg g−1 soil, enhancement being most marked with 3-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole. Seven of the inhibitors (potassium azide, sulfathiazole, potassium ethylxanthate, sodium isopropylxanthate, 4-nitrobenzotrichloride, sodium thiocarbonate, and phenylmercuric acetate) retarded denitrification when applied at the rate of 50 μg g−1 soil to soil that had been amended with mannitol to promote microbial activity. Reports that nitrapyrin (N-Serve) and etridiazole (Dwell) inhibit denitrification when applied at rates as low as 0.5 μg g−1 soil could not be confirmed. No inhibition of denitrification was observed when these compounds were applied at the rate of 10 μg g−1 soil, and enhancement of denitrification was observed when they were applied at the rate of 50 or 100 μg g−1 soil.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00260840
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  • 88
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    Effects of various nitrogen fertilizers on emission of nitrous oxide from soils (1986)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 2 (1986), S. 195-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Fertilizer N ; Nitrification ; Denitrification ; N2O emission ; Anhydrous ammonia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Field studies of the effects of different N fertilizers on emission of nitrous oxide (N20) from three Iowa soils showed that the N2O emissions induced by application of 180 kg ha−1 fertilizer N as anhydrous ammonia greatly exceeded those induced by application of the same amount of fertilizer N as aqueous ammonia or urea. On average, the emission of N2O-N induced by anhydrous ammonia was more than 13 times that induced by aqueous ammonia or urea and represented 1.2% of the anhydrous ammonia N applied. Experiments with one soil showed that the N2O emission induced by anhydrous ammonia was more than 17 times that induced by the same amount of N as calcium nitrate. These findings confirm indications from previous work that anhydrous ammonia has a much greater effect on emission of N2O from soils than do other commonly used N fertilizers and merits special attention in research relating to the potential adverse climatic effect of N fertilization of soils. Laboratory studies of the effect of different amounts of NH4OH on emission of N2O from Webster soil showed that the emission of N2O-N induced by addition of 100 μg NH4OH-N g−1 soil represented only 0.18% of the N applied, whereas the emissions induced by additions of 500 and 1 000 μg NH4OH-N g−1 soil represented 1.15% and 1.19%, respectively, of the N applied. This suggests that the exceptionally large emissions of N2O induced by anhydrous ammonia fertilization are due, at least in part, to the fact that the customary method of applying this fertilizer by injection into soil produces highly alkaline soil zones of high ammonium-N concentration that do not occur when urea or aqueous ammonia fertilizers are broadcast and incorporated into soil.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00260843
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  • 89
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    Luciferase preparation, assay conditions and calculated extraction efficiency as factors in the estimation of soil ATP content (1986)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 2 (1986), S. 205-211 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: ATP soil measurement ; Luciferase ; ATP recovery ; Bioluminescence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Several factors affecting the measurement of soil adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) using a crude (macerated firefly tail) preparation of luciferase and a luminometer were investigated. These factors were luciferase preparation purity (crude or purified), use of Tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamine (Tris) or sodium arsenate (arsenate) buffer for the luciferase preparation and the bioluminescent reaction, storage temperature of luciferase throughout the assay (20°C or 1°C), modes of measuring bioluminescence (peak height or integration of bioluminescence decay) and efficiency of extraction (recovery) of ATP from soil. Crude luciferase produced a linear relationship between bioluminescence and ATP concentration very similar to that produced by purified luciferase and could be stored at 20°C for 3 h without deterioration. Arsenate was, overall, the preferred buffer for the assay. Integrating light output within 15 s of mixing luciferase-luciferin and ATP avoided interference from other reactions in the crude extracts. The procedure used to calculate the ATP concentration and the amount of exogenous ATP added to soil both affected the calculated efficiency of ATP recovery. Thus an assay for soil ATP content using crude preparations has been developed which is as sensitive as those using purified preparations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00260845
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  • 90
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    Effects of trenching on soil processes and properties in a New Mexico mixed-conifer forest (1986)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 2 (1986), S. 35-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Nitrogen mineralization ; CO2 evolution ; Decomposition ; Trenching effects on roots
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Trenching was used to reduce root activity in treeless plots in a New Mexico mixed-conifer forest to examine the effects of plant roots on soil processes. Trenching led to increases in moisture content (104%), inorganic N concentration (115%), and mass loss from cellulose (196%). In laboratory incubations, trenched soils collected in the 1st and 2nd year after trenching evolved 52% and 115% more CO2, respectively, than control soils. Amending incubated trenched and control soils with moisture and inorganic N indicated that increased soil moisture content in trenched plots could explain the increased microbial activity. Trenching also had statistically significant but inconsistent effects on net N mineralization in incubated soils. The greatest effect of trenching was to increase net N mineralization under favorable temperature and moisture conditions. Irrigation of field plots increased both CO2 evolution and net N mineralization. Overall, these data are consistent with the hypothesis that plant roots reduced microbial activity by moisture uptake during the time of the study.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00638959
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  • 91
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    Potential for higher rates of denitrification in earthworm casts than in the surrounding soil (1986)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 2 (1986), S. 147-149 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Denitrification ; N2O ; Earthworm casts ; Respiration ; Lumbricus terrestris ; Medicago sativa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris L.) were cultured in the laboratory and fed on lucerne (Medicago sativa L.). Denitrification rates in the surface casts and the surrounding soil were quantified using C2H2-inhibition of nitrous oxide reductase. The investigation also included determination of the N2O-formation by nitrification as well as CO2-formation as a measure of respiration. The denitrification rates of wet earthworm casts were found to be significantly higher than those occurring in wet samples from the soil. The low N2O-formation observed seemed to be due to denitrification. Respiration was higher in casts, indicating higher oxygen demand which resulted in more anaerobic conditions. The energy supply was probably better in casts compared with the surrounding soil.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00257593
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  • 92
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    Composition and origin of underground arthropod fauna in an extrazonal permafrost soil of central Europe (1987)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 3 (1987), S. 27-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Permafrost soil ; Condensation water mire ; Milieu souterrain superficiel ; Cave fauna ; Arthropods
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Evaporation cold brings about all-season icing of the soil that covers an aerated talus deposit (Mount Matzen, Carinthia, Austria; about 1100 m above sea level). This extrazonal permafrost area represents a very rare mire type (condensation water mire) as well as a particular sort of underground biotope, a milieu souterrain superficiel. The subterranean fauna is poor in species and is characterized by troglobitic artropods such as the catopid beetle Aphaobius milleri brevicornis, the dipluran Paurocampa n.sp. and the Collembola Onychiurus mildneri and O. vomatscheri. All these species were confirmed in neighbouring caves. The thick talus layer has been accumulated under peri- and postglacial conditions. Today it spreads out over the karstic bedrock and covers the interconnected rock fissures, the source of the subterranean fauna. The Holocene origin of the talus mantle suggests a (sub-)recent colonization of the permafrost interstice by cave-dwelling species.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00260575
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  • 93
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    The detrital food web in a shortgrass prairie (1987)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 3 (1987), S. 57-68 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Detrital food web ; Microbes ; Mineralization ; Soil fauna
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Several experimental approaches have been taken to demonstrate the importance of soil fauna in nitrogen mineralization, but there have been difficulties interpreting the results. We have supplemented the experimental approach with theoretical calculations of nitrogen transformations in a shortgrass prairie. The calculations incorporate a wide array of information on decomposer organisms, including their feeding preferences, nitrogen contents, life spans, assimilation efficiencies, productio:assimilation ratios, decomposabilities, and population sizes. The results are estimates of nitrogen transfer rates through the detrital food web, including rates of N mineralization by bacteria, fungi, root-feeding nematodes, collembolans, fungal-feeding mites, fungal-feeding nematodes, flagellates, bacterial-feeding nematodes, amoebae, omnivorous nematodes, predaceous nematodes, nematode-feeding mites, and predaceous mites. Bacteria are estimated to mineralize the most N (4.5 g N m−2 year−1), followed by the fauna (2.9), and fungi (0.3). Bacterial-feeding amoebae and nematodes together account for over 83% of N mineralization by the fauna. The detrital food web in a shortgrass prairie is similar to that of a desert grassland. The shortgrass detrital web seems to be divided into bacteria- and fungus-based components, although these two branches are united at the level of predaceous nematodes and mites.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00260580
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  • 94
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    Growth rates, establishment, and effects on herbage yield of introduced earthworms in grassland on reclaimed cutover peat (1987)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 3 (1987), S. 95-98 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Earthworm introduction ; Reclaimed peat ; Earthworm growth ; Herbage yields ; Lumbricus terrestris ; Aporrectodea caliginosa ; Nylon mesh cages
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Lumbricus terrestris L. juveniles confined in nylon mesh bags grew at mean rates of 6–12 mg ind−1 day−1 in reclaimed peat grassland soil, while the growth rates of Aporrectodea caliginosa (Sav.) juveniles were 1.5–2.1 mg ind−1 day−1. Earthworm population densities exceeding 700 m2 had become established within 1 year adjacent to sods transplanted from an old pasture, while microplots enclosed in nylon mesh cages had mean population densities of 318–408 earthworms m−2 and biomass of 89–111 g m−2 3–4 1/2 years after inoculation. Herbage yields were 25% greater in the 2nd year and 49% greater in the 3rd year in earthworm-inoculated microplots which received an annual application of cattle slurry compared with similarly fertilized, non-inoculated cages.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00260586
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  • 95
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    The nature of eurytopy in polyploid earthworm species in relation to their use in biological soil amelioration (1987)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 3 (1987), S. 103-105 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Polyploid earthworms ; Eurytopy ; Eisenia nordenskioldi ; Coexistence ; Biological soil amelioration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Many of the most widely distributed species of Lumbricidae are polyploid. So far polyploid forms have been found to be distributed more widely than diploid ones. Taking Eisenia nordenskioldi as an example, it was shown that polyploids are able to occupy new ecological niches within the area of the diploid form. Ecological differences observed in representatives of different chromosomal races provide polyploids with the chance to coexist in one biocurrent, occupying different ecological niches.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00260588
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  • 96
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    Growth and survival of Eisenia fetida (Sav.) (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) in relation to temperature, moisture and presence of Enchytraeus albidus (Henle) (Enchytraeidae) (1987)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 3 (1987), S. 99-102 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Eisenia fetida ; Enchytraeus albidus ; Competition experiment ; Temperature ; Moisture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The aim of this study was to investigate the environmental requirements of Eisenia fetida (Lumbricidae) and its relation to Enchytraeus albidus (Enchytraeidae). Specimens of Eisenia fetida were cultured at two different temperatures (15°C and 25°C) and moisture conditions (50% and 80%) in presence or absence of Enchytraeus albidus. Eisenia fetida grew best at the higher temperature and amount of moisture. Enchytraeus albidus impaired the growth of Eisenia fetida at the higher temperature. When Enchytraeus albidus was present, the mortality of Eisenia fetida increased. Interaction between Eisenia fetida and Enchytraeus albidus was shown, although the mechanisms remain unclear. These species, coexisting in the same habitat (compost), appear to have slightly different niches: Eisenia fetida favours warmer, moister conditions than Enchytraeus albidus.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00260587
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  • 97
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    The effects of feeding by Oniscus asellus on leaf litter sulfur constituents (1987)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 3 (1987), S. 107-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Oniscus asellus ; Leaf litter ; Acer negundo ; A. saccharum ; Fagus grandifolia ; Picea rubens ; Tsuga canadensis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Feeding by the isopod, Oniscus asellus, produced changes in the sulfur constituents of leaf litter substrates (Acer negundo, A. saccharum, Fagus grandifolia, Picea rubens, and Tsuga canadensis). Isopod consumption of leaf litter generally accelerated the mineralization of carbon-bonded S and increased the formation of ester sulfate in all substrates. After the isopod egestion of A. negundo leaves, fecal decomposition over 6 weeks increased total S concentration from 68 to 120 μmol S/g due to the catabolism of organic carbon. During the same period sulfate decreased from 34 to 20 μmol S/g and carbon-bonded S increased from 34 to 100 μmol S/g. Thus the total S pool in aged feces became enriched with organic S (83% of total S). Macroinvertebrate consumption accelerated the transformation of S constituents and the carbon-bonded S concentration approached that of the Oa organic horizon of a northern hardwood forest.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00260589
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  • 98
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    Nocardioform gut actinomycetes of Glomeris hexasticha Brandt (Diplopoda) (1987)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 3 (1987), S. 113-116 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Glomeris hexasticha ; Litter-feeding millipedes ; Nocardioform gut actinomycetes ; Cell wall composition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In the gut and fresh faecal matter of Glomeris hexasticha a unique taxonomically hardly identifiable aerobic, Gram-positive nocardioform actinomycete can form sparse populations. This indigenous intestinal microbe is completely absent from or occurs only sporadically in the soil or litter of its host animal's feeding habitat. It has a very complex life cycle. Cultural-morphological and biochemical properties are more or less similar to those of the genus Promicromonospora. It differs from the latter and the members of the closely related genus Oerskovia by several characteristics, including its particular cell-wall chemical composition (diaminobutyric acid and glycine are present) and its resistance against highly specific Promicromonospora and Oerskovia phages. It can be concluded that the gut nocardioforms of the forest litter feeding millipedes represent a taxonomically heterogeneous group, the individual members (species) of which seem well-adapted partners of the individual species of Diplopoda.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00260590
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  • 99
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    Soil partitioning effect of an earthworm burrow system (1987)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 3 (1987), S. 121-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Earthworm ; Aporrectodea, sp. ; Burrows ; Simulation ; Soil heterogeneity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Through the simulation of an earthworm burrow system and the calculation of the shortest pathway from the bottom of the system to the surface, using a succession of burrows, it is shown that the borrow system leads to a partition of soil space. The characteristics of the resulting heterogeneity, the size of this partitioning and the length of the shortest pathways are discussed with regard to the functional relationship between the burrow system and the soil.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00260592
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  • 100
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    Kleptocopry of Aphodius coenosus (Coleoptera, Aphodiidae) in nests of Typhaeus typhoeus (Cleoptera, Geotrupidae) and its effect on soil morphology (1987)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 3 (1987), S. 117-119 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Kleptocopry ; Back-filling ; Burrows ; Aphodius coenosus ; Typhaeus typhoeus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Kleptocopry is the behaviour of adults or larvae of a certain species whereby dung masses are utilized which had been provisioned by individuals of another species for the latter's own brood. Aphodius coenosus is a kleptocoprid in nests of Typhaeus typhoeus. This is the first record of kleptocopry by A. coenosus and of a kleptocoprid in the nest of T. typhoeus. In the laboratory, newly emerged A. coenosus adults moved to the surface while back-filling their burrows. Back-filled burrows (approximately 3 mm in diameter) were also found in the field, together with back-filled burrows from T. typhoeus (approximately 14 mm in diameter). Ancient (ca. 10 000 years old) back-filling traces of the Typhaeus type reported earlier were also accompanied by small back-filling traces, similar to those made by A. coenosus. The traces made by kleptocoprid A. coenosus thus offer support to the hypothesis that the ancient large traces originate from large geotrupid dung beetles.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00260591
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