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  • 1
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    Energetic Particle Measurements In The Inner Heliosphere With The IS0IS Instrument Suite On Parker Solar Probe (2023)
    In:  XXVIII General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-08-02
    Description: The Parker Solar Probe mission launched in 2018 with four instrument suites designed for revolutionary studies of the inner heliosphere. Parker’s current perihelion is about 5.3 million miles from the solar surface. Onboard Parker is the Integrated Science Investigation of the Sun (IS0IS), which has two sensors that, combined, observe energetic electrons from ~25 keV to 6 MeV and ions from ~20 keV to 〉200 MeV. By traveling so close to the Sun, IS0IS discerns small energetic particle events that are not measurable at 1 AU. IS0IS is studying these energetic particles from a new vantage point in the heliosphere and has already improved our understanding of both particle acceleration and their transport. New results from IS0IS and the other instrument suites will be presented.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject
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  • 2
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    Mapping The Boundary Of The Heliosphere With The IBEX and IMAP Missions (2023)
    In:  XXVIII General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-07-31
    Description: The Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX) launched in 2008 with two sensors designed to detect energetic neutral atoms (ENAs) from the interaction between the heliosphere and the interstellar medium (ISM). In addition to the unprecedented studies of the shape of the heliosphere and the nature of its interaction with the ISM, IBEX discovered a “ribbon” of enhanced ENA emission that was completely unexpected and still isn’t fully understood. To further this exploration, the Interstellar Mapping and Acceleration Probe (IMAP) will launch in 2025 with five ENA sensors of three designs (energies). IMAP will have greatly improved sensitivity and resolution over IBEX and is specifically designed to answer some of the questions that IBEX raised. IMAP also has a wide range of additional instruments to enhance the ENA observations of the outer heliosphere and to link them to the plasma and acceleration processes in the inner heliosphere. There is also a near-real-time telemetry stream to strengthen the understanding and prediction of space weather.
    Language: English
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  • 3
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    Hybrid Solutions for the Modelling of Complex Environmental Systems (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-20
    Description: Systems studied in environmental science, due to their structure and the heterogeneity of the entities composing them, often exhibit complex dynamics that can only be captured by hybrid modeling approaches. While several concurrent definitions of “hybrid modeling” can be found in the literature, it is defined here broadly as the approach consisting in coupling existing modelling paradigms to achieve a more accurate or efficient representation of systems. The need for hybrid models generally arises from the necessity to overcome the limitation of a single modeling technique in terms of structural flexibility, capabilities, or computational efficiency. This book brings together experts in the field of hybrid modelling to demonstrate how this approach can address the challenge of representing the complexity of natural systems. Chapters cover applied examples as well as modeling methodology.Systems studied in environmental science, due to their structure and the heterogeneity of the entities composing them, often exhibit complex dynamics that can only be captured by hybrid modeling approaches. While several concurrent definitions of “hybrid modeling” can be found in the literature, it is defined here broadly as the approach consisting in coupling existing modelling paradigms to achieve a more accurate or efficient representation of systems. The need for hybrid models generally arises from the necessity to overcome the limitation of a single modeling technique in terms of structural flexibility, capabilities, or computational efficiency. This book brings together experts in the field of hybrid modelling to demonstrate how this approach can address the challenge of representing the complexity of natural systems. Chapters cover applied examples as well as modeling methodology.
    Keywords: GE1-350 ; Q1-390 ; system dynamics ; Multiscale integration ; simulation ; Mixed model ; hierarchical structure ; Combined approach ; machine learning ; agent-based modelling ; paradigm shift ; network ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCN Environmental economics
    Language: English
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Vertical profiles of condensation nuclei in the stratosphere (1961)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 50 (1961), S. 94-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract An automatic condensation nuclei counter was developed for the concentration range of about 1 to 400 particles per cubic centimeter. After expansion, the water droplets are photographed when they are still suspended in the air so that the counter can be considered an absolute one. The volume in which the droplets are counted is determined by the size of the picture of the droplets as a function of their distance from the focal plane. To eliminate any effect of decreasing pressure with altitude, the cloud chamber is filled with clean air prior to expansion to about half an atmosphere above ambient pressure. This counter was used to obtain vertical profiles of condensation nuclei up to altitudes of 27 km with high altitude balloons. A total of seven profiles was obtained over a period of about one year at 47° N over the United States. Because of the restrictions in the range of the meter no data could be obtained below 5 km. The profiles show the following main features: 1. Although there are pronounced fluctuations in the individual flights the average nuclei concentration of 200 to 300/cm3 remains fairly constant from 5 km to the tropopause. 2. Above the tropopause, which is on the average of 12 km, the nuclei concentration decreases rapidly by a factor of ten at 15 km and by a factor of hundred at 19 km. Above 20 km, the lower limit of the counter range of l/cm3 is reached. 3. These general features are fairly constant over the year. Data for the lower stratosphere byWigand (1919) andWeickmann (1955) indicate a sharp decrease from concentrations of 2000 to 3000/cm3 at ground to about 100/cm3 at 5 km. If it is assumed that the discrepancy of a factor of 2 to 3 at 5 km is due to the different time, location, and methods used in these observations, all data can be combined into a complete average profile from the ground to 27 km. This composite profile shows then the following three characteristic layers: 1. Pronounced decrease of the nuclei concentration by about 2 orders of magnitude from 0 to 5 km. 2. Almost constant concentration from 5 to 12 km. 3. Pronounced decrease of the concentration by about 2 orders of magnitude from 12 to 20 km. It is shown in the discussion that the decrease in layer 1 is primarily due to washout, supported by coagulation. The small decrease in concentration in the upper troposphere, layer 2, indicates that both washout and coagulation must be fairly inefficient at these altitudes. The decrease in layer 3 forces to the conclusion that the nuclei in the stratosphere are of tropospheric origin. In the stratosphere, coagulation and sedimentation become important because of long stratospheric residence times of about 1/2 to 1 year. Calculations show, that coagulation is predominantly responsible for the decrease with altitude. The concentrations in the stratosphere are also compared with data deduced from observations of mother of pearl clouds and the electrical conductivity in the stratosphere.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02000630
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A discussion of the Alternating Field method and new paleointensity measurements of the Miocene geomagnetic field in Oregon (1970)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 82 (1970), S. 189-221 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary Thirty eight cores from five Miocene lavas and their underlying baked zones from South Eastern Oregon have provided a test for the Alternating Field method of determining geomagnetic paleointensities, by allowing external consistency tests as well as internal consistency tests. All specimens were run regardless of the reliability tests results. The susceptibility change reliability test is useful as some of the specimens which failed it nevertheless gave misleadingly plausible results, but is shown to be unsufficient, as some specimens which were retained on that test failed to yield valid results. Different specimens from the same core behaved differently during the various experiments, proving that two specimens from a same core cannot reliably be assumed to be identical. A relation between the oxidation state and a change of susceptibility upon heating is seen. The paleofield intensities varied from 0.17±0.04 Oe and 0.31±0.08 Oe, corresponding to Virtual Dipole Moments of 1.23×1025 to 2.15×1025 Oe cm3. These low values are not accompanied by Virtual Geomagnetic Pole instability, but suggest an instability of the strength of the main dipole.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00876179
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Composition and origin of underground arthropod fauna in an extrazonal permafrost soil of central Europe (1987)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 3 (1987), S. 27-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Permafrost soil ; Condensation water mire ; Milieu souterrain superficiel ; Cave fauna ; Arthropods
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Evaporation cold brings about all-season icing of the soil that covers an aerated talus deposit (Mount Matzen, Carinthia, Austria; about 1100 m above sea level). This extrazonal permafrost area represents a very rare mire type (condensation water mire) as well as a particular sort of underground biotope, a milieu souterrain superficiel. The subterranean fauna is poor in species and is characterized by troglobitic artropods such as the catopid beetle Aphaobius milleri brevicornis, the dipluran Paurocampa n.sp. and the Collembola Onychiurus mildneri and O. vomatscheri. All these species were confirmed in neighbouring caves. The thick talus layer has been accumulated under peri- and postglacial conditions. Today it spreads out over the karstic bedrock and covers the interconnected rock fissures, the source of the subterranean fauna. The Holocene origin of the talus mantle suggests a (sub-)recent colonization of the permafrost interstice by cave-dwelling species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00260575
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lagrange Multipliers as Marginal Rates of Substitution in Multi-Constraint Optimization Problems (2001)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Metroeconomica 52 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-999X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper shows that, when a function is optimized subject to several binding constraints, some of the Lagrange multipliers in the dual problems can be interpreted as marginal rates of substitution among certain arguments in the generalized indirect objective function for the primal problem. It also shows how to calculate these Lagrange multipliers from observable price–quantity data. Three particular examples are discussed: a firm that minimizes costs subject to both fixed output and rationing constraints, a household that maximizes utility subject to both income and time constraints, and portfolio choice under uncertainty treated as a multiple constraint optimization problem.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-999X.00106
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MOLECULAR MECHANISM OF 7TM RECEPTOR ACTIVATIONĐ??A GLOBAL TOGGLE SWITCH MODEL (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 46 (2006), S. 481-519 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The multitude of chemically highly different agonists for 7TM receptors apparently do not share a common binding mode or active site but nevertheless act through induction of a common molecular activation mechanism. A global toggle switch model is proposed for this activation mechanism to reconcile the accumulated biophysical data supporting an outward rigid-body movement of the intracellular segments, as well as the recent data derived from activating metal ion sites and tethered ligands, which suggests an opposite, inward movement of the extracellular segments of the transmembrane helices. According to this model, a vertical see-saw movement of TM-VIĐ??and to some degree TM-VIIĐ??around a pivot corresponding to the highly conserved prolines will occur during receptor activation, which may involve the outer segment of TM-V in an as yet unclear fashion. Small-molecule agonists can stabilize such a proposed active conformation, where the extracellular segments of TM-VI and -VII are bent inward toward TM-III, by acting as molecular glue deep in the main ligand-binding pocket between the helices, whereas larger agonists, peptides, and proteins can stabilize a similar active conformation by acting as Velcro at the extracellular ends of the helices and the connecting loops.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.46.120604.141218
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Architecture and material properties of diatom shells provide effective mechanical protection (2003)
    [s.l.] : Macmillian Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 421 (2003), S. 841-843 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Diatoms are the major contributors to phytoplankton blooms in lakes and in the sea and hence are central in aquatic ecosystems and the global carbon cycle. All free-living diatoms differ from other phytoplankton groups in having silicified cell walls in the form of two ‘shells’ (the ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature01416
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of habitat heterogeneity on the distribution of larval Pacific lamprey (Lampetra tridentata) at two spatial scales (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Freshwater biology 49 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2427
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: 1. Spatial patterns in channel morphology and substratum composition at small (1–10 metres) and large scales (1–10 kilometres) were analysed to determine the influence of habitat heterogeneity on the distribution and abundance of larval lamprey.2. We used a nested sampling design and multiple logistic regression to evaluate spatial heterogeneity in the abundance of larval Pacific lamprey, Lampetra tridentata, and habitat in 30 sites (each composed of twelve 1-m2 quadrat samples) distributed throughout a 55-km section of the Middle Fork John Day River, OR, U.SA. Statistical models predicting the relative abundance of larvae both among sites (large scale) and among samples (small scale) were ranked using Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC) to identify the ‘best approximating’ models from a set of a priori candidate models determined from the literature on larval lamprey habitat associations.3. Stream habitat variables predicted patterns in larval abundance but played different roles at different spatial scales. The abundance of larvae at large scales was positively associated with water depth and open riparian canopy, whereas patchiness in larval occurrence at small scales was associated with low water velocity, channel-unit morphology (pool habitats), and the availability of habitat suitable for burrowing.4. Habitat variables explained variation in larval abundance at large and small scales, but locational factors, such as longitudinal position (river km) and sample location within the channel unit, explained additional variation in the logistic regression model. The results emphasise the need for spatially explicit analysis, both in examining fish habitat relationships and in developing conservation plans for declining fish populations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2004.01215.x
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