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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Uptake and toxicity of copper and zinc for the African earthworm, Eudrilus eugeniae (Oligochaeta) (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 24 (1996), S. 27-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key wordsEudrilus eugeniae ; Toxicity ; Copper ; Zinc ; Growth ; Maturation ; Uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Growth rate change in earthworms is considered to be a suitable endpoint when determining sublethal effects. In this study we evaluated growth and maturation in the vermicomposting earthworm species Eudrilus eugeniae as marker of sublethal toxicity of copper and zinc. We also compared routes of uptake. Apart from exposing worms experimentally for 73 days to contaminated food, a series of contact filter paper tests was also performed to determine LD50 for copper and zinc. Both copper and zinc at sublethal concentrations affected growth and maturation in worms exposed to contaminated food. These worms had a copper content of 34.5 μg g–1 after 73 days and a zinc content of 184.9 μg g–1, showing a differential uptake. Copper was more toxic than zinc. Also in the contact test worms did take up more zinc than copper and the LD50 (48 h) for copper was 0.011 mg cm–2 and for zinc 0.066 mg cm–2, which translated to body burdens of 6 μg g–1 for copper and 131 μg g–1 for zinc. Indications were that a regulatory mechanism existed for both metals. Both metals were taken up through the body wall at a relatively fast rate. This study indicated that the skin was the major route of metal uptake. This study also showed a poor relation between the two types of tests for purposes of evaluating lethality of zinc and copper.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01420216
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Moisture preferences, growth and reproduction of the compost worm Eisenia fetida (Oligochaeta) (1987)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 3 (1987), S. 135-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Eisenia fetida ; Moisture preference ; Growth ; Cocoon production ; Compost worm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Although moisture requirements of Eisenia fetida are considered to be generally known, very few in-depth studies have been performed. The moisture preferences of juveniles as well as adults of this species were determined in moisture towers containing cow manure with a particle size bigger than 500 and smaller than 1000 μm and an organic matter content of 54%. The clitellate worms showed a wider preference range than the juveniles but deposited most of their cocoons within the narrow range of 65%–70% moisture — a moisture range preferred by 80% of the juveniles. Growth studies of newly hatched worms at various moisture levels over a period of 90 days showed that growth rate and final biomass were influenced by moisture availability with a very low rate of growth at low as well as at high moisture levels. The change in biomass of clitellate specimens as well as their consecutively produced cocoons were monitored at different moisture levels. A clear relationship between mass of cocoons and biomass of the producing worms was established at presumably favourable moisture conditions. Furthermore, the relation between cocoon mass and the production rate of cocoons was also determined, which showed that cocoon mass increased concomitantly with increase in cocoon production. The study also showed that clitellum development was increased at moisture levels above 64%. The onset of cocoon production was, however, earliest at slightly lower moisture levels, from which it is concluded that the optimal moisture level for growth and development of clitella are not necessarily optimal for the production of cocoons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00260595
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Erratum (1995)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 20 (1995), S. 212-212 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336560
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reproduction of the African earthworm, Eudrilus eugeniae (Oligochaeta) — cocoons (1988)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 7 (1988), S. 23-27 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Eudrilus eugeniae ; Earthworm ; Cocoons ; Incubation ; Reproduction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Although various authors have contributed to our knowledge of the biology of Eudrilus eugeniae some basic facts about the life cycle and reproduction are still not fully documented. Quantitative observations were made of the cocoons at 25 °C in different substrates. The incubation period for 166 cocoons was 16.89 days, based on cocoons produced by worms between the ages of 70 and 100 days. These cocoons produced a mean 2.12 hatchlings per cocoon after incubation in cattle manure, moist filter paper and distilled water. A smaller batch of cocoons incubated in cattle manure produced a mean of 2.7 hatchlings per cocoon. The hatching success of the cocoons was 84% in cattle manure, 50% in distilled water, and 48% on moist filter paper. The reproductive capabilities of E. eugeniae and Eisenia fetida were compared.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00260727
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The influence of feeding patterns on growth and reproduction of the vermicomposting earthworm Eisenia fetida (Oligochaeta) (1990)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 10 (1990), S. 184-187 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Eisenia fetida ; Feeding status ; Growth ; Reproduction ; Earthworm ; Oligochaeta
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Observations in outdoor culture beds indicated that food availability and frequency of feeding influenced worm density. In order to study the role of feeding status on the growth and reproduction of Eisenia fetida, pre-clitellate specimens were kept for 180 days under controlled conditions. A control group was regularly provided with freshly produced cattle manure while the experimental groups were fed only sporadically and at some stage even starved by removing some of the substrate. Worm growth, maturation, and cocoon production were monitored. The role of food availability was highlighted by this study. Both worm growth and cocoon production were correlated closely with the feeding pattern that was followed. This study also showed that freshly produced, urine-free, cattle manure proved an excellent food source provided it was added in such a way as to prevent the development of anaerobic conditions. Regular feeding gave high growth and reproduction rates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336133
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Uptake and toxicity of copper and zinc for the African earthworm,Eudrilus eugeniae (Oligochaeta) (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 24 (1997), S. 27-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Eudrilus eugeniae ; Toxicity ; Copper ; Zinc Growth ; Maturation ; Uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Growth rate change in earthworms is considered to be a suitable endpoint when determining sublethal effects. In this study we evaluated growth and maturation in the vermicomposting earthworm speciesEudrilus eugeniae as marker of sublethal toxicity of copper and zinc. We also compared routes of uptake. Apart from exposing worms experimentally for 73 days to contaminated food, a series of contact filter paper tests was also performed to determine LD50 for copper and zinc. Both copper and zinc at sublethal concentrations affected growth and maturation in worms exposed to contaminated food. These worms had a copper content of 34.5 μg g−1 after 73 days and a zinc content of 184.9 μg g−1, showing a differential uptake. Copper was more toxic than zinc. Also in the contact test worms did take up more zinc than copper and the LD50 (48 h) for copper was 0.011 mg cm−2 and for zinc 0.066 mg cm−2, which translated to body burdens of 6 μg g−1 for copper and 131 μg g−1 for zinc. Indications were that a regulatory mechanism existed for both metals. Both metals were taken up through the body wall at a relatively fast rate. This study indicated that the skin was the major route of metal uptake. This study also showed a poor relation between the two types of tests for purposes of evaluating lethality of zinc and copper.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01420216
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effects of low lead levels on the growth and reproduction of the African earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae (Oligochaeta) (1999)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 30 (1999), S. 113-116 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Earthworms ; Eudrilus eugeniae ; Lead accumulation ; Growth and reproduction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  The effects of sublethal concentrations of lead nitrate on the growth and reproduction of the African composting earthworm species, Eudrilus eugeniae, was studied by exposing worms in an organic substrate to lead-nitrate-contaminated food over a period of 76 days. The results revealed that growth was initially affected negatively by the presence of lead, while the maturation rate and cocoon production were not affected. In agreement with other studies on Eisenia fetida, cocoon viability was affected negatively by lead, making this a sensitive toxicity endpoint.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050596
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of dieldrin on the reproduction of the earthwormEisenia fetida (Oligochaeta) (1985)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 1 (1985), S. 39-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Environmental hazard ; Sublethal effects ; Eisenia fetida ; Dieldrin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The environmental hazard of the agricultural pesticide dieldrin for the earthwormEisenia fetida was experimentally determined in order to assess and quantify sublethal effects. We determined that the “non-toxic” dieldrin had a negative effect on cocoon production. An inverse relationship was found between the concentration of dieldrin in the environment and the number of hatchlings per cocoon. The hatchlings were also smaller than those from the controls. Hatching success of cocoons was also adversely affected and the incubation period was longer. Knowledge of sublethal effects has predictive value in ecotoxicological work and could serve as a timely warning device of an overburdened soil ecosystem.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00710969
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A defined medium for the study of growth and reproduction of the earthworm Eisenia fetida (Oligochaeta) (1991)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 10 (1991), S. 285-289 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Eisenia fetida ; Growth ; Reproduction ; Cellulose-based medium ; Compost worm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The feeding requirements of earthworms have not been fully established. A vermiculite matrix was used to determine the dietary effects of various organic substances. Vitamins, DNA, and humic acid as additives improved growth and allowed reproduction of Eisenia fetida in a cellulose-based medium. Mature worms were not able to adapt to the medium and 20-day-old worms were used. Rates of growth and cocoon production were slightly less in a defined medium (7% organic content) than in a cow-manure control medium (70% organic content). The medium is likely to prove useful as a reference medium for obtaining biological information.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00337380
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A comparison of the biology of Eisenia fetida and Eisenia andrei (Oligochaeta) (1991)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 11 (1991), S. 295-300 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Eisenia fetida ; Eisenia andrei ; Biology ; Oligochaeta ; Comparison ; Earthworms ; Cocoon production ; Hatching
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Specimens of locally occurring Eisenia fetida were compared with specimens of E. fetida and E. andrei obtained from France. All specimens were cultured in the laboratory under controlled conditions and growth, maturation, cocoon production, hatching success, and the number of hatchlings were compared. The results showed some differences between the two “forms”. The eventual worm biomass was the same for both, although the growth reats and the rate at which maturity was attained differed. E. andrei had a higher cumulative cocoon production. Although the local worms resembled E. andrei in appearance their cocoon production rate resembled that of E. fetida from France. E. andrei produced higher numbers of hatchlings per cocoon. The results show that the biology of the two species/forms is similar. The study did not provide convincing proof to substantiate a taxonomic distinction between the two “forms” of Eisenia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00335851
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