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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Rhizobia ; Cowpea ; Antibiotic resistance ; Phosphorus ; Aluminium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  A large collection of cowpea rhizobia strains was obtained from soil samples collected from either a semi-arid or a tropical rain forest area located at about the same latitude in the north-eastern region of Brazil and evaluated for their intrinsic antibiotic resistance to eight commercial antibiotics. The aim of this study was to correlate antibiotic resistance of native rhizobia strains to edaphic-climatic factors as a way to establish suitable inoculants for specific areas. A large diversity regarding intrinsic antibiotic resistance was found, and 17 clusters were identified as varying from sensitive to gradually resistant up to 500 μg·ml–1 of the antibiotics tested. Clustering analysis did not show any pattern related to the geographic region where isolates have been obtained. On the other hand, an increase in the antibiotic-resistant rhizobia population was associated with an increase in soil P and Al contents. lsolates which were sensitive to spectinomycin, ampicillin, streptomycin, chloramphenicol and tetracycline were present at higher rates in soils devoid of Al. Rhizobia bacteria producing mucus type I (fluid and capable of spreading over the solid media) were found preferentially in soil with Al concentrations up to 36 mg·kg–1, diminishing quickly at higher levels.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: N2 fixation ; Soybeans ; Bradyrhizobium japonicum ; HUP mutants ; N transport ; Ureide ; Acetylene reduction assay (ARA)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Differences between isogenic uptake hydrogenase (HUP) mutants of Bradyrhizobium japonicum in terms of nodule efficiency, N2 fixation and N incorporation into various plant parts were studied in a monoxenic greenhouse experiment in order to confirm previous results with soybeans and beans inoculated with various HUP+ and HUP− strains. The HUP+ revertant PJ17-1 of a HUP− mutant (PJ17) of strain USDA DES 122 showed a completely restored relative efficiency (100% versus 78±2% for the HUP− mutant), higher nodule efficiency (N2 fixed per g nodules), higher ureide-N transport rates, higher N contents in pods and higher N harvest indices. All these observations confirm previous experiments with HUP+ and HUP− strains.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 3 (1987), S. 3-22 
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'étude de l'assimilation et du transport de l'azote dans les légumineuses à graines est une nécessité préliminaire pour la sélection des cultivars destinés aux croisements visant à accroître la fixation de l'azote pour la croissance des plantes et le rendement en graines. Les méthodes employées pour ces études sont éparpillées dans la littérature et n'ont pas été suffisamment testées. Dans cet article, il est présenté une étude d'ensemble de méthodes fiables, particulièrement adaptées aux laboratoires des pays en voie de développement qui ne di sposent pas d'instrumentation sophistiquée et coûteuse. Il est notamment décrit un système simple et peu onéreux de flux continu pour mesurer la fixation de l'azote par réduction de l'acétylène, ainsi que des techniques pour déterminer la respiration des nodules, le dégagement d'hydrogéne et l'activité nitrate-réductase des plantes. Plusieurs techniques colorimétriques ont été adaptées à l'analyse de l'azote nitrique, aminé, uréidique et total, dans de faibles volumes de suc de xylème prélevé par saignée.
    Abstract: Resumen El estudio de la asimilación y del transporte de nitrógeno en leguminosas de grano es un preámbulo necesario para la selección de cultivares obtenidos en programas de mejora que tengan como objetivo el incremento de la contribución de la fijación de nitrógeno a la producción de plantas y de semillas. Los métodos utilizados en dichos estudios estan dispersos en la literatura y no siempre se han comprobado lo suficiente. Este trabajo presenta un amplio conjunto de técnicas seguras, que se adaptan particularmente bien para su uso en laboratorios de países en desarrollo que carecen de instrumental caro y sofisticado. Se describe un sistema de flujo continuo para la medida de la fijación de N2 (reducción de acetileno) que utiliza componentes sencillos y baratos, tembién se describen técnicas para estimar la respiración de los nódulos, la evolución del hidrógeno y la actividad nitratò-reductasa de la planta. Se han adaptado varios métodos colorimétricos para el análisis del Nitrógeno total y del Nitrógeno combinado (en forma de aminas, amidas y derivados de la urea) contenidos en pequeños volumenes de savia bruta (xilema).
    Notes: Summary The study of nitrogen assimilation and transport in grain legumes is a necessary preliminary to selecting plant cultivars for breeding programs aimed at increasing the contribution of nitrogen fixation to plant production and seed yield. Methods used in such studies are spread widely throughout the literature and have not always been sufficiently tested. This paper presents a comprehensive set of reliable techniques particularly adapted for use in laboratories in developing countries which lack sophisticated and expensive instruments. A continuous flow system for the measurement of N2 fixation (acetylene reduction) using simple and inexpensive components is described, as are techniques for the estimation of nodule respiration, hydrogen evolution and plant nitrate reductase activity. A number of colorimetric techniques have been adapted for the analysis of nitrate-, amino-, amide-, ureide- and total-N in small volumes of xylem (bleeding) sap.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1993), S. 615-624 
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Bradyrhizobium ; hydrogenase ; regulation ; symbiosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract A region of 15 kbp DNA located on the chromosome of Bradyrhizobium japonicum is essential for a Hup+ phenotype and contains the hydrogenase structural genes. During the last few years, other genes with various functions related to hydrogenase oxidation, such as Ni2+ incorporation into the hydrogenase enzyme, electron transport from hydrogenase to O2, and regulation of hydrogenase expression in free-living conditions, have been identified in this region. A region in front of the hydrogenase structural genes is necessary for transcriptional regulation of hydrogenase expression by O2, H2 and Ni2+. In addition, the N2 fixation system and the tertiary structure of the chromosome seem to be involved in the expression of the hydrogenase genes. The effect of legume inoculation with Hup+ rhizobia has been evaluated. The possible benefits of a Hup+ phenotype, such as the regeneration of chemical energy in the form of ATP or reductants, and the removal of O2 and H2 from the active site of the nitrogenase enzyme where they might inhibit the nitrogenase reaction, are discussed. The data indicate that a H2-uptake system is beneficial in soybean nodules, but host plant and environmental factors may interfere with the effects of H2 cycling in the plant.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Breeding ; Cowpea ; Nitrogen nutrition ; Rhizobium ; Seed yield ; Symbiotic interactions ; Vigna unguiculata L
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Plant of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) cv. TVu 1469 were grown in a plastic house set to simulate tropical temperatures. They were inoculated with one of two strains of Rhizobium and irrigated each day with nutrient solution either devoid of inorganic nitrogen (N) or containing 2.14 mM (30 ppm) N. Strain of Rhizobium significantly affected rates of dry matter and N accumulation as well as the total N content of mature plants. Variations in seed yield were due largely to Rhizobium effects on peduncle production and pod set on each peduncle, wheres inorganic N did not change these yield-determining components significantly. The agronomic and physiological implications of these data are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acetylene reduction ; Bean cultivars ; Harvest index ; 15N dilution ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nodulation ; Phaseolus vulgaris ; Rhizobium inoculation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A field experiment was performed to assess the effects of Rhizobium inoculation and nitrogen fertilizer (100 kg N ha−1) on four cultivars of Phaseolus beans; Carioca, Negro Argel, Venezuela 350 and Rio Tibagi. In the inoculated treatment 2.5 kg N ha−1 of15N labelled fertilizer was added in order to apply the isotope dilution technique to quantify the contribution of N2 fixation to the nutrition of these cultivars. Nodulation of all cultivars in the uninoculated treatments was poor, but the cultivars Carioca and Negro Argel were well nodulated when inoculated. Even when inoculated, nodulation of the cultivars Venezuela 350 and Rio Tibagi was poor and these cultivars showed little response to inoculation in terms of nitrogen accumulation or grain yield. The estimates of the contribution of N2 fixation estimated using the isotope dilution technique, for the Carioca and Negro Argel cultivars, amounted to 31.7 and 18.4 kg N ha−1 respectively. These two cultivars produced 991 and 883 kg ha−1 of grain, respectively, when inoculated and 663 and 620 kg ha−1 with the addition of 100 kg N ha−1 of N fertilizer. The response to nitrogen was particularly poor due to high leaching losses in the very sandy soil at the experimental site. The Venezuela 350 and Rio Tibagi cultivars only responded to N fertilizer and not to inoculation with Rhizobium which stresses the great importance of selecting plant cultivars for nitrogen fixation in the field.
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 1998-09-18
    Print ISSN: 0178-2762
    Electronic ISSN: 1432-0789
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Springer
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2003-10-01
    Print ISSN: 0178-2762
    Electronic ISSN: 1432-0789
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Springer
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 1982-06-01
    Print ISSN: 0032-079X
    Electronic ISSN: 1573-5036
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Springer
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 1985-10-01
    Print ISSN: 0032-079X
    Electronic ISSN: 1573-5036
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Springer
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