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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chaff piles of harvester ant (Messor spp.) nests in a desert ecosystem (1991)
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 38 (1991), S. 241-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Messor spp. ; ants ; chaff ; desert ; activity ; nest
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The plant species composition of the chaff piles of three species of harvester ant (Messor spp.) and the contribution of the chaff to the organic pool were studied from August 1985 to July 1987. There were distinct differences in the plant species composition of the chaff of the three species. We attribute this to the different diets of the three species, which reflect the relative sizes of their individuals and their foraging strategies. The amount of chaff accumulated varies greatly between the three species (Messor rugossus: 127–196 g · ha−1 · y−1;Messor ebeninus: 2823–4437 g · ha−1 · y−1;Messor arenarius: 2165–2535 g · ha−1 · y−1), although the number of nests per hectare is virtually the same. We found that the amount of chaff is related to the rate of activity and the size of the individuals of each of the three ant species. The total chaff accumulated during the study period was 19.2 kg · ha−1, which is an important contribution to the organic matter in the soil in the Negev desert ecosystem.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01314910
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microbial biomass reflects a nitrogen and phosphorous economy of halophytes grown in salty desert soil (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 21 (1996), S. 128-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Microbial biomass N ; Microbial biomass P ; Halophytes ; Desert ; Salinity ; Zygophyllum dumosum ; Reaumuria negevensis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Seasonal variations in soil salinity were recorded under the canopy of two halophyte shrubs typical of the hot, dry Negev desert, Zygophyllum dumosum and Reaumuria negevensis. The effects of the fluctuating soil salinity levels on total soluble N and on microbial biomass N and P were also monitored. The microhabitat of the shrubs showed differences in trend and magnitude of soil mineral N, the NO inf3 sup- :NH 4 + ratio, and microbial N and P. The trends were assumed to be governed by the various mechanisms operating in the shrubs in order to survive salty environments. Data from the current study are discussed in terms of the assumption that the halophyte has developed ecophysiological strategies that force microbial communities coexisting in its microhabitat towards adaptation aimed at withstanding a fluctuating environment, and hence towards a beneficial plant-microorganism relationship.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336004
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of irrigation on nematode population dynamics and activity in desert soils (1987)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 3 (1987), S. 3-10 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Nematode community ; Chihuahan desert ; Irrigation ; Nematode extraction ; Anhydrobiosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The nematode community in litter and soil was examined for a year in the Chihuahuan desert, before and after supplemental rainfall application. Proportions of nematode-active or anhydrobiotic forms and population densities were determined for 3 treatments: control (natural rainfall), a single, large (25-mm) monthly irrigation pulse, and 4 smaller (6-mm) irrigations spaced at weekly intervals. In litter the greatest nematode abundance was in the 6 mm week−1 treatment (48 nematodes 20 g−1 litter). Bacteriovores and fungivores accounted for approximately 95% of the numbers and biomass in all treatments. In soil, water amendments had no significant effect (P 〈 0.05) on annual mean densities of total nematodes, fungivores, bacterivores, or omnivore predators. Phytophage densities were greater on both irrigation treatments, with highest densities (9268 m−2) in the 6 mm week−1 soils, which was 5.9% of the total soil nematode density. Total densities of individual trophic groups were not significantly different before or after rainfall. Soil nematode densities fluctuated independently with trophic group, month, and season. Bacterial feeders and omnivore predators were the largest contributor to total soil nematode density and biomass. Prior to irrigation, there were no differences in the percentage of anhydrobiotes on the three treatments. Anhydrobiotes decreased after irrigation in all treatments, and were significantly lower in soils of the larger, monthly irrigation. Nematodes were inactive (anhydrobiotic) and decoupled from decomposition processes when soil water matric potentials reached −0.4 MPa.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00260571
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Response of the soil microbial biomass and nematode population to a wetting event in nitrogen-amended Negev desert plots (1999)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 30 (1999), S. 147-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Nitrogen amendments ; Microbial ; biomass ; Metabolic quotient ; Nematode population ; Negev desert
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  Water and N availability are the major limiting factors of primary production in desert ecosystems, and the response of soil biota to these two factors is of great importance. We examined the immediate response of soil nematodes and the microbial biomass to a single pulse of water amendment in N-treated plots in the Israeli Negev desert. Plots were treated with 0, 50 and 100 kg NH4NO3 ha–1 in December 1992, and at the end of the summer period (August 1993) the plots were exposed to a 15 mm water. Soil samples from the 0–10 cm layer were collected daily and analysed soil moisture, total soluble N, nematode populations and microbial biomass. Soil moisture increased to 8.5%, then gradually decreased to 2% during the 11 days of the study. Microbial biomass, soil respiration and metabolic quotient values did not exhibit any significant correlation with soil N levels. Free-living nematode population levels in the different plots were found to increase from a mean level of 45 500 to a mean level of 92 300 individuals m–2. N treatment was found to affect the patterns of free-living nematode population dynamics. The results of this study demonstrated the importance of moisture availability levels and the ability to mobilize previous N inputs into available N which, occurring in pulses, can affect the microbial ecophysiological status, nematode population dynamics and the interrelationship between these two important components in the desert soil milieu.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050601
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changes in organic storage compounds during the active and inactive periods in a desert snail, Sphincterochila prophetarum
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology -- Part A: Physiology 71 (1982), S. 41-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 0300-9629
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0300-9629(82)90364-4
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microbial biomass response to seasonal fluctuation in soil salinity under the canopy of desert halophytes
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Soil Biology and Biochemistry 26 (1994), S. 1405-1408 
    Details
    ISSN: 0038-0717
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0038-0717(94)90224-0
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Response by soil nematode populations and the soil microbial biomass to a rain episode in the hot, dry Negev Desert (1993)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 16 (1993), S. 188-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Nematodes ; Microbial biomass ; Rain episode ; Negev Desert ; Diurnal fluctuations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Since the amount, intensity, and frequency of rainfall in desert regions vary strongly over space and time, the response by soil biota to this variability is of great importance. We conducted a study in the Negev desert in order to examine the immediate response by the soil nematode populations and the microbial biomass to varying amounts of water applied in a single pulse. Soil samples from the 0–10-cm depth were collected from areas undergoing four different wetting treatments, comprising 5, 10, 15, and 20 mm of water, and from a non-irrigated control soil. There was a correlation between diurnal variations in nematode populations and the diurnal fluctuations in soil moisture. The greatest abundance of nematodes was found in the soil treated with 20 mm water (970 individuals 100 g-1 dry soil) which was 2, 4, 5, and 14 times larger than that found in the soil treated with 15, 10, 5, and 0 mm of water, respectively. Bacterialfeeding and fungal-feeding nematodes accounted for approximately 95% of the total nematode population found in all treatments. The microbial biomass examined in the current study exhibited an immediate response to the wetting which was greater in soil treated with, 10, 15, and 20 mm of water compared with 0 and 5 mm. However, after 4 days (96 hours) the microbial biomass stabilized again at the basic level of the 0-mm control. However, our results indicated that the major trigger for changes in the nematode populations, and in the microbial biomass, was diurnal fluctuations in soil moisture, since peaks in nematode populations and in the microbial biomass were observed at various times of the day.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00361406
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The role of lichens in the cycling of metals in the Negev Desert (1995)
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 29 (1995), S. 247-253 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The epilithic fruticose lichen Ramalina maciformis (Del.) Bory which grows in the Central Negev Highlands of Israel is grazed by the black dwarf goat of the Bedouins. In order to study the role of R. maciformis in the cycling of metals in the Negev Desert, epilithic thalli growing on flintstones on western aspects of a hill were detached, put in fiberglass window-screen litterbags, and secured on the soil surface of western, southern, and northern aspects of the hill. Simultaneously, flintstones carrying lichen thalli were transferred from west-facing slopes of the hill to adjacent south-facing slopes, where epilithic thalli of R. maciformis were observed to grow in very small quantities. The concentration of the heavy metals were determined in the original lichen material at the beginning of the experiment, and in in situ and relocated thalli after a period of 14 months. The concentrations of Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, and Pb in the upper soil layer on the different aspects were determined at the end of the experimental period. A comparison of the concentration of heavy metals in epilithic thalli of R. maciformis examined in the same study site a decade ago, and of present findings, reveals a regional increase of airborne Mn and Zn derived from local traffic. The concentration of heavy metals in thalli detached from stones and kept in litterbags was higher than in epilithic thalli. Thalli detached from stones and exposed on northern aspects of the hill contained less heavy metals than those kept on south-facing slopes. It is suggested that detached thalli derive heavy metals from the upper soil layer in addition to elements derived from airborne dust. The decreased concentration of Fe and Mn in epilithic thalli in the experiment period is explained by the enhanced number of washing and freezing actions in the two unusually cold and wet winters of 1990/1991 and 1991/1992. It is suggested that extreme climatic fluctuations regulate the accumulation of minerals in in situ epilithic thalli of desert lichens.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00212976
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Contributions of subterranean termites to the “economy” of Chihuahuan desert ecosystems (1982)
    Springer
    Oecologia 55 (1982), S. 298-302 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We examined the role of subterranean termites in decomposition of cattle dung, various herbaceous plant species and wood in a Chihuahuan desert ecosystem. From July–September, termites removed dung at a rate of 0.63 g day-1 accounting for a percent mass loss of 19.5–100%. During the autumn subterranean termites consumed more than 50% of the leaves of the shrub Larrea tridentata, the grass Erioneuron pulchellum and annual plant Lepidium lasiocarpum and Baileya multiradiata but used very little of two other annuals Eriastrum diffusum and Eriogonum trichopes. Yucca inflorescence stalks on plots with termites lost 23% of their original mass in 30 months while those on termite free soils lost 11%. Elimination of termites resulted in reduction of fluff grass, Erioneuron pulchellum biomass, thereby affecting the structure of the ecosystem.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00376915
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Feeding, energy flow and soil turnover in the desert isopod, Hemilepistus reaumuri (1976)
    Springer
    Oecologia 24 (1976), S. 57-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The desert woodlouse Hemilepistus reaumuri is one of the most abundant macroscopic invertebrates in North Africa, the Arabian steppes, semi-desert and desert, and the Negev desert Israel. The main purposes of our study were: 1. To investigate the feeding behaviour of H. reaumuri in the field and the laboratory, with special attention to the importance of soil and perennials in the isopods' diet. 2. To estimate annual energy flow and soil turnover by the isopods and to relate it to the role of isopods in the desert ecosystem. The results of field observations and feeding experiments in the laboratory show: a) That desert isopods are saprovores, herbivores and microbivores. b) That in order to survive the isopod should include soil particles and or soil minerals when feeding on vegetation. c) Annual ingestion was 10.3–38.6 kcals/m2, 3–12% of the available dead organic matter, and soil turnover 28.5–105.7 g/m2. It was hypothesized that by ingestion and defaecation of organic matter and inorganic soil particles, H. reaumuri alters the structure of the decomposition substrate and increase the rate of decomposition in the desert ecosystem.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00545487
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