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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2024-03-04
    Description: This dataset comprises event peak flows, representing extreme floods at 516 stations in Germany. The data generation process involves several key steps. Initially, observed rainfall events associated with 10 historical flood disasters from 1950 to 2021 are undergone spatial shifts. These shifts involve three distances (20, 50, and 100 km) and eight directions (North, Northeast, East, Southeast, South, Southwest, West, Northwest), resulting in 24 counterfactual precipitation events. Including the factual (no shift) event, a total of 25 distinct shifting events are considered. Subsequently, these shifted fields are used as atmospheric forcing for a mesoscale hydrological model (mHM) set up and calibrated for the entire Germany. The model produces daily stream flows across its domain, from which the event peak flows are derived. This dataset is expected to provide a valuable resource for analyzing and modeling the dynamics extreme flood events in Germany.
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/workingPaper
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2024-03-04
    Description: The dataset is the basis for describing a 60-year-long evolution of groundwater dynamics and thermal field in the North German Basin beneath the Federal State of Brandenburg (NE Germany), covering the period between 1953 and 2014 with monthly increments. It was produced by one-way coupling of a near-surface distributed hydrologic model to a 3D basin-scale thermohydraulic groundwater model with the goal of investigating feedbacks between climate-driven forcing (in terms of time- and space-varying recharge and temperature), basin-scale geology, and topographic gradients. Modeled pressure and temperature distributions are validated against published groundwater level and temperature time series from observation wells. Our results indicate the spatio-temporal extent of the groundwater system subjected to nonlinear interactions between local geological variability and climate conditions. The dataset comprises of input files and scripts required to run the groundwater model in GOLEM and output files from the transient thermo-hydraulic simulations in EXODUS format. The input and output data is organized as separate archived folders (*.gz format).
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/workingPaper
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2024-02-28
    Description: This data set contains the results from a 2023 GFZ Innovative Research Expedition project to explore for natural hydrogen gas (H2) occurrences in the NW Pyrenean foreland, near the town of Biarritz in France. The data represent in-situ measurements of soil and spring water gas, as well as in-situ spring water property measurements, complemented with laboratory analysis results of gas contents and noble gas isotopic compositions of gas and spring water samples collected during the expedition. This GFZ Innovative Research Expedition was inspired by previous exploration efforts in the region by Lefeuvre et al. (2021, 2022). These authors detected elevated concentrations of natural H2 gas in the soil and interpreted this natural H2 to be derived from serpentinizing mantle rocks below the Pyrenees. The main aims of this expedition were the following: (1) in-situ measuring soil gas contents and taking soil gas samples for laboratory analysis at a site near the town of Peyrehorade in the NW of the general study area of Lefeuvre et al. (2021), thus improving the soil gas data coverage along the NW end of the North Pyrenean Frontal Thrust (NPFT); (2) taking gas samples from degassing springs (or water samples from non-degassing springs to be degassed in the lab) in the general Lefeuvre et al. (2021) study area for additional laboratory analysis of gas contents and noble gas isotopic compositions, which may be indicative of (deep) gas origins; and (3) performing a detailed soil gas analysis by means of a portable mass spectrometer at Sauveterre-de-Béarn, a site along the NPFT where Lefeuvre et al. (2022) measured elevated concentrations of natural H2 in the soil. Furthermore, we also measured the properties of the visited springs (temperature, pH, conductivity) while on site, and performed additional in-situ soil gas measurements from manual drillholes. Details on the measurement and sampling methods, on the laboratory analyses, as well as the results of these measurements and analyses are provided in the data description file The expedition involved six field days in July 2023, during which a total of 26 sites were visited. These sites were selected for their vicinity near a major geological contact or fault zone that could have facilitated upward circulation of gas or (thermal) water from the (deep) subsurface (i.e., potentially from the mantle).
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/workingPaper
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: The data set was collected to identify hydrological processes and their evolution over it time. It consists of several individual files in tabstop delimeted text format. The data set contains the data obtained from deuterium and brilliant blue tracer experiments at two chronosequence studies in the glacier forefield of the Stone Glacier and the Griessfirn in the central Alps, Switzerland. Each chronosequence consisted of four moraines of different ages (from 30 to 13500 years). At each forefield sprinkling experiments with deuterium and dye tracer experiments with blue dye (Brilliant Blue) were conducted on three plots per moraine. The moraines at the forefield of the Stone Glacier developed from siliceous parent material and at the forefield of the Griessfirn from calcareous parent material. Data from the siliceous forefield are marked with (S) and data from the calcareous forefield are marked with (C). The data set consist of soil moisture time series and soil water isotope profiles of the sprinkling experiments with deuterium, as well as trinary images of stained vertical subsurface flow paths from the dye tracer experiment. The individual plots per moraine are distinguished via their position relative to one another on the moraine (left, middle, and right, looking upslope). The plots used for the sprinkling experiments were located in close vicinity to the plots used for the dye tracer experiments. For the sprinkling experiments with deuterium each plot (4m x 6m) per age class was equipped with 6 soil moisture sensors. Three of these sensors were installed as a sensor profile at one side of the plot about one meter downslope from the upper plot boundary. The sensors were installed at 10, 30, and 50 cm soil depth. On the other side of the plot, two sensors were placed in 10 cm depth, one opposite to the sensor profile and the second sensor one meter upslope from the lower plot boundary. The sixth sensor was placed at 10 cm depth in the center of the plot. The plots were irrigated on three consecutive days with three different irrigation intensities and deuterium concentrations. Per forefield, the soil moisture data are listed in one file per age class. The file contains for each plot, the time stamp and the soil moisture values of the 6 sensors.
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/workingPaper
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: This data repository for the Southern Caribbean and NW South America contains a 3D thermal model computed down to 75 km depth, the modelled hypocentral temperatures and geothermal gradients at the locations of crustal earthquakes, and the crustal seismogenic depths calculated from earthquake statistics, as well as the associated modelled temperatures. We used the uppermost 75 km of the gravity-constrained structural and density model of Gómez-García et al. (2020, 2021) to derive the 3D thermal configuration of the study area (5°-15° N, 63°-82° W). A steady-state approach was followed, in which upper and lower boundary conditions were set to run the thermal calculations using the software GOLEM (Cacace & Jacquey, 2017; Jacquey & Cacace, 2017). A catalogue of earthquakes occurred within the study area and surroundings was compiled from public sources. In the database archived here, we provide data of the best located crustal earthquakes within the boundaries of this area, from January 1980 to June 2021. Earthquakes below the magnitude of completeness, or with poorly determined depths, were disregarded. Earthquakes were deemed crustal if their hypocentres were located between the topo-bathymetry from the GEBCO relief (Weatherall et al., 2015) and the Moho depth from the GEMMA model (Reguzzoni & Sampietro, 2015). We computed the crustal seismogenic depth as the 90th and 95th percentiles (D90 and D95), respectively, of the crustal hypocentral depths. These percentiles were mapped on a latitude-longitude grid, using for each grid node at least the 20 closest earthquakes as sample. The hypocentral temperatures, the geothermal gradient at the earthquake locations, and the temperatures at the D90 and D95 surfaces were calculated from the lithospheric-scale thermal model. For more details about the modelling approach and interpretation of the results, we kindly ask the reader to refer to the main publication: Gomez-Garcia et al. (2024).
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/workingPaper
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2024-04-10
    Description: In near-Earth space, a large population of high-energy electrons are trapped by Earth’s magnetic field. These energetic electrons are trapped in the regions called Earth’s ring current and radiation belts. They are very dynamic and show a very strong dependence on solar wind and geomagnetic conditions. These energetic electrons can be dangerous to satellites in the near-Earth space. Therefore, it is very important to understand the mechanisms which drive the dynamics of these energetic electrons. Wave-particle interaction is one of the most important mechanisms. Among the waves that can be encountered by the energetic electrons when they move around our Earth, whistler mode chorus waves can cause both acceleration and the loss of energetic electrons in the Earth's radiation belts and ring current. Using more than 5 years of wave measurements from NASA’s Van Allen Probe mission, Wang et al (2019) developed chorus wave models which depend on magnetic local time (MLT), Magnetic Latitude (MLat), L-shell, and geomagnetic condition index Kp. To quantify the effect of chorus waves on energetic electrons, we calculated the bounce-averaged quasi-linear diffusion coefficients using the chorus wave model developed by Wang et al (2019) and extended to higher latitudes according to Wang and Shprits (2019). Using these diffusion coefficients, we calculated the lifetime of the electrons with an energy range from 1 keV to 2 MeV. In each MLT, we calculate the lifetime for each energy and L-shell using two different methods according to Shprits et al (2007) and Albert and Shprits (2009). We make the calculated electron lifetime database available here. Please notice that the chorus wave model by Wang et al (2019) is valid when Kp 〈= 6. If the user wants to use this lifetime database for Kp 〉6, please be careful and contact the authors.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/workingPaper
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2024-04-22
    Description: This publication provides the codes produced for the article "Temporally dynamic carbon dioxide and methane emission factors for rewetted peatlands. Nature Communications Earth and Environment" by Aram Kalhori, Christian Wille, Pia Gottschalk, Zhan Li, Josh Hashemi, Karl Kemper, and Torsten Sachs (https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-024-01226-9). In the article, the authors estimate the cumulative GHG emissions of a rewetted peatland in Germany using the long-term ecosystem flux measurements. They observe a source-to-sink transition of annual carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes and decreasing trend of methane (CH4) emissions. This software is written in R and MATLAB. Running the codes ([R files and .m files](Code)) and loading the data files ([CSV files and .mat files](Data)) requires the pre-installation of [R and RStudio] (https://posit.co/downloads/) and ([MATLAB]. The RStudio 2022.07.2 Build 576 version has been used for the R scripts. The land cover classification work was performed in QGIS, v.3.16.11-Hannover. Data were analyzed in both MATLAB and R and plots created with R (R Core Development Team 2020) in RStudio®.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/other
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2024-04-22
    Description: The data provided here is an exemplary dataset for the flux site Zarnekow from one year (2018). The complete dataset that is needed to run the codes for all the years can be obtained from the European Fluxes Database Cluster under site ID DE-Zrk (Sachs et al., 2016) or provided upon request. This repository is intended to provide the necessary MATLAB and R code to reproduce the results by Kalhori et al. (2024). The data are provided as zip folder containing (1) a csv file with associated definition of variables and units (file: 2023-004_Kalhori-et-al_README_2018_units.txt), (2) a shapefile (file: 2023-004_Kalhori-et-al_2018_LAiV_DOP.shp) and (3) a Geotiff (file: 2023-004_Kalhori-et-al_2018_LAiV_DOP.tiff).
    Language: English
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2024-01-22
    Description: Abstract
    Description: The data set was collected to identify hydrological processes and their evolution over it time. It consists of several individual files in tabstop delimeted text format. The data set contains the data obtained from deuterium and brilliant blue tracer experiments at two chronosequence studies in the glacier forefield of the Stone Glacier and the Griessfirn in the central Alps, Switzerland. Each chronosequence consisted of four moraines of different ages (from 30 to 13500 years). At each forefield sprinkling experiments with deuterium and dye tracer experiments with blue dye (Brilliant Blue) were conducted on three plots per moraine. The moraines at the forefield of the Stone Glacier developed from siliceous parent material and at the forefield of the Griessfirn from calcareous parent material. Data from the siliceous forefield are marked with (S) and data from the calcareous forefield are marked with (C). The data set consist of soil moisture time series and soil water isotope profiles of the sprinkling experiments with deuterium, as well as trinary images of stained vertical subsurface flow paths from the dye tracer experiment. The individual plots per moraine are distinguished via their position relative to one another on the moraine (left, middle, and right, looking upslope). The plots used for the sprinkling experiments were located in close vicinity to the plots used for the dye tracer experiments. For the sprinkling experiments with deuterium each plot (4m x 6m) per age class was equipped with 6 soil moisture sensors. Three of these sensors were installed as a sensor profile at one side of the plot about one meter downslope from the upper plot boundary. The sensors were installed at 10, 30, and 50 cm soil depth. On the other side of the plot, two sensors were placed in 10 cm depth, one opposite to the sensor profile and the second sensor one meter upslope from the lower plot boundary. The sixth sensor was placed at 10 cm depth in the center of the plot. The plots were irrigated on three consecutive days with three different irrigation intensities and deuterium concentrations. Per forefield, the soil moisture data are listed in one file per age class. The file contains for each plot, the time stamp and the soil moisture values of the 6 sensors.
    Keywords: Landscape Evolution ; Chronosequence Study ; Proglacial moraines ; Flow paths ; Soil moisture ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 AGRICULTURE 〉 SOILS 〉 SOIL MOISTURE/WATER CONTENT ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 LAND SURFACE 〉 LANDSCAPE 〉 LANDSCAPE PROCESSES ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 LAND SURFACE 〉 SOILS 〉 SOIL INFILTRATION
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 11
    Publication Date: 2024-01-26
    Description: Abstract
    Description: Teleseismic back-projection imaging has emerged as a powerful tool for understanding the rupture propagation of large earthquakes. However, its application often suffers from artifacts related to the receiver array geometry. We developed a teleseismic back-projection technique that can accommodate data from multiple arrays. Combined processing of P and pP waveforms may further improve the resolution. The method is suitable for defining arrays ad-hoc to achieve a good azimuthal distribution for most earthquakes. We present a catalog of short-period rupture histories (0.5-2.0 Hz) for all earthquakes from 2010 to 2022 with Mw {greater than or equal to} 7.5 and depth less than 200 km (56 events). The method provides automatic estimates of rupture length, directivity, speed, and aspect ratio, a proxy for rupture complexity. We obtained short-period rupture length scaling relations that are in good agreement with previously published relations based on estimates of total slip. Rupture speeds were consistently in the sub-Rayleigh regime for thrust and normal earthquakes, whereas a tenth of strike-slip events propagated at supershear speeds. Many rupture histories exhibited complex behaviors, e.g., rupture on conjugate faults, bilateral propagation, and dynamic triggering by a P wave. For megathrust earthquakes, ruptures encircling asperities were frequently observed, with down-dip, up-dip, and balanced patterns. Although there is a preference for short-period emissions to emanate from central and down-dip parts of the megathrust, emissions up-dip of the main asperity are more frequent than suggested by earlier results. The data are presented as follows (and described in detail in the associated README): SUPPORTING DATA SET S1 (2024-001_Vera-et-al_Supporting-Data-S1.zip) This Data Set (S1) consists of *.bp files containing (1) short-period earthquake rupture patterns, (2) energy radiated maps, and (3) source time functions derived from back-projections (0.5-2.0 Hz). The Data Set S1 includes 56 folders, representing 56 processed earthquakes between 2010 and 2022 with a moment magnitude (Mw) greater than or equal to 7.5 and a depth less than 200 km. These folders are labeled in the format YYYYMMDDhhmm_EVENT_NAME_REGION (UTC) in *.bp format. SUPPORTING DATA SET S2 (2024-001_Vera-et-al_Supporting-Data-S2.csv) This Data Set (S2) comprises a *.csv file containing earthquake source information used in the back-projection and the resulting rupture parameter estimates based on **visually determined** rupture end times. The *.csv file includes rupture parameter estimates for each of the 56 earthquake back-projections presented in Data Set S1. SUPPORTING DATA SET S3 (2024-001_Vera-et-al_Supporting-Data-S3.csv) This Data Set (S3) comprises a *.csv file containing earthquake source information used in the back-projection and the resulting rupture parameter estimates based on **automatic** rupture end times. Note: The main difference from Data Set S2 is that rupture parameter estimates in S3 are derived from **automated** rupture end times, whereas S2 provided estimates relative to **visually determined** rupture end times.
    Keywords: teleseismic back-projection ; large earthquakes ; megathrust earthquakes ; complex ruptures ; supershear ruptures ; earthquake rupture catalog ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 HUMAN DIMENSIONS 〉 NATURAL HAZARDS 〉 EARTHQUAKES
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  • 12
    Publication Date: 2024-01-29
    Description: Abstract
    Description: The data provided here is an exemplary dataset for the flux site Zarnekow from one year (2018). The complete dataset that is needed to run the codes for all the years can be obtained from the European Fluxes Database Cluster under site ID DE-Zrk (Sachs et al., 2016) or provided upon request. This repository is intended to provide the necessary MATLAB and R code to reproduce the results by Kalhori et al. (2024). The data are provided as zip folder containing (1) a csv file with associated definition of variables and units (file: 2023-004_Kalhori-et-al_README_2018_units.txt), (2) a shapefile (file: 2023-004_Kalhori-et-al_2018_LAiV_DOP.shp) and (3) a Geotiff (file: 2023-004_Kalhori-et-al_2018_LAiV_DOP.tiff). In addition, we provide a second zip folder containing the data that produced the figures of the related article (Kalhori et al., 2024, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-024-01226-9).
    Keywords: carbon dioxide emission ; CO2 emission ; methane emission ; CH4 emission ; peatland ; wetland ; eddy covariance ; rewetting ; emission factor ; mitigation ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 BIOSPHERE 〉 TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS 〉 WETLANDS 〉 PEATLANDS ; In Situ Land-based Platforms 〉 GROUND-BASED OBSERVATIONS
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  • 13
    Publication Date: 2024-01-29
    Description: Abstract
    Description: The dataset contains source parameters of acoustic emission (AE) events recorded during triaxial friction (stick-slip) experiments performed on the Westerly Granite sample WgN05. In addition we provide raw waveform data of AE events recorded in triggered mode with a network of 16 AE sensors. Basic seismic catalog associated with the stick-slip experiment contains origin time, hypocentral location in local Cartesian coordinate system of the sample (with associated uncertainties), and AE-derived magnitude. In addition, for a subset of AEs we provide full moment tensors. This catalog include information on fault parameters (strike, dip and rake of the two nodal planes), percentage of isotropic, compensated linear vector dipole and double-couple components of the full moment tensor, P, T, B axes orientations in the coordinate system of the sample, uncertainty assessment, as well as the six independent moment tensor components. Finally, we provide a time series of axial stress values as presented in the Kwiatek et al. (2023) as well as the coordinates of the AE sensors. The catalog and parametric data is supplemented with the raw waveform recordings stored in HDF5 format from 16 acoustic emission sensors placed on the surface of the sample.
    Keywords: acoustic emission ; rock mechanics ; earthquake precursors ; stick-slip ; earthquake preparation ; seismomechanics ; intermittent criticallity ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 EARTHQUAKES 〉 EARTHQUAKE OCCURRENCES ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 EARTHQUAKES 〉 EARTHQUAKE PREDICTIONS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 EARTHQUAKES 〉 SEISMIC PROFILE 〉 SEISMIC BODY WAVES ; hazard ; hazard 〉 natural hazard ; monitoring 〉 seismic monitoring ; physical property 〉 inversion ; physical property 〉 pressure ; physical property 〉 rock mechanics
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 14
    Publication Date: 2024-01-29
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This publication provides the codes produced for the article "Temporally dynamic carbon dioxide and methane emission factors for rewetted peatlands. Nature Communications Earth and Environment" by Aram Kalhori, Christian Wille, Pia Gottschalk, Zhan Li, Josh Hashemi, Karl Kemper, and Torsten Sachs (https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-024-01226-9). In the article, the authors estimate the cumulative GHG emissions of a rewetted peatland in Germany using the long-term ecosystem flux measurements. They observe a source-to-sink transition of annual carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes and decreasing trend of methane (CH4) emissions. This software is written in R and MATLAB. Running the codes ([R files and .m files](Code)) and loading the data files ([CSV files and .mat files](Data)) requires the pre-installation of [R and RStudio] (https://posit.co/downloads/) and ([MATLAB]. The RStudio 2022.07.2 Build 576 version has been used for the R scripts. The land cover classification work was performed in QGIS, v.3.16.11-Hannover. Data were analyzed in both MATLAB and R and plots created with R (R Core Development Team 2020) in RStudio®. The following external packages are required to be incorporated into the codes in order to run the provided codes: "zyp" package; "missForest" package;"REddyProc" package and explained in detail in the README. Files: Codes/Kalhori2023_SenSlopes_fig2.r "zyp" package, Maintainer David Bronaugh 〈bronaugh@uvic.ca〉 Depends R (〉= 2.4.0), Kendall License: LGPL-2.1 https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=zyp Files: Codes/Kalhori2023_gapfillingMF_validation_figSI1.r "missForest" package, Maintainer Daniel J. Stekhoven 〈stekhoven@stat.math.ethz.ch〉 Depends randomForest,foreach,itertools License: GPL (〉= 2) https://www.r-project.org, https://github.com/stekhoven/missForest Files: Codes/Kalhori2023_NEEpartitioning.r "REddyProc" package, Maintainer Thomas Wutzler 〈twutz@bgc-jena.mpg.de〉 Depends R (〉= 3.0.0), methods Imports Rcpp, dplyr, purrr, rlang, readr, tibble, magrittr, solartime, bigleaf (〉= 0.7) License: GPL (〉= 2) https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/REddyProc/index.html Data are provided as .shp, CSV or text files. The MATLAB scripts for footprint calculation and the R scripts used for gapfilling (missForest) and flux partitioning (REddyProc) are also included.The full description of the data and methods is provided in the manuscript.
    Description: Other
    Description: GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE Version 3, 29 June 2007 Copyright (C) 2023 Helmholtz Centre Potsdam GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany (Aram Kalhori). Kalhori2023_Rewetted Peatland_GHG Analysis is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation, version 3 of the License. This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Affero General Public License for more details. You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program. If not, see 〈https://www.gnu.org/licenses/〉.
    Keywords: carbon dioxide emission ; CO2 emission ; methane emission ; CH4 emission ; peatland ; wetland ; eddy covariance ; rewetting ; emission factor ; mitigation ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 BIOSPHERE 〉 TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS 〉 WETLANDS 〉 PEATLANDS ; In Situ Land-based Platforms 〉 GROUND-BASED OBSERVATIONS
    Type: Software , Software
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  • 15
    Publication Date: 2024-01-30
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This data set contains the results from a 2023 GFZ Innovative Research Expedition project to explore for natural hydrogen gas (H2) occurrences in the NW Pyrenean foreland, near the town of Biarritz in France. The data represent in-situ measurements of soil and spring water gas, as well as in-situ spring water property measurements, complemented with laboratory analysis results of gas contents and noble gas isotopic compositions of gas and spring water samples collected during the expedition. This GFZ Innovative Research Expedition was inspired by previous exploration efforts in the region by Lefeuvre et al. (2021, 2022). These authors detected elevated concentrations of natural H2 gas in the soil and interpreted this natural H2 to be derived from serpentinizing mantle rocks below the Pyrenees. The main aims of this expedition were the following: (1) in-situ measuring soil gas contents and taking soil gas samples for laboratory analysis at a site near the town of Peyrehorade in the NW of the general study area of Lefeuvre et al. (2021), thus improving the soil gas data coverage along the NW end of the North Pyrenean Frontal Thrust (NPFT); (2) taking gas samples from degassing springs (or water samples from non-degassing springs to be degassed in the lab) in the general Lefeuvre et al. (2021) study area for additional laboratory analysis of gas contents and noble gas isotopic compositions, which may be indicative of (deep) gas origins; and (3) performing a detailed soil gas analysis by means of a portable mass spectrometer at Sauveterre-de-Béarn, a site along the NPFT where Lefeuvre et al. (2022) measured elevated concentrations of natural H2 in the soil. Furthermore, we also measured the properties of the visited springs (temperature, pH, conductivity) while on site, and performed additional in-situ soil gas measurements from manual drillholes. Details on the measurement and sampling methods, on the laboratory analyses, as well as the results of these measurements and analyses are provided in the data description file The expedition involved six field days in July 2023, during which a total of 26 sites were visited. These sites were selected for their vicinity near a major geological contact or fault zone that could have facilitated upward circulation of gas or (thermal) water from the (deep) subsurface (i.e., potentially from the mantle).
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  • 16
    Publication Date: 2024-01-30
    Description: Abstract
    Description: The EU funded project CRM-geothermal aims to establish an overview of the potential for critical raw materials (CRM) in geothermal fluids across the EU and third countries (Ref). Within this framework, the geothermal sites of Tuzla, Seferihisar and Dikili in eastern Turkey have been visited in March 2023. To estimate the potential of CRM at these sites, a comprehensive sampling program was performed. Rock samples (drill gravel) of the production borehole and scaling from gas-water separators were obtained. Furthermore, sampling of geothermal fluids (gas and brine) and precipitates (salt) along the production line was performed. Here, the results of the geochemical analyses of solid sample materials (drill gravel, scales and salt) are presented. All analyses were performed in the ElMiE-Lab (Elements and Minerals of the Earth Laboratory) at German Research Centre for Geosciences Potsdam, Germany (https://labinfrastructure.geo-x.net/laboratories/8). For their major and minor element compositions, bulk samples of drill gravel and scales were analyzed with XRF and ICP-MS, respectively. Salt precipitates were analyzed for dry loss and mineral composition using XRD.
    Description: Methods
    Description: Sampling of drill gravel: Drill core gravel from Tuzla geothermal site was obtained from existing samples taken during drilling in 2010. For the analyses, three samples of the geothermal reservoir horizon at different depth and from two different drill holes were chosen. Sampling of scales: Scales were sampled during geothermal power plant maintenance in 2023 in Tuzla and in 2022 in Seferihisar. It was analyzed from all water-gas separators from the three drill holes in Tuzla. For Seferihisar, fresh scales were obtained from inside a tube, a pump and a fitter. Sampling of salt precipitates: During the visits, fresh salt precipitates were taken from outside the pipeline that transports geothermal brine to the power plant. The sampling points were located near the production well. Here, few connectors were slightly leaking which is negligible for the geothermal power production. Over time, the small amounts of brine release causes salt precipitation, due to brine cooling and evaporation. The residual salts occurs in form of fine crystalline precipitations around the pipe connectors or, stalactite-like salt tubings. Sampling of fresh, slightly moist material was performed by either scratching material off the precipitate deposit or breaking off juvenile stalactite outgrowth. The sample were stored and transported in air-tight zipper plastic bags to avoid sample alteration by atmospheric air.
    Keywords: critical raw materials ; geothermal power plant eastern turkey ; drill gravel ; scales ; salt precipitates ; geochemistry ; XRF ; ICP-MS ; XRD ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 HUMAN DIMENSIONS 〉 ECONOMIC RESOURCES 〉 ENERGY PRODUCTION/USE 〉 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY PRODUCTION/USE ; energy 〉 energy type 〉 non-conventional energy 〉 geothermal energy ; Models/Analyses 〉 CRM
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  • 17
    Publication Date: 2024-02-06
    Description: Abstract
    Description: The dataset is the basis for describing a 60-year-long evolution of groundwater dynamics and thermal field in the North German Basin beneath the Federal State of Brandenburg (NE Germany), covering the period between 1953 and 2014 with monthly increments. It was produced by one-way coupling of a near-surface distributed hydrologic model to a 3D basin-scale thermohydraulic groundwater model with the goal of investigating feedbacks between climate-driven forcing (in terms of time- and space-varying recharge and temperature), basin-scale geology, and topographic gradients. Modeled pressure and temperature distributions are validated against published groundwater level and temperature time series from observation wells. Our results indicate the spatio-temporal extent of the groundwater system subjected to nonlinear interactions between local geological variability and climate conditions. The dataset comprises of input files and scripts required to run the groundwater model in GOLEM and output files from the transient thermo-hydraulic simulations in EXODUS format. The input and output data is organized as separate archived folders (*.gz format).
    Description: Methods
    Description: Hydrological fluxes are simulated via mesoscale Hydrological Model (mHM) (Samaniego et al., 2010), a spatially distributed hydrologic modeling tool. We make use of the results from a Germany-wide realization of mHM to derive time and space varying water fluxes, which we translate into boundary conditions at the top of our groundwater model. All groundwater simulations were conducted with GOLEM, a Finite Element Method (FEM) modelling platform for thermal-hydraulic-mechanical and non-reactive chemical processes in fully-saturated porous media (Cacace and Jacquey, 2017). Steady-state conditions were derived by solving separately for the hydraulic and the thermal cases. These uncoupled steady-state simulations have been used as initial conditions to run a coupled pseudo-transient simulation, the results of which have been later imposed to initialize the pore pressure and the temperature in the final transient simulation.
    Description: TechnicalInfo
    Description: The dataset comprises of output fluxes from the hydrological model, input files and scripts required to run the groundwater model, output files from the transient thermo-hydraulic simulations, references to validation data, and workflows for data pre-conditioning and post-processing. The 3D structural model built for groundwater modeling covers an area of 28800 km2, extends down to 6000 m below sea level, and contains 12 stratigraphic units from pre-Permian to Quaternary. It was built using structural surfaces from an earlier basin-scale structural model of Brandenburg (Noack et al., 2013). The model captures large-scale geological features controlling the regional groundwater flow, including salt structures, permeable glacial valleys, and aquitard discontinuities. The simulated finite element mesh has a resolution of 1 km x 1 km. It is divided into 54 computational layers and consists of 1.9 million nodes, giving a total of 3 million degrees of freedom.
    Keywords: groundwater modeling ; groundwater level ; geothermal potential ; groundwater recharge ; mesoscale Hydrologic Model (mHM) ; North German Basin ; Brandenburg ; climate ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 TERRESTRIAL HYDROSPHERE 〉 GROUND WATER 〉 PERCOLATION ; hydrosphere 〉 water (geographic) 〉 groundwater
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 18
    Publication Date: 2024-02-12
    Description: Abstract
    Description: Crystallographic Information File (CIF) of the magnesium phosphate mineral struvite collected by single-crystal X-Ray diffraction.  The magnesium phosphate mineral struvite (MgNH4PO4·6H2O) is of interest for the recovery of phosphorus from wastewaters and for use as a fertilizer in agriculture, yet its structure is still debated. The structure of synthetic single crystals of struvite was characterized through refinement of a single-crystal X-ray diffraction pattern acquired at 100 K. The crystal structure was processed into a crystallographic information file (CIF), which is an internationally used data format used by crystallographers, mineralogists and chemists, containing all relevant information about the structure of a specific crystalline phase (Hall et al.: International Tables for Crystallography (2006). Vol. G, ch. 2.2, pp. 20-36). Detailed description and experimental outline of the structural determination is found in Volkmann et al. (2024), DOI: https://doi.org/10.31223/X5KQ4F
    Keywords: Struvite ; Crystal structure ; Mineral ; Phosphate ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 ROCKS/MINERALS/CRYSTALS 〉 SEDIMENTARY ROCKS 〉 SEDIMENTARY ROCK PHYSICAL/OPTICAL PROPERTIES
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 19
    Publication Date: 2024-02-12
    Description: Abstract
    Description: In near-Earth space, a large population of high-energy electrons are trapped by Earth’s magnetic field. These energetic electrons are trapped in the regions called Earth’s ring current and radiation belts. They are very dynamic and show a very strong dependence on solar wind and geomagnetic conditions. These energetic electrons can be dangerous to satellites in the near-Earth space. Therefore, it is very important to understand the mechanisms which drive the dynamics of these energetic electrons. Wave-particle interaction is one of the most important mechanisms. Among the waves that can be encountered by the energetic electrons when they move around our Earth, whistler mode chorus waves can cause both acceleration and the loss of energetic electrons in the Earth's radiation belts and ring current. Using more than 5 years of wave measurements from NASA’s Van Allen Probe mission, Wang et al (2019) developed chorus wave models which depend on magnetic local time (MLT), Magnetic Latitude (MLat), L-shell, and geomagnetic condition index Kp. To quantify the effect of chorus waves on energetic electrons, we calculated the bounce-averaged quasi-linear diffusion coefficients using the chorus wave model developed by Wang et al (2019) and extended to higher latitudes according to Wang and Shprits (2019). Using these diffusion coefficients, we calculated the lifetime of the electrons with an energy range from 1 keV to 2 MeV. In each MLT, we calculate the lifetime for each energy and L-shell using two different methods according to Shprits et al (2007) and Albert and Shprits (2009). We make the calculated electron lifetime database available here. Please notice that the chorus wave model by Wang et al (2019) is valid when Kp 〈= 6. If the user wants to use this lifetime database for Kp 〉6, please be careful and contact the authors.
    Keywords: Earth's radiation belt; ring current; electron precipitation; electron lifetime ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SUN-EARTH INTERACTIONS 〉 IONOSPHERE/MAGNETOSPHERE DYNAMICS 〉 PLASMA WAVES ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 MODELS 〉 SOLAR-ATMOSPHERE/SPACE-WEATHER MODELS
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 20
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    GFZ Data Services
    Publication Date: 2024-02-14
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This database contains a compilation of published zircon geochronology, chemistry and isotope data. The database was created through automated web scraping of the Figshare data repository. Data included U-Pb and Pb-Pb dating, Lu-Hf isotopes, trace element and rare earth element chemistry and isotopes. Where available, metadata on the analytical method, lithology, sample description and sampling coordinates are included. All analyses include a citation and doi link to the original data hosted on Figshare. See metadata table for descriptions of table headers. See associated manuscript for web scraping code.
    Description: Other
    Description: The DIGIS geochemical data repository is a research data repository in the Earth Sciences domain with a specific focus on geochemical data. It is hosted at GFZ Data Services through a collaboration between the Digital Geochemical Data Infrastructure (DIGIS) for GEOROC 2.0 (https://digis.geo.uni-goettingen.de) and the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences. The repository archives, publishes and makes accessible user-contributed, peer-reviewed research data that fall within the scope of the GEOROC database. Compilations of previously published data are also made available on the GEOROC website (https://georoc.eu) as Expert Datasets.
    Keywords: data compilation ; zircon geochronology ; geochemistry data ; isotope data ; GEOROC Expert Dataset ; zircon ; magmatic ; detrital ; U-Pb age ; Pb-Pb age ; Lu-Hf isotopes ; trace elements ; rare earth elements ; adakite ; amphibolite ; andesite ; anorthosite ; aplite ; arenite ; ash ; basalt ; basaltic andesite ; basaltic trachyandesite ; bentonite ; biotitite ; charnockite ; conglomerate ; dacite ; diamictite ; diorite ; dolerite ; dunite ; gabbro ; granite ; granodiorite ; granulite ; greenschist ; greywacke ; hornblendite ; kersantite ; kimberlite ; lamprophyre ; leucogranite ; lherzolite ; limestone ; migmatite ; monzodiorite ; monzogranite ; monzonite ; norite ; orthogneiss ; paragneiss ; pegmatite ; pelite ; psammite ; pumice ; pyroxenite ; quartzite ; radiolarite ; rhyodacite ; rhyolite ; rodingite ; sandstone ; schist ; serpentinite ; shale ; siltstone ; spessartite ; syenite ; syenogranite ; tonalite ; trachyandesite ; trachydacite ; trachyte ; trondhjemite ; tuff ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOCHEMISTRY ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOCHEMISTRY 〉 GEOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOCHEMISTRY 〉 GEOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES 〉 ISOTOPE MEASUREMENTS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOCHEMISTRY 〉 GEOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES 〉 ISOTOPE RATIOS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOCHEMISTRY 〉 GEOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES 〉 ISOTOPES ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOCHEMISTRY 〉 GEOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES 〉 ISOTOPIC AGE ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 ROCKS/MINERALS/CRYSTALS 〉 MINERALS 〉 MINERAL AGE DETERMINATIONS
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 21
    Publication Date: 2024-02-26
    Description: Abstract
    Description: To enhance the EU's economic autonomy, feasible options for local sourcing of critical raw materials that would allow for shorter supply routes along with ethical and responsible value chains are under contemplation. Social acceptance of mining in Europe is, however, low, and the establishment of new mining sites faces strong public opposition. Therefore, innovative solutions for the production of primary raw materials need to be developed. A new idea for raw material extraction is the extraction of essential elements from geothermal fluids. Deep geothermal fluids, increasingly used for energy production, often contain high concen-trations of dissolved ions and gases in commercially interesting concentrations. The EU-funded project CRM-geothermal aims to develop new technologies to extract these highly relevant elements, including helium, during geothermal production cycles. In this way, an environmentally friendly and socially acceptable exploration and exploitation method could be deployed. One aim of the CRM-geothermal project is to gain an overview of the actual quantities of critical raw materials in various geothermal fluids in Europe by taking and analyzing fluid samples. In Turkey for instance, classical high enthalpy (volcanic) systems exist, which are representative for many geothermal areas worldwide. The sites are located at the edges of tectonic plates and close to areas undergoing volcanic activity. The brines are mixed with seawater and circulate in the deeper crust. The data publication contains analyses results of three gas samples from Tuzla, two samples from Seferihisar geothermal power plant and one sample from the Dikili geothermal field in Turkey, taken in 2023 as part of the CRM-geothermal project.
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 22
    Publication Date: 2024-02-28
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset comprises event peak flows, representing extreme floods at 516 stations in Germany. The data generation process involves several key steps. Initially, observed rainfall events associated with 10 historical flood disasters from 1950 to 2021 are undergone spatial shifts. These shifts involve three distances (20, 50, and 100 km) and eight directions (North, Northeast, East, Southeast, South, Southwest, West, Northwest), resulting in 24 counterfactual precipitation events. Including the factual (no shift) event, a total of 25 distinct shifting events are considered. Subsequently, these shifted fields are used as atmospheric forcing for a mesoscale hydrological model (mHM) set up and calibrated for the entire Germany. The model produces daily stream flows across its domain, from which the event peak flows are derived. This dataset is expected to provide a valuable resource for analyzing and modeling the dynamics extreme flood events in Germany.
    Keywords: extreme floods ; counterfactuals ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 HUMAN DIMENSIONS 〉 NATURAL HAZARDS 〉 FLOODS
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  • 23
    Publication Date: 2024-03-06
    Description: Abstract
    Description: Intercropping is the simultaneous growth of two or more crops in the same space for a significant part of their life cycle (Willey, 1979). In this context, samples from one farm experiments in the growing season 2015/2016 and 2016/2017, embedded in the cropping systems of one arable farm in the surrounding of Pisa, central-western part of Italy, were collected for analysis. The treatments were: PCW, a temporary intercropping system of wheat and persian clover, sown in paired rows; CONTROLSTRIP, unfertilized wheat as a sole crop, sown in paired rows.
    Description: Methods
    Description: The samples were collected from a farm located in Valtriano, around 20 km from Pisa (43°36’N 10°29’E). The temporary intercropping system comprises common wheat (Triticum aestivum L., cv. Bolero) and persian clover (Trifolium resupinatum L., cv. Laser). Sampling of above-ground plant biomass was done by hands in March 2016 and 2017. For each treatment, above-ground plant biomass was collected several plots which includes three subplots with dimension of 0.25m2 in 2016 and 0.075 m2 in 2017. The samples collected, only for the green part of the plant, were dried at 60°C for 48 h. Then, coarse grinding of the plant fibres (about 1 mm in diameter) was carried out, followed by further cryogenic grinding.
    Keywords: EPOS ; multi-scale laboratories ; geochemistry and microscopy ; geochemistry data ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 BIOSPHERE 〉 VEGETATION 〉 NITROGEN
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  • 24
    Publication Date: 2024-03-08
    Description: Abstract
    Description: In autumn 2022, an expedition to Tanzania was undertaken within the framework of the research project “CRM-geothermal” and Scintific Priority Program (SPP) 2238 “Dynamics of Ore Metal Enrichment”. Within „CRM-geothermal“ we are looking for an environmentally friendly co-production of critical raw materials together with the provision of geothermal energy. In the EARS, high levels of rare earth elements (REE), Sr, Ba and Mg are expected in waters and solids in areas with alkaline volcanic rocks, while other critical elements, including helium, have been sought in other localities. In particular, the eastern branch is the most juvenile sector and has increased geothermal potential related to hot fluids migrating along permeable faults. Tanzania was crossed from north to south, along the eastern arm of the EARS, to collect gas, water, rock and sediment samples associated with natural hot springs, lakes and vents. On site, physical and chemical parameters were measured in-situ and documented together with the geology, infrastructure and the domestic use of the hot site. In the south, existing drill sites and geothermal development areas were visited and gas and water samples were taken from boreholes and rocks sampled from drill cores. The survey covered 13 sites, from Lake Natron in the north to Lake Malawi in the south (see map).
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 25
    Publication Date: 2024-03-16
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset contains simulation data using the LPJmL-FIT model (Billing et al., 2019). The purpose of this dataset is to investigate the influence of functional diversity on European forest biomass dynamics under varying climate change scenarios (RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP8.5). The LPJmL-FIT ("Lund-Potsdam-Jena managed Land – Flexible Individual Traits") model is a dynamic flexible-trait vegetation model that simulates the establishment, growth, competition, and mortality of individual trees and grasses. Each tree individual is categorized into one of four main plant functional types (PFTs) and assigned a set of functional trait values, including specific leaf area (SLA), leaf longevity (LL), and wood density (WD). The model is driven by daily climate input data, atmospheric CO2 concentration, and soil texture. For this dataset, the model was applied to six different regions across central and eastern Europe, covering a range of environmental gradients. Those sites include: Alpine Mountains, Boreal flatland, Carpathian Mountains, central European flatland, central European low mountain range and eastern European flatland. Each region is represented by a set of 9 grid cells of 0.5° x 0.5° longitude and latitude in size. Four experimental set-ups were investigated, varying in the degree of functional diversity. These set-ups specify characteristics of newly establishing trees, including assignment to PFTs and the range of leaf traits drawn from the full spectrum. This dataset provides detailed model outputs from simulations exploring the effects of different levels of functional diversity on forest adaptation under changing climatic conditions.
    Keywords: vegetation carbon ; forests ; future ; Europe ; temperate forests ; boreal forests ; mountainous forests ; functional diversity ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 BIOSPHERE 〉 TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS 〉 FORESTS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 BIOSPHERE 〉 VEGETATION 〉 BIOMASS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 BIOSPHERE 〉 VEGETATION 〉 CARBON ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 MODELS 〉 DYNAMIC VEGETATION/ECOSYSTEM MODELS
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 26
    Publication Date: 2024-03-18
    Description: Abstract
    Description: Geysers are localized hydrothermal vents that periodically erupt with gas bubbles at the surface. Understanding their distribution, dynamics, and conduit geometry is critical to understand the fluid and heat transfer through the crust. To explore this at the Geysir geothermal field in Iceland, we analyzed the spatial distribution of thermal features using high-resolution UAV-based optical and infrared cameras. Based on this, Walter et al. (2020) identified 364 distinct thermal spots. Here we release the high-resolution drone orthomosaic dataset at the Geysir geothermal field, Iceland.
    Description: Methods
    Description: The field campaign and subsequent findings are derived from UAV data collected between July 27th and August 5th, 2016. We used lightweight cameras mounted on a modified DJI Matrice 100 quadcopter drone, allowing flight durations of over 30 min and simultaneous use of optical and thermal cameras. Flight control was based on GPS, with live video feed to the operator and predefined flight paths. Overflights were conducted at different times to optimize image quality: daylight flights at 5:00 local time for optimal contrast for the optical camera, and cold night flights at 3:00 local time for the infrared camera. Altitudes were 120 meters above ground to ensure comprehensive image coverage. The optical camera, a DJI Zenmuse X5R, captured 16-megapixel images at 2 frames per second, with each image geotagged by GPS. The thermal camera, a FLIR Tau 2, had a fully radiometric resolution of 640 × 512 pixels and a spectral band of 7.5-13.5 μm, with GPS geotagging for each image.
    Keywords: Strokkur ; Iceland ; thermal map ; orthomosaic ; Aircraft 〉 UAV ; Earth Remote Sensing Instruments 〉 Passive Remote Sensing 〉 Thermal/Radiation Detectors 〉 FLIR ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 OCEANS 〉 MARINE VOLCANISM 〉 HYDROTHERMAL VENTS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMORPHIC LANDFORMS/PROCESSES 〉 TECTONIC LANDFORMS 〉 GEYSER ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMORPHIC LANDFORMS/PROCESSES 〉 TECTONIC LANDFORMS 〉 VOLCANO ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 MODELS 〉 DIGITAL ELEVATION/DIGITAL TERRAIN MODELS ; energy 〉 energy type 〉 non-conventional energy 〉 geothermal energy ; hydrosphere 〉 water (geographic) 〉 surface water 〉 thermal water ; monitoring 〉 monitoring technique 〉 photogrammetry
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 27
    Publication Date: 2024-03-21
    Description: Abstract
    Description: To seismically monitor the GEOREAL hydraulic stimulation experiment, that took place during the period 6-15 November 2023, a station network was set up in the vicinity of the Kontinentale Tiefbohrung/ KTB deep crustal lab near Windischeschenbach, Germany. The network comprised both surface stations, shallow borehole (25-150 m deep) stations as well as a borehole chain at 2000 m depth in the main borehole, ca. 200m apart from the pilot borehole. First stations were installed in early 2022 and removed in mid-2024. A total of 600 m³ of water was injected into the 4 km deep pilot borehole (KTB-VB, 12° 7.16' E, 49° 48.98' N, 513.418 m above NN ). This volume was injected through a stuck packer in the cased borehole into the open borehole section a depth of 3.85-4 km. No induced seismicity was observed during the injection experiment. Waveform data is available from the GEOFON data centre, under network code 4R, and is fully open.
    Keywords: EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 EARTHQUAKES ; In Situ/Laboratory Instruments 〉 Magnetic/Motion Sensors 〉 Seismometers ; In Situ Land-based Platforms 〉 GEOPHYSICAL STATIONS/NETWORKS ; In Situ Land-based Platforms 〉 GEOPHYSICAL STATIONS/NETWORKS 〉 SEISMOLOGICAL STATIONS ; MiniSEED ; Seismometers ; GIPP ; Local network
    Type: Dataset , Seismic Network
    Format: ~300G
    Format: .mseed
    Format: XML
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  • 28
    Publication Date: 2024-03-22
    Description: Abstract
    Description: Tables that include information and calculations associated with water samples collected from rivers in Central Italy. The goal of the project was to determine the carbon budget for the Central Apennine Mountains of Italy, by accounting for weathering reactions that are responsible for either CO2 drawdown or release into the atmosphere. The carbon budget was created by: 1) analysing samples from different water bodies and sources in the Central Apennines (rivers, lakes, and groundwater) for ion and isotope signatures, and 2) by incorporating the ion and isotope signatures from the waters into an inversion model that partitions these signatures into different sources (e.g. minerals, vegetation, atmospheric sources) around the landscape. All data associated with this publication are provided in a single excel spreadsheet that contains a separate tab for each of the 18 Tables. The supplementary data include: 1) Information on the locations of the water samples and associated water bodies, described in the “Sampling Methods” section, 2) ion and isotope measurements from the water samples, described in the “Analytical Procedure” section, 3) the setup and output from the inversion model, and 4) the CO2 calculations that form the basis for the carbon budget, described in the “Data Processing” section. Water samples were collected over two seasons, in winter and summer; data in the tables are divided by sampling season, where indicated in the content description. For a full description of the sampling strategy, data, and methods, please refer to: Erlanger et al. (2024) “Deep CO2 release and the carbon budget of the central Apennines modulated by geodynamics” Nature Geoscience.
    Keywords: major element chemistry ; water isotopes ; rivers ; Central Italy ; CO2 budget ; geodynamics ; Apennine Mountains ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOCHEMISTRY 〉 GEOCHEMICAL PROCESSES 〉 CHEMICAL WEATHERING ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOCHEMISTRY 〉 GEOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES 〉 ISOTOPE MEASUREMENTS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMORPHIC LANDFORMS/PROCESSES 〉 FLUVIAL PROCESSES 〉 WEATHERING ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMORPHIC LANDFORMS/PROCESSES 〉 TECTONIC PROCESSES 〉 SUBDUCTION
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 29
    Publication Date: 2024-03-25
    Description: Abstract
    Description: Numerical model supporting the article: "Uplifted marine terraces at active margins: understanding the effects of sea reoccupation and coseismic uplift on uplift rate calculation. The forward numerical model reproduces the evolution of an uplifting margin subject to sea erosion. The age-mixing resulting from reoccupation and the likelihood of missing terraces along a staircase sequence increase the inaccuracy of terrace ages assigned through geometrical cross correlation; this may result in erroneous uplift rates and consequent misinterpretation of the uplift evolution. Further research is needed to explore whether vertical displacement reproducing the full seismic cycle, inclusive of both permanent and elastic deformation, and variable uplift rates, have a similar relevance in shaping the geometry of terrace sequences. The code provides the possibility to have steady uplift, i.e. aseismic and constant over time, or coseismic uplift, i.e. given by instantaneous vertical displacement, reproducing earthquakes. It is possible to define time intervals having different uplift rate values, or different uplift modes (aseismic and seismic periods), or vary the characteristic of the coseismic uplift, such as recurrence intervals and coseismic uplift displacement. The coseismic uplift can also be superimposed to a background uplift rate. All values can be of positive or negative sign. The user can define which variable values are saved in the model output, and these include parameters such as the terrace age and the reoccupation tracker. In the repository we include three sea level curves, but any other sea level curve provided by the user can be used to run the model. The parameter values used in the manuscript models are described in the Supplementary Information file of the manuscript. The data provided in txt format report data published by Saillard et al. (2011) and additional calculations, which have been used for the case study of the manuscript. The model scripts are written in Julia language and can be used to reproduce marine terraces formation at coastal margins subject to uplift. The scripts are organized as Github repository (https://github.com/albert-de-montserrat/LEM1D). Movies S1 to S8 provide a qualitative illustration of the terrace evolution under different uplift conditions.
    Description: Other
    Description: Copyright 〈2020〉 〈albert-de-montserrat〉 Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
    Keywords: subduction margin ; marine terraces ; sea erosion ; earthquakes ; coseismic uplift ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMORPHIC LANDFORMS/PROCESSES 〉 COASTAL LANDFORMS 〉 WAVE-CUT NOTCH/PLATFORMS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMORPHIC LANDFORMS/PROCESSES 〉 TECTONIC PROCESSES 〉 TECTONIC UPLIFT ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 NEOTECTONICS ; science 〉 natural science 〉 earth science 〉 geology 〉 tectonics
    Type: Model , Model
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  • 30
    Publication Date: 2024-03-25
    Description: Abstract
    Description: The International Geodynamics and Earth Tide Service (IGETS) was established in 2015 by the International Association of Geodesy (IAG). IGETS continues the activities of the Global Geodynamics Project (GGP, 1997-2015) to provide support to geodetic and geophysical research activities using superconducting gravimeter (SG) data within the context of an international network. The SG site “Serrahn” is located in the TERENO Observatory in the nort-eastern German lowlands. The observatory contributes to investigating the regional impact of climate and land use change. At the IGETS site Serrahn, the mean annual temperature is 8.8 °C and mean annual precipitation is 591 mm. The land cover is mainly characterized as a mixed forest, dominated by European beech and Scots pine. Influenced by the last glaciation in an outwash close to the terminal morraine, the uppermost soil layer of the site consists of aeolian sands up to a depth of 450 cm, followed by coarser sandy material with intercalated till layers. The unconfined groundwater level is at about 14 m below surface. There is hardly any human activity (e.g., traffic) at this quiet forest site. The nearest town is Neustrelitz at a distance of 5 km. Since December 2017, the superconducting gravimeter iGrav-033 is operated outdoors at this forest location (Latitude: 53.3392 N, Longitude: 13.17413 E, Elevation: 79.60 m). The gravimeter is installed in a dedicated field enclosure on top of a concrete pillar with an area of 1.1 m x 1.1 m at an elevation of 0.80 m above the terrain surface. The pillar has been build to a depth of 2.00 m below the surface. One additional pillar (also 1.1 m x 1.1 m, at surface level) is located right next to the iGrav installation and is used for repeated observations with absolute gravimeters (AG). At the site, meteorological (precipitation, air temperature, humidity, air pressure) and hydrological (groundwater, soil moisture, sapflow, throughfall) parameters are monitored by different sensors. Raw gravity and local atmospheric pressure records sampled at second intervals and the same records decimated at 1‐minute samples are provided as Level 1 products to the IGETS network.
    Keywords: Superconducting gravimetry ; Earth tides ; Geodynamics ; IGETS ; International Geodynamics and Earth Tide Service ; geophysics ; geodesy ; hydrology ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GRAVITY/GRAVITATIONAL FIELD 〉 GRAVITY ; environment 〉 geophysical environment ; In Situ Land-based Platforms 〉 GEOPHYSICAL STATIONS/NETWORKS 〉 GRAVITY STATIONS ; In Situ Land-based Platforms 〉 GEOPHYSICAL STATIONS/NETWORKS 〉 SGO ; In Situ/Laboratory Instruments 〉 Magnetic/Motion Sensors 〉 Gravimeters 〉 SUPERCONDUCTING GRAVIMETER ; science 〉 geography 〉 geodesy
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 31
    Publication Date: 2024-04-17
    Description: Abstract
    Description: The Turkey heat flow database includes several research articles obtained from the catalogue of The Global Heat Flow Data Assessment Project conducted by the International Heat Flow Commission (IHFC; www.ihfc-iugg.org). The presented database contains 725 heat-flow determinations compiled from 9 different publications generated between 1991-2023 reported within Turkey. For the reporting and sorting of the database, the structure documented by Fuchs et al. (2023) is followed. Within this dataset, 98% of the entries represent continental heat-flow data (onshore), while the remaining 2% correspond to marine data (offshore). 88% of the reported heat flow values were obtained via direct temperature measurements, while the remaining data (12%) were estimated from indirect Curie depth temperature calculations.
    Keywords: Türkiye ; Heat Flow ; Database ; onshore (continental) ; drilling ; surface temperature/bottom water temperature ; bottom hole temperature – uncorrected ; continuous temperature logging in borehole equilibrium using semiconductor transducer or thermistor probe ; Curie Point/Depth estimate ; thermal conductivity source: assumed from literature ; thermal conductivity method: estimation from lithology and literature ; temperature gradient ; thermal conductivity ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 LAND SURFACE 〉 SOILS 〉 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 32
    Publication Date: 2024-04-17
    Description: Abstract
    Description: The data publication contains the compilation of global heat-flow data by the International Heat Flow Commission (IHFC; www.ihfc-iugg.org) of the International Association of Seismology and Physics of the Earth's Interior (IASPEI). The presented data update release 2024 contains data generated between 1939 and 2024 and constitutes the second intermediate update benefiting from the global collaborative assessment and quality control of the Global Heat Flow Database running since May 2021 (http://assessment.ihfc-iugg.org). The data release comprises new original heat-flow data published since April 2023 (the update 2023). It contains 91,182 heat-flow data from 1,586 publications. 57% of the reported heat-flow values are from the continental domain (n ~ 54,553), while the remaining 43% are located in the oceanic domain (n ~ 36,692).
    Keywords: heat flow density ; Global Heat Flow Database ; International Heat Flow Commission ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 OCEANS 〉 MARINE VOLCANISM 〉 BENTHIC HEAT FLOW ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 OCEANS 〉 OCEAN HEAT BUDGET 〉 HEAT FLUX ; physical property 〉 temperature
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 33
    Publication Date: 2024-03-28
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This archive disseminated through the GFZ-Data Service includes both results and information as-sociated to Bindi et al. (2023). In particular, the archive includes a seismic catalogue reporting ener-gy magnitude Me estimated form vertical P-waves recorded at teleseismic distances in the range 20°≤ D ≤ 98°, following Di Giacomo et al (2008, 2010). The catalogue is built considering 6349 earth-quakes included in the GEOFON (Quinteros et al, 2021) catalogue with moment magnitude Mw larger than 5 and occurring after 2011. Tools used to compute the energy magnitude are free available. In particular, we used stream2segment (Zaccarelli, 2018) to download data from IRIS (https://ds.iris.edu/ds) and EIDA (Strollo et al., 2021) repositories, and me-compute [Zaccarelli, 2023) to process waveforms and compute Me. The methodology applied to me-compute is also implemented as add-on for SeicomP (GFZ and Gempa, 2020) in order to allow the real time computation of Me (https://github.com/SeisComP/scmert).
    Description: Other
    Description: Version History: 19 February 2024: release of first version 28 March 2024: release of v.1.1 Addition of the complete list of references for the seismic networks analysed with me-compute as described in Bindi et al. (2024, ESSD). The list is provided as additional txt file in the data download section and all references were added to the XML metadata.
    Keywords: Energy magnitude ; seismic catalog ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 EARTHQUAKES ; geological process 〉 seismic activity 〉 earthquake
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  • 34
    Publication Date: 2024-04-02
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset is the result of an experimental series that was carried out in September/October 2022 at GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany to observe biosorption of lead under extreme conditions. Synthetic solutions, simulating the geothermal fluids from the Heemskerk geothermal power plant were were prepared in 30 ml glass vials (Rotalibo screw neck ND24 EPA). To prepare the stock solutions, sodium chloride (NaCl, 99.8 %, Cellpure, Merck, DE) was added at 265 g/L and Pb(II), in form of lead nitrate (Pb(NO3 )2 , Merck, DE), at 1 g/L to ultrapure water. To assess the impact of acetic acid on lead biosorption, two treatments were done: one without acetic acid and one where acetic acid (100 %, Merck, DE) was added at 60 mg/L. Finally, dead biomass of the fungus Penicillium citrinum was added in the samples at a concentration of 4 g/L (Wahab et al., 2017). The samples were incubated in an autoclave at a pressure of 8 bars on a rotative shaker. The temperature was set at 25 °C, 60 °C or 98 °C with three contact times (1, 2 and 3 h). All treatments were performed in triplicates. For each treatment, two controls without biomass were done. Control samples without the addition of NaCl were done in duplicate, at 25 °C and for 2 h. After incubation, samples were filtered through a 0.22 µm nitrocellulose filter (Sartorius Stedim Biotech, FR) to separate the biomass from the liquid. The biomass on the filters was dried for 24 h at 45 °C before being scraped from the filter and kept in a Falcon tube at room temperature.
    Keywords: geothermal ; biosorption ; lead biosorption ; Penicillium cintrinum ; batch experiments ; brine
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  • 35
    Publication Date: 2024-04-09
    Description: Abstract
    Description: The here presented data set contains time series recording urban seismic noise which was evaluated with MASW to retrieve a shear wave velocity model for subsurface characterization. Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) technology was used to acquire the seismic data in strain-rate unit along an 11-km long telecommunication fiber optic cable which runs parallel to a major road in Berlin, Germany. The original DAS data was recorded at the sampling frequency of 1000 Hz using iDAS Silixa Interrogator Unit with a gauge length of 10 m and a channel spacing of 8 m for the duration of 15 days form 5th of April 2021 to 20th April 2021.
    Keywords: Seismic interferometry ; Multi-Channel Analysis of Surface Waves ; Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 EARTHQUAKES 〉 SEISMIC PROFILE 〉 SEISMIC SURFACE WAVES
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 36
    Publication Date: 2024-04-10
    Description: Abstract
    Description: We merged various digital elevation models (DEMs) published in the recent years and created an up-to-date composite and global solution for Earth’s topography and bathymetry. Compared to the original geographically limited data sets, the final product is a seamless merged grid which additionally provides high resolution and accuracy topography and depth globally. We provide Earth relief grids w.r.t EIGEN-6C4 global geoid in terms of surface and bedrock elevation, ice thickness, and land-type masks which have been substantially improved w.r.t the global grids found in literature. We assessed the quality of the merged surface elevations w.r.t the heights given for about globally distributed 5000 ITRF stations. The merged surface model shows improvement of a factor of three w.r.t the other commonly used DEMs in terms of standard deviation. In addition to the four grids, GDEMM2024_SUR, GDEMM2024_BED, GDEMM2024_ICE, and GDEMM2024_LTM, we provide two additional files, the surface elevation without water (GDEMM2024_TBI) and the GDEMM2024_GEO file to transform the heights above EIGEN_6C4 geoid to ellipsoidal heights. The final grids are provided both in 30 arcsec and 1arcmin resolution and in GeoTIFF format which is one of the standards that is available in GMT (Generic Mapping Tools), GDAL (Geospatial Data Abstraction Library) and in almost all GIS software systems.
    Keywords: Earth relief grids ; topography ; ice surface elevation ; bedrock elevation ; ice thickness ; land-type masks ; Earth Observation Satellites 〉 TDX ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 CRYOSPHERE 〉 GLACIERS/ICE SHEETS 〉 GLACIER TOPOGRAPHY/ICE SHEET TOPOGRAPHY ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 LAND SURFACE 〉 TOPOGRAPHY ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 LAND SURFACE 〉 TOPOGRAPHY 〉 LANDFORMS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 LAND SURFACE 〉 TOPOGRAPHY 〉 SURFACE ROUGHNESS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 LAND SURFACE 〉 TOPOGRAPHY 〉 TERRAIN ELEVATION ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 LAND SURFACE 〉 TOPOGRAPHY 〉 TOPOGRAPHIC EFFECTS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 LAND SURFACE 〉 TOPOGRAPHY 〉 TOPOGRAPHICAL RELIEF ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 OCEANS 〉 BATHYMETRY/SEAFLOOR TOPOGRAPHY 〉 BATHYMETRY ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 OCEANS 〉 BATHYMETRY/SEAFLOOR TOPOGRAPHY 〉 WATER DEPTH ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 TERRESTRIAL HYDROSPHERE 〉 GLACIERS/ICE SHEETS 〉 GLACIER TOPOGRAPHY/ICE SHEET TOPOGRAPHY ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 MODELS 〉 DIGITAL ELEVATION/DIGITAL TERRAIN MODELS
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 37
    Publication Date: 2024-04-24
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This data set includes the results of high-resolution digital elevation models (DEM) and digital image correlation (DIC) analysis applied to analogue modelling experiments. Twenty generic analogue models are extended on top of a rubber sheet. Two benchmark experiments are also reported. Detailed descriptions of the experiments can be found in Liu et al. (submitted) to which this data set is supplement. The data presented here are visualized as topography and the horizontal cumulative surface strain (principal strain and slip rake).
    Keywords: EPOS ; multi-scale laboratories ; analogue models of geologic processes ; analogue modelling results ; depression ; Digital Image Correlation (DIC) / Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) ; Digital Image Correlation (DIC) / Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) 〉 StrainMaster (La Vision GmbH) ; Extension box ; fault ; graben ; graben ; High frame rate camera ; horst ; normal fault ; Poisson ratio ; rift valley ; rifting ; Sand 〉 Quartz Sand ; Sandbox ; Silicon/Silly putty/PDMS ; SLR camera ; Structure from Motion (SfM) ; Structure from Motion (SfM) 〉 Photoscan (Agisoft) ; tectonic and structural features ; tectonic process ; tectonic process 〉 continental_breakup ; tectonic process 〉 continental_breakup 〉 rifting ; tectonic setting 〉 extended terrane setting ; tectonic setting 〉 extended terrane setting 〉 continental rift setting ; tectonic setting 〉 intraplate tectonic setting ; wrench fault
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 38
    Publication Date: 2024-04-26
    Description: Abstract
    Description: A network of 210 continuously running, digital seismic stations equipped with short-period sensors (200 stations) and broadband sensors (10 stations) was deployed in an area of ~8 x ~6 km in the Irish Midlands (north of Collinstown) for a time period of ~6 weeks. The network was part of the EU project VECTOR (https://vectorproject.eu) aiming to investigate – among others – possible solutions for least invasive forms of exploration for mineral resources. In this context the collected data was mainly used to derive a 3D model of the subsurface (seismic shear wave velocity) using ambient noise tomography (down to ~1.5km depth). We thank all field crews for their excellent work rendered to the project. Waveform data is available from the GEOFON data centre, under network code 7W, and is embargoed until Feb 2025.
    Keywords: EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 EARTHQUAKES ; In Situ/Laboratory Instruments 〉 Magnetic/Motion Sensors 〉 Seismometers ; In Situ Land-based Platforms 〉 GEOPHYSICAL STATIONS/NETWORKS ; In Situ Land-based Platforms 〉 GEOPHYSICAL STATIONS/NETWORKS 〉 SEISMOLOGICAL STATIONS ; Seismometers ; Geophone[g] ; Velocity ; MiniSEED ; Passive seismic ; GIPP ; MESI ; Raw[g] ; Local network ; Vertical component[g] ; Three-component[g] ; Land[g] ; Geophysics ; Natural
    Type: Dataset , Seismic Network
    Format: ~300G
    Format: .mseed
    Format: XML
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  • 39
    Publication Date: 2024-04-26
    Description: Abstract
    Description: The goal of the UPFLOW project is to develop new high-resolution seismic imaging approaches along with new data collection, and to use them to constrain upward flow in unprecedented detail. We conducted a large off-shore experiment in the Azores-Madeira-Canary Islands region, which is a unique natural laboratory with multiple upwellings that are poorly understood in general. UPFLOW deployed and recovered 49 ocean bottom seismometers (OBSs) in a ~1,000×2,000 km2 area in the Azores-Madeira-Canary Islands region starting in July 2021 for ~13 months, with an average spacing of ~150-200 km. The seismic deployment and recovery involved institutions from five different countries: Portugal (IPMA, IDL, Univ. of Lisbon, ISEL), Ireland (DIAS), UK (UCL), Spain (ROA) and Germany (Potsdam University, GFZ, Geomar, AWI). 32 OBSs were be rented from the DEPAS international pool of instruments maintained by the Alfred Wegener Institute (Bremerhaven), Germany, while other institutions borrowed additional instruments (7 from DIAS, 4 from IDL, 3 from ROA, 4 from GEOMAR). Most of the instruments have three-component wideband seismic sensors, but three different designs of OBS frames were used. Waveform data is available from the GEOFON data centre, under network code 8J, and is embargoed until May 2028. We want to acknowledge the exceptional support of the whole team of able seaman, steward, cooks, engineers, mechanicians, electricians and motorman assistants of the vessel RRV Mário Ruivo. With special Thanks to José Ângelo Gomes (Captain), Luís Ramos (Superintendent), Mafalda Carapuço Vessel’s manager (IPMA), Henrique Ferreira Land logistics (IPMA), Celine Ahmed and Jen Amery (Administrative support at UCL)
    Keywords: GEOMAR ; iMarl-DIAS ; IDL ; ROA ; Pressure ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 EARTHQUAKES ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 VOLCANIC ACTIVITY ; In Situ/Laboratory Instruments 〉 Magnetic/Motion Sensors 〉 Seismometers ; In Situ Land-based Platforms 〉 GEOPHYSICAL STATIONS/NETWORKS ; In Situ Land-based Platforms 〉 GEOPHYSICAL STATIONS/NETWORKS 〉 SEISMOLOGICAL STATIONS ; OBS ; Passive seismic ; Velocity ; MiniSEED ; DEPAS ; Amphibious ; Mantle plume ; Regional network ; Displacement ; Three-component[g] ; Natural
    Type: Dataset , Seismic Network
    Format: ~300G
    Format: .mseed
    Format: XML
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  • 40
    Publication Date: 2024-04-30
    Description: Abstract
    Description: The model named EHFM_Earth_7200 was derived by layer-based forward modeling technique in ellipsoidal harmonics, the maximum degree of this model reaches 7200. The relief information was provided by Earth2014 relief model. EHFM_Earth_7200 provides very detailed (~3 km) information for the Earth’s short-scale gravity field, and it is expected to be able to augment or refine existing global gravity models. To meet the existing standard, here we provide spherical harmonic coefficients, which are transformed from original ellipsoidal harmonic coefficients. The maximum degree of the spherical harmonic coefficients is 7300.
    Description: Methods
    Description: - Compute global equiangular reduced latitude grids from degree 10800 Earth2014 SHCs and expanded these grids into EHCs. The grids are band-limited in spherical harmonics instead of in ellipsoidal harmonics so extra degrees beyond the truncation degree are also calculated. We obtained surface EHCs up to degree and order (d/o) 11000 but truncated them to d/o 7200. - Calculate potential models of three layers (crust, water and ice) separately from Earth2014 reliefs by new developed ellipsoidal harmonic forward modeling formulas. The densities of the three layers are 2670, 1030, and 917 kg/m^3. - Sum up results from the three layers and obtain EHFM_Earth_7200 ellipsoidal harmonic coefficients. - Convert ellipsoidal harmonic coefficients to spherical harmonic coefficients. The maximum degree of the spherical harmonic coefficients is 7300.
    Keywords: Gravity forward modeling ; Ellipsoidal topographic potential ; Spectral domain ; Layer concept ; ICGEM ; geodesy ; topographic gravity field model ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GRAVITY/GRAVITATIONAL FIELD ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GRAVITY/GRAVITATIONAL FIELD 〉 GRAVITY
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  • 41
    Publication Date: 2024-04-30
    Description: Abstract
    Description: The new time series of GRACE and GRACE-FO monthly solution HUST-Grace2024 is recently developed at Huazhong University of Science and Technology. During retrieving our model, the reprocessed GRACE L1b RL03 data and GRACE-FO RL04 data are used, and the newly de-aliasing product AOD1B RL07 is applied. In addition, a hybrid processing chain is applied to improve the quality of final solutions. Further details are presented in Zhou et al. (2024). This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 42074018, 41931074, 42061134007).
    Description: Other
    Description: Parameters: product_type: gravity_field modelname: HUST-Grace2024-nLL-YYYYMM generating institute: HuaZhong University of Science and Technology earth_gravity_constant: 3.9860044150E+14 radius: 6.3781363000E+06 max_degree: LL errors: formal norm: fully_normalized tide_system: zero_tide
    Keywords: GRACE ; monthly gravity field model ; ICGEM ; geodesy ; Earth Observation Satellites 〉 NASA Earth System Science Pathfinder 〉 GRACE ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEODETICS 〉 GEOID CHARACTERISTICS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GRAVITY/GRAVITATIONAL FIELD
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  • 42
    Publication Date: 2023-08-11
    Description: The USGS has suspended the distribution of the widely used whole rock reference materials BHVO, BCR and BIR. The goal of this work is to identify a material as similar as possible to the original BIR Islandic basalt. This material can then undergo an ISO-compliant certification of the whole rock powder major and trace element contents. The sampling quarry east of Reykjavik has multiple basalt flows and it is not known which one was originally sampled in 1980 for production of above mentioned reference materials. In this study, three samples were tested to see which is most similar to what was published by Flanigan (1984). Here, the results of this exploratory sample collection are presented, but note that these data are not part of the certification process or represent certified results.
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/workingPaper
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  • 43
    Publication Date: 2023-08-09
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/workingPaper
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  • 44
    Publication Date: 2023-08-09
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  • 45
    Publication Date: 2023-08-09
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  • 46
    Publication Date: 2023-08-09
    Description: The objective of the Lomonosov satellite development concerns the studies of the ultra-high energy cosmic rays and fast processes in optic, X-ray and gamma-ranges which occur in the upper layers of the Earth's atmosphere and in the Universe. This dataset consists of electron particle detector (EPD) counts data of the ELFIN-L instrument which has been described in Shprits et al. (2018). The data rate is 2 measurements per second on 8 physical electron detectors with 12 sub-channels from 21 keV to 4.7 MeV. The data is available from May to November 2016. Due to commissioning-phase and changes in the detector configuration only data from August to November 2016 is usable. Some of the electron detector channels do not provide valid or other than noise measurements. The valid channels are for 21 keV, 30 keV, 44 keV, 1.006 MeV and 1.600 MeV.
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  • 47
    Publication Date: 2023-08-09
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  • 48
    Publication Date: 2023-07-28
    Description: The objective of the Lomonosov satellite development concerns the studies of the ultra-high energy cosmic rays and fast processes in optic, X-ray and gamma-ranges which occur in the upper layers of the Earth's atmosphere and in the Universe. This dataset consists of calibrated electron particle detector (EPD) data of the ELFIN-L instrument which has been described in Shprits et al. (2018). The data rate is 2 measurements per second on 8 physical electron detectors with 12 sub-channels from 21 keV to 4.7 MeV. The data is available from May to November 2016. Due to commissioning-phase and changes in the detector configuration only data from August to November 2016 is usable. Some of the electron detector channels do not provide valid or other than noise measurements. The valid channels are for 21 keV, 30 keV, 44 keV, 1.006 MeV and 1.600 MeV.
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  • 49
    Publication Date: 2023-06-13
    Description: The here referenced dataset provides eventbased Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) recordings made with an approximately 22 km long dark telecommunication fiber lying in urban Potsdam and surroundings. For each of 164 Mgt;=5 earthquakes occurring in February 2023 and listed by the USGS, one hour of data is provided starting with the event's origin time. Additionally, the whole day of February 14 is provided in hourly files. The data was recorded in the frame of the global DAS month, an initiative to collaboratively record and share simultaneously recorded DAS data from all over the world (https://www.norsar.no/in-focus/global-das-monitoring-month-february-2023). DAS is an emerging technology increasingly used by seismologists to convert kilometer long optical fibers into seismic sensors.
    Language: English
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  • 50
    Publication Date: 2023-06-21
    Description: This data set is digital image correlation data, including surface displacement and strain data from laboratory subduction megathrust earthquake cycles. The data consists of grids of surface strain (elastic and permanent), trench-normal surface displacement, vorticity and divergence maps over analog seismic cycles, and time series of surface displacement. The data have been derived using a stereo camera setup and processed with LaVision Davis 10 software. Detailed descriptions of the experiments and results regarding the surface pattern of the strain can be found in Kosari et al. (2023), to which this data set is supplementary. We use three configurations to mimic the along-strike heterogeneous spatiotemporal distribution of frictional locking (Rosenau et al., 2019; Kosari et al., 2022b). A central patch separates two stick-slip zones as an aseismic barrier in all configurations. The frictional properties of the central patch vary as a velocity-strengthening (VS configuration), a velocity-neutral (VN), and a velocity-weakening (VW configuration). The VW zone generates smaller slip events with a higher frequency (i.e., recurrence interval) than the stick-slip zones. Four frictionally different materials have been emplaced on the interface: The sticky-rice as velocity-weakening material (a-blt;0) resulting in stick-slip cycles simulating earthquake cycles, fine-grained sugar and rubber-sand mixture as velocity-strengthening (a-bgt;0) and velocity-neutral (a-b=0) material, and fine-grained salt as velocity-weakening material (a-blt;0) (Kosari et al., 2023).
    Language: English
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  • 51
    Publication Date: 2023-06-22
    Description: This data set includes videos depicting the surface evolution (time-lapse photography, digital image correlation [DIC] analysis, and topography analysis), and internal evolution (X-ray CT-imagery and DIC analysis) of four laboratory experiments (analogue models) simulating lithospheric-scale rifting. All experiments were performed at the Tectonic Modelling Laboratory of the University of Bern (UB). Detailed descriptions of the model set-up and results, as well as the monitoring techniques can be found in Zwaan amp; Schreurs (2023a and b).
    Language: English
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  • 52
    Publication Date: 2023-06-22
    Description: The present dataset is a comprehensive earthquake catalogue for the Northern Chile subduction zone forearc covering the period 2007-2021, determined from IPOC seismic station data (GFZ and CNRS-INSU 2006; https://doi.org/10.14470/pk615318) plus some auxiliary stations (IPOC = Integrated Plate Boundary Observatory Chile; http://www.ipoc-network.org). The method of automatized earthquake catalogue retrieval, the different relocation steps as well as the different earthquake class labels, and the structures outlined by the seismicity are described in detail in Sippl et al. (2023). The catalogue builds on the one from Sippl et al. (2018; https://doi.org/10.5880/GFZ.4.1.2018.001), but uses a slightly deviating parameter set and a new event category. The columns of the data files are: year, month, day, hour, minute, second, latitude [dec. degrees], longitude [dec. degrees], depth [km], magnitude [ML], identifier The identifier term provides a first-order spatial classification of the seismicity, an explanation is given in Sippl et al. (2023).
    Language: English
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  • 53
    Publication Date: 2023-07-31
    Description: The Global Gravity-based Groundwater Product (G3P) provides groundwater storage anomalies (GWSA) from a cross-cutting combination of GRACE/GRACE-FO-based terrestrial water storage (TWS) and storage compartments of the water cycle (WSCs) that are part of the Copernicus portfolio. The data set comprises gridded anomalies of groundwater, TWS, and the WSCs glacier, snow, soil moisture and surface water bodies plus layers containing uncertainty information for the individual data products. All WSCs are spatially filtered with a Gaussian filter to be compatible with TWS. Spatial coverage is global, except Greenland and Antarctica, with 0.5-degree resolution. Temporal coverage is from April 2002 to December 2020 with monthly temporal resolution. Gridded data sets are available as NetCDF files containing variables for the parameter value as anomaly in mm equivalent water height and the parameter’s uncertainty as mm equivalent water height. The latest version of the data is visualized at the GravIS portal: http://gravis.gfz-potsdam.de/gws. From GravIS, the data is also available as area averages for several large river basins and aquifers, as well as for climatically similar regions. G3P was funded by the EU Horizon 2020 programme in response to the call LC-SPACE-04-EO-2019-2020 “Copernicus evolution – Research activities in support of cross-cutting applications between Copernicus services” under grant agreement No. 870353.
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  • 54
    Publication Date: 2023-08-25
    Description: This data set includes overviews and videos depicting the surface evolution (time-lapse photographs, topography data and digital image correlation [DIC] analysis) of 6 analogue models simulating rotational rift tectonics. In these experiments we examined the links between rotational rifting and different distributions of lithospheric weaknesses, and the evolution of the East African Rift System. All experiments were performed at the Tectonic Modelling Laboratory of the University of Bern (UB). Detailed descriptions of the model set-up and results, as well as the monitoring techniques can be found in Zwaan & Schreurs (2023).
    Language: English
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  • 55
    Publication Date: 2023-06-12
    Description: The REHEATFUNQ Python package helps to work with the (residual) scatter of surface heat flow even in small regions. REHEATFUNQ uses a stochastic model for regional aggregate heat flow distributions (RAHFD), that is, the collected set of heat flow measurements within a region marginalized to the heat flow dimension. The stochastic model is used in a Bayesian analysis that (1) yields a posterior estimate of the RAHFD which captures the range of heat flow within the analysis region, and (2) quantifies the magnitude of a surface heat flow anomaly within the region, for instance through the generating frictional power. The stochastic model underlying REHEATFUNQ views heat flow data, uniformly sampled across the region of interest, as a random variable. A gamma distribution is used as a model for this random variable and information from the global data set of Lucazeau (2019) is introduced by means of a conjugate prior (Miller, 1980). The detailed science behind the model is described in Ziebarth et al. (202X). The analysis by Ziebarth et al. (202X) can be reproduced through the Jupyter notebooks contained in the subdirectory “jupyter/REHEATFUNQ/”. The location specified in the map below covers the region to which REHEAFUNQ is applied in this analysis. REHEATFUNQ is a Python package that uses a compiled Cython/C++ backend. Compiling REHEATFUNQ requires the Meson build system and a number of scientific libraries and Python packages (and their dependencies) that are listed in the documentation. A Docker image “reheatfunq” is provided as an alternative means of installation. The Docker image comes in two flavors, specified in “Dockerfile” and “Dockerfile-stable”. The former is based on the current “python:slim” image and downloads further dependencies through the Debian package manager, leading to a short image generation time. The latter bootstraps the REHEATFUNQ dependencies from source, aiming to create a reproducible model. To do so, “Dockerfile-stable” depends on the sources contained in “vendor-1.3.3.tar.xz”. If you plan to build the stable image, download both “REHEATFUNQ-1.3.3.tar.gz” and “vendor-1.3.3.tar.xz”, and see the README contained in the latter. Later versions of the “REHEATFUNQ” archive are compatible with the latest “vendor” archive. A quickstart introduction and the API documentation can be found in the linked documentation.
    Language: English
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  • 56
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    GFZ Data Services
    Publication Date: 2023-06-12
    Description: This dataset includes 1-hour GNSS coordinate product processed by GFZ. The observations are from the two GNSS station installed by BKG on the small offshore island of Heligoland in the North Sea. These products are hourly position time series (North, East and Vertical). The 30-second daily RINEX files since 2020 are downloaded from BKG. Together with 5 IGS stations in Europe, the collected RINEX data are processed with the Earth Parameter and Orbit System (EPOS) software from GFZ. The EPOS software uses un-difference carrier phase and pseudo-range observables from GPS and GLONASS L1 and L2 frequencies. They formed an ionosphere-free linear combination to remove the first-order ionosphere effect in the observation. The phase center variation (PCV/PCO) of the satellite and ground station antenna are corrected by IGb14. The station deformation caused by ocean tide loading is modeled by the FES2004 model. Apriori zenith hydro-static/non-hydro-static delay is obtained using the Global Pressure and Temperature model (GPT2) and Vienna mapping functions (VMF) in a 6-hour grid file database. To ensure consistency in the GNSS data analysis, we took the GNSS precise satellite orbits as well as clock products from the 2nd reprocessed (before 2014) and routine (since 2015) yield by EPOS software. The same station parameters are set up as used for the GNSS orbit and clock estimation. All the GNSS data were processed in units of 24 hours periods. The estimated parameters are (i) the receiver clock error for every epoch as white noise, (ii) the hourly station coordinates, (iii) daily tropospheric gradients, (iv) the daily inter-system clock bias for GLONASS, and (v) 2-hour tropospheric wet zenith delays with random-walk constrain.
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  • 57
    Publication Date: 2023-06-12
    Description: The Community Stress Drop Validation Study has been organized as a technical activity group (TAG) of SCEC (Southern California Earthquake Center) with the aim of investigating the source parameters of the 2019 Ridgecrest seismic sequence in California. Information about the stress drop TAG are available trough the benchmark web-page (https://www.scec.org/research/stress-drop-validation). Several groups applied different techniques to a shared data set with the objective of extracting source parameters (e.g. seismic moment and corner frequency) and in turn to estimate the stress drop. We applied a spectral decomposition approach known as generalized inversion technique (GIT) and the overall analyses are presented in a series of two articles (Bindi et al 2023a; Bindi et al 2023b). Results in the form of files, figures, and tables are disseminated through this archive.
    Language: English
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  • 58
    Publication Date: 2023-06-12
    Description: The network consists of a vertical borehole array equipped with 3C sensors (geophones) for the analysis of swarm earthquakes in the Western Bohemia / Vogtland area located in the German/Czech border region. A surface array is completing the 3D observation of the wave field with 3C sensors (geophones). Waveform data is available from the GEOFON data centre, under network code 6A, and is embargoed until FEB 2035.
    Language: English
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  • 59
    Publication Date: 2023-06-12
    Description: An annually resolved chronologies of carbon isotopes from five living oak (Quercus robur) trees have been measured from tree ring cellulose covering up to the last 180 years (1836CE – 2020CE). This tree-ring stable isotope data set was established within the ‘Terrestrial Environmental Observatories’ (TERENO) of the Helmholtz Association. The site “Lake Tiefer See” is subject to the TERENO monitoring activities at the Northeast German Lowland Observatory coordinated by the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam. The data set comprises the δ13C records with respect to the international VPDB standard. Lake Tiefer See (53°350 N, 12°320 E) is located 90 km NNW of Berlin in the morainic terrain of the NE-German Polish Basin. It is part of in the N–S trending Klocksin Lake Chain. The sampled trees are growing at the southern shore of the lake. Fifteen co-dominant Quercus robur tree individuals were cored at about 1.3m above ground from two opposite positions using an increment corer of 5 mm diameter (Suunto, Finland or Mora, Sweden).
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  • 60
    Publication Date: 2023-06-12
    Description: An annually resolved chronologies of oxygen isotopes from five living oak (Quercus robur) trees have been measured from tree ring cellulose covering up to the last 180 years (1836CE – 2020CE). This tree-ring stable isotope data set was established within the ‘Terrestrial Environmental Observatories’ (TERENO) of the Helmholtz Association. The site “Lake Tiefer See” is subject to the TERENO monitoring activities at the Northeast German Lowland Observatory coordinated by the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam. The data set comprises the δ18O records with respect to the international VSMOW standard. Lake Tiefer See (53°350 N, 12°320 E) is located 90 km NNW of Berlin in the morainic terrain of the NE-German Polish Basin. It is part of in the N–S trending Klocksin Lake Chain. The sampled trees are growing at the southern shore of the lake. Fifteen co-dominant Quercus robur tree individuals were cored at about 1.3m above ground from two opposite positions using an increment corer of 5 mm diameter (Suunto, Finland or Mora, Sweden).
    Language: English
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  • 61
    Publication Date: 2023-06-12
    Description: Discordant iron-rich ultramafic pegmatites (IRUPs) intersect the UG2 chromitite at many places in the Bushveld Complex but the effects on ore grade and mineralogy have rarely been studied in detail. We investigated a drillcore profile through the UG2 layer affected by IRUP intrusions at Tha-ba mine, NW Bushveld. The work involved quantitative assessment of the ore mineralogy from mineral liberation analysis (MLA), chemical analyses of the main silicate and oxide minerals by elec-tron microprobe (EPMA) and micro-X-ray fluorescence (micro-XRF) element maps of the UG2-IRUP contacts. The data reveal features of UG2-IRUP interaction at different scales. The micro-XRF study of the contacts shows that a thin layer of Fe-Ti-Cr spinel and ilmenite formed on the IRUP side, while chromite on the UG2 side underwent grain coarsening with loss of interstitial space, and developed chemical gradients in Cr, Al, Fe and Ti. On a larger scale, the MLA data document changes in ore and gangue mineral assemblages through most of the meter-thick UG2 layer. This includes formation of secondary hydrous silicates, replacement of PGE- sulfides by PGE alloys and PGE- As-Sb-Bi-Te-Pb phases, and formation of secondary Ni-Cu-Fe sulfides after pentlandite and chalcopyrite.
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  • 62
    Publication Date: 2023-06-12
    Description: SAM ("Simplified Analytical Model") is a MatLab-based software that allows for fast and flexible simulations of three-dimensional dyke pathways in an elastic medium. The model was first introduced in "Mechanical modeling of pre-eruptive magma propagation scenarios at calderas" (Mantiloni, L. et al. 2023). In SAM, dykes are modelled as penny-shaped cracks of fixed radius, opening against the local direction of the least-compressive principal stress. The direction of propagation is determined by the gradient of the external stress normal to the crack's plane and the buoyancy force of the magma filling the dyke, calculated at a set of observation points along the crack's tipline. The model can also include a uniform internal pressure within the dyke and compute the stress intensity factor along the crack's tipline, comparing it to the fracture toughness of the host rock to determine if the dyke will advance. SAM needs a model for the stress field of the host rock as input, as well as magma and rock densities, rock elastic properties, the dyke's radius and the number of observation points. The model may be applied to simulate dyke pathways in realistic volcanic settings with different stress sources, and can perform large numbers of simulations in little time. The model does not, however, account for any viscous flow of magma within the dyke, nor the velocity of dyke propagation. Dykes cannot change shape or area during the propagation, and are always bound to be oriented normally to the local least-compressive principal stress axis. This repository also includes data and parameters of the synthetic scenarios discussed in "Mechanical modeling of pre-eruptive magma propagation scenarios at calderas".
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  • 63
    Publication Date: 2023-06-12
    Description: As the negative impacts of hydrological extremes increase in large parts of the world, a better understanding of the drivers of change in risk and impacts is essential for effective flood and drought risk management and climate adaptation. However, there is a lack of comprehensive, empirical data about the processes, interactions and feedbacks in complex human-water systems leading to flood and drought impacts. To fill this gap, we present an IAHS Panta Rhei benchmark dataset containing socio-hydrological data of paired events, i.e. two floods or two droughts that occurred in the same area (Kreibich et al. 2017, 2019). The contained 45 paired events occurred in 42 different study areas (in three study areas we have data on two paired events), which cover different socioeconomic and hydroclimatic contexts across all continents. The dataset is unique in covering floods and droughts, in the number of cases assessed and in the amount of qualitative and quantitative socio-hydrological data contained. References to the data sources are provided in 2023-001_Kreibich-et-al_Key_data_table.xlsx where possible. Based on templates, we collected detailed, review-style reports describing the event characteristics and processes in the case study areas, as well as various semi-quantitative data, categorised into management, hazard, exposure, vulnerability and impacts. Sources of the data were classified as follows: scientific study (peer-reviewed paper and PhD thesis), report (by governments, administrations, NGOs, research organisations, projects), own analysis by authors, based on a database (e.g. official statistics, monitoring data such as weather, discharge data, etc.), newspaper article, and expert judgement. The campaign to collect the information and data on paired events started at the EGU General Assembly in April 2019 in Vienna and was continued with talks promoting the paired event data collection at various conferences. Communication with the Panta Rhei community and other flood and drought experts identified through snowballing techniques was important. Thus, data on paired events were provided by professionals with excellent local knowledge of the events and risk management practices.
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  • 64
    Publication Date: 2023-06-09
    Description: The Illgraben is a 10 km² steep side valley located in Switzerland. This active debris flow catchment supplies 5-15% of the total sediment load of the Rhône River upstream of Lake Geneva. The 30-80° steep catchment slopes host frequent rock falls and slides. From 2012 to 2014, a network of up to ten Nanometrics Trillium Compact 120s broadband seismometers, sampled by Digos DataCube³ext loggers at 200 Hz (and later by centaur), was deployed in and around the catchment to monitor distributed geomorphic activity.
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  • 65
    Publication Date: 2023-07-12
    Description: 24 European annually resolved stable isotope chronologies have been constructed from tree ring cellulose for the last 400 years (1600CE – 2003CE) for carbon and oxygen and for the last 100 years for hydrogen. Data was produced within the ISONET project (400 Years of Annual Reconstructions of European Climate Variability Using a Highly Resolved Isotopic Network,) to initiate an extensive spatiotemporal tree-ring stable isotope network across Europe funded as part of the fifth EC Framework Programme “Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development”. This data set comprises the ISONET δ13C records.
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  • 66
    Publication Date: 2023-07-19
    Language: English
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  • 67
    Publication Date: 2023-07-12
    Description: 24 European annually resolved stable isotope chronologies have been constructed from tree ring cellulose for the last 400 years (1600CE – 2003CE) for carbon and oxygen and for the last 100 years for hydrogen. Data was produced within the ISONET project (400 Years of Annual Reconstructions of European Climate Variability Using a Highly Resolved Isotopic Network,) to initiate an extensive spatiotemporal tree-ring stable isotope network across Europe funded as part of the fifth EC Framework Programme “Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development”. This data set comprises the ISONET δ18O records.
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  • 68
    Publication Date: 2023-11-06
    Description: GRACE monthly gravity field solutions starting from April 2002 to June 2017 up to degree and order 90 computed with the Celestial Mechanics Approach at AIUB. The time series is an updated of AIUB-RL02 GRACE monthly gravity field time series using Level-1B GRACE data and updated background models. The dataset is created within the framework of the G3P - Global Gravity-based Groundwater Product project (https://www.g3p.eu/), this project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 870353.
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  • 69
    Publication Date: 2023-11-06
    Description: This dataset contains measurements of viscous and viscoelastic materials that are used for analogue modelling. Proper density and viscosity scaling of ductile layers in the crust and lithosphere, requires materials like Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), to be mixed with fillers and low viscoity silicone oils. Changing the filler content and filler material, the density, viscosity and power-law coefficient can be tuned according to the requirements. All materials contain a large amount of PDMS and all but one a small amount of an additional silicone oil. Adding plasticine or barium sulfate lead to shear thinning rheologies with power-law exponents of p〈0.95. Adding corundum powder only has a minor effect on the power-law exponent. Some mixtures also have an apparent yield point but all are in the liquid state in the tested range. In general, the rheologies of the materials are very complex and in some cases strongly temperature dependent. However, in the narrow range of relevant strain rates, the behaviour is well defined by a power-law relation and thus found suitable for simulating ductile layers in crust and lithosphere.
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  • 70
    Publication Date: 2023-11-06
    Description: “This ocean-bottom seismometer deployment is part of the SEAMSTRESS project examining tectonic stress effects on Arctic methane seepage. The project is led by PI Andreia Plaza-Faverola at the Centre for Arctic Gas Hydrates, University of Tromsö, Norway. A total of 10 ocean bottom seismometers (OBS) were deployed on Vestnesa Ridge, a sediment drift body just north Knipovich Ridge at its intersection with the Molloy Transform fault (cruise CAGE-20-5). The aim of the experiment was to look for stress release along faults that control seepage sites on Vestnesa Ridge. The network consisted of 8 Lobster type broadband OBS from the German Instrument Pool for Amphibian Seismology (DEPAS) and 2 3C geophones provided by the University of Tromsö. Instruments were free-fall deployed and spaced by about 10 km. They recorded continuously at 100 Hz for 11 months between August 2020 and July 2021.Short, intersecting refraction profiles were shot across all OBS stations, such that OBS positions at the seafloor could be determined within 10 m (cruise CAGE-21-3). Clock drift in this experiment was nonlinear and skew values were only obtained for 6 of the stations. Skew-corrected station VSN01 served as reference station to obtain the clock drift of all other stations using noise cross-correlation and subsequently correct also for the thus determined nonlinearity of time drift. Waveform data are available from the GEOFON data centre, under network code Y9 and are embargoed until July 2025.
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  • 71
    Publication Date: 2023-10-23
    Description: The Southern Permian Basin in Central Europe (in Germany and Poland) hosts several sediment-hosted Cu deposits (see Borg et al., 2012). The Cu- and Zn-Pb sulfide mineralization is preserved in the coarse-grained continental siliciclastics of the uppermost Rotliegend (S1), organic matter- and carbonate-rich marine mudstones of the Kupferschiefer (T1) and dolomitic Zechstein Limestone (Ca1). In these datasets, we provide quantitative mineralogical and geochemical data of drill core samples from the Saale Basin in East Germany. The samples include the uppermost Rotliegend sandstone (S1), Kupferschiefer (T1) and lowermost Zechstein Limestone (Ca1), referred as the Kupferschiefer system, from three drill cores (Sangerhausen, Allstedt and Wallendorf). This data publication includes quantitative mineralogy (X-ray diffraction), bulk rock major, minor and trace element geochemistry (X-ray fluorescence and inductively coupled mass spectrometry) and total organic carbon (elemental analyzer).
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  • 72
    Publication Date: 2023-10-23
    Description: In support of the Environmental Mapping & Analysis Program (EnMAP) mission [1], the acquisition of accurate and comparable spectroradiometric in-situ measurements is crucial for vicarious validation of the official EnMAP data products [2]. This document provides a guide on properly conducting spectroradiometric field measurements within the scope of EnMAP. It is a summary, of the detailed technical handbook developed by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) [3], the approach established by the Remote Sensing Laboratories (RSL, University of Zurich) [4], on the bases of „Progress in field spectroscopy“ [5], “Field and airborne spectroscopy cross validation - Some considerations” [6] and the experience gained throughout numerous validation efforts for air- and spaceborne sensors by the Remote Sensing and Geoinformatics section at the GFZ Potsdam that have been specially adapted for EnMAP purposes. The following procedure should be used when conducting in-situ measurements of terrestrial surfaces to obtain consistent measurements by applying a repeatable approach throughout the validation phase of the EnMAP mission.
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  • 73
    Publication Date: 2023-12-13
    Description: IGMAS+ is a software combining 3-D forward and inverse modeling, interactive visualization and interdisciplinary interpretation of potential fields and their applications under geophysical and geological data constrains. The software has a long history starting 1988 and has seen continuous improvement since then with input by many contributors. Since 2019, IGMAS+ is maintained and developed at The Helmholtz Centre Potsdam - GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences by the staff of Section 4.5 – Basin Modelling and Section 5.2 – eScience Centre with strong ongoing support by H.-J. Götze and S. Schmidt from CAU Kiel. The official webpage of IGMAS+ is available at https://www.gfz-potsdam.de/igmas. Each major version of IGMAS+ is assigned with a DOI. Intermediate releases including changelog can be found at https://git.gfz-potsdam.de/igmas/igmas-releases/-/releases/.
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  • 74
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: Physical samples (or specimen or artefacts) represent the origin of research results in many scientific disciplines. Assigning persistent identifier (PID) to samples is a fundamental step to make them discoverable and traceable in unambiguous way over the Web. The International Generic Sample Number (IGSN) is a PID for physical samples and connecting these with their online description following a dedicated metadata schema. Sample descriptions of samples are available in various formats and detail. In order to publish them in a standardized manner and to automate and standardize the preparation and processing, the software product SAMIRA (Sample IGSN Registration Automation) was created as part of the Project FAIR WISH, funded by the Helmholtz Metadata Collaboration (HMC). SAMIRA aims to automate the generation of Metadata XML-Files for the Registration of PIDs from different input sources (e.g. the FAIR Samples Template, Wiezcorek et al., 2023). This first version of SAMIRA implements the creation of IGSN metadata and Datacite metadata and the respective registration.
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  • 75
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: This dataset provides friction data from ring-shear tests on corundum sand “NKF120” used in analogue modelling of tectonic processes as a rock analogue for “strong” or “high density” layers in the earth’s upper crust (e.g. Klinkmüller et al., 2016) or as an additive to PDMS silicone oil to increase its density and non-linearity (Zwaan et al., 2018). According to our analysis the material shows a Mohr-Coulomb behaviour characterized by a linear failure envelope. Peak, dynamic and reactivation friction coefficients of corundum sand are µP = 0.75, µD = 0.57, and µR = 0.62, respectively (Table 5). Cohesion of the material ranges between 100-150 Pa. The material shows a minor rate-weakening of ~1% per ten-fold change in shear velocity v and a stick-slip behaviour at low shear velocities. The tested bulk material consists of corundum sand with grain size of 90-120 µm (Table 1). Corundum sand is produced as industrial abrasive materials and sold e.g. by the company Nico Bosse Strahlmittel Berlin. The data presented here are derived by ring shear testing using a SCHULZE RST-01.pc (Schulze, 1994, 2003, 2008) at HelTec, the Laboratory for experimental tectonics at the Helmholtz Center Potsdam – GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam, Germany.
    Language: English
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  • 76
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: This dataset contains predictions of Earth orientation parameters (EOP) submitted during the Second Earth Orientation Parameters Prediction Comparison Campaign (2nd EOP PCC). The 2nd EOP PCC has been carried out by Centrum Badań Kosmicznych Polskiej Akademii Nauk CBK PAN in Warsaw in cooperation with the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam (Germany) and under the auspices of the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS) within the IERS Working Group on the 2nd EOP PCC. The purpose of the campaign was to re-assess the current capabilities of EOP forecasting and to find most reliable prediction approaches. The operational part of the campaign lasted between September 1, 2021 and December 28, 2022. Throughout the duration of the 2nd EOP PCC, registered campaign participants submitted forecasts for all EOP parameters, including dX, dY, dPsi, dEps (components of celestial pole offsets), polar motion, differences between universal time and coordinated universal time, and its time-derivative length-of-day change. These submissions were made to the EOP PCC Office every Wednesday before the 20:00 UTC deadline. The predictions were then evaluated once the geodetic final EOP observations from the forecasted period became available. Each participant could register more than one method, and each registered method was assigned an individual ID, which was used, e.g., for file naming. The dataset contains text files with predicted parameters as submitted by campaign participants and MATLAB file which is a database with all correct predictions from each participant loaded into a structure.
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  • 77
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: This dataset provides friction data from ring-shear tests on garnet sand used in analogue modelling of tectonic processes as a rock analogue for “strong” or “high density” layers in the earth’s upper crust (e.g. Klinkmüller et al., 2016). According to our analysis the material shows a Mohr-Coulomb behaviour characterized by a linear failure envelope. Peak, dynamic and reactivation friction coefficients of garnet sand are µP = 0.83, µD = 0.61, and µR = 0.73, respectively (Table 5). Cohesion of the material ranges between 20-120 Pa. The material shows a no significant rate-dependency. The data presented here are derived by ring shear testing using a SCHULZE RST-01.pc (Schulze, 1994, 2003, 2008) at HelTec, the Laboratory for experimental tectonics at the Helmholtz Center Potsdam – GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam, Germany. The RST is specially designed to measure friction coefficients µ and cohesions C in loose granular material accurately at low confining pressures (〈20 kPa) and shear velocities (〈1 mm/sec) similar to sandbox experiments. In this tester, a granular bulk material layer is sheared internally at constant normal stress σN and shear velocity v while shear force and lid displacement (corresponding to density and volume change ΔV) are measured continuously. For more details see Klinkmüller et al. (2016).
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  • 78
    Publication Date: 2023-12-11
    Description: The Kupferschiefer districts in Central Europe contain some of the world’s highest-grade sediment-hosted stratiform Cu (SSC) deposits (see Borg et al., 2012). The high-grade sulfide mineralization in the organic matter-rich marine mudstones of the Kupferschiefer (T1), and also in the underlying continental sandstones of the uppermost Rotliegend (S1) and overlying Zechstein Limestone (Ca1), in the Saale subbasin (Eastern Germany) are dominantly formed as a replacement of calcite cement (Mohammedyasin et al., 2023). We provide carbonate major element chemistry, carbon isotope composition of organic matter, and calcite carbon and oxygen isotope microanalysis datasets of drill core samples from the Saale subbasin in Eastern Germany. The samples include the uppermost Rotliegend sandstone (S1), Kupferschiefer (T1) mudstones and lowermost Zechstein Limestone (Ca1), referred as the Kupferschiefer system, from three drill cores (Sangerhausen, Allstedt and Wallendorf).
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  • 79
    Publication Date: 2023-12-18
    Description: In the southern Central Andes (~32°S), subduction of the Nazca oceanic plate beneath the South American continental plate becomes horizontal. The growth of the Altiplano-Puna Plateau is covalently related to the southward migration of the flat subduction, but the role of subduction geometry and the plate strength on current and long-term deformation of the Andes remains poorly explored. This study takes a data-driven approach of integrating the previous structural and thermal model of the lithosphere of the southern central Andes into a 3D geodynamic model to explore the different parameters contributing to the localization of deformation. We simulate visco-plastic deformation using the geodynamic code ASPECT. The repository includes parameter files and input files for the reference model (S1) and the following alternative simulations: a series of models with variation in friction at the subduction interface (S2a-d), a series of models with variation in sedimentary strength (S3a-d), a series that studies the effect of topography (S4), and a series that studies the effect of plate velocities. In addition, a readme file gives all the instructions to run them.
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  • 80
    Publication Date: 2023-12-18
    Description: The Northeast Atlantic (NEA) region has long been a subject of interest due to its complex geological history, particularly regarding the interaction between the Iceland plume and the lithospheric plates. In this data publication, we present a comprehensive three-dimensional structural and density model of the NEA crust and uppermost mantle, consolidating and integrating a wide range of previously fragmented data sets. Our model highlights the influence of the Iceland plume on the region's geological evolution, shedding light on the mechanisms that facilitated the continental breakup between Europe and Laurentia during the earliest Eocene period. The whole workflow and methods are described in Gomez Dacal et al. (2023) and its Supplementary Information.
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  • 81
    Publication Date: 2023-12-18
    Description: he joint ESA/NASA Mass-change And Geosciences International Constellation (MAGIC) mission has the objective to extend time series from previous gravity missions, including an improvement of accuracy and spatio-temporal resolution. The long-term monitoring of Earth's gravity field carries information on mass-change induced by water cycle, climate change, and mass transport processes between atmosphere, cryosphere, oceans and solid Earth. The MAGIC mission will be composed of two satellite pairs flying in different orbit planes. The NASA/DLR--led first pair (P1) is expected to be in a near-polar orbit around 500 km of altitude; while the second ESA--led pair (P2) is expected to be in an inclined orbit of 65--70 degrees at approximately 400 km altitude. The ESA--led pair P2 Next Generation Gravity Mission (NGGM) shall be launched after P1 in a staggered manner to form the MAGIC constellation. The addition of an inclined pair shall lead to reduction of temporal aliasing effects and consequently of reliance on de-aliasing models and post-processing. The main novelty of the MAGIC constellation is the delivery of mass-change products at higher spatial resolution, temporal (i.e. sub--weekly) resolution, shorter latency, and higher accuracy than GRACE and GRACE-FO. This will pave the way to new science applications and operational services. The performances of different MAGIC mission scenarios for different application areas in the field of geosciences were analysed in the frame of the initial ESA Science Support activities for MAGIC. The data sets provided here are the Level-2a simulated gravity field solutions of MAGIC scenarios and the related reference signal that were used for these analyses. The .gfc files in the folders monthly (31-day solutions) and weekly (7-day solutions) contain the estimated (HIS) coefficients (Cnm, Snm) as well as the formal errors (SigCnm, SigSnm) of the different MAGIC scenarios. In order to compute the coefficient errors, the reference/true HIS coefficients contained in the folder HIS_reference_fields need to be subtracted from the estimated HIS coefficients. The data sets provided here comprise the Level-2a simulated gravity field solutions of MAGIC scenarios and the related reference signal (based on Dobslaw et al. 2014; 2015) that were used for the above analyses.
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  • 82
    Publication Date: 2023-10-04
    Description: The Early-Warning and Rapid Impact Assessment with real-time GNSS in the Mediterranean (EWRICA) is a federal Ministry of Education and Research funded project (funding period: 2020-2023) that aims to develop fast kinematic and point source inversion and modeling tools combining GNSS-based near field data with traditional broadband ground velocity and accelerometer data. Fast and robust estimates of seismic source parameters are essential for reliable hazard estimates, e.g. in the frame of tsunami early warning. Hence, EWRICA aims for the development and testing of new real time seismic source inversion techniques based on local surface displacements. The resulting methods shall be applied for tsunami early warning purposes in the Mediterranean area. In this framework, this repository is a suite of four packages that can be used and combined in different ways and are ewricacore, ewricasiria, ewricagm and ewricawebapp. These four packages can be deployed in a docker container (see instructions below) to demonstrate a possible output of Early-Warning and Rapid Impact Assessment. In the Docker, a probabilistic earthquake source inversion report (ewricasiria) and a Neural network based Shake map (ewricagm) are generated for two past earthquakes whose data (event and waveform) is continuously served by GEOFON servers at regualr intervals to produce and test a real case scenario. The whole workflow is managed by ewricacore, a central unit of work that first fetches the waveform data via the seedlink protocol and event data via event bus or FDSN web service, then collects and cuts waveforms segments according to a custom configuration, and eventually triggers custom processing (ewricasiria and ewricagm in the docker, but any processing can be implemented) whenever configurable conditions are met. The final package, ewricawebapp is a web-based graphical user interface that can be opened in your local browser or deployed on your web server in order to visualize and check all output produced by the docker workflow in form of HTML pges, images and data in various formats (e.g., JSON, log text files).
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  • 83
    Publication Date: 2023-10-06
    Description: We present a Python application to download events and data from FDSN webservices (https://www.fdsn.org/webservices/) and compute the events energy Magnitude (Me), producing outputs in several formats (QuakeML, HDF, CSV, HTML). This software has been used to compile a seismic catalogue including Me estimated form P-waves recorded at teleseismic distances in the range 20° ≤ ∆ ≤ 98°, available at GFZ Data Services (Bindi et al., 2023; https://doi.org/10.5880/GFZ.2.6.2023.010). The software complete pipeline (download and energy magnitude computation) can be deployed locally via terminal commands or chained and scheduled on a server to compute the energy magnitude in semi-realtime (e.g. daily or weekly).
    Language: English
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  • 84
    Publication Date: 2023-12-19
    Description: The dataset presented here encompasses the results of the geochemical analyses of water and recent carbonate samples collected in the El Peinado basin located in the Southern Puna Plateau in Catamarca, Argentina. This system formed by the hypersaline lake Laguna del Peinado, numerous hydrothermal springs, and the small hypersaline lake Laguna Turquesa, provides a natural laboratory to study carbonate formation and the mechanisms that control the incorporation of various elements and isotopes into their structure under a broad range of geochemical conditions. Geochemical analyses include data on the physicochemical parameters, elemental, and isotopic (δ18O, δ2H, δ11B) composition of the waters, and data on the elemental and isotopic (δ18O, δ13C, δ11B) composition of the carbonates. These data allowed us to calculate element partition coefficients and isotopic fractionation between coupled water-carbonate samples from this natural setting, which are also included here. This dataset also includes the results of water modelling using the software PHREEQC, which contains data on the chemical speciation of carbon and boron, the species contributing to total alkalinity, and mineral saturation indices. This information is useful for all those dealing with geochemistry of hypersaline lakes, geochemistry of continental carbonates, as well as paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic studies using lake carbonates as archives. These data correspond to the research article “On the origin and processes controlling the elemental and isotopic composition of carbonates in hypersaline Andean lakes”. The full description of the data is provided in the data description file.
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  • 85
    Publication Date: 2023-11-14
    Description: This dataset comprises 47 fluid samples from 11 geothermal sites (Germany, Austria, Iceland, Turkey, Netherlands, Belgium, French West Indies). The samples were collected within the REFLECT project (Redefining geothermal properties at extreme conditions to optimize future geothermal energy extraction). The focus with these analyses were on the organic compound composition of the fluids, since they are rarely included in the analyses of fluids taken from geothermal power plants. Understanding the organic compound composition of geothermal fluids might help to better understand chemical reactions within the fluids and might help to mitigate problems that arise with the operation of a geothermal power plant such as mineral precipitation (scaling) and corrosion of the casing and pipes.
    Language: English
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  • 86
    Publication Date: 2024-01-16
    Description: This data publication presents quantitative DNA data obtained through fluorometric detection of genomic DNA and the estimation of 16S rRNA gene copies using quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR). The data encompasses various soil and rock samples collected across a climate gradient. The DNA was extracted using a protocol enabling the separate analysis of intracellular DNA (iDNA) and extracellular DNA (eDNA) from the same sample. The primary objective of this study was to enhance a previously established method developed by Alawi et al. (2014) for analyzing terrestrial samples by introducing modifications to the extraction buffer. Phosphate buffers at two different concentrations (120 mM and 300 mM), EDTA (300 mM), and a high-concentration phosphate buffer in combination with EDTA (300 mM each) were tested in conjunction with a detergent mix (detailed in Medina et al., 2023; submitted). Thorough tests, including spiked DNA experiments and cell counts, were conducted on one low biomass sample to validate the extraction setups. The two most effective extraction protocols were then applied to all samples from the four designated sites and compared with the phosphate buffer described by Alawi et al. (2014), resulting in the calculation of improvement factors. The resulting dataset provides valuable quantitative DNA information and estimates of 16S rRNA gene copies across diverse soil and rock samples along a climate gradient. The modifications made to the extraction buffer demonstrated improved efficiency in extracting especially iDNA compared to the original method. These findings contribute to the refinement and optimization of DNA extraction protocols for terrestrial samples, enabling more accurate and comprehensive analyses of microbial communities in different environments.
    Language: English
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  • 87
    Publication Date: 2024-01-16
    Description: The overarching goal of the Drilling Overdeepened Alpine Valleys (DOVE) project will be to date the age and extent of past glaciations. Formerly-glaciated areas are often characterized by deeply incised structures, often filled by Quaternary deposits. These buried troughs and valleys were formed by glacial overdeepening, likely caused by pressurized subglacial meltwater below warm-based glaciers. Results of this drilling campaign, supported by new dating technologies, will further provide critical data on 'how' and 'at which rate' glacial erosion affects such mountain ranges and their foreland. These processes are also of fundamental importance for evaluating the safety of radioactive waste disposal sites, which are planned in areas of former glaciations. Moreover, results of this project will fill gaps in the knowledge of paleoclimate and atmospheric circulation patterns during past glacial epochs and how these patterns affected ice build-up. The operational data sets include the drill core documentation from the mobile Drilling Information System (mDIS), full round core scans, MSCL data sets, a preliminary core description and the geophysical downhole logging data that were acquired during and subsequent to the drilling operations. All downhole logs and core depth were subject to depth correction to a common depth master (cf. operational report for detailed information). The data are described by two scientific reports, the Operational Report (https://doi.org/10.48440/ICDP.5068.001) and the Explanatory Remarks on the Operational Datasets (https://doi.org/10.48440/ICDP.5068.002).
    Language: English
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  • 88
    Publication Date: 2024-01-15
    Description: This data publication represents the main outcomes of WP1.200 of Individual Project IP1 and Deliverable D1.1 of the research unit NEROGRAV. The goal of WP1.200 was the realistic representation of modern ocean tide model uncertainties in the form of empirical Variance-Covariance Matrices (VCMs) for the utilization in satellite gravimetric dealiasing. In the following, we describe the data set generation and format. A more detailed description of the processing strategy of the data set can be found in Abrykosov et al. (2021).
    Language: English
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  • 89
    Publication Date: 2024-01-15
    Description: The three datasets presented here are high-resolution catalogs containing origin time of seismic events for the same region and time range that have derived using AI-based techniques and a matched filter search. The corresponding standard catalogs from the agencies AFAD and KOERI are available under https://tdvms.afad.gov.tr/ (last accessed 28/07/2022) and http://www.koeri.boun.edu.tr/sismo/2/earthquake-catalog/ (last accessed 28/07/2022), respectively, when searching in the bulletin for longitude 28.80-29.10, latitude 40.4-40.625, and from November 1st 2018 to January 31th, 2019. Specifications for the three catalogs are. (i) Catalog derived utilizing AI-based techniques. We applied the PhaseNet deep learning method (Zhu & Beroza, 2019) to detect and pick the P-and S- waves of seismic events embedded in continuous seismic recordings from 16 stations surrounding the region of interest resampled at 100 Hz. The method was trained on a dataset from Northern California, but has been shown to generalize well to other tectonic settings. The picks were associated into seismic events using the GaMMA association method (Zhu et al., 2022). Manual check of the waveforms from all detections led to 516 seismic events with clear waveforms retained for further processing. (ii) Template matching catalog A. We applied the matched filter algorithm EQcorrscan (Chamberlain et al., 2017) to the two nearby seismic stations with the largest data recovery during the period of interest, ARMT and MDNY. We utilized 14 manually picked template events with M 〉 2 that occurred in the region of interest during the analyzed time period, which were recorded in both stations. As a first criteria to remove false detections, we retained only detections exhibiting a Median Absolute Deviation (MAD) larger than eight. We required detections from different templates to be at least 1.5 seconds apart. To remove duplicate detections (e.g., detections of the same event by different templates), we retained the detections with the highest average correlation if multiple detections occurred within 2.5 seconds. As a second criteria, we calculated cross-correlation derived phase-picks. A pick was declared if the maximum normalized correlation between the signal of the template event and of the detection exceeds 0.7. We correlated the signals in a short window of ±0.3 seconds around the assumed pick time based on a time-shifted version of the template phase-pick. We retained the S-pick exhibiting the higher cross-correlation value with respect to the template. Following this step, we considered only detections with ≥ 2 picks. In case of events with only two picks we ensured that that were from the same station to have control on the ts-tp and therefore the distance of the event from the detecting station. This catalog contains 2,462 seismic events (all manually reviewed) with magnitudes MW in the range [-2.4, 4.5]. Since we were not able to locate the events from this catalog, we considered as “origin time” the time of the first arrival. (iii) Template matching catalog B. We derived a second template matching catalog utilizing twelve of the closest seismic stations displaying high seismic data recovery during the analyzed time period. An initial list of detections was generated following the same steps as for the Template Matching Catalog A, with the additional requirement that all detections must contain at least one picks from one of the two closest stations, ARMT and MDNY. All detections from this catalog were also manually reviewed. The full description of the data processing and creation of the catalog is provided in the article “Stress changes can trigger earthquake sequences in a hydrothermal region south of Istanbul” by Martínez-Garzón et al., currently under review in Geophysical Research Letters.
    Language: English
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  • 90
    Publication Date: 2024-01-15
    Description: The GFZ-Landsvirkjun Theistareykir Fibre array is located in the Theytareykir geothermal area, in North Iceland. It is collocated with arrays of broadband seismometers and gravity meters (see e.g., https://doi.org/10.1186/s40517-021-00208-w). The geometry of the fibre array is following the telecom network in the area, and was chosen to test the seismological capabilities of telecom cables in this geothermal environment. We connected an iDAS V2 interrogator from Silixa. The interrogator location is lat=65.898041, lon=-16.966274. The array starts N-S and after 1.5 km, turns towards the East, up to a local transmission antenna station for mobile phones. The length of the path is ~5 km. The length of the cable is actually more than 15 km, as other fibre instance is connected at the transmission antenna station.. Jumps were performed along the cable to geo-locate the channels. The exact location of the fibre can unfortunately not be disclosed. Original recordings at 1000 Hz were downsampled to 200 Hz using a software from INGV-OE (michele.prestifilippo@ingv.it) and are provided in an h5 format. We provide here the first fibre instance (5 km long). The data contain 1 h long recording intervals framing M>5 teleseismic earthquakes recorded in the frame of the global DAS month, an initiative to collaboratively record and share simultaneously recorded DAS data from all over the world (https://www.norsar.no/in-focus/global-das-monitoring-month-february-2023). DAS is an emerging technology increasingly used by seismologists to convert kilometer long optical fibers into seismic sensors.
    Language: English
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  • 91
    Publication Date: 2024-01-15
    Description: In 2020 and 2021 the STIMTEC-X hydraulic stimulation experiment was performed at ca.~130 m below surface at the Reiche Zeche underground research laboratory in Freiberg, Saxony/Germany. The project temporally followed the STIMTEC experiment at the same site and aimed at understanding the stress heterogeneity of the anisotropic and metamorphic gneiss rock mass. The STIMTEC-X experiment applied the hydraulic stimulation technique in several boreholes at the mine-scale. Complementary to the stimulations, there were active seismic ultrasonic transmission data acquired before the stimulations. We use a seismic monitoring network consisting of six single-component acoustic emission (AE) sensors (sensitivity 1-60 kHz), six hydrophone-like AE sensors (sensitivity 1-40 kHz) and four to twelve single-component Wilcoxon accelerometers (sensitivity 50 Hz-25 kHz). The AE sensors and remained stationary in sub-horizontal and upwards reaching boreholes, the accelerometers were mostly installed along the tunnel walls with one accelerometer in a shallow borehole in each tunnel, and the hydrophone-like AE sensors were installed in the down-going water filled boreholes, but repositioned for each measurement campaign (Figure 1). This data set of 120 active ultrasonic transmission (UT) measurements is supplementary to Boese et al. (2022, in review), which introduces some of the active measurement campaigns of the STIMTEC-X experiment in detail. The whole data set togetter with the “Ultrasonic transmission measurements from six boreholes from the STIMTEC experiment, Reiche Zeche Mine, Freiberg (Saxony, Germany)” [https://doi.org/10.5880/GFZ.4.2.2021.002] was used to evaluate performance measures such as sensitivity and frequency bandwith, coupling, placement and polarity of the hydrophone-like AE sensor compared to AE sensors. The active seismic data provided here are from seven boreholes (BH01, BH05, BH06, BH10, BH14, BH18, BH19) as shown in Figure 1. There are nine tables provided as metadata of which seven contain the STIMTEC-X sensor coordinates for each measurement campaign, the event information of all the 120 UT measurements and the UT picks. The UT measurements were recorded with a sampling rate of 1 MHz and results from an automatic stack of 1024 UT pulses generated by the ultrasonic transmitter and recorded by the STIMTEC-X sensors. The UT measurements are saved in binary file format (fsf file format). Fsf-files can be processed with FOCI software: https://www.induced.pl/software/foci. Each fsf file contains 32768 samples, which corresponds to 0.032768 seconds. All UT event files were manual inspected and phase arrivals identified. These are stored in the fsf-file header as well as in the table STIMTECX_UT_picks.csv.
    Language: English
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  • 92
    Publication Date: 2024-01-15
    Description: The Mallik Anticline is a geologic structure in the Mackenzie Delta in the Canadian Arctic. Tectonics throughout the Cenozoic, with compressional phases in the early Eocene to the late Miocene, formed this large, domed structure that is today an important source of hydrocarbons. Gas hydrates occur in the clastic sedimentary rocks of the Oligocene to Pleistocene Kugmallite, Mackenzie Bay, and Iperk sequences, which were essentially formed by deltaic processes. The presence of hydrocarbon gases within the permafrost zone in the Canadian Arctic has led to extensive exploration and production activities in the region since the mid-1960s, and the investigations by geologists and geophysicists have already been published in numerous scientific articles to date. The associated report (Chabab and Kempka, 2023) describes the implementation of the first field-scale 3D static geologic model of the Mallik site, which was created using data from well logs and 2D seismic reflection profiles. The dataset presented here provides elevation depths and thickness data of the three distinct sequence boundaries Kugmallit-Richards, Mackenzie Bay-Kugmallit and Iperk-Mackenzie Bay as well as fault data from the Mallik site.
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  • 93
    Publication Date: 2024-01-15
    Description: For the integration of this dataset, several research articles were collected from the catalog of The Global Heat Flow Data Assessment Project. Specially, this data publication encloses all heat-flow data of onshore India. The resulting updated database contains 617 determinations of heat-flow from 36 publications. The data are presented according to the standards defined by the World Heat Flow Database Project and the International Heat Flow Commission (Fuchs et al., 2023)
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  • 94
    Publication Date: 2024-01-15
    Description: At valley glaciers, rockwall erosion supplies debris to glacier surfaces. Once deposited on the ice, rockwall debris is passively entrained and becomes part of the glacial system, e.g., forming medial moraines as downglacier transport continues. Where debris occurs supraglacial, it modifies ice ablation and, thus, changes in rockwall erosion and debris supply rates modify glacial debris cover and mass balance and may affect glacier retreat in response to climate change. Yet, estimates on rockwall erosion rates close to glacier surfaces are few and quantifying spatiotemporal supply patterns is not trivial. This data publication is supplementary to the study on rockwall erosion rates at five Swiss valley glaciers around Pigne d’Arolla, by Wetterauer & Scherler (2023). We temporally and spatially assess rockwall erosion by measuring in situ-produced cosmogenic 10Be concentrations ('[10Be]measured') in medial moraine debris, which we systematically sampled along downglacier-profiles, and by comparing records from various medial moraines, which are supplied by rockwalls differing in exposure and morphology. However, as '[10Be]measured' within supraglacial debris is the sum of '[10Be]rockwall', accumulated during rockwall erosion, and '[10Be]transport', accumulated during post-depositional downglacier transport, medial moraine '[10Be]measured' should be corrected for '[10Be]transport'. If glacier velocities through time are known, '[10Be]transport' can be estimated by downglacier debris trajectory modelling. Providing our 10Be dataset and ~40-year records of glacier surface velocities from four of the five valley glaciers (Glacier du Brenay, Glacier de Cheilon, Glacier de Pièce, Glacier de Tsijiore Nouve) is the main objective of this data publication. The dataset of the fifth glacier (Glacier d’Otemma) has already been published as case study by Wetterauer et al. (2022a,b).
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  • 95
    Publication Date: 2024-01-15
    Description: In October 2021, GFZ installed together with INGV Catania, Iraci and ASIR Ltd (Advances Seismic Instrumentation & Research) the very first seismic borehole broadband seismometers at two selected sites at Mt. Etna, Sicily (see Fig. 1). The installation was completed under the EU-funded project ‘SiC nano for PicoGeo’ (http://www.picogeo.eu/). Site one is located next to the Astrophysical Observatory at Serra La Nave (SLN) and site two is located in the city of Mascalucia (MAS). At each site one borehole broadband seismometer was permanently installed (cemented) at approximately 70 m depth. In approx. 1-2m distance, a second ground-level borehole 4.5 Hz Geophone was temporarily installed (sanded) at 1 m depth until July 2022 (see Fig. 2). The ground-level geophones served as a local surface reference sensor to better evaluate the increase of signal quality from surface to depth. Test data were evaluated between October 2021 and July 2022. Sensor settings were adjusted during this time period to obtain the best possible data resolution at both test sites. This data publication compiles a segment of waveform recordings utilized for the assessment of data quality from the two installed broadband borehole seismometers, along with noise plots (Fig. 3-5) illustrating the enhancements in the data quality of frequency ranges compared to surface sensors at Mt. Etna.
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  • 96
    Publication Date: 2024-01-15
    Description: The dataset is an extended and updated version of the homogenized regional earthquake catalogue of the Marmara region, north-western Turkey, presented in Bohnhof et al. (2017) and Wollin et al. (2018). It is built on the regional Turkish seismicity catalogues provided by AFAD (Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency of Turkey) and KOERI (Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute) and spans the time interval 2006-2020. All events available in these two catalogues in the wider Marmara region were combined and dublicate events removed. A total of 13812 events having at least 6 P- and/or S-picks were located using the NLLoc software (Lomax et al., 2000, 2009) in Octtree mode utilizing automatic picks (see Wollin et al., 2018 for details) for all available waveforms. The magnitude range is between M0.3 and M5.7 with time-variable magnitude of completeness and covers the area 39.70S-41.50S and 26.0E-30.65E. The full description of the data and methods is provided in the data description file.
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  • 97
    Publication Date: 2024-01-15
    Description: This dataset provides point-shapefiles and geotiffs, related to the figures presented in (Frick et al., 2022a, 2022b). It covers most of northern Germany, with the boundaries defined by the extent of the North German Basin, which is part of the Central European Basin System. The files contain information on the depth (m.b.s. = meter below surface), thickness, temperature, heat in place and heat storage potential of selected geological units and the formations therein. These data are an addendum to the data presented in (Frick et al., 2022a, 2022b), resolving 5 geological units and 9 formations. The data are presented as regularly spaced point-shapefiles, with a spacing of 1000 m. The data were produced as part of the Helmholtz Climate Initiative (HICAM), which focuses on Net Zero 2050 (mitigation) and Adapting to Extreme Events (adaptation). As part of this initiative, estimates of the heat in place and heat storage potential of the subsurface play an important part for mitigation of fossil fuel bound emissions as they pose a promising alternative (geothermal energy). The data presented here, therefore give an overview of areas which might be suited for geothermal applications in the different geothermal target units and formations. We integrated the recently published TUNB Model (BGR et al., 2021) as well as available borehole data, data from the Sandsteinfazies and GeoPoNDD projects (Franz et al., 2018, 2015) and temperature data from two models (Agemar et al., 2014; Frick et al., 2021) the process of which will be described in the following.
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  • 98
    Publication Date: 2024-01-15
    Description: IGMAS+ is a software combining 3-D forward and inverse modeling, interactive visualization and interdisciplinary interpretation of potential fields and their applications under geophysical and geological data constrains. The software has a long history starting 1988 and has seen continuous improvement since then with input by many contributors. Since 2019, IGMAS+ is maintained and developed at The Helmholtz Centre Potsdam - GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences by the staff of Section 4.5 – Basin Modelling and Section 5.2 – eScience Centre with strong ongoing support by H.-J. Götze and S. Schmidt from CAU Kiel. The official webpage of IGMAS+ is available at https://www.gfz-potsdam.de/igmas. Each major version of IGMAS+ is assigned with a DOI. Intermediate releases including changelog can be found at https://git.gfz-potsdam.de/igmas/igmas-releases/-/releases/. This is a collection DOI referring to all versions of IGMAS+. Links to each published version are redundantly available via the "Files" section and the Related Work section ("includes").
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  • 99
    Publication Date: 2024-01-15
    Description: The GFZ Potsdam HART (Hazard and Risk Team) in cooperation with the DFG research training group 2043 NatRiskChange at Potsdam University has enabled the acquisition of Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS) and high-resolution optical data which were acquired between 22 September 2021 and 24 October 2021 by the Milan Geoservice company, Spremberg, Germany. This data acquisition took place in the Eifel regions of North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW) and Rhineland-Palatinate (RLP), which were hit by the 14 July 2021 precipitation event leading to widespread severe inundations, flash floods and caused around 185 victims and massive damage to settlements, river geometry and other geomorphic features. The high-resolution ALS and optical data acquisitions aimed at the documentation and quantification of the extent of flood related changes and destructions as well as their reappraisal before diffusion erases traces. Thus, the generated data are valuable for forensic event analysis and future attempts on flood forecasting and warning in the context of scientific and practical purposes.
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  • 100
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    GFZ Data Services
    Publication Date: 2024-01-15
    Description: The classical way to model the stress state in a rock volume is to estimate displacement boundary conditions that minimize the deviation of the modelled stress state with respect to model-independent stress information such as stress magnitude data. However, these data records are usually subject to significant uncertainties and measurement errors. Hence, it has to be expected that not all stress magnitude data records are representative and can be used in a model. In order to identify unreliable stress data records, the stress state that is based on individual data records is solved and compared with observations at a few discrete locations. While this method works, it is not efficient in that most of the solved model scenarios will be discarded. The solving of the entire model consumes immense amount of computation time for a high-resolution model. Yet, the stress state is required at only a very limited number of locations. For linear geomechanical models it is sufficient to estimate the stress state from three model scenarios with arbitrary, but different displacement boundary conditions. These three results can be used to estimate analytically using a linear regression at discrete points stress states based on user-defined boundary conditions. The tool Fast Automatic Stress Tensor Estimation (FAST Estimation) is a Python function that automatizes this approach. FAST Estimation provides very efficiently the stress states at pre-defined locations for all possible boundary conditions. It does not provide the continuous stress field as provided by a solved geomechanical model. Instead, it is a cost-efficient solution for the rapid assessment of stress states at a limited number of discrete locations based on pre-defined boundary conditions.
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