ALBERT

Description / Table of Contents: PREFACE The Lower Triassic Buntsandstein in Middle Europe which originated in mainly continental fluvla] environment in the Mid-European Triassic Basin is a famous terrestrial red bed sequence that is discussed in the geological literature since more than 200 years. Much of the earlier work had been devoted to stratigraphical, palaeogeographical and petrographical problemsof the Buntsandstein. The sedimentological analysis and deposltional modelling in the German-type facies, however, is the youngest branch of Buntsandstein investigation and started only a few decades ago. During the last ten years when I began to concentrate on the interpretation of the genesis of the Buntsandstein, much work has been carried out and has already been documented in numerous papers that focussed on various aspects of sedimentology, particularly on reconstruction of fluvial and aeolian depositional mechanisms, significance of palaeosols, importance of fluvial conglomerates, palaeoecology of the fossils, interdisciplinary sedimentology, diagenesis of heavy minerals and origin of the red colour. A summary of the present knowledge in the western part of the German Basin is given in a compilation of regional articles together with general discussions and comparative contributions and especially with an extensive colour photographic documentation in an earlier book (reference on p. 12). In the last few years when more and more material became available not only from the Buntsandstein s. str. (Lower Triassic Scythian) in the Mid-European Triassic Basin, but also from correlative sequences in adjoining areas and even older or younger series of similar facies and origin, it became more and more evident that a synthesis of the state of the art would be necessary, if not inevitably for outlining the general frame and illustrating the diversification of facies associations in numerous temporal and spatial scales. That is why I decided to edit an international proceedings volume on the Buntsandstein which is to compile contributions from many regions and different stratigraphic units with emphasis on various aspects of fluvia] sedi~ntation, but stressing also the importance of the distribution of associated environments such as aeolian dunes and calcrete palaeosols. In spite of my own enthusiasm for the Buntsandstein continental red bed formation (the Lower Triassic red rocks seem to have a very special flavour for being so attractive for me) and regardless of the expansion of my investigations from my original Eife] area (where I learnt how to assess the facies assoCiations in terms of depositional modelling and where I collected an enormous amount of data that served as a valuable base for the production of various case studies which were published during the last years) to several other regions, it was without any doubt that it would not be possible for me alone to finish such an overregional proceedings book within a reasonable time, but that I had to beg various colleagues for their collaboration by writing papers on the Buntsandstein in their investigated areas for this volume. Although the response to my first and second circulars soon showed that it would not be possible to publish a compilation of articles from almost all the studied regions, formations and aspects within a reasonable time with avoiding too much delay of appearance for early contributors, I am very happy that finally many colleagues provided me with papers from almost all the countries in Europe where Buntsandstein is cropping out at the surface. In spite of the tremendous editorial work which was necessary to polish the English, to improve the contents of text and drawings and to put the sequence of papers into a general stream line, I would like to thank all my colleagues who contributed to this volume for their support of the project and particularly for their understanding of my editorial task, especially in case of my frequently serious intervention into their early manuscripts and illustrations. Looking for a publisher in the early stages of planning the volume, I found immediately support by Dr. W. Engel (Department of Geological Sciences of the Springer- Verlag) who generously offered me to take the book into the newly founded series "Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences". From the beginning of organization, writing and editing, I appreciated very much the close cooperation with Dr. Engel who always had an ear for my problems and gave me the necessary freedom to finish the volume along the lines of my intention. Although the preparation of the camera-ready manuscript leaves nearly all the work and responsibility with the author, I am especially grateful to Dr. Engel for his guarantee of almost immediate publication after receipt of the final manuscript which allowed me to polish and incorporate latest ideas up to the very terminal moment. Writing on a subject like the Buntsandstein which has proven to be considerably diversified in terms of sedimentary processes and depositional mechanisms, it became soon apparent that a full discussion along my original intention would easily end up with several thousands of pages in size and would consume much more than a few years. Having already rePeatedly experienced in the past that during course of incorporation of nearly all the relevant literature, the reference l i s t of the final paper is often longer than the whole first draft of the article after one or two years collection of data and ideas, there was no other way than to decide to keep the bibliography short. In order to restrict the book to an economical frame and not to frighten the readership to death, but especially to avoid drowning of the red line through the volume, many contributions had to be written as summary presentations without detailed discussion of the literature. Speaking particularly for the articles that have been written by myself either alone or together with friends, I can assure that this is by no means the result of proud neglectance of other works, but only the necessity of streamlining of the book, and that much of the detailed discussion of comparative examples from the literature has to be done in subsequent special papers. It is impossible to acRnowledge all the people that helped me to arrive at the present goal. Special merits, however, deserve those who stimulated my interest for the Buntsandstein. I am especially indebted to Prof. Dr. G. Fuchs (Landessammlungen fur Naturkunde, Karlsruhe) who proposed me ten years ago to work on the Eifel Buntsandstein for my M.Sc. Thesis, and who later supervised together with Prof. Dr. W. Dachroth (Department of Geology and Palaeontology, University of Heidelberg) the preparation of my Ph.D. Thesis. The good luck of the former to choose the Eifel for me as a starting region (which later proved to have a key position for approaching the evolution of fluvial sedimentation in many other Buntsandstein areas), and the earlier investigations of the latter (although largely unpublished and even only briefly touched in his contribution to this volume) triggered my love of the Buntsandstein which has reached a preliminary climax with the present book. It is my pleasure to dedicate this volume to my two former supervisors with very many thanks for their support and in honour of their merit to have lighted the fire. It is my sincere wish to acknowledge again all the people who contributed with articles to this volume for their help to prepare this summary of the state of the art of Buntsandstein fluvial sedimento]og~y. I also want to sincerely thank all friends and colleagues who supplied ideas and facts in oral or written form and who guided me in the field during course of my comparative investigations that helped me considerably in proceeding with the interpretation of the Buntsandstein. Thanks are also due to Helmut Mader (my father) and Martha Herrmann (my aunt) for their support. I am further indebted to those who have been involved in the various technical aspects of the preparation of the manuscript from the beginning of word processor typesetting of the text and reprography of the illustrations to the final printing. I do hope that the compilation of articles on fluvial aspects of the Buntsandstein in this book will stimulate the interest of many people in the topic of sedimentological modelling of terrestrial red bed sequences and will internationally highlight the position of the Buntsandstein as an extraordinarily attractive case history of fluvial deposition.

Description / Table of Contents: PREFACE This book represents the first attempt in three decades to marshall out available information on the regional geology of Africa for advanced undergraduates and beginning graduate students. Geologic education in African universities is severely hampered by the lack of a textbook on African regional geology. This situation is greatly exacerbated by the inability of most African universities to purchase reference books and maintain journal subscriptions. Besides, geologic information about Africa is so widely dispersed that a balanced and comprehensive course content on Africa is beyond the routine preparation of lecture notes by university teachers. Since geology is a universal subject and Africa is one of the largest landmasses on Earth with one of the longest continuous records of Earth history, there is no doubt that geologic education in other parts of the world will benefit from a comprehensive presentation of African geologic case histories. The scope of this text also addresses the need of the professional geologist, who may require some general or background information about an unfamiliar African geologic region or age interval. Africa occupies a central position in the world's mineral raw materials trade. Because of its enormous extent and great geologic age, the diversity and size of Africa's mineral endowment is unparalleled. Africa is the leading source of gold, diamond, uranium, and dominates the world's supply of strategic minerals such as chromium, manganese, cobalt, and platinum. Consequently, African nations from Algeria to Zimbabwe depend solely on mineral exports for economic survival. The geologic factors which govern economic mineral deposits are stressed in this text. The geological history of Africa spans 3.8 billion years, a record that is unique both in duration and continuity. Few other parts of our planet match the plethora of geologic phenomena and processes that are displayed in the African continent. From the various stages of crustal evolution decipherable from the Archean of southern Africa, through the plate tectonics scenarios in the ubiquitous Late Proterozoic-Early Paleozoic Pan-African mobile belts and in the Hercynian and Alpine orogenies of northwest Africa, to the East African Rift Valley, Africa is replete with excellent examples and problems for a course on regional tectonics. Teachers of igneous and metamorphic petrology can hardly ignore Africa's anorogenic magmatism (e.g.. layered ultramafic intrusives such as the Great Dyke and the Bushveld Complex; the Tete gabbro-anorthosite pluton; alkaline complexes; basaltic volcanism), or tantalizing highgrade metamorphic terranes such as the Limpopo belt, the Namaqua mobile belt, and the Mozambique belt. From the extensive Precambrian supracrustal sequences throughout the continent with enormous thicknesses of sedimentary rocks that have hardly been deformed or metamorphosed, to the stratigraphic evolution of Africa's present-day passive continental margin, there is a complete spectrum of facies models upon which to base a course on basin analysis and stratigraphy. To maintain its integrity a course on historical geology anywhere in the world must address the theory of Continental Drift beyond invoking past continuities between West Africa and South America. Past connections between West Africa and eastern North America must equally be explored, so also connections between northeast Africa and Arabia, and the paleogeography of southern Gondwana where Africa occupied centre stage. The Precambrian fossil record, the transitions from reptiles to the earliest mammals and dinosaurs, and the evolution of Man are among Africa's unique contributions to the history of life and the story of organic evolution. Although it lies today in the tropics Africa was the theatre of the Earth's most-spectacular glaciations. Even after the scene of continental glaciation had shifted to the northern continents only lately during the Pleistocene, Africa still witnessed spectacular climatic fluctuations during the Quaternary. Certainly students of archeology and paleoanthropology cannot overlook the Quaternary paleoenvironmental record of the Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania, the Lake Turkana basin in Kenya, the Nile valley, the Sahara, and southern Africa. But since African examples have already been cited in standard geologic textbook, I have often been asked why it has become necessary to revive the idea of a full-length textbook on African geology, 30 years after this idea was abandoned by the geologic community. My simple answer, as already stated, is that the wealth of available geologic information about Africa is so enormous and fascinating, but so diffuse, that an attempt must be made to assemble and pass on this knowledge.

Description / Table of Contents: PREFACE It was only during the last few years, that the geological effects of storms and hurricanes in shallow-marine environments have been better appreciated. Not only were storm deposits recognized to dominate many shelf sequences, they also proved to be valuable tools in facies and paleogeographical analysis. Additionally, storm layers form important hydrocarbon reservoirs. Storm-generated sequences are now reasonably mell documented in terms of their facies associations in the stratigraphic record. Much less is known, however, about the effects and the depositional processes of modern storms, and about the styles of storm sedimentation on basinwide scales. Accordingly, the goal of this study is two-fold: 1. it presents two case studies of modern carbonate and terrigenous clastics storm sedimentatioq. The models derived from these actualistic examples can be used to interprete possible ancient analogues. 2. it presents a comprehensive analysis of an ancient storm depositional system (Muschelkalk) on a basin-wide scale. The underlying approach of this study is a process-oriented analysis of sedimentary sequences, an approach that ~as summarized by Matthews (1974, 1984) as "dynamic stratigraphy". The integration of actualistic models with a "dynamic" stratigraphic analysis helps to understand the dynamics of storm depositional systems; these models have a potential to be applied to other basins and to predict the facies organisation and the facies evolution in such systems...

Description / Table of Contents: INTRODUCTION "The geological history, as expressed by the stratigraphic column, is basically composed of cycles of sedimentation, stratification and magmatism which correlate with relative changes in sea level determined in turn by different types of crustal movements. The classical sequence of stages "transgression - inundation - differentiation - regression - emergence" is believed to reflect the deformation phases of a geotectonic cycle" (Wezel,1988: p.37). The concept of geotectonic cycle is fundamental in geology because it links tectonics with sedimentary processes. According to Wezel (1988) the geotectonic cycle is an expression of cyclic variations in the behavior of the crust; more precisely,it is a geodynamic response to the Earth's variations in the rate of rotation (Mörner,19869 Whyte,1977~ Carey,1976).Based on a global analysis of geotectonic data, synchronous episodes of intense global swelling, governed by cyclically ordered diastrophic processes, were identified (Wezel,1985;1988). The process leading to these swells was termed krikogenesis (Wezel, 1988).It basically consists of not steady, localized, migratory vertical movements linked to mantle diapirism and concentrated in single zones.The overlying crust adjusts itself to mantle motions induced by krikogenesis, with the formation of transient troughs and swells ('touche-de-piano' tectonics).This mechanism was individuated in several areas (Wezel,1988). The history of the Earth is described by six episodes that repeat in the same way in the course of geological time.Their duration progressively decreases:the first cycle has a duration of about 200 million years, the following,younger cycles lasted 150, 115, 65, A5 and 20 m.y. ...

Description / Table of Contents: The aim of this volume is to reflect the current state of geoscientific activity focused on the geodynamic evolution of the Atlas system and to discuss new results and ideas. The volume provides a selection of papers on the geological history, structural development, and geophysical data of Morocco. It was not possible to cover all areas of geoscientific interest, however, we hope to shed some light on the major geodynamic problems.

Description / Table of Contents: PREFACE The suggestion to compile and publish this volume dealing with some geoscientific problems of the Central Andes came up during a conference on "Mobility of Active Continental Margins" held in Berlin, February 1986. At this international conference, organized by the Berlin Research Group "Mobility of Active Continental Margins", colleagues from Europe, Southern and Northern America reported on their current investigations in the Central Andes. The Central Andes claim a special position in the 7000 km long Andean mountain range. In Northern Chile, Southern Bolivia and Northwest Argentina the Central Andes show their largest width with more than 650 km and along a Geotraverse between the Pacific coast and the Chaco all typical Andean morphotectonic units are well developed. Here, the pre-Andean evolution is documented by outcropping of Paleozoic and pre-Cambrian rocks. The characteristic phenomena of the Andean cycle can be studied along the entire geotraverse. The migration of the tectonic and magmatic activity starting in Jurassic and being active t i l l Quaternary is clearly evidenced. Besides the Himalaya, the Central Andes show with 70-80 km and -400 mgal the largest crustal thickness known in mountain ranges. These and many other interesting and exciting geoscientific features encouraged a group of geoscientists from both West-Berlin universities (Freie UniversitAt and Technische UniversitAt) to focus their studies along a geotraverse through the Central Andes. The realization of these studies would not have been possible without the active assistance and close cooperation of our colleagues from the geoscientific institutions in Salta (Argentina), La Paz and Santa Cruz (Bolivia) and Antofagasta and Santiago (Chile). Concerning the German participation, this joint and interdisciplinary project is financially supported since 1982 as Reserach Group" Mobility of Active Continental Margins" by the German Research Society and by the West-Berlin universities as well. A number of colleagues from universities in West Germany take part in this project, too. The papers presented here deal with the period from Late Precambrian up to the youngest phenomena in Quaternary. The contributions cover the whole spectrum of geoscientific research, geology, paleontology, petrology, geochemistry, geophysics and geomorphology. In conclusion, the data published here may help to improve the picture of Andean structure and evolution. The detailed investigations carried out in the past years show, that the first simple plate tectonic models proposed in the beginning of the seventies have to improved and modified. Furthermore, the results can be seen as contribution to the international Lithospheric Project and as a useful data base for the construction of a Central Andean Transect...

Description / Table of Contents: PREFACE The four-year period of activity of the Groupement de Recherche 942 (GDR) of the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) came to an end in December 1993. This GDR was a scientific association grouping research teams from the academic sphere -- i.e. the Unités de Recherches Associées 723 & 724 of the CNRS as well as the Universities of Orléans and Paris-Sud -- and from the industrial world: Elf-Aquitaine Production, TOTAL and the Institut Français du Pétrole (IFP). The aim of the GDR was to understand the processes and the causes of organic carbon fossilization in sediments, especially when they can be modified by environmental conditions such as climate, eustatism, productivity etc., factors which can alko interact. This goal implies the simultaneous study of ancient geological formations (hydrocarbon source rocks from the famous Kimmeridge Clay Formation) and recent Quaternary sediments (the Lac du Bouchet or lake Bouchet maar, Massif Central, France). In the latter case, we benefit from a fine-scale stratigraphical framework as well as a reliable reconstruction of the local and regional environment. This volume is a collection of papers representing oral presentations given on December 7, 1993, at the Société Géologique de France in Paris, during the final meeting of the GDR. These articles thus report the latest developments of the studies carried out under the GDR. However, this is not the first publication of our results, which can be found in the papers referred to in each article. The Kimmeridge Clay Formation was previously studied in 1987, by the Yorkim Group from IFP, Elf-Aquitaine and the British Geological Survey, on the basis of a series of wells drilled across the Cleveland Basin of Yorkshire. In each well, the distribution with depth of the total organic content is cyclic. We have compared some of the organic cycles from two wells (Matron and Ebberston) based on mineralogy, organic and inorganic geochemistry and petrography, at a high resolution scale (centimetric). The main conclusion of this work is that the driving force for organic matter accumulation in the studied cycles was organic phytoplankton productivity. Oxygenation conditions seem to have played a secondary role as a positive feedback action enhancing organic matter storage. Lac du Bouchet is located on the Devès volcanic plateau, 15 km SW of Le Puy en Velay, at an altitude of 1205 m. The depth of the water column is 28 m. The lake has a subcircular shape (1 km in diameter) and a very restricted watershed. This site is exceptionally suitable for research on climate variations and palaeomagnetic field modifications (Euromaars EC Program). The GDR focused on sedimentary organic matter and its relationship to inorganic phases. An important result is that organic matter appears to be a good indicator of palaeoenvironmental reconstructions for over 350 000 years. In addition, the study of early diagenetic reactions in surficial sediments (porewater and solid phase) allows the specification of the processes of organic matter degradation and storage in such an oligothrophic lake.

Description / Table of Contents: PREFACE This volume comprises the main lectures delivered at the Fourth International Summer School in the Mountains on "Mathematical and Numerical Techniques in Physical Geodesy", held from August 25 to September 5, 1986 in Admont, Austria. The School was organized by the Institute of Theoretical Geodesy of the Technical University Graz, Austria under the auspices of the International Association of Geodesy. All five continents were represented by 70 participants from over 20 countries. The purpose of the Summer School was to provide an introduction to advanced techniques which represent the mathematical vehicle for the treatment of modern geodetic problems, to familiarize participants with the present state of the art of global and local gravity field determination methods, ranging from orbit theory, the key satellite techniques, to inertial and standard terrestrial methods, and to discuss future scientific developments. The arrangement of this volume matches the sequence of lectures given at the School. The theoretical PART A represents the mathematical framework of modern physical geodesy, the application PART B deals with the key satellite and surface techniques, providing the detailed structure of the earth's gravity field. PART A: One of the main goals in physical geodesy, global and local gravity field determination, is pursued by extensively applying functional analytic methods. Recently special attention is being given to the base function and norm choice problem, and to the establishment of a sound link between density distributions inside the earth as the source and observed or estimated gravity field quantities as the effect. The lectures by C.C. Tscherning focus on this topic. Space and time dependent problems of discrete and continuous type are encountered in modern geodesy nowadays and dealt with in the lectures by F. Sans6. Estimation theory either in its stochastic or statistic formulation plays a key role in the processing of processes like the earth's gravity field. The consistent processing of large structured data sets calls for equally structured numerical algorithms. Spectral analysis with its powerful fast Fourier transform has become a common tool for the treatment of such problems. An introduction to spectral methods, supplemented by numerous examples, is provided by B. Hofmann-Wellenhof and H. Moritz. PART B: The theory of orbit dynamics, tailored to the near circular orbits of most geodetic satellites, is fundamental to modern geodetic satellite techniques and discussed in the lectures by O.L. Colombo. Particular emphasis is put on the interplay between orbit perturbations and the earth's disturbing gravity field and its mapping by satellite techniques like satellite altimetry, satellite-tosatellite tracking and satellite gradiometry. Satellite gradiometry, which is discussed in the lectures by R. Rummel in detail, with regard to the geometric structure of the gravitational field, the observability of the gradients, and the mathematical model underlying the gravity field recovery problem, promises to provide particularly detailed information about the gravity field of our planet. The global structure of the earth's gravity field is described in terms of earth gravity field models which are derived from both satellite and surface data. The many delicate, mathematically as well as numerically challenging problems, related to the consistent processing of very large space distributed data sets, and proposed solutions are presented in the lecture by R.H. Rapp. For many years various attempts have been made to explain the shorter wavelength part of the earth's anomalous gravity field by isostatic phenomena. Recently several high resolution topographicisostatic earth models have been computed based on global digital terrain data using different techniques fo~ the estimation of the parameters of the chosen isostatic model. A declared goal is the maximum smoothing of the observed gravity field by removing the contribution of the topography and its isostatic compensation. This topic is discussed in the lectures by H. SUnkel. Inertial methods are steadily gaining importance, power and application. This is not only due to hardware improvements in terms of precision and reliability, but also due to recent advances in the mathematical and numerical modelling of the system's performance. An investigation of the error characteristics of inertial survey systems and their interaction with the anomalous gravity field, studied in the framework of dynamic system analysis, is the topic of the lectures by K.-P. Schwarz and the key issue for further improvements and possible integrations with other positioning systems. Geodetic data have both geometric and physical ingredients of various nature. Standard geodetic processing procedures aim at a separation of geometry from physics. Integrated geodesy, in contrast, has been designed as a very sophisticated melting pot which handles practically all available geodetic data in a consistent and optimal way.lt handles surface and satellite data with either geometrically or gravity field dominated content, and geophysical data in terms of density and seismic informatlon just as well and represents as such the great synthesis of mathematical modelling in connexion with geodetic data processing techniques; these advanced ideas are presented in the lectures by G. Hein. This volume presents highlights of modern geodetic activity and takes the reader to the frontiers of current research. It is not a textbook on a closed and limited subject, but rather a reference book for graduates and scientists working in the vast and beautiful, demanding but rewarding field of earth science in general and physical geodesy in particular. The editor expresses his appreciation to all authors of this volume for their advice and help in formulating and designing the scientific program of the Summer School, for providing typewritten lecture notes, and for their excellent cooperation.

Description / Table of Contents: PREFACE During the last decades, remarkable progress in heat flow studies has been made and a rough picture of the global surface heat flow density distribution can now be drawn. Simultaneously, the question of over which time period the surface heat flow is constant arose. There is a big field of model calculations, based on the changes in radioactive heat generation of the Earth, on plate motions, on stretching hypotheses or on other ideas, which result in geotherms in the geological past. Although these speculative paleogeotherms seem to be realistic especially in oceanic areas they do not belong to the scope of this book. In continental areas however, it is not possible to find a simple time dependence of the surface heat flow density. However, petroleum research and tectogenetic studies are very interested in the geothermal history of sedimentary basins and other continental areas. To obtain satisfactory results, a more or less direct determination of paleo heat flow density or geothermal gradient would be necessary to give more certain boundary conditions for calculating oil generation, and for controlling tectogenetic hypotheses. There are many methods available in the geosciences to determine temperatures in the geological past. Most of these models are able to estimate temperatures at which a mineral or a mineral assemblage was formed. These methods, however, are mostly unsuitable to reach the main goal of paleogeothermics in general, which is to determine the (regional) heat flow density variations during the geological past for bigger geological units, such as sedimentary basins. The methods applied most in sedimentary basins have been deduced from the degree of coalification of organic matter. Although much effort has been made to explain analytically the organic metamorphism, the results found up to now have been insufficient . However, the widespread application of this thermometer to estimate ancient thermal conditions is also reflected in the contents of this very volume where the interpretation of the degree of coalification of organic matter plays an important role. As well as this geothermometers, other methods are reviewed from a geophysical viewpoint which favours methods suitable to determine a paleothermal state of the upper crust. Further contributions of this book deal with - the history of the earth's surface temperature whose change provides an essential correction factor in heat flow density determinations, - isotope geothermometers and their application to various environments to evaluate thermal conditions in the past geological history, - an application of the radiometric dating method to retrace the paleothermal condition of the Central Alps. Most of the contributions were presented at the symposium "Paleogeothermics" which was held at the 18. General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, August 15-27, 1983 in Hamburg/FRG. It has been the first time that such a symposium has been organized by the International Heat Flow Commission, and this book presents an attempt to define paleogeothermics under the auspices of the International Heat Flow Commission.

Description / Table of Contents: PREFACE The papers contained in the present volume were prepared from the contributions presented during an international Advanced Workshop held in Santander, Cantabria, Spain between 1-5 November 1989. The workshop was a joint activity of the Working Group on Geology and Land-Use Planning (program "Geology and Environment", UNESCO), the Commission on Applied Quaternary Research (INQUA), the Sub-Commission on Maps of Environmental Geology (Commission of the Geological Map of the World) and the Grupo Españiol de Geología Ambiental y Ordenación del Territorio (Spanish Association for Environmental Geology and Land-Use Planning). The aims of the meeting were to discuss a series of topics in which the four participating scientific bodies share an interest, to analyze the existing problems and trends and to identify certain lines along which work and/or actions will be particularly necessary in the near future. It was expected that the discussions and the conclusions of the meeting would provide useful guidelines for earth scientists working on environmental problems and for other professionals and officials who deal with environmental analysis, planning and management, either on a scientific basis or in a decision-making capacity...

Description / Table of Contents: INTRODUCTION Sediments are increasingly recognized as both a carrier and a possible source of contaminants in aquatic systems, and these materials may also affect groundwater quality and agricultural products when disposed on land. Contaminants are not necessarily fixed permanently by the sediment, but may be recycled via biological and chemical agents both within the sedimentary compartment and the water column. Bioaccumulation and food chain transfer may be strongly affected by sediment-associated proportions of pollutants. Benthic organisms, in particular, have direct contact with sediment, and the contaminant level in the sediment may have greater impact on their survival than do aqueous concentrations. Following the findings of positive correlations between liver lesions in English Sole and concentrations of certain aromatic hydrocarbons in Puget Sound (Washington) sediment, it can be suspected that such substrates may also be responsible for a host of other serious and presently unrecognized changes at both the organismal and ecosystem levels (Malins et al., 1984). Modern research on particle-bound contaminants probably originated with the idea that sediments reflect the biological, chemical and physical conditions in a water body (Züllig, 1956). Based on this concept the historical evolution of limnological parameters could be traced back from the study of vertical sediment profiles. In fact, already early in this century Nipkow (1920) suggested that the alternative sequence of layers in a sediment core from Lake Zürich might be related to variations in the trophic status of the lake system. During the following decades of limnological research on eutrophication problems sediment aspects were playing only a marginal role, until it was recognized that recycling from bottom deposits can be a significant factor in the nutrient budget of an aquatic system. Similarly, in the next global environmental issue, the acidification of inland waters sediment-related research only became gradually involved. Here too, it is now accepted that particle-interactions can affect aquatic ecosystems, e.g. by enhancing the mobility of toxic metals. In contrast to the eutrophication and acidification problems, research on toxic chemicals has included sediments aspects from its beginning: Artificial radionuclides in the Columbia and Clinch Rivers in the early sixties (Sayre et al., 1963); in the late sixties heavy metals in the Rhine River system (De Groot, 1966) and methyl mercury (Jensen & Jerne- 16v, 1967) at Minamata Bay in Japan, in Swedish lakes, in Alpine Lakes, Laurentian Great Lakes and in the Wabigoon River system in Canada; organochlorine insecticides and PCBs in Lakes St. Clair and Erie during the seventies (Frank et al., 1977); chlorobenzenes and TCDDs in the Niagara River system and Lake Ontario in the early eighties (Oliver & Nicol, 1982; Smith et al., 1983). In the present lecture notes, following the description of priority pollutants related to sedimentary phases (Chapter 2), four aspects will be covered, which in an overlapping succession also reflect the development of knowledge in particle-associated pollutants during the past twenty-five years: - the identification, surveillance, monitoring and control of sources and distribution of pollutants (Chapter 3); - the evaluation of solid/solution relations of contaminants in surface waters (Chapter 4); - the study of in-situ processes and mechanisms in pollutant transfer in various compartments of the aquatic ecosystems (Chapter 5);- The assessment of the envlroD-mental impact of particle-bound contaminants, i.e. the development of sediment quality criteria (Chapter 6). A final chapter will focus on practical aspects with contaminated sediments. Available technologies will be described as well as future perspectives for the management of dredged materials. Here too, validity of remedial measures can only be assessed by integrated, multidisciplinary research. In the view of the growing information on the present subject and owing to the limitations in the framework of this monography, the reader is referred to additional selected bibliography, which is attached at the end of this Chapter i. Additional information on the more recent publications on contaminated sediments is given in the annual review volume of the Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, June edition.

Description / Table of Contents: This volume contains the proceedings of a symposium held at Freiburg im Breisgau, October 7-11, 1990. The symposium was sponsored mainly by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), by the Geological Institute of the University of Freiburg, and by the International Association of Mathematical Geology. We thank these and all other sponsors of the meeting. The symposium whose participants came from more then twenty countries was the first international meeting dedicated entirely to geological applications of threedimensional computer graphics, a rapidly growing field of scientific visualization in geology. The selection of papers in this volume covers a wide range of methods developed in the last decade.

Description / Table of Contents: PREFACE The aim of this volume is two-fold. At the more pragmatic level, it is to help answer the many questions about the structure of the Pacific continental margin of North America, which have arisen over the years as a result of continuing field mapping and geophysical surveys. The second objective is methodological - to illustrate the irreplaceable role of geological information among the various data sets used in earth-science studies. The need to address these issues became apparent to the author during the several years he spent taking part in geological and geophysical studies on the west coast of Canada. All too often, results of geologic field mapping disagreed with tectonic predictions from too-straightforward local applications of global plate reconstructions, which due to their generality do not always take a full account of specific character of particular regions. To be sure, the global approach has during the last q~/artercentury greatly expanded the vision of geoscientists, previously restricted to continental regions. However, a negative by-product of this expansion has been a decline of attention paid to local information, as tectonic studies have increasingly relied on simply fitting the development of a particular region into this or that prefabricated tectonic template. Direct geological observations have limitations of their own. The observer in most cases deals with products of geologic processes, rather than with the processes themselves. Field mapping provides local information, and many years of effort are needed before a regional overview becomes possible. Geologic mapping is restricted to the ground surface, and even the deepest drillholes cannot sample more than the outermost shell of the Earth. The factual side of geologic mapping is usually limited to determination of rock types and their relationships in areas of exposure. Conclusions about the three-dimensional structure of a region and its evolution are still mostly inferential. Broad incorporation into geological studies of geophysical data, assisted by ever-more-sophisticated modern computers, provides a huge volume of information unobtainable in other ways. Geophysical methods quickly afford regional coverage or images of the Earth's deep interior. Geophysical methods have prompted the application in geological sciences of methodologies borrowed from exact sciences, such as mathematics and physics. Particularly important has been quantitative modeling, which allows a scientist to use the known parameters of a system to predict others. But in taking this approach too far, one encounters a dangerous pitfall. A model is a simplified representation of a natural phenomenon. The quality of this or that representation is relative, and a representation is never perfect. To incorporate all characteristics of a geologic phenomenon, in a parametrized form, into a numerical or physical imitation is impossible. This requires one to rely on simplifying assumptions, and a model is no better than the assumptions at its base. Unrealistic assumptions lead to unrealistic models. When a disagreement arises between model predictions and observations - such as those from geologic field mapping - a modeler may be tempted to downplay the differences or the significance of the offending observations. It becomes tempting to underestimate the role of an experienced geologist as a principal arbiter of the realism of a model. But it is geological data and geological control that provide the ultimate means of testing abstract models. From this methodological position, the present study of the western North American continental margin is organized as follows: 1. Geological information, available from field mapping and drilling, is gathered and summarized. 2. Current geophysical models for this region are considered, with particular attention to their underlying assumptions. 3. The available data, geological and geophysical, are synthesized into an internally consistent geologic-evolution concept. 4. This concept is tested by comparison with direct geological observations from field mapping and drilling. Because most current data sets and models cover northwestern Washington and western British Columbia, particular attention was paid to these areas. Fortunately, these areas contain many keys that help understand the structure of the entire western North American continental margin, which has baffled scientists for decades. The author does not claim to have resolved all these problems, but he does believe he has made a useful contribution to understanding continental-oceanic plate interrelations at this continental margin. Rigidity of lithospheric plates is a critical assumption in current models of plate evolution. The lithophere of a plate is created at spreading centers manifested in the global system of mid-ocean ridges. It moves away from the place of its birth towards boundaries with other plates, with which it can interact in a variety of ways. Some interactions are of strike-slip type, with two plates simply sliding past each other. However, to compensate for the creation of new lithosphere at spreading centers, older lithosphere at some plate boundaries descends into the mantle as it is overriden by other plates. At such plate boundaries lie subduction zones. If both regimes occur along a single plate boundary, the transition between them must be abrupt. Unless it can be tied to a change in orientation of the boundary, it must be associated with a junction of not two, but three different plates. Such a template was used to interpret the structure and tectonic evolution of the western North American continental margin in the late 1960s and thereafter (Atwater, 1970; McManus et al., 1972; Barr and Chase, 1974; Riddihough and Hyndman, 1976). To satisfy the principles of rigid-plate tectonics, both regimes have to exist along this continental margin. Also needed in rigid-plate reconstructions is a plate triple junction somewhere between the areas of proven ongoing subduction (in Oregon and southern Washington) and transform plate motion (along the southeastern Alaska margin; Atwater, 1970; McManus et al., 1972). Such a triple junction has been placed off Queen Charlotte Sound offshore British Columbia (Keen and Hyndman, 1979; Riddihough et al., 1983), where a spreading center has been postulated between the Pacific and Explorer oceanic plates (Hyndman et al. 1979; Riddihough, 1984). Off northern Vancouver Island, a transform boundary between the Explorer and Juan de Fuca oceanic plates has been postulated, but both these plates are assumed to be subducting beneath Vancouver Island (Hyndman et al., 1979; Riddihough and Hyndman, 1989)o With the assumed universality of the rigid-plate model, "broad similarity" has been suggested between the geology of western Oregon and that of western British Columbia, and the Cascadia zone of active subduction has been extended as far north as the mouth of Queen Charlotte Sound (Riddihough, 1979, 1984). An accretionary sedimentary prism (Yorath, 1980) - or even an accretionary complex containing several exotic "terranes" (Davis and Hyndman, 1989) - has been postulated off Vancouver Island. Geological observations onshore and offshore (Shouldice, 1971; Tiffin et al., 1972) have come to be considered too "surficial" to be of major consequence for large-scale tectonic modeling (Yorath et al., 1985a,b; Yorath, 1987). Variants of the principal geophysical model for this area during the last decade (Clowes et al., 1987; Hyndman et alo, 1990; Spence et al. 1991; Yuan et al., 1992; Dehler and Clowes, 1992) have become increasingly distant from geological observations. As new model variants emerged, they were checked for internal consistency, compatibility with neighboring local models and fidelity to the overall assumed tectonic picture. However, detailed geological work continued, and many of its results proved incompatible with the conventional wisdom (Gehrels, 1990; Babcock et al., 1992, 1994; Allan et al., 1993; Lyatsky, 1993a). Importantly, questions arose about the applicability in this region of the conventional, simple rigid-plate assumption, as it was shown to be unable to account for all the geological and geophysical peculiarities in some areas (Carbotte et al., 1989; Allan et al., 1993; Davis and Currie, 1993). New solutions were made necessary by new findings and by rediscovery of forgotten old data (see Lyatsky et al., 1991; Lyatsky, 1993b). Without aiming to resolve all the outstanding debates, tectonic implications of the geologic mapping and drilling results in this region are considered in the following chapters. These results are integrated with geochemical and geophysical data. Interpretations of these data, made by this author and by other workers, are verified by geological observations and by geologically plausible extrapolations from these observations. In searching for solutions consistent with all the information, the author has restricted himself to analyzing continental-crust structures along this continental margin. He believes, however, that future models for the offshore regions of the northeastern Pacific should consider the results obtained herein.

Description / Table of Contents: PREFACE In the geologic record, vertical crustal uplift has often resulted in erosional removal of huge thicknesses of sedimentary strata. If the uplift is of a broad regional nature or the uplifted strata remain relatively undeformed and sediments deposited after the uplift are not preserved, the magnitude of uplift and subsequent erosion may be difficult to quantify. This may lead to misinterpretation or omission of chapters of geologic history of a region. Fortunately, a number of indirect methods can be used to infer the thicknesses of missing strata and reconstruct the geologic history. Our book titled "Thick Post-Devonian Sediment Cover Over New York State: Evidence from Fluid-Inclusion, Organic Maturation, Clay Diagenesis and Stable Isotope Studies" uses four techniques of paleotemperature measurements in sedimentary rocks in order to determine burial depths of the existing Paleozoic strata in New York State. Since every technique has its own analytical and interpretative uncertainties, the use of four techniques allowed us to place a better constraint on our results. We show how regionally extensive paleotemperature data can be used to estimate the thicknesses of strata lost from an uplifted sedimentary basin. We also provide a tentative tectonic-, paleogeographic- and depositional history of New York State after the Devonian when the missing strata were deposited...

Description / Table of Contents: PREFACE In recent years, there has been increasing interest from geoscientists in potassic igneous rocks. Academic geoscientists have been interested in their petrogenesis and their potential value in defining the tectonic setting of the terranes into which they were intruded, and exploration geoscientists have become increasingly interested in the association of these rocks with major epithermal gold and porphyry gold-copper deposits. Despite this current interest, there is no comprehensive textbook that deals with these aspects of potassic igneous rocks. This book redresses this situation by elucidating the characteristic features of potassic (high-K) igneous rocks, erecting a hierarchical scheme that allows interpretation of their tectonic setting using whole-rock geochemistry, and investigating their associations with a variety of gold and copper-gold deposits, worldwide. About twothirds of the book is based on a PhD thesis by Dr Daniel MOiler which was produced at the Key Centre for Strategic Mineral Deposits within the Department of Geology and Geophysics at The University of Western Australia under the supervision of Professor David Groves, the late Dr Nick Rock, Professor Eugen Stumpfl, Dr Wayne Taylor, and Dr Brendon Griffin. The remainder of the book was compiled from the literature using the collective experience of the two authors. The book is dedicated to the memory of Dr Rock who initiated the research project but died before its completion...

Description / Table of Contents: Pages 1-13 / Maars of the Westeifel, Germany / G. Büchel --- Pages 15-60 / Syn- and post-eruptive mechanism of the Alaskan Ukinrek Maars in 1977 / G. Büchel, V. Lorenz --- Pages 61-80 / Maars and maar lakes of the Westeifel Volcanic Field / Jörg F. W. Negendank, Bernd Zolitschka --- Pages 81-94 / Maars of northern Auvergne (Massif Central, France): State of knowledge / E. Juvigné, G. Camus, A. de Goër de Herve --- Pages 95-107 / Palaeoenvironmental investigations on long sediment cores from volcanic lakes of Lazio (central Italy)—An overview / Maria Follieri, Donatella Magri, Biancamaria Narcisi --- Pages 109-116 / Geophysical mapping of organic sediments / Stefan Wende, Reinhard Kirsch --- Pages 117-118 / Preliminary uniboom survey of the Monticchio Lakes (southern Italy) / A. Stefanon --- Pages 119-128 / Sonar investigations in the Laghi di Monticchio (Mt. Vúlture, Italy) / Ralph B. Hansen --- Pages 129-148 / Climatic and tectonic effects on sedimentation in central Italian volcano lakes (Latium)—Implications from high resolution seismic profiles / F. Niessen, A. Lami, P. Guilizzoni --- Pages 149-161 / Sediments and basin analysis of Lake Schalkenmehrener Maar / T. Heinz, B. Rein, J. F. W. Negendank --- Pages 163-171 / Organic carbon contents of sediments from Lake Schalkenmehrener Maar: A paleoclimate indicator / B. Rein, J. F. W. Negendank --- Pages 173-194 / Basin analysis for selected time-frames using sedimentation rates in Lake Meerfelder Maar (Westeifel FRG) / F. Wegner, J. F. W. Negendank --- Pages 195-208 / Turbidites in the sediments of Lake Meerfelder Maar (Germany) and the explanation of suspension sediments / D. Drohmann, J. F. W. Negendank --- Pages 209-222 / Paleoclimate reconstruction at the Pleistocene/Holocene transition—A varve dated microstratigraphic record from Lake Meerfelder Maar (Westeifel, Germany) / D. Poth, J. F. W. Negendank --- Pages 223-235 / Paleoenvironmental reconstruction of the Late- and Postglacial sedimentary record of Lake Weinfelder Maar / A. Brauer, J. F. W. Negendank --- Pages 237-275 / Sedimentology and paleoenvironment from the Maar Lac du Bouchet for the last climatic cycle, 0-120,000 years (Massif Central, France) / Elisabeth Truze, Kerry Kelts --- Pages 277-288 / Lago Grande di Monticchio (southern Italy) a high resolution sedimentary record of the last 70,000 years / Bernd Zolitschka, Jörg F. W. Negendank --- Pages 289-304 / A multidisciplinary study of the Vico Maar sequence (Latium, Italy): Part of the last cycle in the Mediterranean area. Preliminary results / P. Francus, S. Leroy, I. Mergeai, G. Seret, G. Wansard --- Pages 305-316 / Environmental geology and geochemistry of lake sediments (Holzmaar, Eifwl, Germany) / B. G. Lottermoser, R. Oberhänsli, B. Zolitschka, J. F. W. Negendank, U. Schütz… --- Pages 317-332 / Geochemistry of Lago Grande di Monticchio, S. Italy / C. Robinson, G. B. Shimmield, K. M. Creer --- Pages 333-348 / Tephrochronology of core C from Lago Grande di Monticchio / Anthony J. Newton, Andrew J. Dugmore --- Pages 349-365 / A palaeomagnetic study of maar-lake sediments from the Westeifel / B. Haverkamp, Th. Beuker --- Pages 367-376 / Preliminary 50m palaeomagnetic records from Lac du Bouchet, Haute Loire, France / T. Williams, K. M. Creer, N. Thouveny --- Pages 377-392 / Palaeomagnetic investigations of Lago Grande di Monticchio, southern Italy / Ian Turton --- Pages 393-420 / Late-Glacial/Holocene changes of the climatic and trophic conditions in three Eifel maar lakes, as indicated by faunal remains. I. Cladocera / Wolfgang Hofmann --- Pages 421-433 / Late-glacial/Holocene changes of the climatic and trophic conditions in three Eifel maar lakes, as indicated by faunal remains. II. Chironomidae (Diptera) / Wolfgang Hofmann --- Pages 435-439 / Ostracoda (Crustacea) and trichoptera (Insecta) from Late-and Postglacial sediments of some European maar lakes / Burkhard W. Scharf --- Pages 441-446 / Oligocence dinoflagellate-cysts in Quaternary freshwater sediments of Eifel maars / H. Weiler --- Pages 447-465 / Tertiary maars of the Hocheifel Volcanic Field, Germany / G. Büchel, M. Pirrung --- Pages 467-476 / Some aspects of Cenozoic maar sediments in Europe: the source-rock potential and their exceptionally good fossil preservation / W. Zimmerle --- Pages 477-484 / Palaeoecological implications from the sedimentary record of a subtropical maar lake (Eocene Eckfelder Maar; Germany) / Bernd Zolitschka --- Pages 485-489 / Arthropods from the Eocene Eckfelder Maar (Eifel, Germany) as a source for paleoecological information / H. Lutz --- Pages 491-497 / Flowers from the Middle Eocene of Eckfeld (Eifel, Germany)— First results / H. Frankenhäuser, V. Wilde --- Pages 499-503 / Initial results on the importance of a flora from the Middle Eocene of Eckfeld (Eifel, W.-Germany) / V. Wilde, H. Frankenhäuser --- Pages 505-509 / International Maar Deep Drilling Project (MDDP) a challenge for earth sciences? / Jörg F. W. Negendank, Bernd Zolitschka

Description / Table of Contents: INTRODUCTION While the complex mechanical properties of rocks and soils are studied for quite a while, it is only in the last decades that sound established mathematical models were developed based on accurate experimental data. Some rheological properties of geomaterials as for instance creep, were studied for a long time but the experimental data reported were incomplete and, as a consequence, the models developed have missed either the generality necessary for the solving of engineering problems or some of the major specific mechanical properties possessed by these materials as for instance dilatancy and/or compressibility , long term damage etc. Generally, these very particular empirical models were made for a specific test only and therefore are not appropriate for solving problems involving general loading histories. Let us remind that due to the presence of a great number of cracks and/or pores existing in roks and soils, the mechanical behaviour of geomaterials is quite distinct from that of other materials as for instance metals or plastics. That is why rock and soil rheology has some specific aspects. It must also be mentioned that the solving of various problems of rock and soil mechanics posed by modern technology was not possible by using time-independent models, thus the study and development of rehological models become absolutely necessary. In the last decade or so, very accurate experimantal data became available as a result of the development of experimental techniques and of the growing interest for this field of research in the scientific community. These data, in turn, have made possible the development of genuine models for geomaterials, mainly rheological models, able to describe such properties as creep, dilatancy and/or compressibility during creep, long term damage and failure occurring after various time intervals, slip surface formation etc. Today it is clear that no accurate constitutive equation for rocks can be formulated unless the dilatancy phenomena and the time effects are not included. Another idea is the need of a better description of the concepts of damage and failure of rocks, again using in someway the concepts of irreversible dilatancy or another related notion. In soil rheology it is clear that the scale effect may be taken into consideration in order to obtain a corect information from the routine tests. Also in writing the constitutive equations for soils it is neccessary to take into account the microscopic or local phenomena, because there is a great variety of types of saturated or nonsaturated soils, granular or cohesionless soil etc. The aim of the Euromech Colloquium 196 devoted to Rock and Soil Rheology and therefore that of the present volume too, is to review some of the main results obtained in the last years in this field of research and also to formulate some of the major not yet solved problems which are now under consideration. Exchange of opinions and scientific discussions are quite helpful mainly in those areas where some approaches are controversial and the progress made is quite fast. That is especially true for the rheology of geomaterials, domain of great interest for mining and petroleum engineers, engineering geology, seismology, geophlsics, civil engineering, nuclear and industrial waste storage, geothermal energy storage, caverns for sports, culture, telecommunications, storage of goods and foodstuffs (cold, hot and refrigerated storages), underground oil and natural gas reservoirs etc. Some of the last obtained results are mentioned in the present volume...

Description / Table of Contents: PREFACE During the last few years, evaporites have increasingly been regarded as sediments and not only as chemical precipitates. Especially the intensive study of the Zechstein facies has resulted in a vast amount of observations and interpretations which are of general significance, offering important information to all sedimentologists interested in carbonates and evaporites. It seems therefore useful to introduce the sedimentological approach in a basin where various chemical concepts have been developed. This is the aim of the present volume, and this approach will be recognized by the reader in most of the chapters. The idea of publishing a collection of papers on the Zechstein facies and related rocks found an enthusiastic response, although later some contributors were, for various reasons, unable to meet the deadline. However, the papers submitted cover all major fields and will certainly stimulate further research...

Description / Table of Contents: PREFACE Seismic imaging is the process through which seismograms recorded on the Earth's surface are mapped into representations of its interior properties. Imaging methods are nowadays applied to a broad range of seismic observations: from nearsurface environmental studies, to oil and gas exploration, even to long-period earthquake seismology. The characteristic length scales of the features imaged by these techniques range over many orders of magnitude. Yet there is a common body of physical theory and mathematical techniques which underlies all these methods. The focus of this book is the imaging of reflection seismic data from controlled sources. At the frequencies typical of such experiments, the Earth is, to a first approximation, a vertically stratified medium. These stratifications have resulted from the slow, constant deposition of sediments, sands, ash, and so on. Due to compaction, erosion, change of sea level, and many other factors, the geologic, and hence elastic, character of these layers varies with depth and age. One has only to look at an exposed sedimentary cross section to be impressed by the fact that these changes can occur over such short distances that the properties themselves are effectively discontinuous relative to the seismic wavelength. These layers can vary in thickness from less than a meter to many hundreds of meters. As a result, when the Earth's surface is excited with some source of seismic energy and the response recorded on seismometers, we will see a complicated zoo of elastic wave types: reflections from the discontinuities in material properties, multiple reflections within the layers, guided waves, interface waves which propagate along the boundary between two different layers, surface waves which are exponentially attenuated with depth, waves which are refracted by continuous changes in material properties, and others. The character of these seismic waves allows seismologists to make inferences about the nature of the subsurface geology. Because of tectonic and other dynamic forces at work in the Earth, this first-order view of the subsurface geology as a layer cake must often be modified to take into account bent and fractured strata. Extreme deformations can occur in processes such as mountain building. Under the influence of great heat and stress, some rocks exhibit a taffy-like consistency and can be bent into exotic shapes without breaking, while others become severely fractured. In marine environments, less dense salt can be overlain by more dense sediments; as the salt rises under its own buoyancy, it pushes the overburden out of the way, severely deforming originally flat layers. Further, even on the relatively localized scale of exploration seismology, there may be significant lateral variations in material properties. For example, if we look at the sediments carried downstream by a river, it isclear that lighter particles will be carried further, while bigger ones will be deposited first; flows near the center of the channel will be faster than the flow on the verge. This gives rise to significant variation is the density and porosity of a given sedimentary formation as a function of just how the sediments were deposited. Taking all these effects into account, seismic waves propagating in the Earth will be refracted, reflected and diffracted. In order to be able to image the Earth, to see through the complicated distorting lens that its heterogeneous subsurface presents to us, in other words, to be able to solve the inverse scattering problem, we need to be able to undo all of these wave propagation effects. In a nutshell, that is the goal of imaging: to transform a suite of seismograms recorded at the surface of the Earth into a depth section, i.e., a spatial image of some property of the Earth (usually wave speed or impedance). There are two main types of spatial variations of the Earth's properties. There are the smooth changes (smooth meaning possessing spatial wavelengths which are long compared to seismic wavelengths) associated with processes such as compaction. These gradual variations cause ray paths to be gently turned or refracted. On the other hand, there are the sharp changes (short spatial wavelength), mostly in the vertical direction, which we associate with changes in lithology and, to a lesser extent, fracturing. These short wavelength features give rise to the reflections and diffractions we see on seismic sections. If the Earth were only smoothly varying, with no discontinuities, then we would not see any events at all in exploration seismology because the distances between the sources and receivers are not often large enough for rays to turn upward and be recorded. This means that to first order, reflection seismology is sensitive primarily to the short spatial wavelength features in the velocity model. We usually assume that we know the smoothly varying part of the velocity model (somehow) and use an imaging algorithm to find the discontinuities. The earliest forms of imaging involved moving, literally migrating, events around seismic time sections by manual or mechanical means. Later, these manual migration methods were replaced by computer-oriented methods which took into account, to varying degrees, the physics of wave propagation and scattering. It is now apparent that all accurate imaging methods can be viewed essentially as linearized inversions of the wave equation, whether in terms of Fourier integral operators or direct gradient-based optimization of a waveform misfit function. The implicit caveat hanging on the word "essentially" in the last sentence is this: people in the exploration community who practice migration are usually not able to obtain or preserve the true amplitudes of the data. As a result, attempts to interpret subtle changes in reflector strength, as opposed to reflector position, usually run afoul of one or more approximations made in the sequence of processing steps that makes up a migration (trace equalization, gaining, deconvolution, etc.) On the other hand, if we had true amplitude data, that is, if the samples recorded on the seismogram really were proportional to the velocity of the piece of Earth to which the geophone were attached, then we could make quantitative statements about how spatial variations in reflector strength are related to changes in geological properties. The distinction here is the distinction between imaging reflectors, on the one hand, and doing a true inverse problem for the subsurface properties on the other. Until quite recently the exploration community was exclusively concerned with the former, and today the word "migration" almost always refers to the imaging problem. The more sophisticated view of imaging as an inverse problem is gradually making its way into the production software of oil and gas exploration companies, since careful treatment of amplitudes is often crucial in making decisions on subtle lithologic plays (amplitude versus offset or AVO) and in resolving the chaotic wave propagation effects of complex structures. When studying migration methods, the student is faced with a bewildering assortment of algorithms, based upon diverse physical approximations. What sort of velocity model can be used: constant wave speed v? v(x), v(x, z), v(x, y, z)? Gentle dips? Steep dips? Shall we attempt to use turning or refracted rays? Take into account mode converted arrivals? 2D (two dimensions)? 3D? Prestack? Poststack? If poststack, how does one effect one-way wave propagation, given that stacking attenuates multiple reflections? What domain shall we use? Time-space? Time-wave number? Frequency-space? Frequency-wave number? Do we want to image the entire dataset or just some part of it? Are we just trying to refine a crude velocity model or are we attempting to resolve an important feature with high resolution? It is possible to imagine imaging algorithms that would work under the most demanding of these assumptions, but they would be highly inefficient when one of the simpler physical models pertains. And since all of these situations arise at one time or another, it is necessary to look at a variety of migration algorithms in daily use. Given the hundreds of papers that have been published in the past 15 years, to do a reasonably comprehensive job of presenting all the different imaging algorithms would require a book many times the length of this one. This was not my goal in any case. I have tried to emphasize the fundamental physical and mathematical ideas of imaging rather than the details of particular applications. I hope that rather than appearing as a disparate bag of tricks, seismic imaging will be seen as a coherent body of knowledge, much as optics is...

Description / Table of Contents: Part 1 / THE NATURE OF TROPOCHEMICAL CELL-TWINNING / Progress of study of known examples of homologous series based on the TCT mechanism --- Chapter 1 / INTRODUCTION / pp. 1-9 --- Chapter 2 / HETEROVALENT VACANCY-COUPLED SUBSTITUTION / pp. 11-13 --- Chapter 3 / HOMOLOGOUS SERIES IN THE PbS - Bi2S3 SYSTEM AND EXTENDED LILLIANITE HOMOLOGOUS SERIES / pp. 15-57 --- Chapter 4 / HOMOLOGOUS SERIES IN THE MnS - Y2S3 SYSTEM / pp. 59-62 --- Chapter 5 / THE ENSTATITE-IV HOMOLOGOUS SERIES, Me~x/3Mg~2/3Si(x-4)/3Ox or Me~x/3Li~4/3 Si(x-4)/3Ox,WITH Me = Mg, Sc and x = 88, 100, 112 or 124 / pp. 63-111 --- Chapter 6 / HOMOLOGOUS SERIES OF OXYBORATES RELATED TO PINAKIOLITE, (Mg, Mn2+, Fe3+) 1.9Mn3+O2[BO3] / pp. 113-159 --- Part II / NEW EXAMPLES OF HOMOLOGOUS SERIES / Based on the TCT mechanism --- Chapter 7 / THE PLAGIONITE HOMOLOGOUS SERIES, Pb3+2xSb8S15+2x, with x = 0, 1, 2, or 3 / pp. 161-213 --- Chapter 8 / HIGH- TEMPERATURE HOMOLOGOUS SERIES OF LEAD SULFANTIMONITES, xPbS·Sb2S3, WITH x = 2 or 3 / pp. 215-226 --- SUMMARY AND COMMENTS / pp. 227-231 --- APPENDICES --- 1. Contracted twins / pp. 233-234 --- 2. Characterization of distorted coordination polyhedra / pp. 235-251 --- 3. A collection of papers concerning new structure data of the crystalline phases cited or related to those in the text / pp. 253-314

Description / Table of Contents: Exciting developments in earthquake science have benefited from new observations, improved computational technologies, and improved modeling capabilities. Designing models of the earthquake generation process is a grand scientific challenge due to the complexity of phenomena and range of scales involved from microscopic to global. Such models provide powerful new tools for the study of earthquake precursory phenomena and the earthquake cycle. Through workshops, collaborations and publications, the APEC Cooperation for Earthquake Simulations (ACES) aims to develop realistic supercomputer simulation models for the complete earthquake generation process, thus providing a "virtual laboratory" to probe earthquake behavior. Part II of the book embraces dynamic rupture and wave propagation, computational environment and algorithms, data assimilation and understanding, and applications of models to earthquakes. This part also contains articles on the computational approaches and challenges of constructing earthquake models.

Description / Table of Contents: Plate tectonics has significantly broadened our view of the dynamics of continental evolution, involving both the processes currently active at the surface and those extending deep into the interior of the Earth. Seismic anisotropy provides some of the most diagnostic evidence for mapping past and present deformation of the entire crustmantle system. This volume contains papers presented originally at an international workshop at the Chateau of Trest in the Czech Republic in 1996. This workshop brought together geophysicists and geologists who work in the field of observational and theoretical seismology, mineral and rock physics, gravity studies and geodynamic modelling. Topics include large-scale anisotropy of the Earth's mantle, mantle heterogeneity vs. anisotropy 3-D velocity and density structures and inferences on mantle dynamics, mineral and rock physics studies, and mathematical aspects of complex wave propagation.

Description / Table of Contents: Geodynamics concerns the dynamics of the earth's global motion, of the earth's interior motion and its interaction with surface features, together with the mechanical processes in the deformation and rupture of geological structures. Its final object is to determine the driving mechanism of these motions. It is highly interdisciplinary. In providing the basic geological, geophysical infromation required for a comprehensive mechanical analysis, there are also many mechanical problems involved, which means the problem is coupled intricately with geophysics, rock mechanics, seismology, structural geology, etc. This is Part II of the Proceedings of an IUTAM/IASPEI Symposium on Mechanics Problems in Geodynamics held in Beijing, September 1994. It discusses different aspects of mechanics problems in geodynamics involving the earth's rotation, tectonic analyses of various parts of the world, mineral physics and flow in the mantle, seismic source studies and wave propagation and application of the DDA method in tectonic analysis.

Description / Table of Contents: This volume, "Air Quality", contains many original findings on biomasss fires, transboundary pollution and associated haze and their impacts on health, biodiversity and economy and thus is expected to be a source book for research in South East Asia. Many of the results presented in this volume pertain to this region and are thus available under one "roof". Some papers could be discussed in graduate level classes dealing with Air Pollution, Air Quality, Cloud Physics and Biophysics. The scientific community will find this book a useful addition to their personal and institutional libraries.

Description / Table of Contents: In many past and recent earthquakes it has been shown that the local conditions and, in particular, the local geology have a great influence on the observed seismic ground motion and, consequently, on the damage distribution in housing, industrial stock, and life-lines. Seismic microzoning is the usual procedure to have these local effects taken into account for engineering design and land-use planning, being a useful tool for earthquake risk mitigation. This volume presents a collection of papers mainly originated from a workshop on Seismic Microzoning, organized during the 23rd General Assembly of the European Geophysical Society (EGS) in Nice, France in April 1998. The workshop dealt with various geophysical tools for analysing the effects of the local soils of subsurface geology on seismic ground motion, namely the methods using experimental data such as microtremors, and the theoretical/numerical 1-D and 2-D modelling methods. Additional contributions discussing techniques for characterising soil properties, microzoning applications to several urban areas, and others were added to the volume to broaden this important topic.

Description / Table of Contents: The Beyond Kyoto conference in Aarhus March 2009 was organised in collaboration with other knowledge institutions, businesses and authorities. It brought together leading scientists, policy-makers, authorities, intergovernmental organisations, NGO's, business stakeholders and business organisations. The conference was a joint interdisciplinary project involving many academic areas and disciplines. These conference proceedings are organised in central and recurring themes that cut across many debates on climate change, the climatic challenges as well as the solutions. In the front there is a short presentation of the conference concept. Part I of the proceedings focuses on issues related to the society – covering climate policy, law, market based instruments, financial structure, behaviour and consumption, public participation, media communication and response from indigenous peoples etc. Part II of the proceedings concerns the scientific knowledge base on climate related issues – covering climate change processes per se, the potential impacts of projected climate change on biodiversity and adaptation possibilities, the interplay between climate, agriculture and biodiversity, emissions, agricultural systems, increasing pressure on the functioning of agriculture and natural areas, vulnerability to extreme weather events and risks in respect to sea-level rise etc...

Description / Table of Contents: Induced seismic events are of high scientific and economic significance. They are the result of human activities interacting with regional and local tectonics, changing the local crustal stress state by mining, extraction of rock masses, injection of fluids into the rock massif, and by changing the surface loading and pore pressure state near large reservoirs. Within Europe the study of induced seismic events has a long tradition and international scientific organizations have actively stimulated the co-operation in this field. During its General Assembly in September 1994, the European Seismological Society organized the symposium "Induced Seismic Events". The focus of this symposium was concentrated on induced events in central and eastern Europe, as well as in the former Soviet Union. The major contributions to the symposium, and also some Chinese, Canadian, and South African results are presented here. Case studies as well as data analyses and methodological studies are included. Seismologists and specialists working in the field of geohazard prevention will find much information in this volume that is pertinent to their work.

Description / Table of Contents: This volume contains twenty-five research papers on seismicity patterns, their interpretation and their possible relevance to learning how to predict earthquakes. The interpretation of seismicity patterns has become somewhat controversial. Some researchers present case histories suggesting that earthquakes may be predicted by increased seismic moment release or seismic quiescence and, in general, by understanding the processes of self-organized criticality. Others deny these hypotheses. Although the problem of recognizing foreshocks in real time remains unsolved, new properties of microearthquakes as a function of time are coming to light. Computer modeling of seismicity also is advancing in sophistication and relevance. Surprisingly, b-values seem to hold substantial information about varying local conditions of earthquake generation.

Description / Table of Contents: On September 1996, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT), prohibiting nuclear explosions worldwide, in all environments. The treaty calls for a global verification system, including a network of 321 monitoring stations distributed around the globe, a data communications network, an international data center (IDC), and on-site inspections to verify compliance. Seismic methods play the lead role in monitoring the CTBT. This volume concentrates on the measurement and use of surface waves in monitoring the CTBT. Surface waves have three principal applications in CTBT monitoring: to help discriminate nuclear explosions from other sources of seismic energy, to provide mathematical characterizations of the seismic energy that emanates from seismic sources, and to be used as data in inversion for the seismic velocity structure of the crust and uppermost mantle for locating small seismic events regionally. The papers in this volume fall into two general categories: the development and/or application of methods to summarize information in surface waves, and the use of these summaries to advance the art of surface-wave identification, measurement, and source characterization. These papers cut across essentially all of the major applications of surface waves to monitoring the CTBT. This volume therefore provides a general introduction to the state of research in this area and should be useful as a guide for further exploration.

Description / Table of Contents: Tsunamis like the Indian Ocean tsunami caused by the Sumatra-Andaman earthquake in 2004 or the Chilean earthquake in the Pacific Ocean in 1960 motivate international collaborations for the development of tsunami warning systems. Since 1960 the Tsunami Commission, established by the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, has been holding a biannual International Tsunami Symposium (ITS). This volume contains 20 contributions of leading scientists mostly presented at the 22nd International Tsunami Symposium held in summer 2005 in Greece. Consolidated findings based on hydrophone records, seismometer readings, and tide gauges are presented. Reports of post-tsunami surveys and numerical simulations for tsunamis such as the 2004 Indian Ocean event, as well as geological studies of tsunamis in Japan, Central and North America are given. Probabilistic tsunami hazard analysis and tsunami warning systems, among others, are described as are methods to predict tsunamis and mitigate their hazards.

Description / Table of Contents: Considerable progress has been made recently in quantifying geometrical and physical properties of fault surfaces and adjacent fractured and granulated damage zones in active faulting environments. There has also been significant progress in developing rheologies and computational frameworks that can model the dynamics of fault zone processes. This volume provides state-of-the-art theoretical and observational results on the mechanics, structure and evolution of fault zones. Subjects discussed include damage rheologies, development of instabilities, fracture and friction, dynamic rupture experiments, and analyses of earthquake and fault zone data.

Description / Table of Contents: Natural hazards events such as earthquakes or volcanic eruptions involve activation of coupled thermo-hydro-chemo-mechanical processes in rocks. The present book assembles unpublished contributions to the 7th Euro-Conference on Rock Physics and Geomechanics, held in 2007 in Erice, Italy. It presents new laboratory data, theoretical and numerical rock physics models and field observations relevant to the study of natural hazards. In particular, several papers are devoted to rock failure and explore the relationship between the competing deformation micro-mechanisms. Several others investigate shear-induced anisotropy of mechanical and/or transport properties, both in large-scale geologic objects and in laboratory samples. The remaining papers treat various aspects of rock physics and their industrial applications such as geothermics and reservoir characterization.

Description / Table of Contents: The special issue contains contributions presented at the international workshop Seismic waves in laterally inhomo- geneous media IV, which was held at the Castle of Trest, Czech Republic, May 22-27, 1995. The workshop, which was attended by about 100 seismologists from more than 10 countries, was devoted mainly to the current state of theoretical and computational means of study of seismic wave propagation in complex structures. The special issue can be of interest for theoretical, global and explorational seismologists. The first part contains papers dealing with the study and the use of various methods of solving forward and inverse problems in complicated structures. Among other methods, discrete-wave number method, the finite-difference method, the edge-wave supperposition method and the ray method are studied and used. Most papers contained in the second part are related to the ray method. The most important topics are two-point ray tracing, grid calculations of travel times and amplitudes and seismic wave propagation in anisotropic media.

Description / Table of Contents: This volume contains 18 papers from 8 countries dealing with different aspects of triggered and induced seismicity. In situ observations of the phenomenon include examples of seismicity due to reservoirs, hard-rock mines, coal mines, mine collapses, brine production caverns, fluid injections, and geothermal hot-dry-rock projects. High-frequency acoustic emission studies from laboratory experiments and hard-rock mines have also been reported. Besides providing case studies of previously unavailable observations of seismicity, the present volume contains investigations of the causes and source mechanism of seismic events, determination of source parameters, seismic hazard as related to the design of support systems for underground openings and procedures for closure of brine production caverns, and the use of seismic and non-destructive techniques in assessing rock damage, measuring dynamic elastic moduli and detecting discontinuities. This collection of papers provides an excellent indication of the state of the art, recent developments and outstanding challenges facing scientists and engineers in understanding the causes and alleviating the effects of induced seismicity.

Description / Table of Contents: Understanding the process underlying the origin of Earth magnetic field is one of the greatest challenges left to classical Physics. Geomagnetism, being the oldest Earth science, studies the Earth’s magnetic field in its broadest sense. The magnetic record left in rocks is studied in Paleomagnetism. Both fields have applications, pure and applied: in navigation, in the search for minerals and hydrocarbons, in dating rock sequences, and in unraveling past geologic movements such as plate motions they have contributed to a better understanding of the Earth. Consisting of more than 300 articles written by ca 200 leading experts, this authoritative reference encompasses the entire fields of Geomagnetism and Paleomagnetism in a single volume. It describes in fine detail at an assessable level the state of the current knowledge and provides an up-to-date synthesis of the most basic concepts. As such, it will be an indispensable working tool not only for geophysicists and geophysics students but also for geologists, physicists, atmospheric and environmental scientists, and engineers.

Description / Table of Contents: Understanding, modeling and prediction of mesoscale processes in the atmosphere, ocean and environmental systems have gained importance in the last decade or so. This is because of the availability of more sophisticated observational systems, provided by technological innovations and more realistic simulations using advanced dynamical models. This volume contains many original findings on mesoscale processes in atmospheric and oceanic systems through mathematical modeling, numerical simulations and field experiments. These scientific papers examine and provide the latest developments on a range of topics that include tropical cyclones/hurricanes, mesoscale variability and modeling, seasonal monsoons and land surface processes including atmospheric boundary layer.

Description / Table of Contents: The Hiroshi Wakita Volume II is a collection of original papers regarding the role of terrestrial fluids in earthquake and volcanic processes. The importance of monitoring volcanic gases for studying volcanic eruptions is widely recognized by the scientific community. On the other hand, the usefulness of hydrological and geochemical monitoring in earthquake studies, especially in earthquake prediction, has been controversial. This Pure and Applied Geophysics volume provides the results of recent studies on terrestrial fluids involved in both processes. The volume honors Hiroshi Wakita for his scientific contributions. It should be useful to researchers and graduate students in the field.

Description / Table of Contents: Terrestrial fluids, earthquakes and volcanoes: The Hiroshi Wakita volume III is a special publication to honor Professor Hiroshi Wakita for his scientific contribution to science, which has been closely linked with one of the major objectives of this 2008 International Year for the Earth Planet. Reducing natural risks in active tectonic and volcanic environments by searching and detecting early warning hydrological and geochemical signatures related to earthquakes and volcanic eruptions has been a major life research goal for Hiroshi Wakita. This third special issue of Pure and Applied Geophysics consists of 9 original papers written by researchers from Taiwan, Italy, Turkey, Iceland, USA, Sweden, India and Spain dealing with various aspects of the role of terrestrial fluids in earthquake and volcanic processes. It also includes a list of Hiroshi Wakita’s scientific publications. This volume III will be useful to students and professional researchers who are interested in the role of terrestrial fluids in earthquakes and volcanic activity.

Description / Table of Contents: This volume contains a collection of stratigraphic and diagenetic case studies of Mesozoic and Cenozoic carbonate sequences from the Tethyan realm. High levels of industry and academic interest in the region have generated numerous multi-disciplinary studies of these sequences, a selection of which are presented in this volume. The studies presented are based on both comprehensive subsurface datasets from important hydrocarbon-bearing strata of the Middle East and the excellent surface exposures in the region of interest. The studies presented in this volume may serve as suitable starting points in the development of age and architecture specific carbonate reference models. Such models can form the basis of internally consistent models for carbonate deposition, sequence development and reservoir performance. Ideally such models, suitably scaled, will be equally applicable to academic studies, the exploration and development phases of the field life cycle and in the prediction of future reservoir performance.

Description / Table of Contents: Disequilibrium textures versus equilibrium modelling: geochronology at the crossroads / Igor M. Villa / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 332, 1-15, 1 January 2010, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP332.1 --- Argon enters the retentive zone: reassessment of diffusion parameters for K-feldspar in the South Cyclades Shear Zone, Ios, Greece / M. A. Forster and G. S. Lister / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 332, 17-34, 1 January 2010, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP332.2 --- Serrated quartz grain boundaries, temperature and strain rate: testing fractal techniques in a syntectonic granite / Manish A. Mamtani and R. O. Greiling / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 332, 35-48, 1 January 2010, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP332.3 --- Microstructure and elastic anisotropy of naturally deformed leucogneiss from a shear zone in Montalto (southern Calabria, Italy) / Rosolino Cirrincione, Eugenio Fazio, Renée Heilbronner, Hartmut Kern, Kurt Mengel, Gaetano Ortolano, Antonino Pezzino and Rosalda Punturo / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 332, 49-68, 1 January 2010, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP332.4 --- Geometry of intercrystalline brine in plastically deforming halite rocks: inference from electrical resistivity / Tohru Watanabe / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 332, 69-78, 1 January 2010, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP332.5 --- Brittle plus plastic deformation of gypsum aggregates experimentally deformed in torsion to high strains: quantitative microstructural and texture analysis from optical and diffraction data / M. Zucali, V. Barberini, D. Chateigner, B. Ouladdiaf and L. Lutterotti / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 332, 79-98, 1 January 2010, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP332.6 --- Numerical modelling of spontaneous slab breakoff dynamics during continental collision / Cyrill Baumann, Taras V. Gerya and James A. D. Connolly / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 332, 99-114, 1 January 2010, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP332.7 --- Present-day vertical isostatic readjustment of the Western Alps revealed by numerical modelling and geodetic and seismotectonic data / Annalisa Gardi, Stéphane Baize and Oona Scotti / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 332, 115-128, 1 January 2010, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP332.8 --- Block model versus thermomechanical model: new insights on the present-day regional deformation in the surroundings of the Calabrian Arc / Raffaele Splendore, Anna Maria Marotta, Riccardo Barzaghi, Alessandra Borghi and Letizia Cannizzaro / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 332, 129-147, 1 January 2010, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP332.9 --- The role of mantle hydration in continental crust recycling in the wedge region / Marco Meda, Anna Maria Marotta and Maria Iole Spalla / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 332, 149-172, 1 January 2010, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP332.10 --- Three-dimensional evaluation of fabric evolution and metamorphic reaction progress in polycyclic and polymetamorphic terrains: a case from the Central Italian Alps / Francesca Salvi, Maria Iole Spalla, Michele Zucali and Guido Gosso / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 332, 173-187, 1 January 2010, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP332.11 --- The interaction of deformation and metamorphic reactions / Bruce E. Hobbs, Alison Ord, Maria Iole Spalla, Guido Gosso and Michele Zucali / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 332, 189-223, 1 January 2010, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP332.12

Description / Table of Contents: The Palaeoproterozoic era (2500–1600 Ma) was a critical period of Earth history, with dynamic evolution from the deep planetary interior to its surface environment. Several lines of geological evidence suggest the existence of at least one pre-Rodinia supercontinent, named Nuna or Columbia, which formed near the end of Palaeoproterozoic time. Prior to this assembly, there may have been an older supercontinent (Kenorland) or perhaps only independently drifting supercratons. The tectonic records of amalgamation and dispersal of these ancient landmasses provide a framework that links processes of the deep Earth with those of its fluid envelope. The sixteen papers in this volume present reviews and new analytical data that span the geological record of Palaeoproterozoic Earth and provide a current picture of Palaeoproterozoic research. The volume provides a useful reference book for students and professional geoscientists interested in this important period of global evolution.

Description / Table of Contents: Increasingly, researchers have reported that passive margins do not show a simple uninterrupted thermal sag pattern of post-rift subsidence following continental separation. Rather, the structural and stratigraphic development of such margins may record evidence of complex phases of differential subsidence, exhumation and fold development. Some of the fold structures observed on passive continental margins appear to be related to regional stresses transmitted through basement rocks, whereas others are related to gravitational sliding and toe-thrusting. This special publication concentrates on the first of these categories. The morphology and distribution of such folds, together with potential mechanisms for generation of regional stress, are described in a series of papers by authorities in the field. As well as being an enigmatic feature of passive margin geology, the compressive folds have significance in the exploration for petroleum.

Description / Table of Contents: Volcanoes become active when fluids are in motion, and erupt when these fluids escape into the atmosphere. Volcanic fluids are a mixture of solid, liquid and gas. These mixtures result in a complex range of flow behaviour, especially during interaction with conduit geometry. These processes are not directly observable and must be inferred from interpretations of field observation and measurement. One of the outcomes of this complexity is the generation of pressure and force transients as high-density phases accelerate and decelerate during unsteady flow. These transients are one means of flexing the conduit wall, a process that manifests itself as ground motion and is detectable as volcano seismic signals. On eruption, volcanic fluids interact with the atmosphere and generate acoustic and thermal signals. In this Special Publication we present a series of papers based on field, numerical and experimental approaches that seek to establish links between geophysical signals and fluid motion in volcanic conduits.

Description / Table of Contents: This book deals with various interesting aspects of the histories of geomorphology and Quaternary geology in different parts of the world. The papers cover a range of topics: the origin of the term ‘Quaternary’, histories of ideas and debates relating to aspects of fluvial geomorphology (USA and Australia), glacial geomorphology and glaciation (Northern Europe, the Baltic countries, Russia, Iceland, and New Zealand), desert dunes and the geology of Australia, peneplains in China, a palaeo-Tokyo Bay in Japan, together with biographies of Charles Cotton (New Zealand), Valerija Cepulyte (Lithuania) and Ceslovas Pakuckas (Lithuania and Poland) that highlight their respective contributions to the disciplines of geomorphology and Quaternary geology. There is an autobiographical contribution from E. E. Milanovsky (Russia) on his work in Siberia, the Caucasus and Iceland, illustrated by his sketches made in the field.

Description / Table of Contents: Faults are primary focuses of both fluid migration and deformation in the upper crust. The recognition that faults are typically heterogeneous zones of deformed material, not simple discrete fractures, has fundamental implications for the way geoscientists predict fluid migration in fault zones, as well as leading to new concepts in understanding seismic/aseismic strain accommodation. This book captures current research into understanding the complexities of fault-zone internal structure, and their control on mechanical and fluid-flow properties of the upper crust. A wide variety of approaches are presented, from geological field studies and laboratory analyses of fault-zone and fault-rock properties to numerical fluid-flow modelling, and from seismological data analyses to coupled hydraulic and rheological modelling. The publication aims to illustrate the importance of understanding fault-zone complexity by integrating such diverse approaches, and its impact on the rheological and fluid-flow behaviour of fault zones in different contexts.

Description / Table of Contents: Periglacial and paraglacial environments, located outside ice sheet margins but responding to similar climate forcings, are key to identifying climate change effects upon the Earth system. These environments are relicts of cold Earth processes and so are most sensitive to global warming. Changes in the distribution and thickness of permafrost in continental interiors have implications for ecosystem and landscape stability. Periglacial Alpine environments are experiencing increased rockfall and mass movement, leading to rock glacier instability and sediment release to downstream rivers. In turn, these landscape effects impact on natural hazards and human activities in these sensitive and geologically transient environments. Papers in this volume explore some of these interrelated issues in field studies from Europe, North America and Asia. The volume will be of interest to geomorphologists, modellers, environmental managers, planners and engineers working on landscape, climate and environmental change in periglacial and paraglacial areas.

Description / Table of Contents: The complexity of plate interactions and associated crustal deformation in the Eastern Mediterranean region is reflected by the numerous destructive earthquakes that have occurred throughout its history. Many of these have been well documented and studied. In addition, the Aegean region provides examples of core-complex formation, synchronous basin evolution and subsequent graben formation and continental extensional deformation following orogenic contraction. It is therefore considered to be a perfect natural laboratory for the study of these mechanisms. The region has been the subject of intensive research for several decades. This book contains current results and ideas regarding the geodynamics of the Aegean and Anatolia. It will be essential reading for all geoscientists with an interest in the structural evolution of the Eastern Mediterranean.

Description / Table of Contents: There is a general consensus that for the next few decades at least, the Earth will continue its warming. This will inevitably bring about serious environmental problems. For human society, the most severe will be those related to alterations of the hydrological cycle, which is already heavily influenced by human activities. Climate change will directly affect groundwater recharge, groundwater quality and the freshwater-seawater interface. The variations of groundwater storage inevitably entail a variety of geomorphological and engineering effects. In the areas where water resources are likely to diminish, groundwater will be one of the main solutions to prevent drought. In spite of its paramount importance, the issue of ‘Climate Change and Groundwater’ has been neglected. This volume presents some of the current understanding of the topic.

Description / Table of Contents: This book is an exploration of varying approaches to the study of the deposition, diagenesis and stratigraphy of evaporites. The volume includes papers from chemical modellers, who work on the basis of geochemical representations of the formative water bodies, and from basin-wide depositional-stratigraphical modellers, who propose depositional scenarios that are fitted to individual basinal pictures. Until now there have been only a few studies of evaporite formation that explain the characteristic features we observe in the real rock record. This volume is a collection of relevant papers in which these features are integrated in a realistic manner, based on our new understanding of saline water bodies, to the diverse tectonic, chemical and depositional constraints of their individual basins. In additional there are several review articles that offer oversight and extensive referencing of basins worthy of further study. This book is a valuable resource for sedimentologists and stratigraphers looking for an up-to-date reference on evaporite deposits.

Description / Table of Contents: Im Rahmen der 74. Jahrestagung der Paläontologischen Gesellschaft, die 2004 zum vierten Mal in Göttingen stattfand, wurden sechs Exkursionen in die nähere Umgebung Göttingens durchgeführt sowie Workshops zu Geo-Histologie, Öffentlichkeitsarbeit und Ostrakoden angeboten. Der vorliegende Exkursionsführer und Workshop-Begleiter ist mit zahlreichen Abbildungen und Farbseiten ausgestattet. Er bietet zur regionalen Geowissenschaft Niedersachsens und zu den genannten Workshop-Themen aktuelle und fundierte Informationen.

Description / Table of Contents: Non-marine Late Palaeozoic and Mesozoic formations are widespread in mainland SE Asia. Although the first reports on fossils from some of these formations were published as early as the 1890s, it is only since 1980 that floras and faunas from the Permian, Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous of SE Asia have received the attention they deserve. Fieldwork in various parts of Thailand and Laos has revealed a succession of fossil assemblages that now allows a reconstruction of the evolution of continental ecosystems in that part of the world during the Late Palaeozoic and the Mesozoic. The first papers in this book present the geological background of these floral and faunal successions, as well as historical aspects of their discovery. Descriptions of new taxa and review papers deal with plants, sharks, bony fishes, turtles, crocodilians, dinosaurs and mammal-like reptiles. Papers about the Mesozoic palaeobiogeography, environments and climates of Asia conclude the volume.

Description / Table of Contents: The Devonian was a critical period with respect to the diversification of early terrestrial ecosystems. The geotectonic setting was characterized by the switch from the post-Caledonian to the pre-Variscan situation. Plant life on land evolved from tiny tracheophytes to trees of considerable size in combination with a global increase in terrestrial biomass, and vertebrates started to conquer the land. Extensive shallow-marine areas and continental lowlands with a wide range of different habitats existed. These are preserved in a large number of basins all around the world. Climate change finally led from greenhouse to icehouse conditions towards the end of the Devonian. Rapid evolution of terrestrial ecosystems and climate change had a pronounced influence on sedimentation and biodiversity, not only in the terrestrial, but also in the marine realm. This volume contains case studies from Australia, China, Europe, South America and North America, and individual palaeoecosystems and their components have been investigated in different palaeogeographic settings that contribute to a much better understanding of the Devonian Period. This is a contribution to the IGCP 499 project on "Devonian land-sea interaction: evolution of ecosystems and climate".

Description / Table of Contents: Underground gas storage: An introduction and UK perspective / D. J. Evans and R. A. Chadwick / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 313, 1-11, 26 May 2009, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP313.1 --- The importance of gas storage to the UK: The DECC perspective / J. Havard and R. French / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 313, 13-15, 26 May 2009, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP313.2 --- Gas storage: An onshore operator's perspective / A. Fernando and A. Raman / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 313, 17-24, 26 May 2009, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP313.3 --- Underground gas storage: Why and how / Hans Plaat / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 313, 25-37, 26 May 2009, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP313.4 --- A review of onshore UK salt deposits and their potential for underground gas storage / D. J. Evans and S. Holloway / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 313, 39-80, 26 May 2009, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP313.5 --- Environmental and safety monitoring of the natural gas underground storage at Stenlille, Denmark / T. Laier and H. Øbro / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 313, 81-92, 26 May 2009, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP313.6 --- Design of salt caverns for the storage of natural gas, crude oil and compressed air: Geomechanical aspects of construction, operation and abandonment / K.-H. Lux / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 313, 93-128, 26 May 2009, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP313.7 --- New procedure for tightness tests (MIT) of salt cavern storage wells: Continuous high accuracy determination of relevant parameters, without the need to use radioactive tools / Hartmut Von Tryller, Andreas Reitze and Fritz Crotogino / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 313, 129-137, 26 May 2009, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP313.8 --- Environmental issues in permitting gas storage: The Wild Goose case history / Laurie McClenahan Hietter / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 313, 139-148, 26 May 2009, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP313.9 --- Underground gas storage project at Welton oilfield, Lincolnshire: Local perspectives and responses to planning, environmental and community safety issues / Meg Davidson / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 313, 149-161, 26 May 2009, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP313.10 --- Well integrity: An overlooked source of risk and liability for underground natural gas storage. Lessons learned from incidents in the USA / Brent Miyazaki / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 313, 163-172, 26 May 2009, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP313.11 --- A review of underground fuel storage events and putting risk into perspective with other areas of the energy supply chain / D. J. Evans / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 313, 173-216, 26 May 2009, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP313.12 --- Underground hydrogen storage in the UK / Howard B. J. Stone, Ivo Veldhuis and R. Neil Richardson / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 313, 217-226, 26 May 2009, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP313.13 --- Subsurface characterization and geological monitoring of the CO2 injection operation at Weyburn, Saskatchewan, Canada / James B. Riding and Christopher A. Rochelle / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 313, 227-256, 26 May 2009, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP313.14 --- Review of monitoring issues and technologies associated with the long-term underground storage of carbon dioxide / R. A. Chadwick, R. Arts, M. Bentham, O. Eiken, S. Holloway, G. A. Kirby, J. M. Pearce, J. P. Williamson and P. Zweigel / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 313, 257-275, 26 May 2009, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP313.15

Description / Table of Contents: PREFACE There can be little doubt that estuarine, coastal and shelf circulation modeling will assume increasing importance in the immediate future, as we work through the implications of industrialization for oceanic systems. These issues will place new and serious operational demands on available models, and the rapid increase in computational power we now enjoy makes it possible to respond with detailed simulations in many categories. As a result, we are witnessing an explosive growth in the quantity of model-generated information. Lacking, however, is a concomitant increase in its quality or even in quality control procedures. A single simulation exercise is easily capable of generating gigabytes of output in a matter of hours. Most of the data will necessarily go unexamined by its progenitors. Yet it is highly likely that disks full of simulation output will be used extensively as learning tools for students and researchers, as criteria for engineering design, as a basis for operational decision-making, and in the formulation of public policy. The purpose of this volume is to assemble and present what is known about the intrinsic quality of simulation output: its "correctness" for various purposes. We have operated on the twin premises that (1) every simulation has some intrinsic value and (2) every simulation has serious drawbacks. Between these two extremes lies a vast gulf of uncertainty and potential error, which must be bridged in a professional way if modeling is to achieve its potential in the coastal ocean. This is the basic challenge put to the authors of this volume. Essentially we seek to describe and consolidate approaches, theories, and practices for extracting information from models, and to understand the limits of their proper use. We have focused on quantitative approaches to the problem, from diverse physical and mathematical perspectives. Rather than pursuing abstract, philosophical analyses, we have sought contributions reflecting contemporary practice in government, academic, engineering, and research units where frontier model development is taking place. In a similar spirit, we have avoided imposing linguistic norms among authors, which we view as unproductive at this time. Instead, we have let the authors describe their approaches to this multi-faceted problem in their own terms, subject only to standards of clarity of expression. We are especially pleased to have balanced representation from European and North American authors. This volume was initially conceived at an informal workshop in Brussels, convened by our great friend and colleague, the late Bruno M. Jamart. That event first brought several of the contributing authors together over the skill assessment theme, and seeded a mutual vision of the present work. Bruno's energy, insight, integrity, collegiality, and boundless spirit has been an inspiration to all who knew and worked with him. His untimely death in 1990 represents a great loss which is deeply and widely felt. In his memory we dedicate this volume, a humble memorial to a great spirit and friend.

Description / Table of Contents: Reservoir compartmentalization - the segregation of a petroleum accumulation into a number of individual fluid/pressure compartments - controls the volume of moveable oil or gas that might be connected to any given well drilled in a field, and consequently impacts ‘booking’ of reserves and operational profitability. This is a general feature of modern exploration and production portfolios, and has driven major developments in geoscience, engineering and related technology. Given that compartmentalization is a consequence of many factors, an integrated subsurface approach is required to better understand and predict compartmentalization behaviour, and to minimize the risk of it occurring unexpectedly. This volume reviews our current understanding and ability to model compartmentalization. It highlights the necessity for effective specialist discipline integration, and the value of learning from operational experience in: detection and monitoring of compartmentalization; stratigraphic and mixed-mode compartmentalization; and fault-dominated compartmentalization.

Description / Table of Contents: Introduction: Australian geomorphology into the 21st century / Paul Bishop and Brad Pillans / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 346, 1-6, 1 January 2010, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP346.1 --- A theory (involving tropical cyclones) on the formation of coarse-grained sand beach ridges in NE Australia / Jonathan Nott / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 346, 7-22, 1 January 2010, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP346.2 --- Sheltered sandy beaches of southwestern Australia / A. Travers, M. J. Eliot, I. G. Eliot and M. Jendrzejczak / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 346, 23-42, 1 January 2010, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP346.3 --- Are the Murray Canyons offshore southern Australia still active for sediment transport? / S. Schmidt, P. De Deckker, H. Etcheber and S. Caradec / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 346, 43-55, 1 January 2010, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP346.4 --- East Australian marine abrasion surface / Bruce G. Thom, Jock B. Keene, Peter J. Cowell and Marc Daley / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 346, 57-69, 1 January 2010, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP346.5 --- Geoarchaeology in Australia: understanding human-environment interactions / Simon J. Holdaway and Patricia C. Fanning / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 346, 71-85, 1 January 2010, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP346.6 --- Ecogeomorphology in the Australian drylands and the role of biota in mediating the effects of climate change on landscape processes and evolution / David Dunkerley / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 346, 87-120, 1 January 2010, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP346.7 --- History of Australian aridity: chronology in the evolution of arid landscapes / Toshiyuki Fujioka and John Chappell / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 346, 121-139, 1 January 2010, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP346.8 --- The Australian desert dunefields: formation and evolution in an old, flat, dry continent / Paul P. Hesse / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 346, 141-164, 1 January 2010, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP346.9 --- Advances in Quaternary studies in Tasmania / Eric A. Colhoun, Kevin Kiernan, Timothy T. Barrows and Albert Goede / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 346, 165-183, 1 January 2010, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP346.10 --- ‘Of droughts and flooding rains’: an alluvial loess record from central South Australia spanning the last glacial cycle / David Haberlah, Peter Glasby, Martin A. J. Williams, Steven M. Hill, Frances Williams, Edward J. Rhodes, Victor Gostin, Anthony O'Flaherty and Geraldine E. Jacobsen / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 346, 185-223, 1 January 2010, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP346.11 --- Eroding Australia: rates and processes from Bega Valley to Arnhem Land / Arjun M. Heimsath, John Chappell and Keith Fifield / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 346, 225-241, 1 January 2010, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP346.12 --- Tectonic geomorphology of Australia / Mark C. Quigley, Dan Clark and Mike Sandiford / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 346, 243-265, 1 January 2010, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP346.13 --- Lithology and the evolution of bedrock rivers in post-orogenic settings: constraints from the high-elevation passive continental margin of SE Australia / Paul Bishop and Geoff Goldrick / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 346, 267-287, 1 January 2010, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP346.14 --- Rethinking eastern Australian caves / R. A. L. Osborne / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 346, 289-308, 1 January 2010, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP346.15 --- Oxygen-isotope dating the Yilgarn regolith / Allan. R. Chivas and Julius. R. Atlhopheng / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 346, 309-320, 1 January 2010, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP346.16

Description / Table of Contents: Faults are primary focuses of both fluid migration and deformation in the upper crust. The recognition that faults are typically heterogeneous zones of deformed material, not simple discrete fractures, has fundamental implications for the way geoscientists predict fluid migration in fault zones, as well as leading to new concepts in understanding seismic/aseismic strain accommodation. This book captures current research into understanding the complexities of fault-zone internal structure, and their control on mechanical and fluid-flow properties of the upper crust. A wide variety of approaches are presented, from geological field studies and laboratory analyses of fault-zone and fault-rock properties to numerical fluid-flow modelling, and from seismological data analyses to coupled hydraulic and rheological modelling. The publication aims to illustrate the importance of understanding fault-zone complexity by integrating such diverse approaches, and its impact on the rheological and fluid-flow behaviour of fault zones in different contexts.

Description / Table of Contents: Twenty years have passed since Menzies & Hawkesworth extended the concept of metasomatism to mantle processes. The aim of this book is to gather together progress made on this topic since then. Most of the 14 papers reported in the volume rely on in situ major and trace element analyses of minerals and glasses in mantle xenoliths, and deal with different kinds of metasomatic agents at variable fluid/rock ratios in tectonic settings as different as intra-plate, mid-ocean ridge (ophiolites) and supra-subduction. The book contributes to the wide debate on the nature of the fluids migrating into the mantle wedge, as well as on the different residential times of the subduction signature. In addition papers on intra-plate settings deal with the problem of relating various metasomatic signatures to one single metasomatic event through an infiltration-reaction process.

Description / Table of Contents: The many kinds of porous geomaterials (rocks, soils, concrete, etc.) exhibit a range of responses when undergoing inelastic deformation. In doing so they commonly develop well-ordered fabric elements, forming fractures, shear bands and compaction bands, so creating the planar fabrics that are regarded as localization. Because these induced localization fabrics alter the bulk material properties (such as permeability, acoustic characteristics and strength), it is important to understand how and why localization occurs, and how it relates to its setting. The concept of damage (in several uses) describes both the precursor to localization and the context within which it occurs. A key theme is that geomaterials display a strong material evolution during deformation, revealing a close linkage between the damage and localization processes. This volume assembles perspectives from a number of disciplines, including soil mechanics, rock mechanics, structural geology, seismic anisotropy and reservoir engineering. The papers range from theoretical to observational, and include contributions showing how the deformed geomaterials emergent bulk characteristics, like permeability and seismic anisotropy, can be predicted. This book will be of interest to a wide range of geoscientists and engineers who deal with characterization of deformed materials.

Description / Table of Contents: The dangers that we face from geohazards appear to be getting worse, especially with the impact of increasing population and global climate change. This collection of papers illustrates how remote sensing technologies - measuring, mapping and monitoring the Earth's surface from aircraft or satellites - can help us to rapidly detect and better manage geohazards. The hazardous terrains examined include areas of landslides, flooding, erosion, contaminated land, shrink-swell clays, subsidence, seismic activity and volcanic landforms. Key aspects of remote sensing are introduced, making this a book that can easily be read by those who are unfamiliar with remote sensing. The featured remote sensing systems include aerial photography and photogrammetry, thermal scanning, hyperspectral sensors, airborne laser altimetry (LiDAR), radar interferometry and multispectral satellites (Landsat, ASTER). Related technologies and methodogies, such as the processing of Digital Elevation Models and data analysis using Geographical Information Systems, are also discussed.

Description / Table of Contents: Marine sediment cores are the fundamental data source for information on seabed character, depositional history and environmental change. They provide raw data for a wide range of research including studies of climate change, palaeoceanography, slope stability, oil exploration, pollution assessment and control, seafloor survey for laying cables, pipelines and construction of seafloor structures. During the last three decades, a varied suite of new technologies have been developed to analyse cores, often non-destructively, to produce high-quality, closely spaced, co-located downcore measurements. These techniques can characterize sediment physical properties, geochemistry and composition in unprecedented detail. Palaeoenvironmentally significant proxies can now be logged at decadal, and in some cases, annual or sub-annual scales, allowing highly detailed insights into climatic history and associated environmental change. These advances have had a profound effect on many aspects of the Earth Sciences and our understanding of the Earth's history. In this volume, recent advances in analytical and logging technology and their application to the analysis of sediment cores are presented. Developments in providing access to core data and associated datasets, and advances in data mining technology in order to integrate and interpret new and legacy datasets within the wider context of seafloor studies are also discussed.

Description / Table of Contents: Elevation data are a critical element in most geoscience applications. From geological mapping to modelling Earth systems and processes geologists need to understand the shape of the Earth's surface. Vast amounts of digital elevation data exist, from large-scale global to smaller scale regional datasets, and many datasets have been merged to improve scale and accuracy. For each application, decisions are made on which elevation data to use driven by cost, resolution and accuracy. This publication shows the current status of available digital elevation data and illustrates the key applications. The types of data assessed include: ASTER stereo satellite imagery, Shuttle Radar Topographic Mapping data, airborne laser and radar such as NEXTMap, and Multibeam Bathymetry. Applications covered include: glacial deposits, landslides, coastal erosion and other geological hazards. Technical issues discussed include: accuracy analysis, derived product creation, software comparisons and copyright considerations. This volume is a comprehensive look at elevation models for geoscience.

Description / Table of Contents: Following the late Neoproterozoic – early Cambrian breakup of the supercontinent Rodinia, Gondwana evolved as one of the principal continental masses on Earth, embracing most of South America, Africa, Australasia, Antarctica, much of western Europe and parts of Asia. Around its margins were various other terranes that had varying tectonic and biogeographical affinities with the main continental block. This book incorporates a series of reviews and multidisciplinary research papers that together explore the tectonic, palaeogeographical and palaeobiogeographical evolution of the elements that made up the peri-Gondwanan collage. The stratigraphical scope of the coverage embraces the late Precambrian through early Devonian, providing a comprehensive overview of structural, stratigraphical and biological evolution through this significant interval of Earth history. Integration of these various processes throughout the volume will be of broad-based interest to a wide range of geoscientists.

Description / Table of Contents: This book presents a collection of papers that combines marine and terrestrial geological investigations valuable to hazard assessment in rocky coastal areas, including examples mostly coming from the Italian coasts. The hazardous processes that are discussed include: large slope failures, cliff recession and floods of steep coastal streams. It is assumed that coastal slopes operate as transfer zones of land-born geological processes, which deliver sediment to the coastal and open sea at intermittent time intervals, and therefore place coastal communities that are exposed or vulnerable to these events at high risk. Rocky coastal areas can be associated with regions of active or recent tectonics/volcanic activity, or can develop as low-relief cliffs along non-active margins. In all these settings, mass-wasting phenomena represent the most serious hazardous processes, and there is a need to characterize and model the factors causing them. It is stressed that proper comprehension of coastal mass-wasting hazard has to include shipboard acoustic surveys, historical source investigations and onshore geological features.

Description / Table of Contents: Despite agreement on first-order features and mechanisms, critical aspects of the origin and evolution of the Tibetan Plateau, such as the exact timing and nature of collision, the initiation of plateau uplift, and the evolution of its height and width, are disputed, untested or unknown. This book gathers papers dealing with the growth and collapse of the Tibetan Plateau. The timing, the underlying mechanisms, their interactions and the induced surface shaping, contributing to the Tibetan Plateau evolution are tightly linked via coupled and feedback processes. We present interdisciplinary contributions allowing insight into the complex interactions between lithospheric dynamics, topography building, erosion, hydrological processes and atmospheric coupling. The book is structured in four parts: early processes in the plateau formation; recent growth of the Tibetan Plateau; mechanisms of plateau growth; and plateau uplift, surface processes and the monsoon.

Description / Table of Contents: Restraining and releasing bends are common, but enigmatic features of strike-slip fault systems occurring in all crustal environments and at regional to microscopic scales of observation. Regional-scale restraining bends are sites of mountain building, transpressional deformation and basement exhumation, whereas releasing bends are sites of topographic subsidence, transtensional deformation, basin sedimentation and possible volcanism and economic mineralization. Because restraining and releasing bends often occur as singular self-contained domains of complex deformation, they are appealing natural laboratories for Earth scientists to study fault processes, earthquake seismology, active faulting and sedimentation, fault and fluid-flow relationships, links between tectonics and topography, tectonic and erosional controls on exhumation, and tectonic geomorphology. This volume addresses the tectonic complexity and diversity of strike-slip restraining and releasing bends with 18 contributions divided into four thematic sections: (1) a topical review of fault bends and their global distribution; (2) bends, sedimentary basins and earthquake hazards; (3) restraining bends, transpressional deformation and basement controls on development; (4) releasing bends, transtensional deformation and fluid flow.

Description / Table of Contents: Fjords are glacially over-deepened, semi-enclosed marine basins, but are often neglected as a sedimentary realm. They represent the transition from the terrestrial to the marine environment and as such have the potential to preserve evidence of environmental change. Typically most fjords have been glaciated a number of times and some high-latitude fjords still possess a resident glacier. The stratigraphic record in fjords largely preserves a glacial–deglacial cycle of deposition. Sheltered water and high sedimentation rates potentially make fjords ideal depositional environments for preserving continuous records of climate and environmental change with high temporal resolution. Fjords are also referred to as miniature oceans providing the unique opportunity to study marine processes in great detail. With predictions of warming climates, changing ocean circulation and rising sea levels, this volume is a timely look at these environmentally sensitive coastlines.

Description / Table of Contents: Die Region - mit den markanten Erhebungen des Hohen Meißners und des Thüringer Waldes - stellt geologisch und bergbaugeschichtlich einen Teil der deutschen Mittelgebirge dar, der Fachleute sowie Amateure und Naturfreunde gleichermaßen fasziniert. Die vorliegende Bibliographie versucht erstmals länderübergreifend die umfangreiche Fachliteratur der Dreiländer-Region zu erschließen. Dabei wurden sowohl fachwissenschaftliche als auch heimatkundliche Publikationen und unveröffentlichtes Material berücksichtigt.

Description / Table of Contents: Twenty-four years have elapsed since the publication of Halbouty’s AAPG Memoir of 1982, The Deliberate Search for the Subtle Trap. Since then, the technologies employed in hydrocarbon exploration have become extraordinarily sophisticated, yet current exploration for stratigraphic traps is to some extent restricted to areas where seismic data simplifies exploration by allowing direct inference of fluid fill and reservoir development. This Special Publication draws upon contributions that examine current industry perceptions of stratigraphic trap exploration and the technologies, tools and philosophies employed in such exploration, given the changing industry environment. This book contains a collection of papers examining a number of themes related to exploration for stratigraphic traps, ranging from play and risk assessment, through regional assessments of stratigraphic trapping potential, specific exploration programmes targeted at stratigraphic traps to specific working traps and plays where stratigraphic trapping is prevalent.

Description / Table of Contents: Der vorliegende Band enthält eine Sammlung von Arbeiten, die sich mit unterschiedlichen Aspekten der geologischen Entwicklung des Leinetalgrabens und seines strukturellen Rahmens befassen. Grundlage stellen neue und ältere, bislang nicht veröffentlichte Ergebnisse dar, die teilweise im Rahmen von geowissenschaftlichen Examensarbeiten erbracht wurden. Diese häufig in Archiven „versteckten“ Daten sollen hiermit interessierten Fachleuten aber auch geologisch interessierten Laien zugänglich gemacht werden. Herausgeber ist die GeothermieGruppeGöttingen (GGG), in der GeowissenschaftlerInnen aus verschiedenen Abteilungen des Geowissenschaftlichen Zentrums der Georg-August-Universität Göttingen (GZG) tätig sind. Aktuelles Forschungsziel der GGG ist, ein dreidimensionales Strukturmodell für die Region Göttingen mit dem Leinetalgraben als zentrale Struktur zu erstellen, das als Grundlage für eine anwendungsbezogene Bewertung geothermischer Potentiale dienen soll.

Description / Table of Contents: This book provides an overview of the principal environments, main processes and manifestations of hypogenic speleogenesis, and refines the relevant conceptual framework. It consolidates the notion of hypogenic karst as one of the two major types of karst systems (the other being epigenetic karst). Karst is viewed in the context of regional groundwater flow systems, which provide the systematic transport and distribution mechanisms needed to produce and maintain the disequilibrium conditions necessary for speleogenesis. Hypogenic and epigenic karst systems are regularly associated with different types, patterns and segments of flow systems, characterized by distinct hydrokinetic, chemical and thermal conditions. Epigenic karst systems are predominantly local systems, and/or parts of recharge segments of intermediate and regional systems. Hypogenic karst is associated with discharge regimes of regional or intermediate flow systems. Various styles of hypogenic caves that were previously considered unrelated, specific either to certain lithologies or chemical mechanisms are shown to share common hydrogeologic genetic backgrounds. In contrast to the currently predominant view of hypogenic speleogenesis as a specific geochemical phenomenon, the broad hydrogeological approach is adopted in the book. Hypogenic speleogenesis is defined with reference to the source of fluid recharge to the cave-forming zone, and type of flow system. It is shown that confined settings are the principal hydrogeologic environment for hypogenic speleogenesis. However, there is a general evolutionary trend for hypogenic karst systems to lose their confinement due to uplift and denudation and due to their own expansion. Confined hypogenic caves may experience substantial modification or be partially or largely overridden under subsequent unconfined (vadose) stages, either by epigenic processes or continuing unconfined hypogenic processes, especially when H2S dissolution mechanisms are involved. Hypogenic confined systems evolve to facilitate cross-formational hydraulic communication between common aquifers, or between laterally transmissive beds in heterogeneous soluble formations, across cave-forming zones. The latter originally represented low-permeable, separating units supporting vertical rather than lateral flow. Layered heterogeneity in permeability and breaches in connectivity between different fracture porosity structures across soluble formations are important controls over the spatial organization of evolving ascending hypogenic cave systems. Transverse hydraulic communication across lithological and porosity system boundaries, which commonly coincide with major contrasts in water chemistry, gas composition and temperature, is potent enough to drive various disequilibrium and reaction dissolution mechanisms. Hypogenic speleogenesis may operate in both carbonates and evaporites, but also in some clastic rocks with soluble cement. Its main characteristic is the lack of genetic relationship with groundwater recharge from the overlying or immediately adjacent surface. It may not be manifested at the surface at all, receiving some expression only during later stages of uplift and denudation. In many instances, hypogenic speleogenesis is largely climate-independent. There is a specific hydrogeologic mechanism inherent in hypogenic transverse speleogenesis (restricted input/output) that suppresses the positive flow-dissolution feedback and speleogenetic competition in an initial flowpath network. This accounts for the development of more pervasive channeling and maze patterns in confined settings where appropriate structural prerequisites exist. As forced-flow regimes in confined settings are commonly sluggish, buoyancy dissolution driven by either solute or thermal density differences is important in hypogenic speleogenesis. In identifying hypogenic caves, the primary criteria are morphological (patterns and meso-morphology) and hydrogeological (hydrostratigraphic position and recharge/flow pattern viewed from the perspective of the evolution of a regional groundwater flow system). Elementary patterns typical for hypogenic caves are network mazes, spongework mazes, irregular chambers and isolated passages or crude passage clusters. They often combine to form composite patterns and complex 3-D structures. Hypogenic caves are identified in various geological and tectonic settings, and in various lithologies. Despite these variations, resultant caves demonstrate a remarkable similarity in cave patterns and meso-morphology, which strongly suggests that the hydrogeologic settings were broadly identical in their formation. Presence of the characteristic morphologic suites of rising flow with buoyancy components is one of the most decisive criteria to identify hypogenic speleogenesis. Hypogenic speleogenesis is much more widespread than it was previously presumed. Hypogenic caves include many of the largest, by integrated length and by volume, documented caves in the world. The refined conceptual framework of hypogenic speleogenesis has broad implications in applied fields and promises to make karst and cave expertise more demanded by practicing hydrogeology, geological engineering, economic geology and mineral resource industries. Any generalization of hydrogeology of karst aquifers, as well as approaches to practical issues and resource prospecting in karst regions, should take into account the different nature and characteristics of hypogenic and epigenic karst systems. Hydraulic properties of karst aquifers, evolved in response to hypogenic speleogenesis, are characteristically different from epigenic karst aquifers. In hypogenic systems, cave porosity is roughly an order of magnitude greater, and areal coverage of caves is five times greater than in epigenic karst systems. Hypogenic speleogenesis commonly results in more isotropic conduit permeability pervasively distributed within highly karstified areas measuring up to several square kilometers. Although being vertically and laterally integrated throughout conduit clusters, hypogenic systems, however, do not transmit flow laterally for considerable distances. Hypogenic speleogenesis can affect regional subsurface fluid flow by greatly enhancing initially available cross-formational permeability structures, providing higher local vertical hydraulic connections between lateral stratiform pathways for groundwater flow, and creating discharge segments of flow systems, the areas of low-fluid potential recognizable at the regional scale. Discharge of artesian karst springs, which are modern outlets of hypogenic karst systems, is often very large and steady, being moderated by the high karstic storage developed in the karstified zones and by the hydraulic capacity of an entire artesian system. Hypogenic speleogenesis plays an important role in conditioning related processes such as hydrothermal mineralization, diagenesis, and hydrocarbon transport and entrapment. The appreciation of the wide occurrence of hypogenic karst systems, marked specifics in their origin, development and characteristics, and their scientific and practical importance, calls for revisiting and expanding of the current predominantly epigenic paradigm of karst and cave science.

Description / Table of Contents: The Early-Middle Pleistocene transition (around 1.2 to 0.5 Ma) marks a profound shift in Earth’s climate state. Low-amplitude 41 ka climate cycles, dominating the earlier part of the Pleistocene, gave way progressively to a 100 ka rhythm of increased amplitude that characterizes our present glacial—interglacial world. This volume assesses the biotic and physical response to this transition both on land and in the oceans: indeed it examines the very nature of Quaternary climate change. Milankovitch theory, palaeoceanography using isotopes and microfossils, marine organic geochemistry, tephrochronology, the record of loess and soil deposition, terrestrial vegetationa! change, and the migration and evolution of hominins as well as other large and small mammals, are all considered. These themes combine to explore the very origins of our present biota.

Description / Table of Contents: The earth’s cryosphere, which includes snow, glaciers and ice caps, ice sheets, ice shelves, sea ice, river and lake ice, and frozen ground, contains about 75% of the earth’s fresh water. It exists at almost all latitudes, from the tropics to the poles, and plays a vital role in controlling the global climate system. It also provides direct visible evidence of the effect of climate change, and, therefore, requires proper understanding of the complex dynamics. This encyclopedia mainly focuses on the various aspects of snow, ice and glaciers, but also covers other cryospheric branches, and provides an up-to-date information and basic concepts on relevant topics. It includes alphabetically arranged and professionally written, comprehensive and authoritative academic articles by well-known international experts in individual fields. The encyclopedia contains a broad spectrum of topics, ranging from the atmospheric processes responsible for snow formation; transformation of snow to ice and changes in their properties; classification of ice and glaciers and their worldwide distribution; glaciation and ice ages; glacier dynamics; glacier surface and subsurface characteristics; geomorphic processes and landscape formation; hydrology and sedimentary systems; permafrost degradation; hazards caused by cryospheric changes; and trends of glacier retreat on the global scale along with the impact of climate change. This book can serve as a source of reference at the undergraduate and graduate level and help better understand snow, ice and glaciers. This will also be an indispensable tool containing specialized literature for geologists, geographers, climatologists, hydrologists, and water resources engineers; as well as to those who are engaged in the practice of agricultural and civil engineering, earth sciences, environmental sciences and engineering, ecosystem management, and other relevant subjects.

Description / Table of Contents: Boreholes are commonly drilled into crystalline rocks to evaluate their suitability for various applications such as waste disposal (including nuclear waste), geothermal energy, hydrology, sequestration of greenhouse gases and for fault analysis. Crystalline rocks include igneous, metamorphic and even some sedimentary rocks. The quantification and understanding of individual rock masses requires extensive modelling and an analysis of various physical and chemical parameters. This volume covers the following aspects of the petrophysical properties of crystalline rocks: fracturing and deformation, oceanic basement studies, permeability and hydrology, and laboratorybased studies. With the growing demands for sustainable and environmentally effective development of the subsurface, the petrophysics of crystalline rocks is becoming an increasingly important field.

Description / Table of Contents: The North Atlantic Igneous Province has been the subject of extensive scientific investigation over the past thirty years, with a wide field of knowledge being accumulated. Recently, recognition of the potential role of Large Igneous Provinces in affecting ocean and atmosphere systems and biotic evolutionary pathways has lead to increased interest in this province. This has been further stimulated by the expansion in the search for oil and gas in Mesozoic and Tertiary sediments along the NE Atlantic Margin. An improved understanding of the interaction between igneous and sedimentary processes is vital for the identification of potential hydrocarbon resources. The regions covered include continental margin Norway, east and west Greenland, the Faroe-Shetland Basin and the Faroe Islands themselves. The papers in this book contain new data and interpretations of North Atlantic Igneous Province magmatic processes, rift evolution, tectonics, stratigraphy (chemostratigraphy, biostratigraphy, seismic and isotope stratigraphy) and sediment dispersal. Many of the papers adopt a multidisciplinary approach to tha analysis and interpretation of complex volcanic and sedimentary sequences. These new data, and the reviews and compilations of existing data provide the reader with access to current research directions in North Atlantic Igneous Province geology.

Description / Table of Contents: Palaeogene and Cretaceous palaeoceanography has been the focus of intense international interest in the last few years, spurred by deep ocean drilling at Blake Nose in the North Atlantic as well as the need to use past climate change as input for modelling future climate change. This book brings together a number of review papers that describe ancient oceans and unique events in the Earth’s climatic history and evolution of biota. The papers show evidence of periods characterized by exceptional global warmth such as the Late Palaeocene Thermal Maximum and Cretaceous anoxic events. Geochemical records and modelling will make the reader aware that these periods were forced by greenhouse gases. This information is essential for understanding the response of the ocean-climate system to the current input of fossil fuels. In this sense, the book contributes to the understanding of fundamental aspects of Earth’s climate, the carbon cycle, and marine ecosystems. A number of papers describe massive mass wasting deposits resulting from the energy released by the bolide impact at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary as well as the geochemistry of the boundary itself. Additional papers cover aspects of cyclostratigraphy and biostratigraphy of Palaeogene and Cretaceous records. This book will be of interest to a broad audience of Earth Scientists interested in Palaeogene-Cretaceous palaeoceanography, extreme climate modelling, Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary, Late Palaeocene Thermal Maximum, Cretaceous anoxic events, as well as those specifically interested in radiolarian, dinoflagellate and coccolithophorid stratigraphy.

Description / Table of Contents: The field of groundwater hydrology and the discipline of hydrogeology have attracted a lot of attention during the past few decades. This is mainly because of the increasing need for high quality water, especially groundwater. This book, written by 15 scientists from 6 countries, clearly demonstrates the extensive range of issues that are dealt with in the field of hydrogeology. Karst hydrogeology and deposition processes, hydrogeochemistry, soil hydraulic properties as a factor affecting groundwater recharge processes, relevant conceptual models, and geophysical exploration for groundwater are all discussed in this book, giving the reader a global perspective on what hydrogeologists and co-scientists are currently working on to better manage groundwater resources. Graduate students, as well as practitioners, will find this book a useful resource and valuable guide.

Description / Table of Contents: This volume explores geological boundaries in time and space using palynology and micropalaeontology. Boundaries produce distinct signatures in the micropalaeontological record. Diffuse or sharp, gradual or abrupt, boundaries can tell us much about the response of biotic systems to environmental change in both marine and terrestrial realms. Different microfossil groups and geological contexts require their own approaches, definitions and considerations of boundaries. The papers in this compilation capture the current range of thinking on the methodology of boundary identification from biostratigraphical, ecological and palaeoenvironmental perspectives. Contributions span the Cambrian to Miocene and feature many fossil groups (including pollen, dinoflagellates, foraminifera, ostracodes, conodonts, and diatoms). With a strong Canadian and North American focus, the volume also includes contributions from Poland, Egypt, Belgium, Argentina and the United Kingdom.

Description / Table of Contents: Duncan McIlroy: The application of ichnology to palaeoenvironmental and stratigraphic analysis: introduction / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 228:1-2, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.228.01.01 --- Duncan McIlroy: Some ichnological concepts, methodologies, applications and frontiers / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 228:3-27, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.228.01.02 --- S. George Pemberton, James A. MacEachern, and Tom Saunders: Stratigraphic applications of substrate-specific ichnofacies: delineating discontinuities in the rock record / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 228:29-62, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.228.01.03 --- Ingrid Glaub: Recent and sub-recent microborings from the upwelling area off Mauritania (West Africa) and their implications for palaeoecology / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 228:63-76, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.228.01.04 --- Roland Goldring, Gerhard C. Cadée, Assunta D’Alessandro, Jordi M. De Gibert, Richard Jenkins, and John E. Pollard: Climatic control of trace fossil distribution in the marine realm / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 228:77-92, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.228.01.05 --- Phillip L. Manning: A new approach to the analysis and interpretation of tracks: examples from the dinosauria / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 228:93-123, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.228.01.06 --- Alfred Uchman: Phanerozoic history of deep-sea trace fossils / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 228:125-139, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.228.01.07 --- Kate D. Martin: A re-evaluation of the relationship between trace fossils and dysoxia / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 228:141-156, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.228.01.08 --- M. Gabriela Mángano and Luis A. Buatois: Ichnology of Carboniferous tide-influenced environments and tidal flat variability in the North American Midcontinent / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 228:157-178, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.228.01.09 --- Kerrie L. Bann, Christopher R. Fielding, James A. MacEachern, and Stuart C. Tye: Differentiation of estuarine and offshore marine deposits using integrated ichnology and sedimentology: Permian Pebbley Beach Formation, Sydney Basin, Australia / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 228:179-211, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.228.01.10 --- Christopher T. Baldwin, P. K. Strother, J. H. Beck, and Eben Rose: Palaeoecology of the Bright Angel Shale in the eastern Grand Canyon, Arizona, USA, incorporating sedimentological, ichnological and palynological data / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 228:213-236, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.228.01.11 --- Duncan McIlroy: Ichnofabrics and sedimentary facies of a tide-dominated delta: Jurassic Ile Formation of Kristin Field, Haltenbanken, Offshore Mid-Norway / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 228:237-272, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.228.01.12 --- Kerrie L. Bann and Christopher R. Fielding: An integrated ichnological and sedimentological comparison of non-deltaic shoreface and subaqueous delta deposits in Permian reservoir units of Australia / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 228:273-310, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.228.01.13 --- Luis A. Buatois and M. Gabriela Mángano: Animal-substrate interactions in freshwater environments: applications of ichnology in facies and sequence stratigraphic analysis of fluvio-lacustrine successions / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 228:311-333, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.228.01.14 --- Richardo N. Melchor: Trace fossil distribution in lacustrine deltas: examples from the Triassic rift lakes of the Ischigualasto-Villa Unión basin, Argentina / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 228:335-354, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.228.01.15 --- Jorge F. Genise, E. S. Bellosi, and M. G. Gonzalez: An approach to the description and interpretation of ichnofabrics in palaeosols / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 228:355-382, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.228.01.16 --- Mary L. Droser, Søren Jensen, and James G. Gehlîng: Development of early Palaeozoic ichnofabrics: evidence from shallow marine siliciclastics / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 228:383-396, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.228.01.17 --- Richard J. Twitchett and Colin G. Barras: Trace fossils in the aftermath of mass extinction events / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 228:397-418, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.228.01.18 --- Jorge F. Genise: Ichnotaxonomy and ichnostratigraphy of chambered trace fossils in palaeosols attributed to coleopterans, ants and termites / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 228:419-453, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.228.01.19 --- Richard G. Bromley: A stratigraphy of marine bioerosion / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 228:455-479, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.228.01.20

Description / Table of Contents: This volume provides a comprehensive overview of the geology and hydrocarbon potential of the major Neoproterozoic–Cambrian basins of Asia from Oman, across the Middle East and the Indian Subcontinent, to China and SE Siberia, along with new research on the region. Many of these areas (e.g., Oman, Bikaner–Nagaur Basin in India, South China and SE Siberia) host prolific Neoproterozoic–Cambrian petroleum systems with giant to supergiant fields. Three key elements: (1) tectonic stability, (2) relatively late phase of hydrocarbon generation and (3) presence of an effective evaporite seal, seem to be critical for the development of effective Neoproterozoic–Cambrian petroleum systems. These key elements appear of less consequence for the development of ‘unconventional’ hydrocarbons, and the future prospectivity in many of these basins may lie in the exploration for, and production of, shale gas and shale oil directly from the thermally mature, organic-rich source rocks.

Description / Table of Contents: The past decade has witnessed a major revival in attempts to separate biodiversity signals from biases imposed by sampling and the architecture of the rock record. How large a problem this poses to our understanding of biodiversity patterns remains debatable, and new approaches are being developed to investigate this question. Here palaeobiologists with widely differing approaches and interests explore the problems of extracting reliable information on biodiversity change from an imperfect geological record. Topics covered range from the application of information-theoretic approaches that identify directional causal relationships to an in-depth study of how geological biases could influence our understanding of dinosaur evolution. A wide range of new insights into the links between the land, shallow-marine and deep-sea rock and fossil records are presented, making this volume invaluable to anyone in the Earth or life sciences who wishes to remain abreast of this dynamic and rapidly evolving research area.

Description / Table of Contents: This book consists of 18 papers on deformation mechanisms, theology and tectonics. The main approaches include experimental rock deformation, microstructural analysis, field structural studies, analogue and numerical modelling. New results on various topics are presented, ranging from brittle to ductile deformation and grain-scale to lithosphere-scale mechanisms. The volume will be of interest to academic and industrial researchers in the fields of structural geology, interactions between metamorphism, fluids and deformation, and large-scale tectonic processes.

Description / Table of Contents: Geological prior information represents a new and emerging field within the geosciences. Prior information is the term used to describe previously existing knowledge that can be brought to bear on a new problem. This volume describes a range of methods that can be used to find solutions to practical and theoretical problems using geological prior information, and the nature of geological information that can be so employed. As such, this volume defines how geology can be influential far beyond the confines of its own definition.

Description / Table of Contents: Living with natural hazards in the Asia–Pacific region / James R. Goff and James P. Terry / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 361, 1-2, 1 January 2012, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP361.1 --- The special vulnerability of Asia–Pacific islands to natural hazards / James P. Terry and James R. Goff / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 361, 3-5, 1 January 2012, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP361.2 --- Flood generation during the SW monsoon season in northern Thailand / Han She Lim and Kanokporn Boochabun / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 361, 7-20, 1 January 2012, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP361.3 --- Marine inundation hazards in French Polynesia: geomorphic impacts of Tropical Cyclone Oli in February 2010 / Samuel Etienne / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 361, 21-39, 1 January 2012, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP361.4 --- Records of submarine natural hazards off SW Taiwan / Chih-Chieh Su, Jing-Yi Tseng, Ho-Han Hsu, Cheng-Shing Chiang, Ho-Shing Yu, Saulwood Lin and James T. Liu / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 361, 41-60, 1 January 2012, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP361.5 --- Bedding structures in Indian tsunami deposits that provide clues to the dynamics of tsunami inundation / Adam D. Switzer, S. Srinivasalu, N. Thangadurai and V. Ram Mohan / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 361, 61-77, 1 January 2012, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP361.6 --- Tsunami hazard related to a flank collapse of Anak Krakatau Volcano, Sunda Strait, Indonesia / T. Giachetti, R. Paris, K. Kelfoun and B. Ontowirjo / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 361, 79-90, 1 January 2012, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP361.7 --- An examination of hazard communication logs and public response during the 1946 and 1960 tsunamis that impacted Hilo, Hawaii / Jeanne B. Johnston, Deanne K. Bird, James R. Goff and Walter C. Dudley / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 361, 91-105, 1 January 2012, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP361.8 --- Towards better design and management of tsunami evacuation routes: a case study of Ao Jak Beach Road / Alan D. Ziegler, Roy C. Sidle, Mandy S. Song, Zuo Jin Ang and Decha Duangnamon / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 361, 107-114, 1 January 2012, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP361.9 --- GIS-based techniques for assessing the vulnerability of buildings to tsunami: current approaches and future steps / C. Tarbotton, D. Dominey-Howes, J. R. Goff, M. Papathoma-Kohle, F. Dall'Osso and I. L. Turner / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 361, 115-125, 1 January 2012, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP361.10 --- Impacts, recovery and resilience of Thai tourist coasts to the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami / Poh Poh Wong / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 361, 127-138, 1 January 2012, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP361.11 --- Earthquake catastrophe models in disaster response planning, risk mitigation and financing in developing countries in Asia / Nigel Winspear, Rade Musulin and Mohan Sharma / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 361, 139-150, 1 January 2012, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP361.12 --- Geological hazards of SW Natib Volcano, site of the Bataan Nuclear Power Plant, the Philippines / A. M. F. Lagmay, R. Rodolfo, H. Cabria, J. Soria, P. Zamora, C. Abon, C. Lit, M. R. T. Lapus, E. Paguican, M. G. Bato, G. Tiu, E. Obille, N. E. Pellejera, P. C. Francisco, R. N. Eco and J. Aviso / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 361, 151-169, 1 January 2012, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP361.13 --- Influence of the institutional and socio-economic context for responding to disasters: case study of the 1994 and 2006 eruptions of the Merapi Volcano, Indonesia / Estuning Tyas Wulan Mei and Franck Lavigne / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 361, 171-186, 1 January 2012, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP361.14 --- Exploratory spatial analysis of typhoon characteristics in the North Pacific basin / Chen-Chieh Feng and James P. Terry / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 361, 187-194, 1 January 2012, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP361.15 --- Geovisualization of tropical cyclone behaviour in the South Pacific / Gennady A. Gienko and James P. Terry / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 361, 195-208, 1 January 2012, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP361.16 --- The value of a Pacific-wide tsunami database to risk reduction: putting theory into practice / James R. Goff, Catherine Chagué-Goff and James P. Terry / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 361, 209-220, 1 January 2012, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP361.17

Description / Table of Contents: The climate of the early Earth was probably very warm and has, in general, reduced since the Archean. However, it now seems that the world is about 0.6°C warmer than it was 100 years ago and estimates of the rate of global warming over the next century range from 0.16°C to 0.35°C per decade. Concurrently, global sea-level is predicted to rise from 2.4 to 10 cm per decade. These rates of change are much faster than those normally associated with the geological record, causing geologists and palaeontologists to reassess their data and their forecasts on rates of future change. With the current interest in global climatic change and, more specifically, with global warming, it is clear that palaeontologists have valuable information to provide on the impacts of past climatic change. This volume contains papers from an international array of such geologists and palaeontologists, showing how studies of micro- and macrofossils, plant and vertebrate fossils from a range of geological ages have contributed to our understanding of how climate affects both local and more widespread areas. The contributions are arranged in geological order, ranging from the Permo-Carboniferous to the post-glacial recovery of the last 18,000 years, with an emphasis on climate change during the last two million years, particularly in NW Europe. Climates: Past and Present will be of interest to palaeontologists, geologists and palaeoclimatologists who specialize in climatic reconstructions and any professionals enagaged in research into the geological aspects of climate change.

Description / Table of Contents: With growing attention on global environmental and climate change, geoscience has experienced rapid change and development in the last three decades. Many new data, methods and modeling techniques have been developed and applied in various aspects of geoscience. The chapters collected in this book present an excellent profile of the current state of various data, analysis methods and modeling techniques, and demonstrate their applications from hydrology, geology and paleogeomorphology, to geophysics, environmental and climate change. The wide range methods and techniques covered in the book include information systems and technology, global position system (GPS), digital sediment core image analysis, fuzzy set theory for hydrology, spatial interpolation, spectral analysis of geophysical data, GIS-based hydrological models, high resolution geological models, 3D sedimentology, change detection from remote sensing, etc. Besides two comprehensive review articles, most chapters focus on in-depth studies of a particular method or technique.

Description / Table of Contents: The study of earthquakes combines science, technology and expertise in infrastructure and engineering in an effort to minimize human and material losses when their occurrence is inevitable. This book is devoted to various aspects of earthquake research and analysis, from theoretical advances to practical applications. Different sections are dedicated to ground motion studies and seismic site characterization, with regard to mitigation of the risk from earthquake and ensuring the safety of the buildings under earthquake loading. The ultimate goal of the book is to encourage discussions and future research to improve hazard assessments, dissemination of earthquake engineering data and, ultimately, the seismic provisions of building codes.

Description / Table of Contents: The Cretaceous submarine Ontong Java Plateau, in the western Pacific Ocean, is the most volumnous of the world's large igneous provinces(LIPs), and represents the largest known magmatic event on Earth. LIPs are the products of basaltic volcanism on a scale and at an effusion rate not seen on Earth at the present time, and their formation may have had significant effects on the Earth's climate and biosphere. The currently favoured explanation for LIP formation is the rapid decompression and melting of anomalously hot mantle in the heads of newly ascended mantle plumes. This volume summarizes the results of research aimed principally at testing the plume-head hypothesis for the formation of the Ontong Java Plateau, and presents the results of integrated studies following recent basement drilling on the plateau by the Ocean Drilling Program Nineteen papers cover topics as diverse as petrology, geochemistry, tectonics, volcanology, paleomagnatism and biostratigraphy.

Description / Table of Contents: The widespread extension occured within the Variscan orogen and its northern foreland during late Carboniferous to Early Permian times. This was associated with magnetism and with a fundamental change, at the Westphalian-Stephanian boundary, in the regional stress field, coincident with the termination of orogenic activity and onset of dextral translation between North Africa and Europe. Rifting propagated across basement terranes with different ages and thermal histories. Most of the roft basins developed on relatively thin lithosphere; however, the highly magnetic Oslo graben initiated within the edge of a craton. Early stephanian regional uplift is contemporaneous with the onset of magmatism; inviting speculation that it might have been induced by a thermal anomaly within the upper mantle. The contributions to this volume suggest that the geodynamic setting in which magmatism occurred was complex, involving wrench tectonics, slab detachment, and delimination or thermal erosion of the base of the lithosphere.

Description / Table of Contents: The Grès d′Annot Formation of SE France constitutes a classic and outstanding example of a sand-rich turbidite system controlled by synsedimentary tectonics, and has often been used as an outcrop analogue for deep-water hydrocarbon reservoirs. Over the last 10 years, research efforts by different academic and industrial teams have led to important reappraisals of prevailing ideas on the Gres d′Annot, particularly on the nature and controlling factors of the depositional processes, the small-scale architecture and sequence organization of the deposits, the tectonic regime of the basin and its impact on palaeogeography, and the interaction between sediment gravity flows and basin-floor topography. This volume offers a multidisciplinary overview and draws up the ′state-of-the-art′ of scientific knowledge on this influential turbidite system. Complementary aspects are covered, from structural geology, sedimentology and sequence stratigraphy, to modelling of sedimentary processes and architectures, geochemistry, reservoir characterization, seismic modelling and uses as analogues for deep-marine hydrocarbon fields. This book will be of use to both academic researchers (geologists and geophysicists) and industry professionals dealing with the characterization and modelling of deep-water sediments.

Description / Table of Contents: Pterosaurs were a peculiar group of Mesozoic vertebrates, which acquired the ability to fly in an original way, using a membrane attached to a single finger of the hand. Ever since the first description of a pterosaur skeleton in 1784, these remarkable animals have elicited much discussion and controversy among palaeontologists, and many basic questions about their origin, evolution and biology remain disputed. In the last few years, interest in pterosaurs has been revived by numerous discoveries of new and sometimes remarkably preserved specimens, which have enlarged and changed our picture of this group. The volume begins with descriptions of several new pterosaurs from the Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous of Europe, North and South America, and Africa. Following this, alternative hypotheses of pterosaur phytogeny and evolution are put forward. Several papers discuss the functional anatomy of pterosaurs and its implications for aerial locomotion. The study of pterosaur footprints provides important new evidence concerning their terrestrial locomotion, and this approach is used in several contributions. A developing aspect of pterosaur research is bone histology, as shown by the final papers in this collection.

Description / Table of Contents: Humans have long marvelled at (and feared) the odorous and colourful manifestations of volcanic emissions, and, in some cases, have harnessed them for their economic value. The degassing process responsible for these phenomena is now understood to be one of the key factors influencing the timing and nature of volcanic eruptions. Moreover the surface emissions of these volatiles can have profound effects on the atmospheric and terrestrial environment, and climate. Even more fundamental are the relationships between the history of planetary outgassing, differentiation of the Earth’s interior, chemistry of the atmosphere and hydrosphere, and the origin and evolution of life. This book provides a compilation of 23 papers that investigate the behaviour of volatiles in magma, the feedbacks between degassing and magma dynamics, and the composition, flux, and environmental, atmospheric and climatic impacts of volcanic gas emissions.

Description / Table of Contents: This title has arisen from the Geological Society of London conference of the same name. Since the publication of the predecessor of this book (‘Modern insights into structural interpretation, validation and modelling’, SP99, 1996, edited by Buchanan & Nieuwland) much progress has been made. This has been primarily thanks to the continuously increasing computing speed and computer memory capacity, which has positively affected all fields in structural interpretation, seismics and modelling, directly or indirectly. ‘New insights in structural interpretation and modelling’, presents a balanced overview of what the title promises. It is intended as a book that will serve the experienced professional as well as more advanced students in earth sciences, with a broad selection of topics ranging from classical field based studies to state of the art analogue and numerical modeling. The leaders of their fields have written some of the chapters, whereas younger authors with a fresh outlook and new ideas have written other chapters.

Description / Table of Contents: This volume focuses on magmas and cryospheres on Earth and Mars and is the first publication of its kind to combine a thematic set of contributions addressing the diverse range of volcano-ice interactions known or thought to occur on both planets. Understanding those interactions is a comparatively young scientific endeavour, yet it is vitally important for a fuller comprehension of how planets work as integrated systems. It is also topical since future volcanic eruptions on Earth may contribute to melting ice sheets and thus to global sea level rise. Papers included here are likely to influence the choice of sites for future Mars missions in exobiologically important areas. On Earth, snow and ice are widespread, not only in extensive icecaps but also as alpine glaciers at high elevations in tropical regions. By contrast, Mars today is an arid volcanic planet with only small polar ice-caps although an abundance of water is believed to be trapped in the cryolithosphere. It is also thought that the planet may have sustained extensive frozen oceans early in its history. The presence of a former hydrosphere, a cryosphere and coincident volcanism thus make Mars the likeliest prospect for the first discoveries of life away from Earth. Much research has assumed that terrestrial volcano-ice systems are plausible analogues for putative Martian examples, but until mankind finally sets foot on Mars, there is no simple test for that assumption. Our hope is that the knowledge presented here will stimulate research among planetary geologists in this exciting, rapidly expanding field for many years to come.

Description / Table of Contents: There is an increasing trend in the Earth sciences towards the integration of many subdisciplines. The sedimendatry basin, is a fundamental focal point of many studies, which as a consequence often neglects the complimentary drainage basin or catchment. Sedimentary basins provide a record of Earth history, reflecting the geographical, lithological, oceanographic and ecological development through the rock record. Drainage basins in comparison record ephemeral landscape evolution, where topography is eroded and provides the flux of sediment to the basin. The basin fill reflects the sediment flux from the hinterland and provides evidence of the dynamic geomorphic processes. In context the drainage system and sedimentary basin can be regarded as a 'production line' with sedimentary record giving valuable insight into long-term landscape evolution and geomorphological processes illuminating the evolution of sedimentary basins. This volume assesses the current position of understanding sediment supply to basins with the integration of the many sub-disciplines in the Earth sciences. It documents a mix of hinterland and sedimentary basin studies with a gradation from orogenic belts to the deep marine. The authors represent a wide spectrum of Earth scientist, with leaders in the science providing review papers and new-directive papers in their field of specialization.

Description / Table of Contents: Non-volcanic continental margins may form up to 300f all present-day passive margins, and remnants of them are preserved in mountain belts. The papers in this volume demonstrate the benefits of integrating offshore and onshore studies, and illustrate the range of information obtained at different scales when comparing evidence from land and sea. Data sets collected across a range of spatial scales are evaluated: thin sections, cores, outcrops, seismic reflection profiles, and other geophysical data. The outcrop scale is crucial because it enables the spatial gulf to be bridged between DSDP and ODP cores and marine seismic data. There is also the problem that basins on land and beneath the sea inevitably have had different post-rift histories resulting in their contrasting present-day elevation. In mountain belts, portions of continental margins and oceanic crust are superbly exposed, but dismembered by subsequent compressional tectonics. Off present-day passive margins, extensional features have only been slightly deformed, if at all, by compressional movements, but are buried beneath significant thicknesses of post-rift sediments and so can only be sampled by ocean drilling at a small number of points. The first paper reviews the synergies that have occurred between investigations of the eastern North Atlantic non-volcanic margins and remnants of similar Mesozoic margins preserved in the Alps, and some later papers return to this theme. However, papers describing margins from other parts of the world show that it may be premature to use models based on the Atlantic and the Alps as the paradigm for all non-volcanic margins. The following 25 papers in the book are grouped under the following headings: (1) Margin overviews; (2) Exhumed crust and mantle; (3) Tectonics and stratigraphy; (4)Numerical models of extension and magmatism.

Description / Table of Contents: As a result of its relative buoyancy, continental crust is rarely subducted, meaning that successive episodes of continental deformation impart a complex geological character that is not found in younger oceanic lithosphere. This character is largely the result of two related processes: (1) reactivation, involving rejuvenation of discrete structures; and (2) reworking, involving the repeated metamorphism, deformation and magmatism of a previously tectonized crustal or lithospheric volume. Characterizing the style, distribution and timing of reactivation and reworking in different continental settings should therefore provide a crucial data set with which to evaluate the spatial patterns, temporal evolution and dynamic controls of tectonic rejuvenation of the continents and continental lithosphere. This volume presents a combination of review and research papers, which highlight some of the issues and problems associated with the characterization and modelling of continental reactivation and reworking.

Description / Table of Contents: PRELIMINARY PREFACE TO NMSOP-2 Ten years have passed since the first printed edition of the IASPEI New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice (NMSOP 2002). Some 2,000 hard copies are currently in use in more than 100 countries at seismological observatories, data and analysis centers, in teaching, research, and field applications, national and international seismology training courses, or by private enterprises and individual scientists. In 2006, Seismological Press Beijing published a two-volume hard cover edition in Chinese. In 2010 the Badan Meteorologi Klimatologi dan Geofisika (BMKG) in Jakarta, with support of the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), published the first 3 Chapters of NMSOP in (Bahasa) Indonesian language. Three more Chapters are currently being translated and scheduled for publication in 2012. The first four Chapters have been translated into Turkish, with more being in preparation, and Russian translations of several NMSOP Chapters are used at seismological observatories and analysis centers in Russia and other countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) already since 2006. Such global adaptation and use signals a growing demand for the kind of information provided by the NMSOP and time for a rigorous update. NMSOP-2 will be published as a pure electronic edition. It is again the result of a great cooperative international effort: 73 authors from 18 countries have contributed to (or are still working on) it. More than 70 experts from 20 countries provided peer reviews, and Dr. Siegfried Wendt, himself author and co-author of several contributions to this Manual, has compiled a long-period filtered teleseismic broadband record section of the Collm (CLL) observatory in Germany, which now embellishes the front cover page of NMSOP-2. In this spirit, with this aim, the NMSOP needs to be maintained and further developed under the auspices of IASPEI and its Commission on Seismological Observation and Interpretation (CoSOI). Only then is it assured that the seismological community can always refer to an up-to-date and IASPEI-authorized guidance in observatory practice in the widest sense of modern applications [...]

Description / Table of Contents: The first half-century of X-ray crystallography, beginning with the elucidation of the sodium chloride structure in 1914, was devoted principally to the determination of increasingly complex atomic topologies at ambient conditions. The pioneering work of the Braggs, Pauling, Wyckoff, Zachariasen and many other investigators revealed the structural details and underlying crystal chemical principles for most rock-forming minerals (see, for example, Crystallography in North America, edited by D. McLachlan and J. P. Glusker, NY, American Crystallographic Association, 1983). These studies laid the crystallographic foundation for modem mineralogy. The past three decades have seen a dramatic expansion of this traditional crystallographic role to the study of the relatively subtle variations of crystal structure as a function of temperature, pressure, or composition. Special sessions on "High temperature crystal chemistry" were first held at the Spring Meeting of the American Geophysical Union (April 19, 1972) and the Ninth International Congress of Crystallography (August 30, 1972). The Mineralogical Society of America subsequently published a special 11-paper section of American Mineralogist entitled "High Temperature Crystal Chemistry," which appeared as Volume 58, Numbers 5 and 6, Part I in July-August, 1973. The first complete three-dimensional structure refinements of minerals at high pressure were completed in the same year on calcite (Merrill and Bassett, Acta Crystallographica B31, 343-349, 1975) and on gillespite (Hazen and Burnham, American Mineralogist 59, 1166-1176, 1974). Rapid advances in the field of non-ambient crystallography prompted Hazen and Finger to prepare the monograph Comparative Crystal Chemistry: Temperature, Pressure, Composition and the Variation of Crystal Structure (New York: Wiley, 1982). At the time, only about 50 publications documenting the three-dimensional variation of crystal structures at high temperature or pressure had been published, though general crystal chemical trends were beginning to emerge. That work, though increasingly out of date, remained in print until recently as the only comprehensive overview of experimental techniques, data analysis, and results for this crystallographic sub-discipline. This Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry volume was conceived as an updated version of Comparative Crystal Chemistry. A preliminary chapter outline was drafted at the Fall 1998 American Geophysical Union meeting in San Francisco by Ross Angel, Robert Downs, Larry Finger, Robert Hazen, Charles Prewitt and Nancy Ross. In a sense, this volume was seen as a "changing of the guard" in the study of crystal structures at high temperature and pressure. Larry Finger retired from the Geophysical Laboratory in July, 1999, at which time Robert Hazen had shifted his research focus to mineral-mediated organic synthesis. Many other scientists, including most of the authors in this volume, are now advancing the field by expanding the available range of temperature and pressure, increasing the precision and accuracy of structural refinements at non-ambient conditions, and studying ever more complex structures. The principal objective of this volume is to serve as a comprehensive introduction to the field of high-temperature and high-pressure crystal chemistry, both as a guide to the dramatically improved techniques and as a summary of the voluminous crystal chemical literature on minerals at high temperature and pressure. The book is largely tutorial in style and presentation, though a basic knowledge of X-ray crystallographic techniques and crystal chemical principles is assumed. The book is divided into three parts. Part I introduces crystal chemical considerations of special relevance to non-ambient crystallographic studies. Chapter 1 treats systematic trends in the variation of structural parameters, including bond distances, cation coordination, and order-disorder with temperature and pressure, while Chapter 2 considers P-V-T equation-of-state formulations relevant to x-ray structure data. Chapter 3 reviews the variation of thermal displacement parameters with temperature and pressure. Chapter 4 describes a method for producing revealing movies of structural variations with pressure, temperature or composition, and features a series of "flip-book" animations. These animations and other structural movies are also available as a supplement to this volume on the Mineralogical Society of America web site at (http://www.minsocam.orgIMSAlRimlRim41.html). Part II reviews the temperature- and pressure-variation of structures in major mineral groups. Chapter 5 presents crystal chemical systematics of high-pressure silicate structures with six-coordinated silicon. Subsequent chapters highlight temperature- and pressure variations of dense oxides (Chapter 6), orthosilicates (Chapter 7), pyroxenes and other chain silicates (Chapter 8), framework and other rigid-mode structures (Chapter 9), and carbonates (Chapter 10). Finally, the variation of hydrous phases and hydrogen bonding are reviewed in Chapter 11, while molecular solids are summarized in Chapter 12. Part III presents experimental techniques for high-temperature and high-pressure studies of single crystals (Chapters 13 and 14, respectively) and polycrystalline samples (Chapter 15). Special considerations relating to diffractometry on samples at non-ambient conditions are treated in Chapter 16. Tables in these chapters list sources for relevant hardware, including commercially available furnaces and diamond-anvil cells. Crystallographic software packages, including diffractometer operating systems, have been placed on the Mineralogical Society web site for this volume. This volume is not exhaustive and opportunities exist for additional publications that review and summarize research on other mineral groups. A significant literature on the high-temperature and high-pressure structural variation of sulfides, for example, is not covered here. Also missing from this compilation are references to a variety of studies of halides, layered oxide superconductors, metal alloys, and a number of unusual silicate structures.