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  • 1
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    Volcanic Degassing (2003)
    London : The Geological Society
    Details
    Description / Table of Contents: Humans have long marvelled at (and feared) the odorous and colourful manifestations of volcanic emissions, and, in some cases, have harnessed them for their economic value. The degassing process responsible for these phenomena is now understood to be one of the key factors influencing the timing and nature of volcanic eruptions. Moreover the surface emissions of these volatiles can have profound effects on the atmospheric and terrestrial environment, and climate. Even more fundamental are the relationships between the history of planetary outgassing, differentiation of the Earth’s interior, chemistry of the atmosphere and hydrosphere, and the origin and evolution of life. This book provides a compilation of 23 papers that investigate the behaviour of volatiles in magma, the feedbacks between degassing and magma dynamics, and the composition, flux, and environmental, atmospheric and climatic impacts of volcanic gas emissions.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (420 Seiten)
    ISBN: 186239136X
    URL: http://sp.lyellcollection.org/content/213/1.toc
    Language: English
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  • 2
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    Active Volcanoes of China (2020)
    London : The Geological Society
    Details
    Keywords: China; volcanism; volcanic processes; volcanic fields; volcanic ash; volcanic groups; active volcanoes; magma; magmatic evolution
    Description / Table of Contents: 11 December 2020 --- Volcanic Processes and Magmatic Evolution of Tianchi Volcano, Changbaishan / Haiquan Wei, Bo Zhao, Zhengquan Chen and Hongmei Yu / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 510, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP510-2020-83 --- 8 December 2020 --- A review of present-day deformation of active volcanoes in China during 1970–2013 / Lingyun Ji, Jiandong Xu, Lei Liu and Wenting Zhang / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 510, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP510-2019-228 --- Olivine chemistry of the Quaternary Datong basalts of the Trans-North China Orogen: Insights into mantle source lithology and redox–hydration state / Lubing Hong, Zhang Yinhui, Le Zhang, Yi-Gang Xu, Zhe Liu and Pengli He / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 510, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP510-2020-142 --- 7 December 2020 --- Volcanic geology and petrochemistry of Ashikule volcanic field in western Kunlun mountains of Tibetan plateau / Jiandong Xu, Bo Zhao, Hongmei Yu, Feixiang Wei and Zhengquan Chen / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 510, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP510-2020-133 --- Eruption history, petrogeochemistry, and geodynamic background of Tengchong volcanoes in Yunnan Province, SW China / Hongmei Yu, Bo Zhao, Zhengquan Chen, Haiquan Wei, Wenjian Yang and Xiang Bai / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 510, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP510-2020-45 --- The Cenozoic volcanic fields in northern Hainan Island and Leizhou Peninsula, South China: eruption history, magma source and dynamic background / Feixiang Wei, Wei Wei and Hongmei Yu / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 510, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP510-2020-64 --- 4 December 2020 --- The Impact of Volcanic Ash on the Safety of Aviation Industry-Review of China’s Current Situation / Yiqiang Liang and Jiandong Xu / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 510, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP510-2020-136 --- 2 December 2020 --- The Late Cenozoic Volcanic Groups in the South Daxing'anling, NE China: Geology, Geochemistry, and Chronology / Ni Li, Yong-Wei Zhao, Li-Wen Gong and Jia-Long Wang / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 510, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP510-2020-28 --- Magma plumbing system and origin of the intraplate volcanoes in Mainland China: An overview of constraints from geophysical imaging / Weiqian Yu, Wei Wei, Feixiang Wei, Xiang Bai, Songjun Liu and Dan Xu / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 510, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP510-2020-139 --- 1 December 2020 --- Volcanism in the Longgang Volcanic Field of Northeast China: Insights from eruption history, volcano types, and geochemical characteristics / Bo Zhao, Debin Xu, Zhida Bai and Zhengquan Chen / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 510, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP510-2020-60
    Pages: Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten
    Edition: online first
    URL: https://sp.lyellcollection.org/online-first/510
    Language: English
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  • 3
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    FTIR remote sensing of fractional magma degassing at Mount Etna, Sicily (2003)
    In:  Geological Society Special Publication 213: 281-293.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-01-01
    Description: The chemical composition of volcanic gas emissions from each of the four summit craters of Mount Etna was measured remotely in May 2001, using a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer operated on the upper flanks of the volcano. The results reveal constant HCl/HF ratio but distinct SO2/HCl and SO2/HF ratios in the emitted gases, which, in the light of melt inclusion data for Etna basalts, can be interpreted in terms of escape of gases from partially, and variably, degassed magma at different depths beneath the summit. Gases released from the three main summit craters (Bocca Nuova, Voragine, and Northeast) had an identical composition, controlled by bulk degassing of a single magma body that had previously lost c. 25% of its original sulphur. The similar gas composition at all three main craters suggests that these are connected to a central conduit system that branches at relatively shallow depth. Measurements of the bulk volcanic plume on the same day, c. 7 km downwind, show that degassing from these craters dominated the total gas output of the volcano, and that no significant chemical evolution occurred within the plume over a time-scale of c. 12 min. Weaker gas emissions from the Southeast crater were comparatively depleted in SO2 (SO2/HCl and SO2/HF ratios a factor of two lower), implying that this crater is fed either by a separate conduit or by a branch of the central conduit whose geometry favours solubility-controlled volatile fractionation. Still lower SO2/HCl and SO2/HF ratios measured for residual degassing of a lava flow erupted from the Southeast crater verify the lower solubility and earlier escape of sulphur compared to halogens at Etna. Fractional magma degassing is also implied by strong chemical contrasts between the bulk volcanic plume and fissure gas emissions measured during the July-August 2001 flank eruption. These results highlight the ability of FTIR spectrometry to detect fine spatial and temporal variations in magma degassing processes, and thereby constrain models of shallow plumbing systems.
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  • 4
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    Compositional variation in tropospheric volcanic gas plumes: evidence from ground-based remote sensing (2003)
    In:  Geological Society Special Publication 213: 349-369.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-01-01
    Description: Remotely sensed measurements of volcanic plumes have been undertaken for 30 years with instruments such as the correlation spectrometer, and more recently, open-path Fourier transform infrared (OP-FTIR) spectrometers. Observations are typically made several kilometres from the source, by which time chemical reactions may have occurred in the plume, overprinting the source composition and flux. Volcanological interpretations of such data therefore demand an understanding of the atmospheric processes initiated as gases leave the volcanic vent. Ground-based remote sensing techniques offer the temporal resolution, repeatability and quantitative analysis necessary for investigation of these processes. Here we report OP-FTIR spectroscopic measurements of gas emissions from Masaya Volcano, Nicaragua, between 1998 and 2001, and examine the influence of atmospheric processes on its tropospheric plume. Comparisons of observations made at the summit and down-wind, and in different measurement modes confirm that tropospheric processes and local meteorology have only minor impact on gas composition after the plume has left the crater. This study demonstrates that plume monitoring downwind provides a reliable proxy for at-crater sampling, and that volcanological information content is not obscured by the intervening transport. From February 1998 to May 2000, Masaya's plume composition was strikingly stable and characterized by SO2/HCl and HCl/HF molar ratios of 1.6 and 5.0, respectively. Departures from this stable background composition are likely to signify changes in the volcanic system or degassing regime, as identified in April-May 2001.
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  • 5
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    Introduction: Volcanic degassing (2003)
    In:  Geological Society Special Publication 213: 1-3.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-01-01
    Description: Think of volcanoes, and you might picture an eruption column jetting from a summit crater, punching through the atmosphere with roiling coils of dark ash. Or perhaps you are of a more tranquil disposition and imagine a peaceful summit crater but brightly stained with orange and yellow minerals deposited from fumarolic clouds hissing through vents and fissures amidst the scree. It goes without saying that gases are behind both these manifestations, providing the violence needed to propel eruption plumes to altitudes of tens of kilometres, or leaking more slowly from unseen magma bodies to fuel hydrothermal systems (Fig. 1). The speciation and exsolution of these volatiles in magmas, the quantification of their emissions into the atmosphere, the application of such measurements for volcano monitoring purposes, and characterization of their impacts on the environment (in its broadest sense) are the subjects of this book.
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  • 6
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    Rainwater and ash leachate analysis as proxies for plume chemistry at Soufriere Hills volcano, Montserrat (2003)
    In:  Geological Society Special Publication 213: 203-218.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-01-01
    Description: Chloride and sulphate concentrations in rainwater and water-soluble leachates from volcanic ash samples track the compositions of gas emissions at the Soufriere Hills Volcano, Montserrat, from 1996 to 2001. There are both systematic spatial and temporal variations in the chloride/sulphate ratio (expressed as the equivalent HCl/SO2 mass ratio) in rainwater and ash leachates. Temporal variations reflect changes in eruption rate and eruptive style. Mass ratios of HCl/SO2 in ash leachates correspond closely with those obtained by open-path Fourier transform infrared (OP-FTIR) spectroscopy, and reflect changes in volatile emissions throughout the eruption. Both leachate and OP-FTIR spectroscopic analyses show mass ratios of HCl/SO2 〉 1 during dome growth, and HCl/SO2 〈 1 during non-eruptive periods. The HCl/SO2 mass ratios in rainwater samples from 1996 and 1997 show temporal variations that correlate with changes in extrusion rate. The HCl/SO2 ratios in plume-affected rainwater and ash leachates from June and July 2001 correlate positively with increasing rockfall energy, and with increasing eruption rate prior to a dome collapse event. The HCl/SO2 mass ratios in water-soluble ash leachates and rainwater samples collected at the same time and from the same sites, are linearly correlated, with rainwater HCl/SO2 ratios systematically two to three times higher than ash leachate ratios. Spatial patterns of rainwater pH, and HCl/SO2 in rainwater and ash leachates are principally influenced by the proximity of the sampling sites to the active dome, and to the typical pattern of dispersion of the plume by tropospheric winds. These results demonstrate that rainwater chemistry and ash leachate analysis provides a useful indicator of volcanic activity, and represents a valuable supplement to volcano surveillance efforts.
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  • 7
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    Optical sensing of volcanic gas and aerosol emissions (2003)
    In:  Geological Society Special Publication 213: 149-168.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-01-01
    Description: Volcanic gas and aerosol surveillance yield important insights into magmatic, hydrothermal, and atmospheric processes. A range of optical sensing and sampling techniques has been applied to measurements of the composition and fluxes of volcanic emissions. In particular, the 30-year worldwide volcanological service record of the Correlation Spectrometer (COSPEC) illustrates the point that robust, reliable, straightforward optical techniques are of tremendous interest to the volcano observatory and research community. This chapter reviews the field, in particular the newer and more versatile instruments capable of augmenting or superseding COSPEC, with the aim of stimulating their rapid adoption by the volcanological community. It focuses on sensors that can be operated from the ground, since they generally offer the most flexibility and sensitivity. The success of COSPEC underlines the point, however, that such devices should be comparatively cheap, and easy to use and maintain, if they are to be widely used.
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  • 8
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    Source of the great A.D. 1257 mystery eruption unveiled, Samalas volcano, Rinjani Volcanic Complex, Indonesia (2013)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-09-30
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 9
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    A multidisciplinary study of the final episode of the Manda Hararo dyke sequence, Ethiopia, and implications for trends in volcanism during the rifting cycle (2015)
    Geological Society (of London)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-05-14
    Description: The sequence of dyke intrusions between 2005 and 2010 in the Manda Hararo rift segment, Ethiopia, provided an opportunity to test conceptual models of continental rifting. Based on trends up to dyke 13 in the sequence, it was anticipated that, should magma supply continue, dykes would shorten in length and eruptions would increase in size and decrease in distance from the segment centre as extensional stress was progressively released. In this paper we revisit these predictions by presenting a comprehensive overview of the May 2010 dyke and fissure eruption, the 14th and last in the sequence, from InSAR, seismicity, satellite thermal data, ultraviolet SO 2 retrievals and multiple LiDAR surveys. We find the dyke is longer than other eruptive dykes in the sequence, propagating in two directions from the segment centre, but otherwise fairly typical in terms of opening, propagation speed and geodetic and seismic moment. However, though the eruption is located closer to the segment centre, it is much smaller than previous events. We interpret this as indicating that either the Manda Hararo rifting event was magma limited, or that extensional stress varies north and south of the segment centre.
    Print ISSN: 0305-8719
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-4927
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society (of London)
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  • 10
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    Does the lava lake of Erta 'Ale volcano respond to regional magmatic and tectonic events? An investigation using Earth Observation data (2016)
    Geological Society (of London)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-01
    Description: Erta ‘Ale volcano lies at the centre of the Erta ‘Ale rift segment in northern Afar, Ethiopia and hosts one of the few persistent lava lakes found on Earth in its summit caldera. Previous studies have reported anecdotal evidence of a correlation between lake activity and magmatic and tectonic events in the broader region. We investigated this hypothesis for the period 2000–15 by comparing a catalogue of regional events with changes in lake activity reconstructed from Earth Observation data. The lava lake underwent dramatic changes during the study period, exhibiting an overall rise in height with concomitant changes in geometry consistent with a change in heat energy balance. Numerous paroxysms occurred in the lake and in the north pit; a significant dyke intrusion with subsequent re-intrusions indicated a role for dykes in maintaining the lake. However, despite some coincidences between the paroxysms and regional events, we did not find any statistically significant relationship between the two on a timescale of days to weeks. Nevertheless, changes in lake activity have preceded the broad increase in regional activity since 2005 and we cannot rule out a relationship on a decadal scale.
    Print ISSN: 0305-8719
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-4927
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society (of London)
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