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  • Articles  (344)
  • Ultrastructure  (344)
  • 1980-1984  (344)
  • Biology  (344)
  • 1
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    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 171-178 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Differentiation ; Digestive tract ; Endoderm ; Organ culture ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The self-differentiation potency of the endoderm of the chick embryo was investigated mainly by transmission electron microscopy. Endodermal fragments isolated from 4- to 6-day stomach or small intestine were cultured in the absence of mesenchyme and were able to differentiate in vitro into organ-specific epithelia. Endodermal fragments isolated from the stomach region differentiated into a pseudo-stratified epithelium with periodic acid Schiff-positive mucous granules in the apical cytoplasm, while those from the small intestinal region differentiated into a simple columnar epithelium with a striated border which was positive in alkaline phosphatase activity. These features are comparable with those of the mucous secretory epithelium of the normal embryonic stomach and the absorptive epithelium of normal embryonic small intestine, respectively. Next, the self-differentiation potencies were investigated of the upper and lower layers of the blastoderms, at stages 1–5 of Hamburger and Hamilton (H. and H.). Both stomach-type and small-intestine-type epithelia developed only when fragments of the lower layer isolated from the blastoderms older than stage 3 of H. and H. were cultured, suggesting that cells possessing the potency to differentiate into the stomach- and small-intestine-type epithelia exist in the definitive endoderm at the beginning of its formation.
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  • 2
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 42-44 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Chick embryo ; Gastrulation ; Adenylate cyclase ; cAMP phosphodiesterase ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructural localization of adenylate cyclase (E.C. 4.6.1.1.) and cAMP phosphodiesterase (PDE) (E.C. 3.1.4.17.) in the ectoderm of the developmental stage 4 chick embryo was studied. Adenylate cyclase was localized in the lateral surfaces of the ectodermal cells. In the primitive streak cells the enzymatic activity was observed on all the lateral surfaces, whereas in the periphery of the blastoderm the reaction product was localized in the apical parts of the lateral plasma membranes only. cAMP PDE localized in the apical cytoplasm of the ectodermal cells, with highest activity in the globular projections.
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  • 3
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    Development genes and evolution 188 (1980), S. 65-73 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Nuclear migration ; Cleavage ; Microtubules ; Ultrastructure ; Gall midge
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In the eggs ofWachtliella persicariae the cleavage nuclei move relative to the surrounding ooplasm. This ‘active’ migration is caused by an organelle whose ultrastructure was studied throughout the mitotic cycle. It consists of a greatly enlarged polar cytaster derived from the mitotic apparatus, linked to the nucleus by 100 Å filaments. The microtubules of the cytaster were found only during periods of active nuclear migration, i.e., from the onset of anaphase to the early prophase of the next mitotic cycle. They are always solitary and follow the course of the astral rays, which are known to temporarily adhere to peripheral structures of the egg cell and to exert tractive forces. In contrast to the cytaster microtubules, the microtubules in the spindle are bundled and persist from early metaphase through late telophase. During ontogenesis the first migration cytaster is built up between 3 and 12 min after oviposition near the anterior egg pole, in the vicinity of the sperm nucleus. In non-inseminated eggs time lapse films show a migration cytaster to develop autonomously in a region free from nuclei, but it does not follow the normal path of the male pronucleus. In several cases the female pronucleus, which remains without a cytaster of its own, was observed to move to the cytaster generated in the absence of the male pronucleus. Whether or not it is adhering to a nucleus, the cytaster divides into two at the correct time, i.e, corresponding to the first cleavage division in fertilized eggs. In some non-inseminated eggs this type of ‘pseudocleavage’ has been observed to occur repeatedly, giving rise to an increasing number of anucleate cytasters.
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  • 4
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    Development genes and evolution 188 (1980), S. 163-177 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Yolk sac ; Ultrastructure ; Embryogenesis ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Changes at the ultrastructural level during germ band extension in the embryo ofDrosophila melanogaster are described. Cytoplasmic connections between cells and the yolk sac are present during initial cellular movements. At this time, a continuous system of microfilaments is present adjacent to the membranes in the connections and at the periphery of the yolk sac. As germ band extension progresses, this system becomes discontinuous, and microfilaments are apparent only in the immediate vicinity of the connections. Cytoplasmic connections are disassembled at approximately the midpoint of extension; at the same time, extensive membrane associations develop between germ band cells and between these cells and adjacent yolk sac membranes. Positioning and orientation of cytoplasmic connections suggest that the yolk sac, via these connections, is actively involved in the cellular movements of early germ band extension.
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  • 5
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    Calcified tissue international 36 (1984), S. 550-555 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Enamel crystals ; Length ; Shape ; Apatite ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary An original method for fractionating and preparing isolated crystals of homogeneous size was developed. It was demonstrated that enamel apatite crystals are at least 100 µm long. The flexibility of the very long crystallites was demonstrated. Crystal curvatures, accounting for the irregular course of the prisms through the enamel thickness, were visualized and measured. It was shown that in the deep forming enamel layer, lateral branches may grow out of the crystals and crystal fusing often occurs, inducing the crystallites to assume pyramidal shapes with their wide bases pointing toward the dentino-enamel junction and one or two tops toward Tomes' processes. During the maturation process, the two tops of the still immature crystals also fuse so that the mature crystals acquire a rodlike aspect, with parallel faces and steplike graduations along thec axis, allowing a close contact between the crystals. These results support the hypothesis that the crystallites would be continuous from the dentino-enamel junction to the surface.
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  • 6
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    Calcified tissue international 34 (1982), S. 273-279 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Odontogenesis ; Ultrastructure ; Alkaline phosphatase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructural localization and gradient of activity of alkaline phosphatase were studied with respect to cell differentiation, matrix synthesis, and matrix mineralization in the incisor and molar teeth of 4-day-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The animals were perfused intracardially at room temperature with 2.5% glutaraldehyde in 0.1M sodium cacodylate (pH 7.4) with 3–4% sucrose. The jaws were dissected, immersion-fixed for 24 h, and the incisor and molar tooth germs removed. These were demineralized in 10% EDTA in NaOH (pH 7.4) with 7% sucrose. After reactivation of the enzyme with 0.1M MgCl in Tris-maleate buffer (pH 7.4) at 4°C, the teeth were incubated for alkaline phosphatase in a medium consisting of 6 ml 3% sodiumβ-glycerophosphate, 4 ml 0.2M Tris-HCl buffer (pH 9.2), 3 ml 1.6% MgSO4, 12 ml 0.5% lead citrate (pH⋍12), and 2.1 g sucrose. The pH was adjusted to 9.2 with 0.2M HCl, the volume made up to 30 ml, and the solution centrifuged for 10 min at 5000 rpm. Control teeth were incubated in medium minus the substrate. Finally, the specimens were routinely post-fixed and embedded for sectioning and examination with a Philips 300 electron microscope. A gradient of alkaline phosphatase activity was mapped along the developing teeth in the cells of the stratum intermedium, the proximal borders of the ameloblasts, the early dentine matrix, the predentine-dentine border, matrix vesicles, and the plasma membranes of odontoblasts and subodontoblast cells. The gradient of alkaline phosphatase activity was evident in the forming tooth from the cervical loop to the crown apex and was related to the cellular events, matrix synthesis, and matrix mineralization occurring during odontogenesis.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Arthrobacter ; Facultative methylotroph ; Amine oxidase ; Catalase ; RuMP cycle of formaldehyde fixation ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A facultative methylotrophic bacterium was isolated from enrichment cultures containing methylamine as the sole carbon source. It was tentatively identified as an Arthrobacter species. Extracts of cells grown on methylamine or ethylamine contained high levels of amine oxidase (E.C. 1.4.3.) activity. Glucose- or choline-grown cells lacked this enzyme. Oxidation of primary amines by the enzyme resulted in the formation of H2O2; as a consequence high levels of catalase were present in methylamine-and ethylamine-grown cells. The significance of catalase in vivo was demonstrated by addition of 20 mM aminotriazole (a catalase inhibitor) to exponentially growing cells. This completely blocked growth on methylamine whereas growth on glucose was hardly affected. Cytochemical studies showed that methylamine-dependent H2O2 production mainly occurred on invaginations of the cytoplasmic membrane. Assimilation of formaldehyde which is generated during methylamine oxidation was by the FBP variant of the RuMP cycle of formaldehyde fixation. The absence of NAD-dependent formaldehyde and formate dehydrogenases indicated the operation of a non-linear oxidation sequence for formal-dehyde via hexulose phosphate synthase. Enzyme profiles of the organism grown on various substrates suggested that the synthesis of amine oxidase, catalase and the enzymes of the RuMP cycle is not under coordinate control.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Methanogenium tatii ; Ultrastructure ; Physiology ; Glycoproteins ; DNA-DNA Homology ; Taxonomy ; Archaebacteria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A new coccoid methanogen, Methanogenium tatii, was isolated and characterized. The mesophilic isolate can grow on and produce methane from H2:CO2 and formate. For growth acetate is strictly required. The cell shape, the G+C content of 54 mol% and DNA-DNA homology data suggest it to be a Methanogenium species.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Nitrobacter hamburgensis ; Nitrite oxidoreductase ; Nitrate reductase ; Molybdenum iron-sulfur protein ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Nitrite oxidoreductase, the essential enzyme complex of nitrite oxidizing membranes, was isolated from cells of the nitrifying bacterium Nitrobacter hamburgensis. The enzyme system was solubilized and purified in the presence of 0.25% sodium deoxycholate. Nitrite oxidoreductase oxidized nitrite to nitrate in the presence of ferricyanide. The pH optimum was 8.0, and the apparent K m value for nitrite amounted to 3.6 mM. With reduced methyl-and benzylviologen nitrite oxidoreductase exhibited nitrate reductase activity with an apparent K m value of 0.9 mM for nitrate. NADH was also a suitable electron donor for nitrate reduction. The pH optimum was 7.0. Treatment with SDS resulted in the dissociation into 3 subunits of 116,000, 65,000 and 32,000. The enzyme complex contained iron, molydbenum, sulfur and copper. A c-type cytochrome was present. Isolated nitrite oxidoreductase is a particle of 95±30 Å in diameter.
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  • 10
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    Archives of microbiology 130 (1981), S. 204-212 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Agmenellum quadruplicatum ; Nitrogen starvation ; Ultrastructure ; PATO poststain ; Cyanobacteria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of nitrogen limitation on the ultrastructure of the unicellular cyanobacterium, Agmenellum quadruplicatum, were studied by thin sectioning transmission electron microscopy. Nitrogen became limiting for growth 14–15 h after transfer to nitrogen-limiting medium, but cultures retained full viability for at least 45 h. The c-phycocyanin: chlorophyll a ratio and cellular nitrogen content of the culture dropped rapidly after 14–15 h, as a progressive deterioration of major cell structures took place. Phycobilisomes were degraded first, followed by ribosomes and, then, thylakoid membranes. These structures were virtually depleted from the cells within 26 h. Intracellular polysaccharide accumulated in place of the normal cell structures throughout this period. Nitrogen limitation did not affect polyphosphate bodies, carboxysomes, lipid granules, the cell envelope, or the extra-cellular glycocalyx. All of the ultrastructural changes resulting from nitrogen limitation were reversed upon addition of nitrate to a starved culture. Most cell structures were restored within 3 h, and restoration was complete within 9 h.
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  • 11
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    Archives of microbiology 134 (1983), S. 295-298 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Actinomycetes ; Streptomyces thermoviolaceus ; Sporogenesis ; Spore ornamentation ; Cupular knobs ; Sheath ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The sporogenesis of aerial spores in Streptomyces thermoviolaceus corresponded to a common sporulation type in the genus. The sporulation septum was composed of an outer ring-shaped constriction wall and an inner interspace septum arising by the inwards growth of a double annulus. In mature spores the wall was composed of two layers, the outer one was part of the parent hyphal wall and septum material, the inner one was formed de novo. The spore chains were enclosed by the thin breakable sheath containing small rod-like elements. The ornamentation in the form of knobs, which were a characteristic feature of the species originated from the sheath. The knobs were hemispherical particles with an inner electron dense core and an outer electron transparent shell. The term “cupular knobs” was suggested for this type of tuberculate ornamentation. Frequently, the knobs became detached from the surface in which case the inner core separated easily from the shell.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Claviceps purpurea ; Ultrastructure ; Development ; Sclerotium ; Oleosomes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The development of sclerotia of Claviceps purpurea was investigated by light and electron microscopy. During the first days after infection sterigma and conidiospores are formed. The spores show a moderately developed vacuolar system, they are thick walled and contain about 20% lipid (related to the cell volume) embedded in glycogen. The sterigma are cylindrical unicellular hyphae with electron dense cytoplasm and isolated strongly contrasted lipid droplets. In maturing sclerotia the hyphae become septated with increasingly thick cell walls and a large lipid content. The lipid forms small droplets in young cells, while in the mature sclerotium it occurs in the form of very large drops, occupying the major part of the cell. Simultaneously the composition of the lipid is changed. The mature cells have several nuclei. They are partially connected by osmiophilic substances, forming a network of intercellular spaces.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Mating tube ; Microtubule ; Tremella ; Ultrastructure ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Ultrastructure of the mating tube formed in yeast haplont of the heterobasidiomycete Tremella mesenterica was studied by electron microscopy. Cell wall of the mating tube emerged as evagination of the inner layers, rupturing outer layers of the mother cell wall. Comparison with budding cells suggested that the tube emergence place at bud scar and the process of tube emergence was the same as that of bud emergence. Electron transparent vesicles of 0.1 μm diameter were scattered in the cytoplasm of the mating tube. Nucleus-associated organelle was located at one side of the nuclear envelope which extended towards the mating tube. A few microtubules were detected in the mating tube, but their association with a nucleus was not clear. The cytoplasmic structure of the mating tube was discussed in comparison with that of hyphae of the filamentous fungi.
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  • 14
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    Archives of microbiology 133 (1982), S. 11-19 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Cyanobacteria ; Ultrastructure ; Mastigocladus laminosus ; Fischerella ; True branching
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The morphology and ultrastructure of the thermophilic cyanobacteriumMastigocladus laminosus were examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Mature cultures consisted of relatively old, wide filaments that branched frequently to form younger, thinner filaments. The cells of the younger filaments had a consistently cylindrical morphology, while those of older filaments were rounded and pleomorphic. The internal ultrastructure of the cells depended somewhat on their age. As young cells became larger and wider, their thylakoids underwent slight rearrangement and spread out toward the center of the cytoplasm. Polyphosphate bodies, carboxysomes (polyhedral bodies), and lipid-body-like structures increased in number as the cells aged, but ribosomes and cyanophycin granules were depleted. Cell division involved septum formation followed by ingrowth of the outer membrane and sheath. Cells in older filaments were separated from each other by a complete layer of sheath material. Septum formation in older cells was also seen to occur parallel to the long axis of the filament, thereby confirming that true branching took place.
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  • 15
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    Archives of microbiology 138 (1984), S. 229-232 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Actinomycetes ; Streptomyces torulosus ; Morphology ; Ultrastructure ; Verrucate spores ; Knobby ornamentation ; Sheath
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The type strain of Streptomyces torulosus Lyons and Pridham (1971) was studied by scanning- and transmission electron microscope. Spore chains were formed in spirals by aerial mycelium. The spores were connected by nozzles in which small channels could be observed. The knobby ornamentations of the spores arised on a thin fibrous sheath, enveloping the spore chains. These irregular blunt projections, called knobs, had varying diameters of 100 to 250 nm. The base of the knob, consisting of globose to flattened electron dense material, was sitting directly on the sheath. It was covered by several small vesicles of the same material. Each hollow vesicle beared a thin bowlshaped shell of electron transparent material. In general, the cupular bowls and their supporting vesicles became easily depressed on their base, but not detached from the surface of the spores. This type of knobby spore ornamentation was suggested to be designated as a verrucate spore type.
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  • 16
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    Archives of microbiology 128 (1981), S. 384-389 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Didymium iridis ; Microcyst ; Excystment ; Germination ; Ultrastructure ; Mycetozoa ; Myxomycetes ; Myxamoeba
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Microcysts of the myxomycete Didymium iridis were induced to excyst by transfer to 5mM potassium phosphate buffer. After 1 h in suspension, 90% of the microcysts had germinated into myxamoebae distinguishable by phase contrast microscopy and staining with Lugol's iodine. Both pH and osmolarity affected the kinetics of excystment. The rate and extent of excystment were decreased by cycloheximide but remained unaffected by actinomycin D, suggesting a requirement for protein synthesis but not RNA synthesis. Initially, the outer wall layers separated from the inner layer, which gradually expanded and loosened. The protoplast rehydrated and reverted to a vegetative morphology. Excysting cells were characterized by nucleolar inclusions, changes in the nuclear envelope and plasma membrane, appearance of ringed cisternal elements and microbodies in the cytoplasm, and formation of a densely fibrous zone adjacent to the site of emergence. Excysting populations have been classified into characteristic stages: mature, initiated, swollen, and pre-emergent microcysts.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Cyanobacteria ; Ultrastructure ; Nitrogen fixation ; Water stress ; Taxonomy ; DNA ; Plasmids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two strains of desiccation-tolerant coccoid cyanobacteria, Chroococcus S24, a marine form, and Chroococcus N41, a cryptoendolith isolated from a hot-desert rock, have been characterized. The mol % DNA base compositions of the strains are 47.1 and 48.9% respectively. Plasmid DNA was not detected in either strain. The pigment contents and nutritional characteristics of the strains are identical. Both lack phycoerythrinoid pigments and, in culture, behave as slow-growing halotolerant marine forms with elevated requirements for Na+, Cl−, Mg2+ and Ca2+. Sucrose was the only carbon source of those tested that supported photoheterotrophic growth. Each strain synthesizes nitrogenase under anaerobic conditions but not in air. Morphologically the two strains are indistinguishable. They are considered to be independent isolates of the same cyanobacterial species. Chroococcus N41 was studied in detail with the electron microscope. When brought to equilibrium at matric water potentials of-168 MPa and lower (to-673 MPa=c0.12a w) the protoplast shrinks, but the cells maintain the same size and diameter as those at-2,156 kPa (MN medium; control); the sheath expands and remains attached to the cell wall outer membrane by fibrils. The cell wall, cell membrane, thylakoid membranes, cyanophycin granules and carboxysomes appeared intact in desiccated cells.
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  • 18
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    Calcified tissue international 34 (1982), S. 382-390 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Avian osteopetrosis ; Avian oncornavirus ; Ultrastructure ; Calcification ; Bone cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Diaphyseal tibial bone of 12.5 – 13-day and 19-day-old embryos and 20-day-old hatched chicks infected with retrovirus MAV.2-O were examined by transmission electron microscopy. The viruses were associated with lining osteoblasts and osteocytes. Whereas the infection of the osteoblast layer seemed to be a transient stage, virus association with osteocytes was a constant and main ultrastructural feature. The viruses were found either in the osteoid or in the periosteocytic space of the bone lacunae. They arose from dense cytoplasmic areas located near the cell plasmalemma via a budding process. The newly budded virus particles often had a large tail or a fine stalk-like process lost in the extracellular space. The viruses underwent calcification by deposition of inorganic material and were incorporated in the bone trabeculae. No production of virus was observed in typical osteoclasts with well-differentiated ruffled borders. The viral-induced avian osteopetrosis seemed to result from increased bone deposition through stimulation of osteoblast and osteocyte activities, whereas osteoclastic bone resorption seemed to be undisturbed.
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  • 19
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    Calcified tissue international 33 (1981), S. 603-618 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Preameloblasts ; Tooth germs ; Monkey ; Enamel ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Cytodifferentiation of inner enamel epithelium and the adjacent connective tissue from the tip of the cervical loop to the initiation of enamel elaboration in twoMacaca species was examined. Ten- to twelve-month-old specimens were fixed by perfusion and the permanent tooth buds were prepared for transmission electron microscopy. At the cervical loop proper, inner enamel epithelium cells have lobed nuclei, a paucity of cytoplasm, and wide extracellular spaces; the basal lamina facing the dental papilla is straight. With increasing distance from the tip of the cervical loop, the following changes occur gradually: (a) preameloblasts elongate from 15 to 45 µm, and their organelles, particularly mitochondria and profiles of rough endoplasmic reticulum, become more numerous; (b) extracellular spaces decrease between preameloblasts starting at the basal (infranuclear) end; (c) the basement membrane becomes convoluted and associated with aperiodic fibers; (d) preodontoblast projections penetrate the aperiodic fibers; (e) collagen fibers subjacent to the basement membrane increase in density, with particularly thick fibers paralleling the aperiodic fibers. These modifications occur within three-fourths of the distance from the tip of the cervical loop to the mineralization front. The condensation of preodontoblasts is followed immediately by predentin synthesis. Concomitantly, the basement membrane breaks down and the aperiodic fibers are engulfed by preameloblasts. Preameloblast projections penetrate junctional predentin, contact mineralized dentin, and enamel synthesis ensues. At this stage the ameloblast is 45 µm long, the nucleus is central or basal, the Golgi apparatus has migrated apically, but the Tomes' process has not yet formed. The results indicate that odontogenesis inMacaca monkeys more closely resembles human odontogenesis than does that in the murine rodents.
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  • 20
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    Calcified tissue international 30 (1980), S. 27-34 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Calcium ; Cartilage ; Vesicles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The potassium pyroantimonate technique was utilized for the selective subcellular localization of calcium in the mandibular condylar cartilage of 1-day-old rats. Electron dense calcium pyroantimonate precipitates were localized principally in mitochondria and at the cell membrane of the chondrocytes. In addition, small intracellular vesicles 0.1–0.2µm in diameter were observed in proximity to the cell membrane of chondrocytes of the mid-hypertrophic zone. The results suggest that these vesicles were being extruded from the cell into the extracellular matrix. Energy-dispersive analysis by X-rays confirmed that calcium is the principal cation of the electron-dense precipitates.
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  • 21
    ISSN: 1432-234X
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Gills ; Epithelial cells ; Polychaeta
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of gill epidermal cells of Diopatra neapolitana and their relationship with blood spaces are described. The existence of a basal infolding complex, related to the blood spaces, is also reported. A possible involvement of these cells in osmoregulation and ion interchange, apart from their well-known role in respiration, is suggested.
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  • 22
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    Calcified tissue international 31 (1980), S. 93-108 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calculus ; Ultrastructure ; Apatite ; Transmission ; Scanning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Using transmission and scanning electron microscopy, we have studied the ultrastructure of a number of urinary calculi, mainly composed of calcium phosphate. Three fundamental kinds of calcium phosphates were detected: nonstoichiometric carbonate apatite, nonhexagonal octacalcium phosphate, and calcium-magnesium whitlockite. The influence that the organic matter, substitutions in the phosphate lattice of CO3 and Mg, and apatitic stoichiometry have on the ultrastructure of the calcium phosphate calculi has been detailed. An originating apatitic unity named U2 is assumed to be the responsible for all the different structures of calcium apatites appearing in renal calculi. On the basis of our observations, a mechanism whereby apatites grow is postulated; magnesium functions as an inhibitor for the growing mechanism.
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  • 23
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 68 (1984), S. 305-309 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Impatiens ; Microspore mitosis ; Plastid distribution ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary This paper describes the unequal distribution of plastids in the developing microspores of Impatiens walleriana and Impatiens glandulifera which leads to the exclusion of plastids from the generative cell. During the development from young microspore to the onset of mitosis a change in the organization of the cytoplasm and distribution of organelles is gradually established. This includes the formation of vacuoles at the poles of the elongate-shaped microspores, the movement of the nucleus to a position near the microspore wall in the central part of the cell, and the accumulation of the plastids to a position near the wall at the opposite side of the cell. In Impatiens walleriana, the accumulated plastids are separated from each other by ER cisterns, and some mitochondria are also accumulated. In both Impatiens species, the portion of the microspore in which the generative cell will be formed is completely devoid of plastids at the time mitosis starts.
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  • 24
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    Parasitology research 63 (1980), S. 33-46 
    ISSN: 1432-1955
    Keywords: Parorchis acanthus ; Redia ; Ultrastructure ; Migration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rediae ofParorchis acanthus were examined by scanning electron microscopy and the ultrastructure of the surface related to migration through the digestive gland ofNucella lapillus. The median ventral birth papilla, ventro-lateral processes, and posterior papilliform process, of young active rediae, apparently serve to anchor the body during migration. The honeycomb-like apex of the birth papilla and ventro-lateral processes may be a strengthening device. Uniciliate sensory receptors around the mouth, on the birth papilla, and posterior terminal papilla are probably touch receptors or chemoreceptors concerned with feeding and orientation during migration. After the formation of the birth pore, and with increase in size and in the number of contained cercariae, the redia becomes less active, loses its characteristic shape, and is eventually immobile.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 147 (1984), S. 189-203 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Ericaceae ; Onagraceae ; Mimosaceae ; Musaceae ; Ultrastructure ; function of pollen connecting threads and viscin threads ; palynology ; pollination ecology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Viscin threads and other pollen connecting threads of some angiosperm families were investigated, especially those ofEricaceae. According to the definition adopted, viscin threads are ± long exinous processes which consist of exinous material and connect pollen grains or tetrads. Such viscin threads are found within theOnagraceae, Caesalpiniaceae, Ericaceae, andMimosaceae only. While they differ in structure and composition, they always consist of sporopollenin and exhibit a very strong stickiness, even after all viscid substances have been removed by acetolysis. In contrast, the pollen connecting scleroprotein threads ofOrchidaceae and the cellular threads ofStrelitzia reginae Aiton. (Musaceae) are not connected with the exine surface, are destroyed by acetolysis, and thus do not correspond to viscin threads.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: C4 Photosynthesis ; C4 Types ; Leaf blades ; Poaceae ; Suberized lamella ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Leaf blades of 42 grasses (Poaceae) have been examined ultrastructurally for the occurrence of a suberized lamella in walls of parenchymatous bundle sheaths and PCR (= “Kranz”) sheaths in both large and small vascular bundles. The sample includes species from a range of major grass taxa, and represents all photosynthetic types found in the grasses. Three grasses with unusual C4 leaf anatomy were also included:Alloteropsis semialata, Aristida biglandulosa, Arundinella nepalensis. The presence of a suberized lamella in PCR cell walls was perfectly correlated with photosynthetic type. All PEP-carboxykinase type and NADP-malic enzyme type C4 species examined possessed a suberized lamella in outer tangential and radial walls, but with variable presence in inner tangential walls. PCR cells of bothAlloteropsis semialata andArundinella nepalensis also possessed a suberized lamella. A lamella was totally absent from parenchymatous bundle sheath cells of the C3 species examined (5 spp.) and ofPanicum milioides, a C3-C4 intermediate. It was also absent from PCR cells of NAD-malic enzyme type C4 species (14 spp.) andAristida biglandulosa. The results are discussed in relation to the leakage of CO2 from PCR cells, and to differences between C4 types in δ13C values, chloroplast position in PCR cells, and other anatomical characteristics.
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  • 27
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Meiosis ; Microtubules ; Polarity ; Ultrastructure ; Mosses
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary An extensive system of microtubules develops during meiotic prophase in the mossRhynchostegium serrulatum (Hedw.)Jaeg. &Sauerb. Development of the cytoskeleton can be traced to early prophase when the nucleus is acentric and the single plastid divides into four plastids. The cytoskeletal microtubules are associated with equidistant positioning of the four plastids at the distal tetrad poles and with migration of the nucleus to a central position in the sporocyte. The cytoskeleton, which interconnects plastids and encloses the nucleus, contributes to the establishment of moss sporocyte polarity. Just prior to metaphase I evidence of the prophase cytoskeleton is lost as the bipolar metaphase I spindle develops in association with discrete polar organizers located in opposite cleavage furrows between plastids.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Fungi ; Gilbertella persicaria ; Membranes ; Mitochondria ; Organelle isolation ; Plasma membrane ; Ultrastructure ; Vacuoles
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Methods are described for isolating and identifying subcellular membranes from walled hyphae ofGilbertella persicaria. Differences in thickness and symmetry of membranes and in contents of vesicles were used to distinguish different types of membranes. Mitochondria, vacuoles, plasma membrane, and vesicles with attached ribosomes from homogenized germlings equilibrated at the 1.2/1.4 M interface in discontinuous sucrose gradients. Accelerated flotation in centrifuged Ficol-sucrose gradients resulted in the additional separation of the mixed membranes into three fractions: one contained predominantly intact mitochondria, another was composed of vacuoles and vesicles coated with ribosomes, and a third was enriched in plasma membranes. Based upon morphometric analysis, these fractions contained 92% mitochondria, 53% vacuoles, and 89% plasma membranes, respectively. The source of vesicles coated with ribosomes was investigated since rapidly growing hyphae ofG. persicaria contained little rough endoplasmic reticulum as compared with other classes of membranes. Reconstruction from electron micrographs of mitochondrial fragmentation and vesiculation suggested that most of the ribosome-coated vesicles originated from disrupted mitochondria rather than from rough endoplasmic reticulum. The study demonstrates the utility of ultrastructural markers to identify membranesin vitro independent of, or as an adjunct to, cytochemical and biochemical markers.
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    Protoplasma 114 (1983), S. 85-92 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Chloroplasts ; Iron stress ; Sugar beet ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary When grown in iron-free media, the youngest leaves of healthy green sugar beet plants became completely yellow after 6 to 8 days. This chlorosis was quickly reversed by resupplying iron. A study of the ultrastructure of the iron -stressed leaves revealed apparently normal subcellular organization except for the plastids which were small and undeveloped, contained a rudimentary, disorganized grana-fretwork and clusters of vesicles in the periphery. Twelve to 16 hours after resupply of iron, aggregates of phytoferritin were observed in the stroma, and the granal fretwork underwent further development. There was an increased orientation of the membranes along the long axis of the plastids and an increase in the length of the individual grana stacks. By 48 hours, leaf chlorophyll content was about 40% of the control. At the ultrastructural level, parallel alignment of membrane orientation was complete and the grana stacks began to increase in the number of thylakoids per stack.
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  • 30
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Histochemistry ; Sclerotia ; Sclerotial germination ; Sclerotinia ; Ultrastructure
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Cytoplasmic reserves and extracellular substances were progressively broken down and utilized during carpogenic germination of sclerotia ofSclerotinia minor. Glycogen, wall polysaccharides and polyphosphate granules were removed first from regions of the sclerotium distant from developing apothecia, while protein bodies near the base of apothecial stipes were hydrolysed before those further away. The number of profiles of mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum in cortical and medullary hyphae increased at the onset of germination, indicating increased metabolism in the hyphae. In contrast to developing sclerotia, simple pores with Woronin bodies were frequent in walls and septa during germination. Hyphae that appeared to converge towards the base of apothecial initials retained their cytoplasm and organelles until late in germination and hydrolysis of their reserves was delayed; these are interpreted as translocatory hyphae, although further work is required to determine their role unequivocally. When apothecia were fully developed, hyphae throughout the sclerotium were empty and the walls and extracellular matrix of cortical and medullary hyphae had almost completely broken down.
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    Protoplasma 119 (1984), S. 55-61 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Rhodophyta ; Nitophyllum ; Membranous body ; Plastid ; Red algae ; Thylakoidal origin ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of plastids in the early stages of differentiation has been studied during the carposporogenesis of the red algaNitophyllum punctatum (Stackh.) Grev. A membranous body has been found in the plastidial matrix, which shows connections either with thylakoids, or with the plastidial genophore. More than one membranous body may be present and in some instances they show a morphological relationship also with the plastidial limiting membranes. The presence of such bodies has been observed also in fully differentiated plastids in a number of other red algae currently under study. It has been shown that the plastidial envelope may release in the matrix vesicles that give rise to the single thylakoids typical of the red algal plastids.
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  • 32
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    Protoplasma 107 (1981), S. 85-107 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Male cytoplasmic inheritance ; Plumbago ; Pollen grain ; Pollen tube ; Sperm ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Male gametes ofPlumbago zeylanica were examined in pollen grains and tubes using light and electron microscopy of chemically and physically fixed tissues, and Nomarski interference microscopy of isolated, living sperm cells. Male gametes are elongate, spindleshaped cells containing a nucleus, mitochondria, ER, ribosomes, vesicles, dictyosomes, probable microfilaments, and a variable number of plastids. In mature pollen grains ofP. zeylanica, the two sperm cells are directly linked; they share a transverse cell wall with plasmodesmata and are enclosed together by the inner vegetative cell plasma membrane. One of these two sperms is also associated with the vegetative nucleus as a consistent feature of pollen grain organization. The basis of this association appears to be a long, narrow projection of the sperm cell (averaging 〈 1 μm wide and about 30 μm long) which wraps around the periphery of the vegetative nucleus and occupies embayments of that nucleus. This association is maintained throughout pollen tube growth but becomes less extensive near the completion of tube growth and is severed following tube discharge. The consistent occurrence of the sperm-vegetative nucleus association in pollen grains, tubes and isolated pollen cytoplasm suggests that the two structures may be directly connected, but attempts to visualize this type of connection were unsuccessful. Possibly, the entwining nature and extent of complementary interfaces between vegetative nucleus and sperm may have a role in stabilizing their association. Functionally, the two sperms and vegetative nucleus appear to travel as a linked unit within the pollen tube, possibly increasing the effectiveness of gamete delivery and helping to ensure nearly simultaneous transmission of sperms into the receptive megagametophyte.
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    Protoplasma 112 (1982), S. 26-36 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Aneilema ; Commelina ; Cytochemistry ; Evolution ; Papillae ; Pollination ; Secretion ; Stigmas ; Ultrastructure
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The stigmas of species inAneilema andCommelina are trifid and comprise elongate papillae. Progressive degeneration of papular cells is observed in stigmas from open flowers and at anthesis papillae may be moribund and collapsed. Fluid emanating from the hollow style flows onto the surface through ruptures in the cuticle at the interpapillar junctions into the interstices at maturity. This secretion stains positively for protein. Stigmas are of the “wet” type. The cuticle overlying the papillar cells is ridged and at the final stages prior to flowering this cuticle becomes detached from the underlying cellulosic wall. The sub-cuticular space so formed is filled with secretion. InAneilema species detachment of cuticle is at the papillar tip and along the lateral walls. InCommelina species the anticlinal walls of adjacent papillae are strongly attached for much of their length and thus detachment of cuticle is restricted to the papillar tip. The cell wall at the tip in both genera may proliferate forming a rudimentary transfer-cell type wall. The secretion is considered to be produced by the papillar cells. It is PAS positive but fails to stain for protein and in both the light and electron microscopes appears heterogenous. Pollen attachment, hydration, germination and early tube growth are very rapid following self-pollination, the pollen tubes entering the neck of the style within ten minutes of attachment. A unique character combination involving pollen and stigmas in these genera indicates a monophyletic origin.
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    Protoplasma 112 (1982), S. 81-91 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Didymium iridis ; Microcyst-encystment ; Ultrastructure ; Differentiation ; Myxomycete
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Myxamoebae ofDidymium iridis were removed from the bacterial food source and induced to encyst by transfer to 10 mM phosphate buffer. After 24 hours of induction approximately 90% of the myxamoebae had differentiated into microcysts. The kinetics of encystment were not significantly affected by pH or osmolarity of the encystment medium. Early stages of encystment were distinguished by the appearance of autophagic vacuoles and an extracellular “slime-like” sheath. The outer wall layer, consisting of dense fibrils, was unevenly deposited after 4 hours. An electron-lucent, second wall layer appeared between 5–10 hours followed by a densely packed, third wall layer adjacent to the plasma membrane. Wall formation appeared to involve smooth-membraned vesicles of possible Golgi origin. The vesicle contents and outer wall layer reacted with the periodic acid-silver methenamine stain for polysaccharide. The density of intramembrane particles of the protoplasmic fracture face increased during encystment with a gradual formation of aggregates of particles.
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  • 35
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Discophrya ; Tentacle contraction ; Cations ; Calcium ; Ultrastructure
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Discophrya collini is a suctorian protozoan with contractile tentacles containing a microtubule-lined canal and microfilaments. The effects of a range of cations on tentacle contraction and ultrastructure have been determined. Treatment with 80 mM CaCl2 and 95 mM MgCl2 causes contraction to 28% and 57% of the control length respectively. Re-extension takes over 4 hours in the culture medium, but CaCl2-treated tentacles are re-extended after a 5 minutes treatment with 10−2 M EDTA or 5 × 10−3 M EGTA. CuCl2 causes a significant contraction at 10−5 M (to 77%); LaCl3 at 10−4 M (to 65%); ZnCl2 at 10−2 M (to 65%), but BaCl2, CoCl2, MnCl2, NiCl2, and SrCl2 cause significant changes only at 10−1 M. The cytoplasm of CaCl2-treated cells contains two forms of membraneous structures when viewed in TEM; that of MgCl2-treated cells reveals granular areas of medium electron density. None of these features are seen in control cells. The microtubules of the tentacle canal appear to be intact upon its retraction into the cell with no change occurring in the numbers or relative positions of the microtubules. The tentacle cortex is wrinkled. It is suggested from this and previous work that tentacle contraction may be mediated by a microfilament-based mechanism, and that calcium may be involved.
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    Protoplasma 113 (1982), S. 10-22 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Diatom ; Motility ; Mucopolysaccharide ; Secretion ; Staining ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Generation of movement in benthic diatoms is thought to be intimately associated with secretion at the raphe, a slit in the silica cell wall. The presence and distribution of extracellular substances and their source was investigated cytochemically by transmission electron microscopy. Extracellular material, possibly-acid mucopolysaccharide, was observed consistently within the entire length of the raphe of both valves and also as a sheath enveloping the silica frustule. Such quantities of extracellular material are absent in conventionally fixed motile diatoms. Numerous cytoplasmic vesicles, with fibrillar contents, distributed peripherally but concentrated along the raphe and at the cell poles, react strongly with a polysaccharide specific stain; their distribution in the cell and polysaccharide content suggest these may be the source of raphe and sheath material. Results support the most recent theories on the mechanism of locomotion in outline only; the details cannot be clarified. Localization procedures using alcian blue and silver staining of peroxidised sections are discussed briefly.
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  • 37
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Anemia phyllitidis ; Chloroplast ; Gametophyte ; Metronidazole ; Ultrastructure
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    Notes: Summary Metronidazole inhibits cell division in gametophytes of the fernAnemia phyllitidis without changing morphogenetic patterns. Simultaneously the sensitivity of the prothallia against gibberellins which substitute for the natural sexual pheromone “antheridiogen A”, is increased. The inhibition of cell division is accompanied by a loss of chlorophyll and by severe changes in the ultra-structure of the chloroplasts.
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  • 38
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    Protoplasma 116 (1983), S. 115-124 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Microtubules ; Moss ; MTOC ; Sporogenesis ; Ultrastructure
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Microtubule systems appear sequentially at the distal and proximal poles of tetrad members during mid-sporogenesis in the mossTetraphis pellucida Hedw. The distal microtubule system emanates from a microtubule organizing center (MTOC) located between the single plastid and the nucleus. The distal MTOC and associated microtubules, which appear immediately after cytokinesis, are ephemeral and do not appear to be associated with the deposition of exine occuring at the same time. The proximal microtubule system, which appears slightly later than the distal system, is a more stable component of mid-sporogenesis. The proximal MTOC is an irregularly lobed, patelliform aggregation of electron-dense granules located beneath the plasma membrane at the proximal spore pole. Several bundles of microtubules radiate from the proximal MTOC and traverse the cell, enclosing the nucleus in an cone of microtubules. The proximal microtubule system is thought to function in aperture development and organelle migration. The relatively large nucleus migrates a short distance in the small spore early in the tetrad stage and maintains its acentric position at the proximal pole throughout later stages of sporogenesis. The plastid migrates later in the tetrad stage from its meiotic position parallel to the distal surface to a position perpendicular to the distal surface with one tip in close proximity to the proximal MTOC. The proximal microtubule system reaches its maximum development by the end of the tetrad stage and all micrographic evidence of it is lost in the maturation stages of late sporogenesis.
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    Protoplasma 116 (1983), S. 125-135 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Ciliated protozoan ; Sorogenesis ; Extracellular matrix ; Secretion ; Extrusive organelles ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Sorogena stoianovitchae Bradbury andOlive is an unusual kinetophragminophoran ciliate characterized by the aggregation of individual trophic cells to form a multicellular sorogen that rises aerially from the medium surface to produce a sorocarp. A light and electron microscope study of sorogenesis revealed how the sorogenic cells produce the stalk. The feeding ciliates contain numerous subpellicular expansions of rough endoplasmic reticulum cisternae that are only one element of the secretory system necessary for stalk formation. Upon aggregation, the stalk secretory system develops further, initially with the proliferation of the subpellicular expansions. Then, during later aggregation and early sorogenesis, other secretory elements appear: stalk material vesicles, dense granule vesicles, and electron lucent vacuoles. These are all derived from the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Only the subpellicular expansions and stalk material vesicles appear to add to the stalk matrix. The dense granule vesicles could be precursors of the stalk material vesicles; the electron lucent vacuoles, which can be demonstrated to contain fibrillar material, are perhaps by-products of the secretory process. Sorogenesis inSorogena occurs by a mechanism unique among the stalk-producing protists that have been studied.
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    Protoplasma 116 (1983), S. 99-114 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Sphaerostilbe repens ; Ultrastructure ; Differentiation ; Coremia ; Rhizomorphs
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The differentiating stages of coremia and rhizomorphs inSphaerostilbe repens were studied by transmission electron microscopy. Vegetative mycelium is characterized by highly cytoplasmic cells rich in ribosomes and mitochondria and with few vacuoles as well as endoplasmic reticulum. Cell walls are thin attaining a maximum thickness of 0.10 μm. During the aggregating phase a prosenchymatous mass of randomly oriented cells is produced by localized elongation and branching of the filaments. The hyphae in this region have the appearance of actively metabolising cells. In the course of the differentiating phase, numerous hyphae of the median zone of the aggregate grow upward and downward to give rise to coremium and rhizomorph primordia respectively. The individual hyphal tips lay parallel to each other and cells of the growing apices retain their meristematic characteristics. At the periphery of the aggregate and to a lesser extent in the subapical rhizomorphic zone, cells reduce their cytoplasmic density as a consequence of a decrease in the number of ribosomes. These cells also increase in size and become isodiametric and vacuolated. During cellular differentiation walls increase steadily in thickness and at the elongating phase they reach 0.30 μm in the rhizomorphic cortex. Mucilaginous material is progressively deposited around hyphae and in the most differentiated zones, coalesce to fill interhyphal spaces. This extracellular matrix seems to play a role in maintaining cohesiveness of the aggregated organs. The tissue in the process of differentiation is scattered with cells highly enriched in mitochondria and with cells virtually undifferentiated. Accumulation of microfilaments takes place in the differentiating zone localized behind the immersed meristematic apex. These structures might be involved in wall synthesis. Glycogen rosettes accumulate in the vegetative mycelium surrounding the aggregating centers, suggesting the possibility of supplying energy during the differentiating processes. The vacuolar system, represented by autophagic vacuoles which are present until the differentiation phase, presumably may also participate in the biochemical changes that occur during aggregation. Coremial cells are characterized by an increase in wall thickness, a highly sinuous plasma-membrane as well as large amounts of mucilaginous compounds accumulated between hyphae, but in all other respects they resemble the cells of actively growing vegetative hyphae.
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    Protoplasma 116 (1983), S. 136-144 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Stalk ; Ciliated protozoan ; Sorogenesis ; Extracellularmatrix ; Ultrastructure ; Secretion
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The sorogenic cells of the haptorid ciliateSorogena stoianovitchae Bradbury andOlive secrete a hydrated, fibrillar matrix that becomes organized to form a stalk. This light and electron microscope study examines the role of the secreted stalk matrix in the development of the sorocarp. The stalk material is secreted as a compact clump or clumps of material that expands as it hydrates. The expanded stalk material is initially viscous, but soon, through dehydration or cross-linking, solidifies to form a sheath. The sheath is the outside layer of the stalk, provides structural support, and controls the expansion of the newly secreted stalk material. The sorogenic cells continue to secrete stalk material that expands once it is outside of the cell. The resulting expansion force is directed upward by the sheath, thereby moving the cells further above the surface. The continued dehydration of the sheath material provides an inwardly directed force that also contributes to the upward movement of the sorogen.
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  • 42
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Cytochrome oxidase ; Cytochemistry ; Ultrastructure ; Neurospora ; Heat treatment
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    Notes: Summary Cytochrome oxidase (EC 1.9.3.1) activity of conidia of wild-typeNeurospora crassa was detected cytochemically at the ultrastructural level by 3,′-diaminobenzidine (DAB) reaction during heat treatment at 46 °C and after shift down to 25 °C. At 46 °C the decrease in the enzyme activity was shown to be time-dependent (0–10 hours) in the progressively overswelling conidia. Gradual recovery of the DAB reaction occurred in mitochondria of conidia outgrowing conidiogenous germ tubes (microcycle conidiation) when shifted down to 25 °C. Inactivation of cytochrome oxidase was efficiently prevented during heat treatment in the presence of Tween 20. Such conidia no longer overswelled but still required shift down to 25 °C to produce germ tubes with delayed conidiogenous ability.
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    Protoplasma 117 (1983), S. 7-16 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Beta vulgaris ; Chloroplast ; Ultrastructure ; Ultraviolet radiation
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The effect of UV-C (254 nm) and UV-B (290–320 nm) radiation on leaves ofBeta vulgaris L. at the ultrastructural level was investigated. Although the damage caused by UV-C radiation was more striking than that resulting from UV-B radiation, several structural changes were seen in the UV-B treated material. Generally the effects of UV-B and UV-C radiation were different, suggesting different mechanisms of action, discernible even at the ultrastructural level.
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    Protoplasma 117 (1983), S. 116-129 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Pollen ; Amoeboid tapetum ; Arum italicum ; Ultrastructure
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A tapetum is found around all higher plant meiocytes and is thought to nourish them. It may, in turn, be influenced by their development. The mature tapetal membrane in amoeboid (or periplasmodial) tapeta, of whichArum italicum is an example, fits closely around the developing meiocyte. This description of tapetal ultrastructure starts from the meiotic prophase when the tapetum is still cellular and comprises two rows of cells on the inside of the tetrasporangiate anther. The radial walls of the still cellular tapetum start to dissolve during leptotene of the first meiosis. The lysis begins in the middle lamella in those areas penetrated by the most plasmodesmata. The walls in contact with the meiocytes on the other hand do not disappear until after the first meiosis. At telophase the now fused cytoplasmic tapetal mass begins to extend its joint plasmamembrane, amoeboid fashion, into the loculus. A cluster of microtubules can be seen at the apex of this intrusion apparently initiating or maintaining the shape of the invading plasmamembrane front. The tapetum now adheres closely to the microspores. The tapetal zone closest to the spores has a prominent population of microtubules and just a little ER, whereas the outer zone away from the spores contains all the other organelles. The inner zone, in a squash preparation, is not readily separated from the spores. The microtubules, at the middle microspore stage, are no longer to be seen in a circle around the microspores, but spread out with some lying orthogonal to the now-forming exine surface. In places the tapetal plasmamembrane begins to retract from the exine leaving roughly cone-shaped zones (spines) which become filled with fibrillar material. This material begins to be deposited on the exine surface. These “spines” are both PAS. and Coomassie-blue positive and susceptible to acetolysis.
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    Protoplasma 120 (1984), S. 61-71 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Fungus ; Spindle pole body ; Entomophthoraceae ; Erynia neoaphidis ; Ultrastructure ; Replication
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A detailed account of the ultrastructure and behaviour of the spindle pole body (SPB) of the entomophthoraceous fungusErynia neoaphidis is presented for the first time. The SPB consists of extranuclear (ENC) and intranuclear (INC) components. The ENC is a “saucepan-shaped” structure which lies in a pocket of the nuclear envelope. It is composed of a forked, fibrillar “handle” and a shallow, cylindrical “pan”. The “pan” has a wall of two layers, both of which are thickened with a regular periodicity so that they appear to be “beaded”. It is postulated that the “pan“ is formed from rough endoplasmic reticulum and that it synthesizes the amorphous, electron-dense material coating the ENC. The INC is a “saucer-shaped”, electron-dense plaque in which the ends of the spindle microtubules terminate. During metaphase, a “clear zone” separates the INC from the nuclear envelope and persists until telophase. The roles of the amorphous, electron-dense material and the “clear zone” as well as the method of SPB replication are discussed.
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    Protoplasma 120 (1984), S. 72-83 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Fungus ; Mitosis ; Entomophthoraceae ; Erynia neoaphidis ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary An account of mitosis in the aphid-pathogenic, entomophthoraceous fungusErynia neoaphidis is presented. The mitotic apparatus is characterized by a closed, intranuclear, polarized spindle. Chromosomes are permanently attached by kinetochore microtubules (kcMTs) to the poles during mitosis. The spindle develops as the spindle pole bodies migrate and separate. At metaphase the eccentric spindle contains only kcMTs and is located in a relatively chromatinfree zone. Paired sister kinetochores are arranged in a broad metaphase plate. During anaphase kcMTs shorten, astral and nonchromosomal microtubules develop and elongate and the interpolar distance increases.
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    Protoplasma 121 (1984), S. 65-76 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Blastocladiales ; Chytridiomycetes ; Coelomomyces ; Cytoplasmic cleavage ; Gametogenesis ; Mosquito-copepodpathogen ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of gametogenesis was studied inCoelomomyces dodgei Couch (Blastocladiales, Chytridiomycetes), an obligate parasite of anopheline mosquito larvae and the copepod,Acanthocyclops vernalis. In infected copepods reared under a 16/8 hours light/dark photoperiod at 25 +2 °C., the gametophyte develops over a period of approximately seven days, and gametogenesis is triggered by the onset of the dark period during the last day of development. The initial step of gametogenesis is the elongation of the centriole to form the kinetosome, and measuring time from the onset of the final dark period (0 hours), this occurs prior to the beginning of the light period (8 hours). Subsequently, small vesicles that appear to originate from elements of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER) fuse at the distal end of the kinetosome forming the flagellar vesicle into which the axonemal microtubules elongate to form the flagellum (8–12 hours). Similar small vesicles apparently also derived from rER align in planes and fuse to form cleavage furrows which delineate the gamete initials (12–14 hours). As the gamete initials begin forming, the mitochondria within each initial fuse to form a single mitochondrion that associates with the lipid globules and microbodies forming the microbody-lipid globule complex (12–16 hours). The time elapsed between the formation of the flagellar vesicle to the release of mature gametes from the copepod host is about 8.5 hours. No differences were observed in the processes or timing of gametogenesis in male and female gametophytes.
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  • 48
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    Protoplasma 121 (1984), S. 77-86 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Blastocladiales ; Coelomomyces ; Gametes ; Mosquitocopepod pathogen ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary As part of an investigation on the developmental biology ofCoelomomyces dodgei Couch (Blastocladiales, Chytridiomycetes), the ultrastructure of the male and female gametes was studied. The nucleus is central and conical in shape except for a basal spur that curves back towards the large plate-like mitochondrion. A nuclear cap of ribosomes sits on the flat anterior end of the nucleus. Approximately seven lipid globules are partially embedded in the mitochondrion and are interconnected by membrane cisternae. The lipid globules are covered by a single fenestrated microbody and a backing membrane lies between the microbody and the gamete plasma membrane. The kinetosome is at the base of the nucleus and is connected to a single, posterior, whiplash flagellum. A nonkinetosomal centriole is absent. In the peripheral cytoplasm of both mating types there is a paracrystalline body of unknown composition and function. No significant ultrastructural differences were found between the male and female gametes.
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  • 49
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Acid phosphatase ; Capsella ; Female meiocyte ; Ovule ; Ultrastructure
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Pre-meiotic and prophase I ovules ofCapsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medic.(monosporic,Polygonum type of gametophyte development) were fixed routinely or incubated in a modified Gomori medium containing β-glycerophosphate as a substrate. Prior to the beginning of meiosis the potential meiocyte is ultrastructurally similar to the other cells of the nucellus and is distinguished only by its size and position. At the initiation of prophase I dramatic ultrastructural and ultracytochemical changes take place in the female meiocyte. These include the sudden appearance of cytoplasmic structures composed of single and multiple concentric cisternae, distinctive changes in plastids and mitochondria, and the blebbing of 0.3 μm double-membraned vesicles from the nuclear envelope. The concentric cisternae encapsulate portions of cytoplasm containing ribosomes, plastids, mitochondria, ER fragments and vesicles. Both single and multiple concentric cisternae localize high levels of acid phosphatase and function as autophagic vesicles (AVs) that sequester ribosomes and organelles for destruction during meiosis. Plastids stop dividing and become more spherical during prophase I. Some plastids localize acid phosphatase and many show continuities between the outer membrane and the plastid envelope and acid phosphatase-rich RER cisternae. Mitochondria appear as dense, contracted spheres or rods. Some mitochondria localize acid phosphatase but they do not show membrane confluencies with the ER. Some of the plastids and mitochondria that are segregated into the functional megaspore at meiosis II are destroyed but others apparantly survive meiosis and give rise to the plastid and mitochondrial populations of the young gametophyte (Schulz andJensen, unpublished). The lateral and end walls of the meiocyte show patches of intense aniline blue fluorescence and the chalazal end wall of the cell is perforated with large numbers of plasmodesmata.
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  • 50
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    Protoplasma 115 (1983), S. 1-10 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Brassica napus ; Nucleolus ; Pisum sativum ; Ultrastructure ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The karyosome is a spherical body up to 1 μm in diameter that lies on the nucleolus of certain plant species, particularly those with a relatively low nuclear DNA content and an areticulate nuclear structure. It can be seen in the light microscope after impregnation with silver; in the electron microscope its structure consists of fibrillo-granular material. Nucleoli of cells in root apices may bear 0, 1, or 2 karyosomes. The frequency with which these numbers of karyosomes are observed depends on the location of the cells within the apex. In roots ofPisum sativum andZea mays the nucleoli of both slowly-dividing and young differentiating cells bear karyosomes more frequently than the nucleoli of rapidly-dividing cells. The karyosome seems to adopt a preferred location on the nucleolus, lying most frequently on the nucleolar surfaces directed towards the apex or base of the root. The origin and functional significance of the karyosome are discussed. Morphological evidence suggests that it may be material that formerly was part of a fibrillar centre.
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    Protoplasma 116 (1983), S. 1-13 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Cuticle ; Peristomatal transpiration ; Stomata ; Ultrastructure ; Funaria
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Cuticle and pore development in the guard cells ofFunaria were investigated with the electron microscope. Pore cuticle formation is simultaneous with the creation of the pore itself. The morphology of the pore cuticle is unlike that of any cuticle described in the literature. It has many lamellae which are penetrated by electron dense fibrils. Three different cuticular morphologies exist from the pore to the subsidiary cell walls. The cuticles on the pore and outer walls contain fibrils that sometimes reach to the surface. The subsidiary cell cuticle lacks fibrils altogether. It is hypothesized that (1) cuticularization of the middle lamella contributes to ventral wall separation and (2) differences in extent of cuticular fibrils are related to greater water loss from stomata than from subsidiary cells (peristomatal transpiration).
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  • 52
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    Protoplasma 118 (1983), S. 56-70 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Carposporophyte ; Cell division ; Mitosis ; Rhodophyta ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Mitotic ultrastructure was observed in meristematic cells of carposporophyte generations of the freshwater red algaBatrachospermum ectocarpum. Prior to nuclear division, cell elongation occurs resulting in the nucleus being located at the proximal end of the cell and separated by a large central vacuole from a distal “empty region” which the daughter nucleus eventually occupies. In late prophase, nuclear envelope-attached polar rings are situated adjacent to shallow nuclear invaginations. At prometaphase the nuclear invaginations extend deeply into the nucleus forming continuous cytoplasmic channels containing microtubules. Perinuclear ER and a typical equatorial chromosomal plate are formed by metaphase at which time the nuclear envelope lining the cytoplasmic channels has dispersed. Chromosomal and non-chromosomal microtubules converge at the poles where a single, large gap is seen in the otherwise intact nuclear envelope. Polar rings were not detected in the few mitotic cells observed beyond prometaphase but are thought to be present. During anaphase an interzonal midpiece is formed and the distal-most incipient daughter nucleus moves laterally past the central vacuole into the apical “empty region”. Features of mitosis inBatrachospermum are believed to be intermediate between those exhibited by the lower and higher orders of red algae, this being consistent with the taxonomic placement of the genus in theNemaliales, the least advanced order of the classFlorideophyceae.
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  • 53
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    Protoplasma 118 (1983), S. 95-103 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Nuclear bodies ; Nucleolus ; Ultrastructure
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Nuclear bodies are found in interphase nuclei of root apices of a number of plant species. They often show differences in structure and position relative to the nucleolus and this has led to an attempt to define two classes of body. However, in some species their separation into two classes on structural grounds alone breaks down, indicating that although they may occupy different positions within the nucleus they may in these particular cases be only different forms of the same body. The two extremes of the range of bodies examined represent what have been called “nucleolus-associated body” (karyosome) and “dense body”. The nucleolus-associated body is typically attached to, or adjacent to, the nucleolus. It is composed of fibrils 4–8 nm wide and often has an open structure showing compound threads or fibrils separated from each other by electron-lucent spaces. The dense body is more compact in structure and typically lies free in the nucleoplasm. Both types of body have an affinity for silver ions which, together with their staining reaction following treatment with EDTA, indicates that they consist of ribonucleoprotein. The characteristics of nuclear bodies found in different plant species have some relationship with the structure and DNA content of the interphase nucleus. Nucleolus-associated bodies are characteristic of species with an areticulate nuclear structure (2 C DNA content 〈6 pg), while dense bodies are common in species with a reticulate nuclear structure (2 C DNA content 〉6 pg). The possible functions of the two forms of nuclear body are discussed.
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  • 54
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Calcification ; Coccolithophorids ; Polysaccharide localization ; Ultrastructure
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Emiliania huxleyi is a marine coccolithophorid which produces coccoliths,i.e., particles consisting of calcite and macromolecular organic material. The coccoliths are formed intracellulary in specialized organelles which comprise a coccolith vesicle (CV) and a reticular body (RB), together forming the CV/RB system or calcifying system. After termination of calcification, the coccolith is extruded and incorporated into the coccosphere,i.e., one or several layers of extracellular coccoliths surrounding the cell. Apart from the coccolith-producing cells (C cells) ofE. huxleyi, there are naked cells (N cells) which seem to have lost the capacity to produce coccoliths but are very similar to the C cells in other morphological respects. Biochemical studies have revealed that polysaccharides may play a regulatory role in calcification. The aim of the present study was to determine the localization of polysaccharides in both C and N cells electron microscopically. For this purpose, a cytochemical staining technique according toThiéry (1967) was applied. The CV/RB system of C cells was conspicuously stained. Due to the excellent stainability of this system, a putative succession of morphological stages during coccolithogenesis could be described. The staining pattern of the N cells closely resembled that of the C cells. It was found, however, that the “calcifying” system of N and C cells differed in both morphology and position. It is suggested that the divergent morphology of the “calcifying” system of N cells accounts for its failure to produce coccoliths.
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  • 55
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Plastid greening ; Zea mays ; Ultrastructure
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The effects of light intensity and cell age on the greening of etioplasts were studied in seedlings of maize. We could see that in the youngest tissues examined by us the etioplast greening is very fast and occurs according to a particular pattern which is characterized by the contemporary presence of grana and large non crystalline prolamellar bodies. On the contrary, in the oldest examined tissues the etioplast greening is slow and the formation of grana appears to be delayed and subsequent to the using up of the prolamellar bodies. In the young tissues the intensity of the light mainly affects the duration of the lag-phase preceding the chlorophyll accumulation, while in the old tissues it also affects the total amount of chlorophyllous pigments, the restraining effect of the light appearing amplified by a concomitant restraining effect of cell age.
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  • 56
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    Protoplasma 121 (1984), S. 199-208 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Psychotria ; Leaf nodules ; Calyx nodules ; Symbiosis ; Ultrastructure
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The occurrence and structure of calyx nodules in the flowers of two leaf nodulated rubiaceous speciesPsychotria punctata Vatke andPsychotria kirkii Hiern. has been described for the first time at the ultrastructural level. Bacteria, resident in colleter-secreted mucilage in the space between calyx and corolla, invade stomatal pores which develop on the calyx protoderm. The bacteria proliferate in the substomatal cavity and then invade the calyx mesophyll. This invasion is most pronounced inP. punctata where the bacteria even penetrate and enter the cells of the vascular tissue. Although no sheath forms around the calyx nodules, the calyx mesophyll cells surrounded by the bacteria become identical in shape, size and secretory function to the invasive mesophyll cells of leaf nodules. The functional and evolutionary significance of calyx nodulation is discussed.
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  • 57
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    Protoplasma 122 (1984), S. 203-221 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Actinia fragacea ; Granular amoebocytes ; Ultrastructure
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The structure of granular amoebocytes of the intertidal sea anemoneActinia fragacea (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) has been investigated using the electron microscope. Cells from the gonads of large, intact individuals were studied in most detail, but other regions of the anemone were also examined. The amoebocytes are cells of variable appearance which are widely distributed both in the mesogloea and in the epithelial cell layers. They contain numbers of characteristic dense granules, which may enclose spherical cores of greater or lesser electron density. They also contain rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and a range of inclusions, some of which may have lysosomal origins. They may contain extensive deposits of glycogen, and usually smaller quantities of lipid droplets. They may take on a variety of forms, depending partly on their location within the various types of mesogloea and epithelia. The amoebocytes appear to be motile and phagocytic, and may also be involved in the storage and transport of glycogen. They are involved with gametogenesis, both during the development of the oocytes and spermatogenic cysts and during the resorption of degenerating gametes. Their possible role in the secretion or maintenance of the mesogloea remains uncertain. No evidence of amoebocytes differentiating into other cell types was obtained.
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  • 58
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Chromosome fragments ; Holokinetic chromosomes ; Karyomeres ; Nucleolar material ; Ultrastructure
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    Notes: Summary Chromosomes and nucleoli in the karyomeres of cleavage eggs of the arrhenotokous spidermiteTetranychus urticae Koch were treated with a silver-staining procedure for nucleolar material to establish the number of nucleoli and of the chromosomes that produce them. Each of the three holokinetic chromosomes of the haploid chromosome complement produces nucleolar material. This is confirmed by observations on the ultrastructure of karyomeres in serial sections of interphase cleavage divisions. These findings are thought to be in agreement with facts from previous radiation research and may help to explain the fate of induced fragments in holokinetic chromosomes.
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  • 59
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Freeze-fracture ; Isolated rye protoplasts ; Osmotic contraction ; Plasma membrane-derived vesicles ; Ultrastructure
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Following osmotic contraction of isolated rye protoplast (Secale cereale L. cv. Puma) that results in nearly a 50% reduction in volume, the plasma membrane was smooth, with no folding or pleating. Instead, deletion of plasma membrane occurred and numerous cytoplasmic vesicles were observed. As a result, the area of the plasma membrane was reduced by approximately 40%. Thin sections revealed that the cytoplasmic vesicles were membrane bound and not merely voids in the cytoplasm. High resolution video microscopy revealed the extent of vesiculation showing large clusters of cytoplasmic vesicles following osmotic contraction. Labeling the plasma membrane with fluorescein-Con-A prior to hypertonic contraction suggested that the cytoplasmic vesicles were derived from the plasma membrane. Freeze-fracture particle density on both the protoplasmic (PFp) and exoplasmic face (EFp) of the plasma membrane remained unchanged following contraction, which is consistent with a unit-membrane deletion into cytoplasmic vesicles. Upon partial re-expansion of the protoplasts, thin sections showed that the vesicles remained in the cytoplasm. These results using osmotic manipulation confirm earlier observations of isolated protoplasts at the light microscope level. Upon contraction plasma membrane is deleted into cytoplasmic vesicles, which are not readily reincorporated into the plasma membrane upon expansion. Lysis occurs before the original volume and surface area are regained.
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  • 60
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Fungus ; Zoospore ; Ultrastructure ; Membranes
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Determining how the orientation and association among organelles are maintained within zoospores of theChytridiales is important to understanding the control of zoospore motility. Zoospores of the aquatic fungi,Chytriomyces aureus andC. hyalinus, contain microbody-lipid globule complexes with an elongate microbody adjacent to the portion of a lipid globule facing the cell's interior and a fenestrated cisterna (the rumposome) opposed to the surface of the lipid globule toward the plasma membrane. Mitochondria are intimately associated with the microbody. Electron microscopy of the microbody-lipid globule complex fixed in glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide, with or without tannic acid, reveals cross-linking bridges connecting the rumposome to the plasma membrane, to the microbody, and to microtubules of the rootlet extending from the kinetosome. It is concluded that these bridges are responsible, at least in part, for the consistent location of the microbody-lipid globule complex in the zoospore body. The possible role of the rumposome as a receptor organelle is discussed.
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  • 61
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Secretion ; Vesicles ; Ultrastructure ; Cultured cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Callus-derived suspension cultures of oats dramatically increase the viscosity of the culture media after one month in culture. Colorimetric assays for sugars and protein, as well as measurements of viscosity, suggest that the released material is a long-chain polysaccharide, probably a pectinaceous substance. These cells grow slowly in liquid culture, yet despite their low cell density, they are able to increase the viscosity of the media several fold within seven days after media transfer. Ultrastructural observations show that oat cells have features common to actively-secreting cells; especially evident are numerous dictyosomes with hypertrophied cisternae. Using a combination of filtering and centrifugation techniques we were able to recover large numbers of intact secretory vesicles. The interior of the vesicles stain with periodic acid-silver hexamine, and colormetric analysis of the vesicle pellet for total sugars confirms the presence of polysaccharides in this vesicle fraction. Because of the uniformity of these cells, the high rate of secretion, and the accessability of a large vesicle population, this culture system is'a useful model for studying the secretory process in plant cells.
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  • 62
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    Protoplasma 113 (1982), S. 189-192 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Brassica napus ; Membrane ; Nucleolus ; Nucleus ; Ultrastructure ; Vacuole
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Vacuole-like structures were found in the nuclei of root tip cells ofBrassica napus. The cells containing the unusual nuclear inclusions were found to be adjacent to zones of degenerating cells. Such groups of cells occurred irregularly in the meristematic regions of the young root tips. The possibility that they represent changes which have occurred in old seeds is discussed. The “vacuole-like” structures seen in the cells adjacent to the degenerating zones were bounded by a membranous layer 12 nm thick. This is thicker than most cellular membranes. The “vacuoles” frequently contained inclusions and showed similarities to protein bodies reported elsewhere. The structures are thought to represent rearrangements of cell products which may have accumulated through an imbalance of metabolism in consequence of the imminent cell degeneration.
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  • 63
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Aspergillus nidulans ; Aspergillus giganteus ; Hyphal apex ; Ultrastructure ; Woronin body
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The hyphal tip ultrastructure ofAspergillus nidulans andAspergillus giganteus indicates that their apical organization is very similar to that found in other filamentous fungi. Both species have an area immediately behind the hyphal apex free of all large organelles and containing a high concentration of vesicles. InA. giganteus only one size class of vesicle is clearly evident, with a mean diameter of 72 nm. InA. nidulans two size classes of vesicle were found, with mean diameters of 75 nm and 31 nm. A Spitzenkörper is evident inA. nidulans as an area very close to the tip containing only the smaller vesicles. InA. giganteus one or more apparently mature Woronin bodies were found within the first 1 μm of some hyphal apices. The possible significance of their presence is discussed.
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  • 64
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Entomophaga aulicae ; Fungi ; Mitosis ; Nucleus associated organelle ; Taxonomy ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Nuclei in protoplasts ofEntomophaga aulicae contain abundant condensed chromatin and a large central nucleolus. The metaphase spindle occupies a small eccentric area of the nucleus while the remainder of the nucleus is filled with condensed chromatin. Small portions of condensed chromatin are aligned along a broad metaphase plate and connected to the spindle poles by kinetochore microtubules. The nucleus associated organelle (NAO) is a solid barlike structure which lies at the spindle poles and is closely associated with the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope. Comparison of the nuclear characteristics ofE. aulicae with those of other members of theEntomophthorales supports the separation of theEntomophthoraceae from theBasidiobolaceae andAncylistaceae. Further comparison of details of nuclear division in theEntomophthoraceae, specifically NAO morphology, may be useful in helping to delineate evolutionary lines within the family.
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    Protoplasma 123 (1984), S. 104-115 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Constrictive binary fission ; Cyanobacteria ; Development ; Multiple fission ; Septate binary fission ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary An ultrastructural examination of cell division in two baeocyte producing cyanobacteria,Pleurocapsa minor andDermocarpa violaceae, reveals two distinct patterns of binary (transverse) fission. Septate binary fission, inPleurocapsa minor, involves centripetal synthesis and deposition of the mucopolymer cell wall layer (L 2). The ingrowth of the cytoplasmic membrane and L 1 cell wall layer, along with the synthesis of the L 2 cell wall layer, results in the formation of a prominent septum. Partitioning of the cell occurs by the constriction of the outer cell wall layers (L 3 and L 4) through the septum. InDermocarpa violaceae, constrictive binary fission occurs by the simultaneous ingrowth or constriction of the cytoplasmic membrane and all cell wall layers (L1, L2, L3, L4). Septate and constrictive binary fission may proceed symmetrically (medially) or asymmetrically (nonmedially). Multiple fission occurs regularly inDermocarpa violaceae and provides for a rapid means of reproduction when compared to binary fission. Successive radial and tangential divisions of the protoplast result in formation of many small daughter cells (baeocytes). The process of multiple fission is similar to septate binary fission with reduced septa being formed. However, constriction of the outer cell wall layers, through the septa, proceeds concurrently with septum formation.
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  • 66
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Cold acclimation ; Exocytotic extrusions ; Freeze-fracture ; Isolated rye protoplasts ; Lipid bodies ; Osmotic contraction ; Plasma membrane ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Osmotic contraction of protoplasts isolated from cold acclimated leaves ofSecale cereale L. cv. Puma results in the formation of exocytotic extrusions of the plasma membrane. Numerous knobs or polyps were observed on the surface of the protoplasts with scanning electron microscopy. In thin sections, the extrusions were bounded by the plasma membrane with a densely osmiophilic interior. Cross-fracturing of the extrusions revealed aparticulate bodies within, a further indication that the interior of the extrusions was predominantly lipid material. Freeze-fracture of the plasma membrane suggests a possible source of this lipid material. Following osmotic contraction, the particle density on the plasma membrane protoplasmic face (PFp) increased, being reflected in both a substantial increase in paracrystalline arrays and an increase in the particle density in non-crystalline regions. This increase in particle density indicates that lipid material is preferentially lost from the plasma membrane during contraction. The density on the exoplasmic face (EFp) did not change. Together, these findings suggest that during hypertonic contraction of acclimated protoplasts, lipid material is preferentially subducted from the plasma membrane and sequestered into lipid bodies (the osmiophilic regions). The formation of lipid bodies and extrusions was readily reversible. Following osmotic expansion of acclimated protoplasts, the extrusions were retracted back into the plane of the plasma membrane.
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  • 67
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Dasya ; Mitosis ; Rhodophyta ; Spermatangia ; Ultrastructure
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Mitosis in the marine red algaDasya baillouviana (Ceramiales, Florideophyceae) was observed with the electron microscope. Most details of the process are quite similar to those observed in the other macroscopic red algae studied to date. However, some minor variations were noted. At late prophase a very small nuclear envelope protrusion (NEP) is formed at each division pole subjacent to the “nucleus associated organelle” known as the polar ring (PR) and 2–3 cisternae of perinuclear endoplasmic reticulum (PER) are commonly present during metaphase-anaphase. In contrast, in the other florideophycean algae where mitosis has been reported, a prominent NEP is present at late prophase (McDonald personal communication,Scott et al. 1980) and only a single cisterna of PER is observed. Additionally, during mid-late interphase and in mitotically-quiescent cells ofDasya, a single cisterna of smooth-surfaced ER is always juxtaposed with each PR. The possible significance of PER in theFlorideophyceae and other multinucleate organisms is discussed as well as the likely functions of spindle-associated smooth ER. It is suggested that ultrastructural features of mitosis should be useful as criteria to aid in the interpretation of the phylogeny of red algae.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 146 (1984), S. 145-162 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Chlorophyceae ; Spermatozopsis similis ; Ultrastructure ; green flagellate ; flagellar apparatus ; function ; phylogeny
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The ultrastructure of the flagellar apparatus of the naked, biflagellate green algaSpermatozopsis similis Preisig & Melkonian has been studied in detail using an absolute configuration analysis. The two basal bodies are displaced by 350 nm in the 1/7 o'clock direction and do not overlap proximally. They are interconnected by a principal distal connecting fibre consisting of a bundle of 5–8 nm filaments and possibly two proximal striated connecting fibres. The flagellar root system is cruciate (5-2-5-2 or 4-2-4-2 system) and contains a prominent continuous system I fibre overlying the two opposite two-stranded roots. A system II fibre is absent. Pronounced structural differences have been observed in the flagellar apparatus ultrastructure at two types of flagella orientation: During backward swimming basal bodies are parallel, the distal connecting fibre is extremely contracted; during forward swimming basal bodies assume various angles (from 20° to 180°) and the connecting fibre is about five times longer compared to the contracted state. The function of the connecting fibre as a contractile organelle and the mechanism of its contraction are discussed. On the basis of the flagellar apparatus ultrastructure,Spermatozopsis similis is related toChlamydomonas-type green algae.
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  • 69
    ISSN: 1432-1955
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Microsporidia ; Simuliidae
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    Notes: Abstract During an investigation of the parasites of simuliid larvae in a defined area in Southern Germany six species of Microsporidia were found. These parasites infect larvae of six different species of Simuliidae. Using light and scanning electron microscopic techniques the microsporidians were identified asAmblyospora bracteata, Thelohania fibrata, T. varians, Pleistophora multispora, P. simulii, andP. debaisieuxi. The arrangement of membranes in the cyst as well as the surface structure of the spores are described.
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  • 70
    ISSN: 1432-1955
    Keywords: Schistosoma mansoni ; Mother sporocyst ; Daughter sporocyst ; Biomphalaria pfeifferi ; Ultrastructure
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    Notes: Abstract The development of the mother sporocyst and the differentiation of the daughter sporocyst ofSchistosoma mansoni inBiomphalaria pfeifferi are described. The tegumental structure of the mother sporocyst, consisting of an outer layer connected to internally situated nucleated cell bodies, forms extensions which enwrap the germinal cells. The parenchyma cells, in which the germinal cells were embedded before, degenerate. When daughter sporocyst embryos develop from germinal cells they are enveloped by a primitive epithelium which is formed by fusion of the extensions of the tegumental structure of the mother sporocyst. Somatic cells located peripherally in the developing daughter sporocyst expand and coalesce beneath the primitive epithelium to form the future outer layer of the tegumental structure of the daughter sporocyst. The primitive epithelium degenerates, the newlyformed layer looses its nuclei, and becomes connected to internally situated nucleated cell bodies. Further developments in the tegumental structure of the daughter sporocyst include the formation of microvillus-like projections, a surface coat, spines, and a basement membrane.
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  • 71
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    Parasitology research 63 (1980), S. 233-239 
    ISSN: 1432-1955
    Keywords: Siphonaptera ; Leptomonas ; Ultrastructure ; Cysts
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Ultrastructural studies onLeptomonas ctenocephali ofCtenocephalides canis andLeptomonas species ofOrchopeas h. howardi andPalaeopsylla m. minor have demonstrated the presence of characteristic round and oval parasites with a regularly indented plasma membrane. Such forms were found only as unattached parasites in the lumen of the pylorus, hindgut, and rectum amongst parasites which showed a normal kinetoplastid plasmalemma. The plasmalemma indentations are regular in their distribution around the periphery of the parasite, being separated usually by a fixed number of subpellicular microtubules in each “cyst-like form”, some subpellicular microtubules are displaced from the periphery at the point where the plasmalemma is indented furthest into the cytoplasm. It is suggested that these forms meet the criteria necessary to be characterised as “cyst-like forms” despite the apparent absence of a true cyst wall.
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  • 72
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    Parasitology research 64 (1980), S. 1-15 
    ISSN: 1432-1955
    Keywords: Intersexuality ; Pedicel of antennae ; Chironomus ; Limnomermis rosea ; Ultrastructure
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der normale Bau der Scolopidialorgane in den Pedicelli der Antennen vonChironomus entspricht dem vonAedes, mit Ausnahme folgender Besonderheiten: a) Der Geschlechtsdimorphismus des Organes ist ausgeprägter als beiAedes. b) Das Pedicelluslumen ist lateral und ventral größer als medial und dorsal. c) Der Bau des Geißelgelenkes ist einfacher, die innere Pedicelluswand massiv. d) Die Spangen des männlichen Pedicellus sind abwärts gebogen, die Scolopidien des proximalen Ringes setzen von oben und unten an den Spangen an, 2–4 der unteren Scolopidien jeder Spange haben größeren Durchmesser. Die Scolopidienzahl im proximalen Ring der ♀ ist viel geringer als beiAedes. e) Das Zentralorgan ist bei beiden Geschlechtern gleich, seine Scolopidien entsprechen Typ D vonAedes (Boo und Richards 1975a, b). Bei ♂ vonC. anthracinus Zett., die vonLimnomermis rosea Hagm. parasitiert sind, entspricht der Pedicellus völlig dem normaler und parasitierter ♀ (Tabelle 1). Werden ♂ vonC. riparius Meig. oderC. luridus Str. mit dem gleichen Parasiten infiziert, so kann der Pedicellus intersex abgewandelt sein: Der Grad der distalen Einsenkung, der Bau des Flagellum-Pedicellus-Gelenkes, die Spangenzahl und die Scolopidienzahl im proximalen Ring können offenbar alle Zwischenstufen zwischen männlicher und weiblicher Ausprägung erreichen. Der Übergang männchenähnlicher und weibchenähnlicher Bereiche in solchen Pedicelli erscheint abrupt. Die Ultramorphologie der Scolopidien bleibt vom Parasiten unbeeinflußt.
    Notes: Abstract The normal morphology of the scolopidial organs in pedicels ofChironomus antennae corresponds to that ofAedes, with the following exceptions: (a) The sexual dimorphism of the organ is more pronounced than inAedes. (b) The lumen of the pedicel is larger at its lateral and ventral side than at its median and dorsal side. (c) The construction of the flagellar side than at its median and dorsal side. (c) The construction of the flagellar prongs in male pedicels are directed downwards. The scolopidia of the proximal ring are attached to the upper and lower side of the prongs, 2–4 of the lower scolopidia of each prong have a greater diameter. The number of scolopidia in the proximal ring of females is much less than inAedes. (e) The central organ is identical in both sexes, its scolopidia correspond to type D ofAedes (Boo and Richards 1975 a, b). Pedicel structures inChironomus anthracinus males parasitized byLimnomermis rosea are identical to those of normal and parasitized females (Table 1). IfC. riparius orC. luridus males are parasitized by the same nematode, pedicels are often intersexual: The degree of the distal depression, construction of the flagellar articulation, number of prongs, and number of scolopidia in the proximal ring may attain all intergrades between maleness and femaleness. The transition between male- and female-like parts of the pedicel is abrupt. The ultramorphology of the scolopidia, however, is not influenced by the parasite.
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  • 73
    ISSN: 1432-1955
    Keywords: Cestoda ; Proteocephalus tidswelli ; Ultrastructure ; Microtriches
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    Notes: Abstract Ultrastructural observations on adultProteocephalus tidswelli revealed a marked microtrichial polymorphism. Structural and dimensional variations of microtriches between different regions of the strobila and scolex, as well as within the same region, were observed. The authors suggest that microtriches are involved in a diversity of functions, and possible functional activities are discussed.
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  • 74
    ISSN: 1432-1955
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Spermatogenesis ; Nematoda ; Trichinella spiralis
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'étude ultrastructurale de la spermatogénèse chezT. spiralis a permis de retrouver chez cette espèce les caractères morphologiques observés dans la lignée mâle chez la plupart des Nématodes, c'est-à-dire absence de flagelle chez le spermatozoïde, absence de reconstitution de l'enveloppe nucléaire après divisions méiotiques, structure atypique du centriole. Elle a permis de situer le spermatozoïde par rapport aux classifications antérieurement proposées.
    Notes: Abstract The ultrastructural study of spermatogenesis inT. spiralis demonstrated the main characteristics of the male germ cells in the class Nematoda, i.e. lack of flagella, lack of reconstitution of the nuclear envelope after the meiotic divisions, and atypical structure of the centriole. The spermatozoon ofT. spiralis was compared with previous classifications of the Nematoda spermatozoa.
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  • 75
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    Parasitology research 65 (1981), S. 19-30 
    ISSN: 1432-1955
    Keywords: Parorchis acanthus ; Redia ; Ultrastructure ; Epidermis
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Regional and age differences in the epidermis of the redia ofP. acanthus have been studied by transmission electron microscopy. The depth of the outer cytoplasmic epidermis increases by four times from stage I to stage III and the microvilli double their length and branch by stage II. Electron-dense and electron-lucent membrane bound bodies are present in all stages, the latter being released onto the surface as vesicles. Multivesicular bodies appear in stage III. All are formed in one type of secretory epidermal cell body. Anterior and posterior concentric folds, of thickened outer cytoplasmic epidermis only, increase the surface area and also the diameter of the redia on contraction. In stages I and II the apical regions of the ventro-lateral processes and birth papilla, and the lattice pattern on the posterior papilla, each consisting of thickened outer cytoplasmic epidermis only, may provide rigidity and support during migration. The uniciliate sensory receptors appear to be mechanoreceptors.
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  • 76
    ISSN: 1432-1955
    Keywords: Flagellates ; Spironucleus ; Mouse ; Ultrastructure ; Systematics
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    Notes: Abstract Using light and electron microscopy, we studied the ultrastructure ofSpironucleus muris (syn.Hexamita muris) from spontaneously and experimentally infected normal and athymic mice. Kinetosomes and cytoskeletal fibers arranged in two-fold rotational symmetry are similar to the speciesSpironucleus elegans from amphibians. Taxonomic proposals and a possible evolutionary scheme for diplomonad genera accepted at the last International Congress of Parasitology are given. The genusHexamita should be divided into two new genera:Hexamita (usually free-living) andSpironucleus (exclusively parasitic). We consider previous descriptions of hexamitiasis in rodents as dealing with spironucleosis. We distinguish a fresh and an old cyst of the parasite on the basis of structure, light refraction, location in the host, and infectivity. The transition from a fresh to an old cyst paralles the dessication of feces. The trophozoites can damage the microvilli and penetrate into the epithelium. We explain the differences in findings concerning intestinal lesions and forms of the disease (from acute to chronic to latent) by differences in the virulence of different parasite strains and by differences in inherent host resistance.
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  • 77
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    Parasitology research 62 (1980), S. 63-74 
    ISSN: 1432-1955
    Keywords: Insect salivary gland ; Trypanosoma rangeli ; Penetration ; Ultrastructure
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Ultrastructural studies of the mechanism of penetration of the salivary gland of the reduviid bugRhodnius prolixus byTrypanosoma rangeli showed that trypanosomes from the haemocoele penetrate the outer “membranes” of the gland flagellum foremost, disrupting the inner layers, to pass between the muscle cells to reach the gland cell basement membrane. This latter is also penetrated flagellum foremost, the parasite invaginating the gland cell plasmalemma beneath, to create a vacuole in which the trypanosome crosses the gland cells to reach the central lumen, often only losing its containing vacuole just before leaving the cell. The structure of the outer “membranes” surrounding the salivary gland appeared similar to, and often actually part of, the basement membrane of the gland cells. These outer “membranes” were found to enclose large numbers of multinuleate “giant form” trypanosomes, whose significance is as yet unknown, but could perhaps represent a stage in the life cycle of the parasite where genetic interchange could take place.
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  • 78
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypothalamus ; Neurosecretion ; Ultrastructure ; Neurophysin ; Lizard
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    Notes: Summary The supraoptic (SON) and paraventricular (PVN) nuclei of the lizard Liolaemus cyanogaster c. were studied by use of histochemical, immunocyto-chemical and electron microscopic methods. The immunofluorescence staining for neurophysin was applied to methacrylate-embedded material before and after treatment of the sections with urea and trypsin. Pseudoisocyanine was applied to sections previously used for immunocytochemistry. The ultrastructural study showed that the SON and PVN neurons possess neurosecretory granules (nsg), distributed throughout the perikaryon, and large (2 to 12 μm) electron-dense droplets located within dilatations of the cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Whereas the perikaryon (nsg) and the secretory droplets are stainable with pseudoisocyanine, only the former displays immunoreactivity for neurophysin. However, after treating the sections with urea and trypsin, the same secretory droplets become immunoreactive. It is suggested that the secretory droplets are sites of storage for the precursor of neurophysin, and that the tryptic digestion either triggers its conversion into neurophysin or exposes its immunoreactive sites. Based on the ultrastructure and the histochemical behavior of the secretory droplets, it is also postulated that they contain, in addition to peptides, a glycoprotein component.
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  • 79
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    Cell & tissue research 207 (1980), S. 499-509 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Mast cells ; Granulocytes ; Lymphoid cells ; Ultrastructure ; Cloaca ; Domestic fowl
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Motile cells (mast cells, granulocytes, lymphoid cells) are described in the mucosa of the cloacal urodaeum and proctodaeum of the female domestic fowl. Diffuse lymphoid tissue with lymphatic nodules occurs in the urodaeum at the ureteral ostium. Small local aggregations of lymphoid tissue can be observed in the mucosa of the proctodaeum. Cells originating from these sites penetrate the basal lamina of the epithelium and are then found between the epithelial cells. In the subepithelial layers the motile cells sometimes are in contact with each other. Mast cells (tissue basophils) form contact zones, resembling desmosomes or half desmosomes, with smooth muscle cells. In the mast cells three types of granules can be distinguished. Their ultrastructure is discussed in comparison with that in similar cells of the guinea pig.
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  • 80
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    Cell & tissue research 208 (1980), S. 85-98 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pars intermedia ; Stellate cell ; Macrophage ; Ultrastructure ; Phagocytosis
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    Notes: Summary In an attempt to study further the stellate cell and its functions, the ultrastructure of this cell type in the neurointermediate lobe of the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana, was examined in both organ and dissociated-cell culture. The cytoplasmic activity of stellate cells from neurointermediate lobes incubated 3 1/2 or 5 1/2 h was greater than that of those in vivo. Mitochondria and bundles of cytoplasmic filaments were numerous, in addition to prominent, well-developed Golgi complexes with associated vesicles. The most striking ultrastructural feature was the presence of phagocytic vacuoles that contain cellular debris. The stellate cells were seen to form cytoplasmic processes that phagocytosed this extracellular debris identifiable as belonging to the secretory cells of the pars intermedia. The stellate cells from the dissociated-cell preparations were also seen to contain debris within phagocytic vacuoles. In those neurointermediate lobes transplanted for 3 1/2 to 4 days into the anterior chamber of the eye, the stellate cells demonstrated similar phagocytic ability, but the phagocytic vacuoles contained material that seemed to be at a later stage of degradation. In all three of these conditions, the stellate cells were not seen to release this cellular debris nor were they seen to undergo cell division. These glial-like stellate cells of the pars intermedia acted as macrophages in all three of these experiments. There is now, therefore, a need to determine under what conditions, if any, these stellate cells function in vivo as macrophages.
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  • 81
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    Cell & tissue research 208 (1980), S. 123-133 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lesioned axons ; Ultrastructure ; Crayfish
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distal stumps of severed medial giant axons (MGAs) and of non-giant axons (NGAs) in the CNS of the crayfish Procambarus clarkii show long-term (5–9 months) survival associated with disorientation of mitochondria and thickening of the glial sheath. However, the morphological responses of the two axonal types differ in that neither the proximal nor the distal stump of severed MGAs ever fills with mitochondria as is observed in some severed NGAs. Furthermore, the adaxonal glial layer never completely encircles portions of MGA axoplasm as occurs in many severed NGAs; in fact, ultrastructural changes in the adaxonal layer around severed MGAs are often difficult to detect. No multiple axonal profiles are ever seen within the glial sheath of the proximal or distal stumps of severed MGAs whereas these structures are easily located within severed NGAs.
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  • 82
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    Cell & tissue research 210 (1980), S. 21-32 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Eyespots ; Photoreceptor ; Chemoreceptor ; Turbellaria ; Ultrastructure
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The eyespots of Microstomum lineare were studied by electron microscopy, light microscopy, and fluorescence microscopy. Each eyespot consists of two ciliary photoreceptor cells shielded by pigment cells and additional sensory cells. The photoreceptor cells are characterized by a distal intracellular cavity lined with 50–100 interwoven cilia. The other sensory cells are of two ultrastructurally different types, one with long cilia predominating and the other with balloonlike cilia. The pigment cells, which envelop processes of the sensory cells, contain pigment vacuoles varying in size and content and give a bright red fluorescence by the Falck-Hillarp method. The eyespots are suggested to perform a dual function as photoreceptors and chemoreceptors. The evolutionary significance of ciliary photoreceptors in Turbellaria is discussed.
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  • 83
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    Cell & tissue research 210 (1980), S. 85-94 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypothalamus ; Domestic fowl ; Preoptic area ; Ultrastructure
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    Notes: Summary Numerous secretory parvocellular perikarya were found in the preoptic region of the domestic fowl (Gallus gallus). The dense-core secretory vesicles belong to two categories: vesicles with a diameter of (i)80–90 nm and (ii) 110–140nm. Scattered magnocellular elements display larger dense-core granules. The parvocellular neurons form unit-like clusters, showing also zones of direct apposition of neuronal membranes. The surrounding neuropil is rich in synaptic structures, formed by at least three types of axon terminals, distinguishable on the basis of vesicular morphology. These observations confirm the findings in other avian species. The hypothetical function of this system of peptidergic neurons in the rostral hypothalamus of birds is discussed.
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  • 84
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    Cell & tissue research 210 (1980), S. 121-132 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Glycoproteins ; Ultrastructure ; Tunicamycin ; Colonic epithelium
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Glycoproteins are associated with several structures of colonic absorptive cells of the mouse. These include the cell coat, Golgi apparatus and vesicles that transport the glycoproteins from the apparatus to the cell surface (Michaels and Leblond 1976). In many in vitro systems, the antibiotic tunicamycin inhibits the glycosylation of asparagine residues yielding carbohydrate-poor glycoproteins. In the present in vivo study, tunicamycin was injected into mice. The murine colonic epithelial cells were prepared routinely for electron microscopy and cytochemistry. Cells from the experimental and control animals were similar morphologically. However, staining by the periodic acid-chromic acid-silver methenamine technique, revealed differences in the distribution of glycoproteins. In animals that received the higher dosages of tunicamycin there was a substantial reduction in silver staining in both the Golgi apparatus and the vesicles of colonic epithelial cells compared to these structures in cells of identically treated control tissues, whereas the staining over the cell coat was not significantly altered. Possible explanations for the staining of the cell coat in the treated animals were provided in the text. This report demonstrates the feasibility of using tunicamycin in vivo and detection of the changes obtained by the silver methenamine method.
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  • 85
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    Cell & tissue research 211 (1980), S. 391-403 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ocelli ; Dinopid spider ; Ultrastructure ; Optics ; Evolution of nocturnal eye
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The posterior median (pm) eyes of the dinopid spider Menneus unifasciatus L. Koch are described and compared with the pm eyes of Dinopis, which are highly specialised for night vision. The lenses of Menneus have F-numbers of 0.72 compared to 0.58 in Dinopis, the distance between receptors is ca. 4.0 μm compared to 20–22 μm for Dinopis, and image quality is matched to receptor spacing. The lens of Menneus is simple, while that of Dinopis comprises two components of different refractive indices (Blest and Land 1977). Receptive segments of the pm eyes of Dinopis are hexagonal in transverse section and those of adjacent cells are tightly contiguous, allowing the possibility of both optical and electrical coupling (Blest 1978). Receptive segments of Menneus are separated from each other by glial processes containing little pigment, and each segment possesses two rhabdomeres on opposite faces of the cell. Rhabdomere volumes undergo a daily cycle similar to that described for Dinopis, but of relatively minor extent. It is shown that the pm eye of Dinopis could have evolved from that of Menneus by a simple series of transformations, and that a gain of two logarithmic units of sensitivity can be attributed to changes in optical design alone.
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  • 86
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Sturgeon ; Muscle fibres ; Ultrastructure ; Morphometry ; Vascularisation
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    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure and vascular supply of the different fibre types in the lateral muscles of the sturgeon Acipenser stellatus were studied by light- and electron microscopy and morphometry. Three fibre types form separate layers without intermingling. The red fibres are superficial, the white fibres deep and the intermediate fibres between them. From morphometric analyses, the mitochondrial volume fraction in red fibres is 30%, in intermediate fibres 3.7% and in white fibres 0.7%. Z lines are most fuzzy in the red fibres. Triads of the sarcotubular system are always situated at the level of the Z discs. In red fibres the three elements are arranged in a series along the myofibrils, whereas in white fibres they are arranged transversely and in the intermediate fibres they are aligned obliquely. The number of capillaries surrounding each fibre is 2.3, 0.9 and 0.2 for the red, intermediate and white fibres, respectively. In red fibres 16% of the surface is directly covered by capillaries. The corresponding percentages for intermediate and white fibres are 5 and 1, respectively. Per unit volume of the fibre, the directly vascularised fibre surface in red fibres is about ten times larger than that of white fibres. The degree of vascularisation of the fibre types is directly related to the volume fraction of mitochondria, and thus to their aerobic capacities.
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  • 87
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Transmitter-dualism ; Multipotential neuron ; Heart innervation ; Ultrastructure ; SEM
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    Notes: Summary The segmental heart nerves of Caligo beltrao Illiger (Brassolidae) were examined by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Heart and alary muscles are innervated by branching processes of single multinucleate neurons (MNNs). There is one MNN situated at each segmental fan-shaped group of alary muscles. The main nerve of the MNN consists of a bundle of processes. This nerve extends centripetally toward the CNS and corresponds to the dorsal portion of the transverse nerve. However, neither axo-somatic nor axo-axonic synapses were found, the presence of which might suggest that this nerve contains axons of different neuronal origin. The synaptic contacts of the MNN with axons originating from the CNS are therefore assumed to be established beyond the spiracular region. In addition to the neuro-muscular junctions of the smaller centrifugal axon branches there are neurohaemal release sites along the entire length of all MNN axon bundles. Axon terminals are packed with either dense-cored or multigranular vesicles. Both morphological types of vesicles are, however, found side by side in the large axons and in the perikaryon, often at the same Golgi element. These morphological findings may support the concept that more than one transmitter is produced in a single neuron. Questions that arise in reference to dual or polyfunctional neurons and to the control of cardiac activity are discussed.
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    Cell & tissue research 214 (1981), S. 1-22 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neuro-intermediate lobe ; Anolis carolinensis ; Horseradish peroxidase ; Ultrastructure ; Extracellular space ; Ependymal cells ; Stellat cells ; Secretory cells
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of the tracer substance horseradish peroxidase (HRP, Mw 40,000) in the neuro-intermediate lobe of the lizard, Anolis carolinensis, was studied at various time intervals (13 min to 24 h) after vascular injection. HRP rapidly entered the extracellular lumen of the neural lobe, but did not penetrate into the third ventricle. The tracer was found in micropinocytotic vesicles (MPVs) of ependymal cells within 13 min after injection. The number of cellular inclusions containing HRP increased during the period of observation (24 h). The tracer was sparsely taken up by aminergic and peptidergic nerve terminals of the external layer. After transection of the hypophysial stalk, numerous dense, labelled droplets were found in the peptidergic terminals, and the number of labelled inclusions in ependymal cells increased. MPVs were frequently found in extensions of stellate cells of the intermediate lobe, and endocytotic vacuoles (EVs) developed especially in the perikaryon. HRP was also found in large cisternae of the secretory cells, appearing predominantly towards the perivascular septum (PVS). These cisternae were found to communicate with the extracellular lumen, probably representing a system of the extracellular space extending into the secretory cell. After transection of the hypophysial stalk, there was an increase in the number of small EVs in secretory cells of the intermediate lobe. The results are discussed in terms of MSH-release regulation and possible participation of the extracellular lumen, glial and stellate cells in the transport of regulating factors and secretory material.
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  • 89
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenocortical cells ; Trout ; Ultrastructure ; Dexamethasone ; Cortisol
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the interrenal (adrenocortical) cells of trout (Salmo fario L.) was studied after dexamethasone treatment. A procedure for identifying and isolating interrenal tissue fragments from the surrounding head kidney tissue prior to their preparation for electron microscopy is described. The peripheral plasma cortisol concentrations were measured in order to evaluate the steroidogenic activity of this tissue. The interrenal cells of control animals contain numerous mitochondria with tubular cristae, and a well developed and highly organized smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER). The scarcity, or absence, of lipid droplets contrasts markedly with the abundance of SER. Treatment with dexamethasone results in a decrease steroidogenic activity of the interrenal cells, as indicated by the fall in plasma cortisol concentrations. The interrenal cells are small, but still contain numerous mitochondria. The SER is poorly developed, but masses of densely intermeshed smooth cisternae subsist. Lipid droplets do not accumulate in these cells; this peculiarity is discussed in connection with the virtual absence of liposomes in teleost interrenal cells.
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  • 90
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    Cell & tissue research 214 (1981), S. 651-658 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Intestine ; Teleost ; Ultrastructure ; Innervation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The innervation of the intestinal wall in the teleosts Myoxocephalus and Pleuronectes was examined electron microscopically. Two classes of axons can be identified. The first, which is in the majority, contains numerous 50–150 nm granular vesicles as well as some 40–50 nm agranular vesicles while the second contains predominantly the 40–50 nm agranular vesicles. Chromate/dichromate staining methods suggest that the first type is aminergic. Both types lie in close association with the perikarya of intrinsic myenteric neurons but only axons containing predominantly agranular vesicles have synaptic membrane specialisations. No axon bundles pass into the longitudinal muscle layer in Myoxocephalus gut and though some do in Pleuronectes, they do not closely approach the smooth muscle cells. Axons containing large granular vesicles lie in intimate contact with the myocytes of the circular muscle layer. Both axon types pass through the submucosa to form a plexus underneath the mucosal epithelium. Varicosities containing agranular or granular vesicles are separated from the epithelial cells by a gap of about 200 nm in which lies a basal lamina.
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  • 91
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Peptidergic nerves ; Guinea-pig taenia coli ; Substance P ; Vasoactive intestinal peptide ; Somatostatin ; Enkephalin ; Ultrastructure ; Histochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The guinea-pig taenia coli is rich in peptide-containing nerves. Nerve fibres containing substance P (SP), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), or enkephalin, were numerous in the smooth muscle while somatostatin fibres were very few. Nerve fibres displaying SP or VIP immunoreactivity were numerous in the myenteric plexus. Enkephalin nerve fibres were fairly numerous in the plexus while somatostatin nerve fibres were sparse. Nerve cell bodies containing immunoreactive SP or VIP were regularly seen in the plexus. Delicate varicose elements of the different types of nerve fibres were found to ramify around nerve cell bodies in a manner suggestive of innervation. In the electron microscope the various peptide-storing nerve fibres (i.e., elements containing SP, VIP or enkephalin) were found to contain a varying number of fairly large, electron-opaque vesicles in the varicose swellings. These vesicles represent the storage site of the neuropeptides. The isolated taenia coli responded to electrical nerve stimulation with a contraction. After cholinergic and adrenergic blockade the contractile response was replaced by a relaxation followed by a contraction upon cessation of stimulation. SP contracted the taenia while VIP caused a relaxation. The enkephalins raised the resting tension slightly while somatostatin had no effect. These observations are compatible with a role for SP as an excitatory neurotransmitter and for VIP as an inhibitory one, and with the view that both SP neurones and VIP neurones act as motor neurones. In preparations contracted by SP the electrically induced contractions were reduced in amplitude while the electrically induced relaxations seen after adrenergic and cholinergic blockade were enhanced in amplitude. In preparations relaxed by VIP there was an increased contractile response to electrical stimulation, while in the atropine + guanethidine-treated preparation the electrically induce relaxations were reduced in amplitude. The enkephalins reduced the contractile response to electrical stimulation, while somatostatin induced a very small reduction in the amplitude of such responses. These observations suggest that SP neurones and VIP neurones may play additional roles as interneurones. Somatostatin neurones probably act as interneurones. Enkephalin-containing fibres may serve to modify the release of transmitter from other nerves in the smooth muscle, perhaps through axo-axonal arrangements. Alternatively, the enkephalin nerve fibres in the smooth muscle are afferent elements involved in mediating sensory impulses to the myenteric plexus.
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  • 92
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    Cell & tissue research 215 (1981), S. 113-131 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypothalamus ; Neurosecretory cells ; Domestic fowl ; Golgi study ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the rostral hypothalamus of the domestic fowl, the magnocellular neurosecretory nuclei show a peculiar differentiation. Golgi studies of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the fowl reveal at least two major cell types: 1) large multipolar neurons, and 2) small interneurons. Golgi impregnations provide a detailed cytoarchitectural picture of the large-sized cells; the latter may well correspond to the neurosecretory cells demonstrated in the same regions by selective staining, and immunocytochemical and electron microscopical techniques. Electron microscopically, neuronal perikarya are observed to contain variable amounts of neurosecretory granules (100–200 nm in diameter; mean diameter of 160 nm) scattered throughout the cytoplasm. The diameters of these granules do not differ statistically in the two principal nuclear areas examined. The perikarya of these neurons display only a few axosomatic synapses containing electron-lucent and dense-cored vesicles (70–90 nm in diameter). Numerous nerve terminals of this type also end on the dendritic ramifications in the surrounding neuropil.
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  • 93
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    Cell & tissue research 215 (1981), S. 537-545 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Chick embryo ; Muscular dystrophy ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In New Hampshire chickens, the primary clinical symptom of dystrophy is limitation of wing motility. Examination of the brachial-level motor unit in chick embryos homozygous for dystrophy reveals abnormalities in both muscular and neural components. Wing motility in these embryos is abnormal as early as six days, and there is a corresponding lack of differentiation of the pectoralis major muscle. The findings suggest that delayed development of brachial-level neuronal pathways is responsible for the decreased wing motility and early degeneration of the pectoral muscle.
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  • 94
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    Cell & tissue research 215 (1981), S. 515-529 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary ; Rathke's cleft ; Ultrastructure ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary SEM reveals that the inner surface of the pituitary cleft is lined by a continuous layer of marginal cells possessing microvillous and ciliated apical surfaces. The ciliated cells are more numerous on the posterior side (toward the pars intermedia) than on the anterior side of the cleft (toward the pars distalis). In contrast small infoldings (crypts) were occasionally noted only on the marginal layer covering the distal part of the hypophysis. In some areas of the cleft the surface features of the marginal cells are rather similar to the epithelial cells populating the upper parts of the respiratory tract in their topography and distribution. In other regions they also show striking similarities with the ependymal cells (tanycytes) lining the lateral recesses of the 3rd ventricle and the infundibular process with which the pituitary cleft has a very close topographical relationship. The parenchymal cells of the pars distalis are closely related to the flattened marginal cells of the cleft. The intercellular spaces of the pars distalis form a three-dimensional labyrinthic series of cavities continuous with the submarginal spaces of the cleft. Further SEM and TEM results demonstrate that the majority of the microvillous marginal cells lining both sides of the cleft possess surface features such as bulbous protrusions, laminar evaginations and large cytoplasmatic vacuoles, which are very likely the expression of an active transport of fluids. On the basis of these results it is concluded that the fluid-like material (colloid) present in the pituitary cleft is mainly derived from the fluids contained in the lacunar spaces of the pars distalis. Thus, marginal cells by absorbing fluids from the cleft by active endocytosis, may transport to the pars intermedia material (or hormones) produced in the distal part of the gland and vice versa. The cilia present on many marginal cells, based on their 9+2 tubular pattern, possess a kynetic role. This is very similar to that shown by the ciliated cells of the ependyma lining the brain ventricles. The occurrence of ciliated cells within the pituitary parenchyma (mainly in the follicles) suggests that they probably arise from the ciliated cells populating the marginal layer of the cleft and with which the parenchyma cells are closely related.
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  • 95
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Vascular smooth muscle ; Spontaneously hypertensive rat ; Reaggregate cultures ; Ultrastructure ; Collagen synthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Vascular smooth muscle cells were taken from the aortae of the WKY (normotensive) and SHR (spontaneously hypertensive) strains of rat by enzymatic dispersion and put into reaggregate culture. Initially the cells became individual spheroids having average diameters of 10 μm and surfaces that were either rough or smooth. The cells were far more complex than they appeared on their surfaces; after one day in culture, there was considerable internal variation in these cells. All the cells, whether WKY or SHR, lost the bulk of their cytoplasmic contents (including myofilaments, many mitochondria, and vesicular structures) in the early stages of culture and eventually became flattened. After 14 days in culture, these modified cells collected to form reaggregates that were commonly roughly spherical and several hundred μm in diameter. These reaggregates consisted of peripheral regions made up of several layers of flattened cells overlying cores formed by glia-like networks of cells similar in cytological appearance to the cells at the periphery. The meshes formed in this way contained cellular debris derived from dead cells or extrusion of cellular contents. It appears that SHR cells are quicker to form reaggregates than are WKY cells. Yet the SHR cells retained a rounded conformation after five days, whereas the WKY cells were more flattened and formed a more discrete aggregate at this stage of culture. However, by the fourteenth day of culture, differences between the two cell strains were not so pronounced, as far as could be judged by observations made with scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Both WKY and SHR cells at 14 days appeared highly secretory, possessing large Golgi systems as well as numerous ER cisternae and mitochondria. SHR cells produced greater amounts of connective tissue at all stages of culture than did WKY cells, indicating that a similar difference may contribute to the hypertension which develops naturally in situ in SHR animals.
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  • 96
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    Cell & tissue research 216 (1981), S. 491-501 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Cornea ; Compound eye ; Honey bee (Apis mellifera)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of the cornea in an anatomically and functionally specialized part of the honey bee's compound eye (dorsal rim area) was examined by light microscopy, transmission electron and scanning electron microscopy. Under incident illumination the cornea appears grey and cloudy, leaving only the centers of the corneal lenses clear. This is due to numerous pore canals that penetrate the cornea from the inside, ending a few μm below the outer surface. They consist of (1) a small cylindrical cellular evagination of a pigment cell (proximal), and (2) a rugged-walled, pinetree-shaped extracellular part (distal). The functional significance of these pore canals is discussed. It is concluded that their light scattering properties cause the wide visual fields of the photoreceptor cells measured electrophysiologically in the dorsal rim area, and that this is related to the way this eye region detects polarization in skylight.
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  • 97
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    Cell & tissue research 219 (1981), S. 417-423 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurohypophysis (Mouse) ; Transplantation ; Pituicytes ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The neurohypophysis of donor mice was implanted under the renal capsule of the recipients. The pituicytes survived while the neurosecretory axons disappeared. The ultrastructure of the glial cells was observed seven and nine weeks after transplantation. There were no signs of phagocytotic activity although remnants of axons were still present at seven weeks. The numerous processes of the pituicytes form a network with intercellular spaces wide in younger and narrower in older implants. The cells are connected by desmosomes and gap junctions. Pituicytes as well as blood vessels preserve their organotypic appearance. The transplant thus represents an experimental model for investigations on pituicytes in vivo in the absence of neurosecretory axons.
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  • 98
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Parathyroid (Rat) ; Storage granules ; Serum calcium level ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the rat parathyroid, the mean number of storage granules (NSG) per chief cell has been electron-microscopically studied and correlated with the mean serum calcium level (SCL). In animals given 4% CaCl2 plus vitamin D2 for 3 days, SCL is significantly elevated and NSG is increased. When these animals are injected with 2% EDTA, SCL is lowered to 8 mg/dl, but NSG is not affected; in those injected with 4% EDTA, however, SCL declines to a minimum (5.8 mg/dl) after 30 min, and NSG is also decreased. Control SCL are 8.9 mg/dl. These results indicate that storage granules may not be released until SCL is depressed to a certain level. In rats 3 weeks after castration, the chief cells show hyperplastic changes and SCL is at a low concentration (8.0 mg/dl). NSG, however, remains almost within control limits. Castrated animals injected with 4% EDTA show a hypocalcemia and a decrease in NSG, but NSG gradually recovers over a period of 6h. These data suggest that storage granules can be produced even under lower calcium concentrations. It is concluded that storage granules may be constantly produced and stored, and are released only as an emergency supply of hormone.
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  • 99
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    Cell & tissue research 205 (1980), S. 67-76 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Starfish egg ; Cortical reaction ; Vitelline coat ; Fertilization envelope ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The egg coats of a starfish (Patiria miniata) are examined before, during, and after the cortical reaction by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The unfertilized egg is closely invested by a vitelline coat about 300 μm thick, and cortical granules are scattered in the peripheral cytoplasm. After insemination, as the cortical granules undergo exocytosis, the cortical reaction sweeps over the egg surface. Much of the material ejected from the cortical granules adheres to the inner surface of the vitelline coat as a dense layer about 40 μm thick and as scattered spheres and hemispheres, each about 1 μm in diameter. Together, the vitelline coat and the adherent cortical granule material form the fertilization envelope, which becomes separated from the plasma membrane of the egg by a perivitelline space. The perivitelline space contains some flocculent material, which is too diffuse and discontinuous to be considered a hyaline layer. Possible functions of the starfish egg coats are discussed.
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  • 100
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    Cell & tissue research 205 (1980), S. 273-287 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Human neurohypophysis ; Ultrastructure ; Pituicytes ; Ependyma ; Choristoma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pars nervosa of the neurohypophysis from 12 patients undergoing hypophysectomy for palliative treatment of advanced carcinoma was studied electron microscopically. Special attention was given to the cellular elements, the pituicytes. Five different classes of pituicytes, with various transitional forms, were elucidated based on their ultrastructural characteristics: (1) The most common type, referred to as “major pituicytes”, is reminiscent of astrocytes. (2) “Dark pituicytes” are thought to represent different functional stages of the “major pituicytes”. (3) “Ependymal pituicytes” are believed to provide ultrastructural evidence that human pituicytes are phylogenetically derived from ependymal cells. (4) “Oncocytic pituicytes” were observed in all cases and are of unknown significance. (5) The ultrastructural features of “granular pituicytes” suggest the existence of an active uptake and catabolism of extracellular material by pituicytes, probably through “ultraphagocytosis” or “endocytosis”. These five classes of pituicytes are considered to represent different functional forms of one cell line that originates phylogenetically from the ependyma.
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