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  • RFLP  (201)
  • Springer  (201)
  • American Physical Society
  • 1990-1994  (201)
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  • Springer  (201)
  • American Physical Society
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mitochondrial DNA variation in geographic populations of Colorado potato beetle,Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Coleoptera; Chrysomelidae) (1991)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 47 (1991), S. 483-485 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Mitochondrial DNA ; RFLP ; Leptinotarsa decemlineata ; Colorado potato beetle ; population genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary This study demonstrates variability in restriction enzyme cleavage sites of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) among four popalations of Colorado potato beetle (CPB). A suite of three enzymes (EcoRI,HpaI,PstI) was sufficient to discriminate among the populations tested. Individuals heteroplasmic for restriction enzyme patterns were found in some populations. Variability in CPB mtDNA should prove useful in efforts to trace the origin and dispersal of the species in North America.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01959950
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intra- and inter-nest variation in mitochondrial DNA in the polygynous antLeptothorax acervorum (Hymenoptera; Formicidae) (1992)
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 39 (1992), S. 335-340 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Leptothorax acervorum ; mtDNA ; RFLP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary 27 nests ofLeptothorax acervorum were analysed for restriction fragment-length polymorphism (RFLP) in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), using four endonucleases. A substantial degree of variation was found between nests in the population (13 composite haplotypes). Intra-nest variation was detected in 15 % of the nests. The presence of occasional alien inseminated females indicates that polygyny in this species is caused by adoption of mated females. The occasional acceptance of alien females is difficult to explain, but interesting, since this behaviour could have given rise to inquilinism. Our results suggest that analysis of mtDNA RFLP is a method well suited for investigations of the population structure of ants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01323953
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    RAPD markers for constructing intraspecific tomato genetic maps (1993)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 12 (1993), S. 293-297 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: Lycopersicon esculentum ; Genetic marker ; Intraspecific genetic map ; DNA polymorphism ; Isozyme ; RFLP ; RAPD
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The existing molecular genetic maps of the tomato, Lycopersicon spp, are constructed based on isozyme and RFLP polymorphisms between tomato species. These maps are useful for certain applications but have few markers that exhibit sufficient polymorphisms for intraspecific analysis and manipulations within the cultivated tomato. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relative potential of RAPD technology, as compared to isozymes and RFLPs, to generate polymorphic DNA markers within cultivated tomatoes. Sixteen isozymes and 25 RFLP clones that were known to detect polymorphism between L. esculentum and L. pennellii, and 313 random oligonucleotide primers were examined. None of the isozymes and only four of the RFLP clones (i.e., 16%) revealed polymorphism between the cultivated varieties whereas up to 63% of the RAPD primers detected one or more polymorphic DNA fragments between these varieties. All RAPD primers detected polymorphism between L. esculentum and L. pennellii genotypes. These results clearly indicate that RAPD technology can generate sufficient genetic markers exploiting sequence differences within cultivated tomatoes to facilitate construction of intraspecific genetic maps.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00237139
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular analysis of the nuclear organellar genotype of somatic hybrid plants between tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) and Lycopersicon chilense (1992)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 10 (1992), S. 629-632 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: Protoplast fusion ; RFLP ; Mitochondrial DNA ; Chloroplast DNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Somatic hybrid plants were recovered following fusion of leaf mesophyll protoplasts isolated from tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) cultivar UC82 with protoplasts isolated from suspension cultured cells of L. chilense, LA 1959. Iodoacetate was used to select against the growth of unfused tomato protoplasts. Two somatic hybrids were recovered in a population of 16 regenerants. No tomato regenerants were recovered; all of the non-hybrid regenerants were L. chilense. The L. chilense protoplast regenerants were tetraploid. The hybrid nature of the plants was verified using species-specific restriction fragment length polymorphisms for the nuclear, chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes. The somatic hybrids had inherited the chloroplast DNA of the tomato parent, and portions of the mitochondrial DNA of the L. chilense parent. The somatic hybrids formed flowers and developed seedless fruit.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00232385
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Self-incompatibility is codominant in intraspecific hybrids of self-compatible and self-incompatible Lycopersicon peruvianum and L. hirsutum based on protein and DNA marker analysis (1994)
    Springer
    Sexual plant reproduction 7 (1994), S. 297-302 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Gametophytic self incompatibilityself-compatibility ; Lycopersicon peruvianum Lycopersicon hirsutum ; S-associated proteins ; RFLP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Self-compatibility was investigated separately in two species of tomato, Lycopersicon peruvianum and L. hirsutum. The codominant expression of self-compatibility (SC)/self incompatibility (SI) was established using intraspecific hybrids of SC and SI hybrids. In SC L. peruvianum, a major stylar protein of approximately 29 kDa cosegregates with self-compatibility in the progeny of SC/SI hybrids. The SC/SI hybrids are self-fertile, but only partially so, since the SI allele present in the hybrids is capable of eliminating certain genotypes in the resultant progeny. In L. hirsutum, the majority of hybrids between one accession of SI L. hirsutum f. hirsutum and one of SC L. hirsutum f. glabratum are self-fertile. Analysis of the progeny revealed that the SC and SI alleles are codominant in this species as well. A protein product for the SC allele is not obvious in style extracts of L. hirsutum f. glabratum. Segregating progeny from SC/SI hybrids of L. hirsutum were used to map the S locus against five RFLP markers on chromosome 1, and estimated map distances are given. In addition, evidence is presented that indicates that one of the DNA markers, CD15, is duplicated in L. hirsutum f. glabratum, and the duplication is not linked to the S locus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00227713
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Alignment of molecular and classical linkage maps of rice, Oryza sativa (1993)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 12 (1993), S. 457-461 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: Rice (Oryza sativa) ; Genetic Marker ; Genetic Map ; Integrated Linkage Map ; RFLP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Application of genetic linkage maps in plant genetics and breeding can be greatly facilitated by integrating the available classical and molecular genetic linkage maps. In rice, Oryza sativa L., the classical linkage map includes about 300 genes which correspond to various important morphological, physiological, biochemical and agronomic characteristics. The molecular maps consist of more than 500 DNA markers which cover most of the genome within relatively short intervals. Little effort has been made to integrate these two genetic maps. In this paper we report preliminary results of an ongoing research project aimed at the complete integration and alignment of the two linkage maps of rice. Six different F2 populations segregating for various phenotypic and RFLP markers were used and a total of 12 morphological and physiological markers (Table 1) were mapped onto our recently constructed molecular map. Six linkage groups (i.e., chr. 1, 3, 7, 9, 11 and 12) on our RFLP map were aligned with the corresponding linkage groups on the classical map, and the previous alignment for chromosome 6 was further confirmed by RFLP mapping of an additional physiological marker on this chromosome. Results from this study, combined with our previous results, indicate that, for most chromosomes in rice, the RFLP map encompasses the classical map. The usefulness of an integrated genetic linkage map for rice genetics and breeding is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00234712
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Variability in genome organization of the zygomycete Parasitella parasitica (1994)
    Springer
    Current genetics 26 (1994), S. 456-460 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Parasitella parasitica ; Zygomycetes ; RAPD ; PCR ; RFLP ; Electrophoretic karyotype ; Molecular taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In addition to conventional methods for the identification of fungi, molecular techniques at the DNA level are increasingly being employed. In order to check the validity of such experimental approaches, we have analyzed the well-defined species Parasitella parasitica, which belongs to the family Mucoraceae (Mucorales, Zygometes). The seven strains of this species, which are available from international strain collections, were analyzed by several molecular methods: restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis (RFLP), the random primer-dependent polymerase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR), and electrophoretic karyotyping. Unexpectedly, these strains are highly diverse at the molecular level. By these techniques they can be divided consistently into two different groups. Nevertheless, all seven strains belong to a single species. They show no morphological differences and sexual spores (zygospores) were found in all possible combinations either within or between the two groups. Southern-blot analysis of genomic DNA of all P. parasitica strains with RAPD-PCR-derived labelled probes shows the existence of repetitive elements characteristic for only one group of P. parasitica. In addition, chromosome sizes, which were separated by rotating-field electrophoresis, were highly divergent, and ranged from 3 to 6.5 Mb in one group and between 2 and 4.5 Mb in the other. The RAPD-PCR patterns also discriminate both groups of P. parasitica. However, they are very similar if strains of a single group are compared. Therefore, we propose that the determination of fungal species by molecular techniques should be vetted at least by morphological and physiological parameters and, whenever possible, by mating experiments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00309934
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A unique sequence located downstream from the rice mitochondrialatp6 may cause male sterility (1994)
    Springer
    Current genetics 25 (1994), S. 52-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Cytoplasmic male sterility ; Antisense RNA ; RFLP ; Cybrids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Asymmetric cell-fusion of the japonica cultivar ofOryza sativa (rice) with cytoplasmic-male-sterile (CMS) plants bearing cytoplasm derived from Chinsurah Boro II, resulted in two classes of cytoplasmic hybrids (cybrids), fertile and CMS. Southern-blot analysis of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) indicates recombination events around a number of genes; however, the appearance of the CMS character is tightly correlated to reorganization around theatp6 gene, suggesting recombination downstream from theatp6 gene is involved in CMS. The nucleotide sequence downstream fromatp6 contains a pseudogene which was probably created by recombination of the mitochondrial genome. Sense and antisense transcripts of the downstream region ofatp6 were found in CMS-and restored CMS (fertile)-lines, but not in the normal (fertile) line. In the CMS line, several antisense transcripts of theatp6 gene were also found. However, in the restored line which contains a nuclear-encoded gene,Rf-1, the levels of these transcripts were lower than in the CMS line. These results suggest abnormal transcripts of theatp6 gene produced in the antisense direction may be involved in CMS, and that products of the nuclear-encoded restorer gene may reduce abnormal transcription in this region of the mitochondrial genome.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00712968
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The use of DNA-fingerprint analysis in the classification of some species of the Trichoderma aggregate (1992)
    Springer
    Current genetics 21 (1992), S. 27-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: DNA fingerprinting of Trichoderma ; Trichoderma reesei ; RFLP ; Strain classification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have analyzed nine different species of the filamentous fungus Trichoderma and three strains of T. reesei for the presence of hypervariable loci in their genomes by hybridization with simple repeat oligonucleotides [(CT)8, (GTG)5, and (GACA)4]. On the basis of the DNA-fingerprints obtained, the Trichoderma aggregate is re-classified into five groups: I (T. reesei, T. todica), II (T. polysporum, T. longibrachiatum, T. koningii, and T. pseudokoningii), III (T. virgatum), IV (T. saturnisporum) and V (T. harzianum). These results contradict the claim that T. reesei is a subspecies of T. longibrachiatum. Furthermore, hybridization with (CA)8 allowed a subdivision of group II, wherein T. pseudokoningii formed a subgroup, IIb, which is highly homologous with, but distinct from subgroup IIa. The results show that RFLP analysis may be used to re-classify the Trichoderma aggregate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00318650
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    cDNA, amino acid and carbohydrate sequence of barley seed-specific peroxidase BP 1 (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 18 (1992), S. 1151-1161 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: carboxy-terminal processing ; glycosylation ; Hordeum vulgare L. ; Prx locus ; RFLP ; signal peptide ; targeting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The major peroxidase of barley seed BP 1 was characterized. Previous studies showed a low carbohydrate content, low specific activity and tissue-specific expression, and suggested that this basic peroxidase could be particularly useful in the elucidation of the structure-function relationship and in the study of the biological roles of plant peroxidases (S.K. Rasmussen, K.G. Welinder and J. Hejgaard (1991) Plant Mol Biol 16: 317–327). A cDNA library was prepared from mRNA isolated from seeds 15 days after flowering. Full-length clones were obtained and showed 3′ end length variants, a G+C content of 69% in the translated region, a 90% G or C preference in the wobble position of the codons and a typical signal peptide sequence. N-terminal amino acid sequencing and sequence analysis of tryptic peptides verified 98% of the sequence of the mature BP 1 which contains 309 amino acid residues. BP 1 is the first characterized plant peroxidase which is not blocked by pyroglutamate. BP 1 polymorphism was observed. BP 1 is less than 50% identical to other plant peroxidases which, taken together with its developmentally dependent expression in the endosperm 15–20 days after flowering, suggests a unique biological role of this enzyme. The barley peroxidase is processed at the C-terminus and might be targeted to the vacuole. The single site of glycosylation is located near the C-terminus in the N-glycosylation sequon -Asn-Cys-Ser- in which Cys forms part of a disulphide bridge. The major glycan is a typical plant modified-type structure, Manα1-6(Xylβ1-2)Manβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-4(Fucα1-3)GlcNAc. The BP 1 gene was RFLP-mapped on barley chromosome 3, and we propose Prx5 as the name for this new peroxidase locus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00047718
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sequence of the fourth and fifth Photosystem II Type I chlorophyll a/b-binding protein genes of Arabidopsis thaliana and evidence for the presence of a full complement of the extended CAB gene family (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 19 (1992), S. 725-733 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: gene duplication ; photosynthesis ; RFLP ; Southern blots
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A second locus (Lhb1B) encoding Photosystem II Type I chlorophyll a/b-binding (CAB) polypeptides was identified in Arabidopsis thaliana. This locus carries two genes in an inverted orientation. The predicted sequences of the polypeptides encoded by these two genes show substantial divergence in their amino termini relative to each other and to the proteins encoded by the three Lhb1 CAB genes previously characterized [10], but little divergence within the predicted primary structure of the mature protein. DNA probes derived from seven additional types of tomato CAB genes, encoding chlorophyll a/b-binding polypeptides of several antenna systems of the photosynthetic apparatus, were tested against A. thaliana. Each of these hybridized in Southern blots to unique DNA fragment(s), demonstrating the existence of each of these different types of CAB genes in the genome of A. thaliana. The number of genes encoding each CAB type in A. thaliana was estimated to be similar to that of tomato.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00027069
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A family of wound-induced genes in Populus shares common features with genes encoding vegetative storage proteins (1993)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 23 (1993), S. 135-143 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: bark storage protein ; gene clustering ; RFLP ; systemic response
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two wound-inducible cDNAs from poplar leaves show sequence identity to vegetative storage proteins (VSP) that accumulate seasonally in poplar bark tissues. We have compared the genomic organization, cDNA sequences and expression of the genes encoding the wound-inducible cDNAs (win4) with that of a bark VSP (called bark storage protein, or BSP). There appear to be several win4 genes in the poplar genome which segregate as a single locus and are therefore likely to be clustered. The same is true of the BSP genes. The win4 locus is linked (map distance of 5 cM) to the BSP locus, consistent with a common evolutionary origin of the genes. A near full-length win4 cDNA shows 75% sequence identity to BSP cDNAs. Both win4 and BSP are systemically wound-inducible; win4 transcripts accumulate in leaves and stems, whereas BSP transcripts accumulate almost exclusively in stems. A phloem transport-dependent signaling mechanism appears to be involved in systemic win4 expression after wounding. In contrast to BSP gene expression, win4 genes are not expressed in response to short day conditions. The data indicate win4 and BSP genes are differentially regulated, and their products may play important roles in the storage and reallocation of nitrogen in perennial plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00021426
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Large unidentified open reading frame in plastid DNA (ORF2280) is expressed in chloroplasts (1993)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 21 (1993), S. 99-108 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: fusion protein ; Oenothera ; plastome ; RFLP ; unidentified open reading frame
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The chloroplast DNA encodes genes for components of photosynthesis and the transcription-translation machinery; a number of unidentified open reading frames (ORFs) are also present. To determine whether a large ORF in the inverted repeat of chloroplast DNA of tobacco (ORF2280) encodes a chloroplast protein, a conserved region of the ORF was expressed in Escherichia coli. An antibody against the ORF protein was prepared using the purified fusion protein as an antigen. When incubated with proteins from the soluble fraction of tobacco, spinach and Oenothera chloroplasts, the antiserum detects relatively labile polypeptides, which have apparent molecular weights of 170 to 180 kDa. The ORF in tobacco and spinach is large enough to encode a protein of 240–250 kDa, thus it is possible that post-transcriptional or post-translational processing reduces the size of the expression product. Analysis of Oenothera chloroplasts representing four different plastome types revealed endonuclease restriction fragment length polymorphisms in chloroplast DNA indicative of insertion/deletion events in a region of the chloroplast DNA that shared significant sequence similarity with ORF2280. The ORF2280 antiserum was used to demonstrate that there are qualitative differences in the ORF proteins from different Oenothera plastome types.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00039621
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A copia-like element in Pisum demonstrates the uses of dispersed repeated sequences in genetic analysis (1990)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 15 (1990), S. 707-722 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: retrotransposon ; Pisum ; segregation ; PCR ; RFLP ; mapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A DNA sequence between two legumin genes in Pisum is a member of the copia-like class of retrotransposons and represents one member of a polymorphic and heterogeneous dispersed repeated sequence family in Pisum. This sequence can be exploited in genetic studies either by RFLP analysis where several markers can be scored together, or the segregation of individual elements can be followed after PCR amplification of specific members.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00016121
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A method for examining expression of homologous genes in plant polyploids (1994)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 26 (1994), S. 1065-1071 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Brassica ; polyploid ; gene expression ; RT-PCR ; RFLP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract One of the essential issues regarding evolution of polyploid species is how duplicate genes are expressed. Most studies on gene expression in polyploids have been based on isozyme analyses; RNA analysis has not been widely used partially due to difficulties in distinguishing homologous transcripts which usually have the same length and similar or almost identical sequences. In this study, a method combining RT-PCR with RFLP was used to analyze transcripts of homologous genes in natural and synthetic Brassica amphidiploids. Sequences coding for several known genes were selected and used to synthesize gene-specific primers. Total RNAs were used as templates for RT-PCR to amplify homologous transcripts in three diploid parental species, three cultivated amphidiploid species and six synthetic amphidiploids. For each gene, initial PCR products amplified in all species had identical length; however, homologous transcripts in the diploid and amphidiploid species could be distinguished after digesting the PCR products with restriction enzymes. Preliminary results based on three genes indicated that both transcripts from the diploid parents were expressed in the synthetic and natural amphidiploids. This study represents the first application of RT-PCR and RFLP analysis to investigate expression of homologous genes in higher plants. The technique is a sensitive, simple and efficient method for distinguishing homologous transcripts in a mixed RNA population and can be applied to many types of studies on expression of homologous genes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00040689
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of CCDD genome species of the genus Oryza L. (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 16 (1991), S. 831-839 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: RFLP ; Oryza ; rice ; genome evolution ; allotetraploid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) were studied in fourteen accessions of CCDD genome allotetraploid wild rice species (Oryza latifolia, O. alta and O. grandiglumis). Fourteen nuclear RFLP markers previously mapped in AA genome-cultivated rice were used as probes. A phylogenetic tree, constructed by parsimony analysis based on RFLPs, grouped the accessions according to their geographic origin from Central or South America. Oryza alta, O. grandiglumis and one accession of O. latifolia grouped together as a subgroup, and our results suggested that the three taxa should be considered as populations of a single complex species. Duplicate loci, representing the two constituent genomes of the allotetraploid, were observed for most RFLP markers. By comparing RFLPs from the allotetraploids with those from a CC genome diploid wild species (O. officinalis), it was possible to detect RFLPs specific for both the CC and DD genomes of the allotetraploid. In inter-accession F2 populations, independent segregation of RFLP markers for CC and DD genomes was observed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00015075
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Heterozygosity in tetraploid potatoes revealed by rDNA polymorphism analysis of their dihaploid progenies: a contribution to chromosome assignment (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 17 (1991), S. 1045-1054 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: chromosome assignment ; dihaploid progenies ; heterozygosity ; potato ; rDNA ; RFLP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Restriction map and organization of rDNA was inferred from analysis of dihaploid progenies of two tetraploid genotypes of cultivated potato. Each tetraploid genotype was characterized by a specific distribution of different types of rDNA repetition units on their four homologous chromosomesII. The genotypes were heterozygous and differed by the kind of units carried by each chromosomeII. Models for the generation of the observed organization are discussed and supported by first cloning studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00037143
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Restriction fragment length polymorphism segregation analysis of the Li locus in Trifolium repens L. (1990)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 14 (1990), S. 407-414 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: cDNA ; cyanogenesis ; β-glucosidase ; RFLP ; Trifolium repens
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The Li locus in white clover controls the presence of cyanogenic β-glucosidase (linamarase) activity in leaf tissue, such that plants homozygous for the ‘null’ allele (li) have no linamarase activity in this tissue. The isolation of a cDNA clone from linamarase mRNA is described. The cDNA clone is used to further characterise alleles of the Li locus. Northern blot analysis shows that plants homozygous for the ‘null’ allele (li li) produce very reduced levels of mRNA which hybridises to the cDNA. Heterozygous plants (Li li), which have intermediate levels of enzyme activity, produce intermediate levels of mRNA. Southern blot analysis of Hind III digested genomic DNA shows that the white clover genome contains three genes with homology to the linamarase cDNA and that at least two of these genes segregate independently. Analysis of the cosegregation of linamarase activity and the presence of genomic restriction fragments identifies the genomic sequence specifying linamarase structure and indicates either a structural or cis acting control function of the Li locus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00028776
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Physical mapping of a region in the soybean (Glycine max) genome containing duplicated sequences (1993)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 22 (1993), S. 437-446 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: RFLP ; genome ; PFGE ; multicopy markers ; symbiosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was used to study a cluster of molecular markers in the soybean genome. There were 550 kb per centimorgan (cM) in the cluster, which is close to the calculated average for the whole genome. The analysis was complicated by the presence of duplicated sequences, and some ambiguities arising from this were resolved by using second-dimension conventional electrophoresis to relate physical maps to the RFLP map of soybean. The results show that there is a high degree of conservation of ‘rare cutter’ sites between homoeologous regions. Finally, PFGE can confirm physical linkage of monomorphic copies of markers, which can aid in the study and comparison of homoeologous regions that are invisible to RFLP analysis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00015974
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  • 20
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    Structural variation around prolactin gene linked to quantitative traits in an elite Holstein sire family (1990)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 79 (1990), S. 577-582 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Genetic marker ; RFLP ; Quantitative traits
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Digestion of genomic DNA with the restriction endonuclease Avail disclosed a probable insertion deletion of approximately 200 base pairs (bp) near the prolactin gene. Two alleles were apparent as three distinct hybridization patterns. These alleles were statistically associated with quantitative trait loci among sons of one elite Holstein sire family. The favorable genotype was correlated with the presence of a 1.15-kb hybridization band inherited from the sire when genomic DNA was probed with a full-length cDNA for prolactin. Pedigree estimates of genetic merit among genotypes were similar, differing by only 19.3 kg for milk in ancestor merit. Comparisons of genetic estimates for quantitative yield traits in offspring of this heterozygous sire showed significant (P〈0.05) differences between homozygous genotypes for predicted difference milk (PDM), predicted difference dollars (PD$), cheese yield dollars, and protein dollars. The estimated differences between homozygous genotypes for USDA Transmitting Abilities of PDM, PD$, Cheese Yield $ and Protein $ were 282.93 kg, $74.35, $48.58 and $53.67, respectively. However, the estimated breeding values from progeny ranged over 900 kg in transmitting ability for milk. Frequency of the favorable marker allele was estimated to be 0.231 in the elite cow population used as dams of sons. These results demonstrate the potential of molecular biological techniques to discriminate between individuals within a family and to predict breeding values for selection schemes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226868
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    DNA variation in tissue-culture-derived rice plants (1990)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 80 (1990), S. 673-679 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Rice ; Tissue culture ; Somaclonal variation ; RFLP ; Methylation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Regenerants of rice were examined by RFLP analysis to determine the occurrence and extent of somaclonal variation. DNA polymorphisms were observed both among plants regenerated from different callus cultures as well as among sibling plants derived from a single callus. Regardless of the basal medium, a higher degree of genetic instability was found among plants regenerated from callus cultures maintained for longer incubation periods (67 days) than among those from shorter incubation periods (28 days). Detailed analysis showed that in several regenerants, there was a close correlation among those plants exhibiting DNA rearrangements and those with apparent methylation changes. Such alterations were observed with both structural and housekeeping genes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224228
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    Distribution of Bs1 retrotransposons in Zea and related genera (1990)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 80 (1990), S. 680-686 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Retrotransposon ; Zea ; RFLP ; Bs1 ; Transposable element
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Thirty-eight accessions from Zea and 20 accessions from related genera were probed for the presence of Bs1, a retrotransposon originally found in maize. All maize and teosinte plants tested show the presence of Bs1 in one to five densely hybridizing bands. The mean copy numbers of Bs1 elements among the maize and teosinte accessions were similar: 2.92 and 3.25, respectively, with no large differences between any subgroups. Most exotic maize samples exhibited two common bands of 7.8 kb and 4.7 kb. Section Zea teosintes (but not teosintes of section Luxuriantes) also show the presence of a common band of the same size as the smaller common band in maize. At reduced stringency, Tripsacum dactyloides exhibited a single hybridizing band at 6.9 kb. Results argue for the evolution of maize from a mexicana or parviglumis teosinte, and the evolution of the Bs1 element within the tribe Andropogoneae. Additionally, recombinant inbred lines were probed for the presence of Bs1, in order to map the chromosomal locations of Bs1 elements in four different maize lines. Two of the recombinant inbred parental lines had an element (Bs1-F) on chromosome 5, while the other two lines had an element (Bs1-S) on chromosome 8. Restriction site polymorphisms have apparently arisen in the vicinity of Bs1-S since its insertion. Segregation analysis of other lines was also performed; the data indicate that Bs1 has the distribution expected of a transposable element, different locations in different lines, and not that of a fixed gene locus. However, the common bands in the Zea mays lines and the recombinant inbred data imply that Bs1 is not highly mobile.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224229
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    Identification of an RFLP marker tightly linked to theHt1 gene in maize (1991)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 82 (1991), S. 393-398 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Maize ; Helminthosporium turcicum race1 ; RFLP ; NILs ; Mapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have identified tight linkage of an RFLP marker to theHt1 gene of maize that confers resistance to the fungal pathogenHelminthosporium turcicum race 1. This was accomplished by the use of four pairs of near isogenic lines (NILs; B73, A619, W153R, and CM105), each differing by the presence or the absence of the geneHt1. SinceHt1 maps to chromosome 2, 26 clones already mapped to this chromosome were labeled and probed against Southern blots of these NILs DNA digested with three restriction enzymes:EcoRI,BamHI, andHindIII. Six markers exhibited an RFLP for at least one pair of NILs. Presumptive linkage was further tested by analyzing the segregation of five of the six markers (one was monomorphic in the cross studied) and resistance toH. turcicum race 1 on 95 F2 individuals from the cross DF20 × LH146Ht. The results indicate a tight linkage between one of the DNA markers,UMC150B, and theHt1 gene.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00588588
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    Bamboo germplasm screening with nuclear restriction fragment length polymorphisms (1991)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 82 (1991), S. 697-703 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: RFLP ; Bamboo ; Phyllostachys ; Chloroplast DNA ; Germplasm screening
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Bamboo species are difficult to identify because flowering material is seldom available and taxonomy is of necessity based on vegetative characters. To evaluate the utility of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis in bamboo systematics and germplasm screening, a library of random genomic probes from a Phyllostachys nigra PstI library was constructed. Probes from the library were used to screen bamboo germplasm consisting mostly of temperate bamboos of the genus Phyllostachys. RFLP variation was abundant, and species-specific patterns were readily obtained. Chloroplast DNA showed little variation among the bamboo accessions analyzed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00227313
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    Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of polymerase chain reaction products amplified from mapped loci of rice (Oryza sativa L.) genomic DNA (1991)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 82 (1991), S. 489-498 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: RFLP ; PCR ; Rice ; Inheritance ; Nonradioactive
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Thirty mapped Indica rice genomic (RG) clones were partially sequenced from each end. From such sequence data, pairs of oligonucleotides were synthesized to act as primers for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the corresponding loci in crude total DNA preparations. The PCR products from DNA of Indica varieties were of the sizes expected from the sizes of the corresponding RG clones. However, size polymorphisms were seen between PCR products from Indica and Japonica varieties, and among wildOryza species. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) was observed between PCR products of Indica varieties simply by electrophoretic analysis of restricted products, without the need for Southern hybridization or radiolabelling. The RFLPs noted between varieties ARC6650 and Phalguna were inherited in recombinant inbred lines derived from a cross between them. The RFLPs were detectable in PCR products amplified from DNA extracted by a simple procedure from single seedlings or leaves, and revealed genetic heterogeneity in cultivated lines. An approach is described that is relevant to the acceleration of classical plant breeding through molecular techniques.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00588604
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    RFLP variation in diploid and tetraploid alfalfa (1991)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 83 (1991), S. 89-96 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: RFLP ; Alfalfa ; Genetic diversity ; Phylogenetic tree ; Gene duplication
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is a major forage crop throughout the world. Although alfalfa has many desirable traits, continued breeding is required to incorporate pest resistances and other traits. We conducted this study to determine the amount of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) variability present within and between diploid and tetraploid alfalfa populations, and whether or not this variability is sufficient for construction of an RFLP map. Diploid plants from M. sativa ssp. falcata, ssp. coerulea, and ssp. sativa and tetraploid spp. sativa cultivars ‘Apollo,’ ‘Florida 77,’ and ‘Spredor 2’ were included. A total of 19 cDNA clones was probed onto genomic Southern blots containing DNA digested by EcoRI, HindIII, or BamHI. Phylogenetic trees were produced, based on parsimony analysis of shared restriction fragments. Evidence for extensive gene duplication was found; most probes detected complex patterns of restriction fragments. Large amounts of variation are present within all diploid subspecies. M. sativa ssp. falcata plants formed clusters distinct from ssp. sativa or ssp. coerulea plants, which were not distinctly clustered. Some M. sativa ssp. falcata plants were more similar to the other groups than to other plants within ssp. falcata. Variation among tetraploid cultivars showed that Florida 77 and Apollo had more similarities than either showed with Spredor 2. All three cultivars showed large within-population variation, with Apollo being the most diverse and Spredor 2 the least. Based on these results, development of an RFLP map at the diploid level appears possible. Also, differentiation of cultivars, particularly ones of divergent origin, seems possible based on RFLP patterns.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00229230
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    Restriction fragment analysis of ‘null’ forms at the Gli-1 loci of bread and durum wheats (1992)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 83 (1992), S. 428-434 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: ‘Null’ forms ; RFLP ; Gliadins ; LMW glutenins ; Deletion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Wheat accessions lacking some of the ω- and γ-gliadin components encoded by the Gli-1 loci on the short arm of chromosome 1D in bread wheat and chromosome 1A in durum wheat were studied by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and restriction fragment analysis. Digested genomic DNAs of ‘normal’ and ‘null’ forms were probed with a cDNA clone related to ω-/γ-gliadins and with a genomic clone encoding an LMW subunit of glutenin. The hybridisation patterns with the ω-/γ-gliadin probe were similar to those of cvs ‘Chinese Spring’ and ‘Langdon’ used as standards for bread and durum wheats, respectively, but several restriction fragments located on the 1D chromosome of bread wheat and the 1A chromosome of durum wheat were absent in the ‘null’ forms. In addition, specific LMW glutenin fragments encoded by the same chromosomes were also absent in the ‘null’ forms, suggesting that simultaneous deletions of blocks of genes for both ω-/γ-gliadins and LMW glutenins had occurred. Comparisons of the protein and RFLP patterns enabled some proteins to be mapped to specific restriction fragments.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226530
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    Ribosomal DNA variation in finger millet and wild species of Eleusine (Poaceae) (1992)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 83 (1992), S. 895-902 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Finger millet ; Eleusine ; rDNA ; RFLP ; Grasses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Finger millet is an important cereal crop in the semi-arid regions of Africa and India. The crop belongs to the grass genus Eleusine, which includes nine annual and perennial species native to Africa except for the New World species E. tristachya. Ribosomal DNA (rDNA) variation in finger millet and related wild species was used to provide information on the origin of the genomes of this tetraploid crop and point out genetic relationships of the crop to other species in the genus. The restriction endonucleases used revealed a lack of variability in the rDNA spacer region in domesticated finger millet. All the rDNA variants of the crop were found in the proposed direct tetraploid ancestor, E. coracana subsp. africana. Wild and domesticated finger millet displayed the phenotypes found in diploid E. indica. Diploid Eleusine tristachya showed some similarity to the crop in some restriction sites. The remaining species were quite distinct in rDNA fragment patterns. The study supports the direct origin of finger millet from subspecies africana shows E. indica to be one of the genome donors of the crop, and demonstrates that none of the other species examined could have donated the second genome of the crop. The rDNA data raise the possibility that wild and domesticated finger millet could have originated as infraspecific polyploid hybrids from different varieties of E. indica.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226713
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    Linkage of restriction fragment length polymorphisms and isozymes in Citrus (1992)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 84 (1992), S. 39-48 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Genetic map ; Molecular markers ; RFLP ; Fruit breeding ; Citrus spp.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Genetic linkage analysis was performed using two segregating populations of citrus. One population arose from an intergeneric backcross of Citrus grandis (L.) Osb. cv ‘Thong Dee’ and Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. cv ‘Pomeroy’, using the former as the recurrent (female) parent. The other population came from an interspecific backcross of C. reticulata Blanco cv ‘Clementine’ and C. x paradisi Macf. cv ‘Duncan’, using the former as the recurrent (male) parent. A total of 11 isozyme and 58 restriction fragment length polymorphisms were found to segregate in a monogenic fashion in one or both populations. Linkage analysis revealed that 62 of the loci examined mapped to 11 linkage groups, while 7 loci segregated independently from all other markers. Gene order was highly conserved between the maps generated from the two divergent segregating populations. Possible applications of the use of such maps in tree fruit breeding are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223979
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    Determination of genetic stability using isozymes and RFLPs in beet plants regenerated in vitro (1992)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 84 (1992), S. 113-117 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Beet ; Somaclonal variation ; Isozyme ; RFLP ; Genetic stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Sugar, fodder and garden beet (Beta vulgaris L.) plants have been regenerated in culture from a range of expiant material. Of the regenerants 764 were subjected to isozyme analysis using eight enzyme-specific stains, and 60 were subjected to RFLP analysis using three cDNA probes. Both molecular techniques allowed the identification of somaclonal variant plants. Assessment of the numbers of variant isozymes and restriction fragments has allowed the calculation of the approximate percentage of variant alleles occurring in any one somaclonal regenerant, namely between 0.05% and 0.1%.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223989
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    Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)-based phylogenetic analysis of Musa (1992)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 84 (1992), S. 286-290 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Taxonomy ; Banana ; RFLP ; Musa ; Phylogeny
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Random genomic probes were used to detect RFLPs in 19 Musa species and subspecies. A total of 89 phylogenetically informative alleles were scored and analyzed cladistically and phenetically. Results were in general agreement with morphology-based phylogenetic analyses, with the following exceptions: our data unambiguously places M. boman in section Australimusa, and indicates M. beccarii is very closely related to M. acuminata. Additionally, no support was found for the separation of section Rhodochlamys from section Musa. A comparison of morphology-based and RFLP-based phylogenetic analyses is presented.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00229484
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    The inheritance of restriction fragment length polymorphisms in the flax rust Melampsora lini (1992)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 84 (1992), S. 845-850 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Flax ; Rust ; RFLP ; Genetic segregation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Random cDNA sequences synthesized from poly A+ RNA extracted from germinated urediospores of the flax rust fungus, Melampsora lini, were used as probes to detect restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) in three races of M. lini originating from cultivated flax, Linum usitatissimum, and one race originating from Australian native flax, L. marginale. Fourteen out of 22 probes tested detected RFLPs in the three races from cultivated flax while 19 of the probes detected polymorphisms between these three races and the race from L. marginale. The segregation of seven RFLPs was determined in a family of 19 F2 progeny derived from a cross between two of the rust races. With six of these the inheritance was consistent, in each case, with the segregation of alleles at a single locus. Inheritance of the seventh was unusual and an explanation involving two loci with null alleles at each was proposed. No linkage was detected between any of the RFLP loci and nine unlinked loci specifying avirulence.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00227395
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    Theory for identification of marker locus-QTL associations in population by line crosses (1992)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 85 (1992), S. 101-104 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Marker assisted selection ; RFLP ; QTL ; Quantitative genetics ; Corn breeding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The objective of this paper is to present genetic theory demonstrating the conditions under which it should be possible to identify molecular marker-quantitative trait locus (QTL) associations in crosses of random-mating populations to inbreds. Using as an example the cross of a corn (Zea mays L.) population to an inbred, the expected disequilibrium for testcross and per se performance of F2, F3, BC1 (to the inbred) and recombinant inbred generations was derived for cases where a marker allele is linked to an unfavorable QTL allele in the inbred and where the marker allele is linked to a favorable QTL allele in the inbred. Disequilibrium in segregating generations was shown to be a function of disequilibrium in the parent population, the frequency of marker and QTL alleles in the parent population, and the recombination distance between the marker and the QTL. To maximize the opportunity to identify a favorable QTL the following procedures are suggested: (1) Select marker loci with alleles in the parent population which are not present in the inbred. (2) Select populations known to have favorable QTL alleles not present in the inbred. (3) Use as many marker loci as possible to enhance the probability of tight linkage between the marker and the QTL.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223850
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    Linkage mapping of sbm-1, a gene conferring resistance to pea seed-borne mosaic virus, using molecular markers in Pisum sativum (1993)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 85 (1993), S. 609-615 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Pea ; Pea seed-borne mosaic virus ; Disease resistance ; Genome mapping ; RFLP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The location of sbm-1 on the Pisum sativum genetic map was determined by linkage analysis with eight syntenic molecular markers. Analysis of the progeny of two crosses confirmed that sbm-1 is on chromosome 6 and permitted a more detailed map of this chromosome to be constructed. The inclusion of Fed-1 and Prx-3 among the markers facilitated the comparison of our map with the classical genetic map of pea. The sbm-1 gene is most closely linked to RFLP marker GS185, being separated by a distance of about 8 cM. To determine the practical value of GS185 as a marker for sbm-1 in plant breeding programs, the GS185 hybridization pattern and virus-resistance phenotype were compared in of a collection of breeding lines and cultivars. Three GS185 hybridization patterns were discerned among the lines. A strong association was found between one of these patterns and resistance to PSbMV.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00220920
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    Molecular analysis of plants regenerated from embryogenic cultures of hybrid sugarcane cultivars (Saccharum spp.) (1993)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 86 (1993), S. 181-188 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Sugarcane ; Gramineae ; Tissue culture ; RFLP ; Molecular analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The genomic stability of tissue culture regenerants of sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrids, cvs ‘CP721210’, ‘CP68-1067’ and ‘B43-62’) was analyzed by DNA restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Plants regenerated from calli, cell suspensions, cryopreserved cell suspensions and protoplasts were used. Total DNA isolated from 19 different sources was digested with EcoRI, HindIII, BamHI, BamHI, EcoRI and PstI and probed with six known maize mitochondrial genes (coxI, coxII, atpA, atp6, atp9 and rrn18-rrn5), three random maize mitochondrial cosmid clones, two random maize chloroplast cosmid clones and a wheat Nor locus clone. Hybridization patterns indicated that the variation observed was minor and appeared only in the secondcycle regenerants. No differences were observed among the three cultivars and the regenerants from calli, suspension culture, cryopreserved suspension culture and protoplasts. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) isolated from ‘CP72-1210’ plants and its embryogenic cell suspensions, and bulk samples from all ‘CP72-1210’ regenerants pooled together were digested with EcoRI, HindIII, PstI, BamHI and SalI and probed with three recombinationally active wheat mtDNA clones, K′, K3 and X2. No variation in the mtDNA restriction patterns was observed between the ‘CP72-1210’ plants and its regenerants. However, restriction pattern variation was observed only from EcoRI digestion, and hybridization patterns of K3, K′ and X2 revealed minor variations in the mtDNA of cell suspensions when compared with the DNA of the ‘CP72-1210’ plant. Except for a qualitative variation detected by the X2 probe and minor stoichiometric variations detected by the K3 probe, sugarcane DNAs were found to be stable after plant regeneration.
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    Molecular genetics of growth and development in Populus. I. Triploidy in hybrid poplars (1993)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 86 (1993), S. 301-307 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: RFLP ; Polyploid ; Nondisjunction ; Interspecific hybrid ; Cottonwood
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary While constructing a genetic linkage map of a hybrid poplar genome (Populus trichocarpa x P. deltoides), we identified several restriction fragment length polymorphismus (RFLPs) for which the parental trees are heterozygous. Although 8 of the 11 F1 hybrid offspring inherited, as expected, single RFLP alleles from each parent, 3 F1 trees in the mapping pedigree inherited both maternal alleles along with a single paternal allele at some loci. Aneuploidy or polyploidy in these 3 F1 trees due to partial or complete nondisj unction during female gametogenesis is the simplest explanation for this finding. Of the 3 f1 offspring with supernumerary RFLP alleles 2 have triploid nuclear DNA contents as measured by fluorescence flow cytometry; the 3rd F1 with supernumerary alleles has a sub-triploid nuclear DNA content and is probably aneuploid. Among the tri/aneuploid hybrids, leaf quantitative traits either are skewed toward those values characteristic of the P. trichocarpa female parent (adaxial stomate density, petiole length: blade length ratio; abaxial color) or show transgressive variation (epidermal cell size). Abaxial leaf color was used to screen a large population of P. trichocarpa x P. deltoides hybrids for further evidence of tri/aneuploidy. In each case where a “white” abaxial leaf surface was observed and the nuclear DNA content measured, the hybrid proved to be tri/aneuploid. All sexually mature female triploids examined were sterile, although the inflorescences completed their development in the absence of embryo formation. The (probably) aneuploid F1 hybrid is a fertile female. Of 15 female P. trichocarpa parents used in crosses to P. deltoides, 10 produced one or more tri/aneuploid hybrid offspring. In an intraspecific cross using a P. trichocarpa female that had produced triploid hybrids with five different P. deltoides males, no tri/aneuploid offpsring were found.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00222092
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    Development of an RFLP map in diploid alfalfa (1993)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 86 (1993), S. 329-332 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: RFLP ; Alfalfa ; Genetic map ; Segregation distortion ; Plant breeding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have developed a restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) linkage map in diploid alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) to be used as a tool in alfalfa improvement programs. An F2 mapping population of 86 individuals was produced from a cross between a plant of the W2xiso population (M. sativa ssp. sativa) and a plant from USDA PI440501 (M. sativa ssp. coerulea). The current map contains 108 cDNA markers covering 467.5 centimorgans. The short length of the map is probably due to low recombination in this cross. Marker order may be maintained in other populations even though the distance between clones may change. About 50% of the mapped loci showed segregation distortion, mostly toward excess heterozygotes. This is circumstantial evidence supporting the maximum heterozygote theory which states that relative vigor is dependent on maximizing the number of loci with multiple alleles. The application of the map to tetraploid populations is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00222097
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    Development of synthetic Brassica amphidiploids by reciprocal hybridization and comparison to natural amphidiploids (1993)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 86 (1993), S. 811-821 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Brassica ; Interspecific hybridization ; Amphidiploid ; RFLP ; Evolution ; Nuclear ; cytoplasmic interaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In a previous study we proposed that cytoplasmic genomes have played an important role in the evolution of Brassica amphidiploid species. Based on this and other studies, we hypothesized that interactions between the maternal cytoplasmic genomes and the paternal nuclear genome may cause alterations in genome structure and/or gene expression of a newly synthesized amphidiploid, which may play an important role in the evolution of natural amphidiploid species. To test this hypothesis, a series of synthetic amphidiploids, including all three analogs of the natural amphidiploids B. napus, B. juncea, and B. Carinata and their reciprocal forms, were developed. These synthetic amphidiploids were characterized for morphological traits, chromosome number, and RFLPs revealed by chloroplast, mitochondrial, and nuclear DNA clones. The maternal transmission of chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes was observed in all of the F1 hybrids examined except one hybrid plant derived from the B. rapa x B. oleracea combination, which showed a biparental transmission of organelles. However, the paternal chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes were not observed in the F2 progeny. Nuclear genomes of synthetic amphidiploids had combined RFLP patterns of their parental species for all of the nuclear DNA clones examined. A variation in fertility was observed among self-pollinated progenies of single amphidiploids that had completely homozygous genome constitutions. Comparisons between natural and synthetic amphidiploids based on restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) patterns indicated that natural amphidiploids are considerably more distant from the progenitor diploid species than the synthetic amphidiploids. The utility of these synthetic amphidiploids for investigating the evolution of amphidiploidy is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00212606
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    Cultivar identification in T. aestivum using highly polymorphic RFLP probes (1993)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 86 (1993), S. 833-836 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: T. aestivum ; RFLP ; Fingerprint
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two probes, specific for HMW-glutenins and γ-gliadins have been used to identify 50 common wheat Italian cultivars, most of which are closely related, and four common wheat cultivars originating outside Italy. The probes revealed complex polymorphic patterns; three probe/enzyme combinations had the necessary sensitivity for the identification of all 54 cultivars. As already shown for potato and barley, the use of four-cutter restriction enzymes and polyacrylamide gels proved particularly useful for detecting polymorphism.
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    Inheritance of mitochondrial DNA in the conifer Larix (1993)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 86 (1993), S. 383-388 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Mitochondria ; Inheritance ; RFLP ; Larix ; Conifers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Restriction fragment length polymorphisms between Larix leptolepis and Larix decidua were identified in heterologous hybridization experiments, using wheat mitochondrial DNA probes specific for atp9, coxI, nad3/rps12, and orf25. Analysis of eight individuals of each reciprocal hybrid of these two species revealed that mitochondrial DNA was maternally inherited. Furthermore, sequences homologous to wheat orf25 were also identified in Larix gmelini, Larix siberica, Larix olgensis, and Larix laricina, as well as Ginkgo biloba, Picea mariana, Picea glauca and Pinus contorta.
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    A genetic map of soybean (Glycine max L.) using an intraspecific cross of two cultivars: ‘Minosy’ and ‘Noir 1’ (1993)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 86 (1993), S. 901-906 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: DNA ; RFLP ; Soybean ; Genetic map
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Genetic markers were mapped in segregating progeny from a cross between two soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) cultivars: ‘Minsoy’ (PI 27.890) and ‘Noir 1’ (PI 290.136). A genetic linkage map was constructed (LOD ⩾ 3), consisting of 132 RFLP, isozyme, morphological, and biochemical markers. The map defined 1550cM of the soybean genome comprising 31 linkage groups. An additional 24 polymorphic markers remained unlinked. A family of RFLP markers, identified by a single probe (hybridizing to an interspersed repeated DNA sequence), extended the map, linking other markers and defining regions for which other markers were not available.
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    Taxonomic and population differentiation of mitochondrial diversity inPinus banksiana andPinus conforta (1993)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 86 (1993), S. 573-578 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: COXI ; COXII ; Maternal inerhitance ; mtDNA ; RFLP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have studied two mitochondrial DNA polymorphisms in 741 individuals from 16 allopatric populations ofPinus banksiana Lamb. andPinus contorta Dougl. Restriction fragments of both polymorphisms distinguished the two species qualitatively, except in aP. Banksiana population whose ancestors were involved in hybridization withP. contorta.COXI-associated restriction fragments were monomorphic within species, whileCOXII-associated restriction fragments were highly variable inP. contorta (Hes=0.68). Population differentiation was substantial inP. contorta (Fst=0.31 among subspecies; mean Fst=0.66 within subspecies) and consistent with predictions for maternally inherited markers. Plant mitochondrial markers appear to be useful for the investigation of seed migration routes, hybridization and introgression, breeding zone designation, and the development of germ plasm conservation sampling strategies.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00838711
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    Microdissection and microcloning of the barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) chromosome 1HS (1993)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 86 (1993), S. 629-636 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Hordeum vulgare ; Microdissection ; Microcloning ; Chromosome specific library ; RFLP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have applied a refined microdissection procedure to create a plasmid library of the barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) chromosome arm 1HS. The technical improvements involved include synchronization of meristematic root tissue, a metaphase drop-spread technique, paraffin protection of the collection drop to avoid evaporation, and a motorized and programmable microscope stage. Thirteen readily-discernible telocentric chromosomes have been excised from metaphases of synchronized root-tip mitoses. After lysis in a collection drop (2 nl), the DNA was purified, restricted withRsaI, ligated into a vector containing universal sequencing primers, and amplified by the polymerase chain reaction. Finally, the amplified DNA was cloned into a standard plasmid vector. The size of the library was estimated to be approximately 44,000 recombinant plasmids, of which approximately 13% can be utilized for RFLP analysis. Tandem repetitive probes could be rapidly excluded from further analysis after colony hybridization with labelled total barley DNA. Analysis of 552 recombinant plasmids established that: (1) the insert sizes ranged between 70 and 1150 bp with a mean of 250 bp, (2) approximately 60% of the clones contained highly repetitive sequences, and (3) all single- or low-copy probes tested originate from chromosome 1HS. Four probes were genetically mapped, using an interspecificH. vulgare xH. spontaneum F2 population. One of these probes was found to be closely linked to theMla locus conferring mildew resistance.
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    Molecular and morphological evaluation of doubled haploid lines in maize. 1. Homogeneity within DH lines (1993)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 86 (1993), S. 837-842 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Androgenesis ; RFLP ; Maize ; Agronomic evaluation ; Gametoclonal variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The homogeneity of anther culture-derived lines of maize has been evaluated by means of field observations and molecular markers. The homogeneity of the doubled haploid (DH) lines was shown by the absence of segregation for morphological oligogenic traits. The intravariance for polygenic traits for 42 DH and two conventionally derived lines was similar, which confirmed the homozygosity of the DH lines. More than 100 RFLP markers were tested on 189 DH lines derived from two crosses, DH5 x DH7 and A188 x DH7, and 60 single-seed descent (SSD, F6) lines derived from A188 x DH7. The overall rate of heterozygosity for all of the DH lines was approximatively 1% and pertained to 6 lines out of 189, while it was 8.5% for the SSD lines after four selfings. A precise description of the material used suggested that the events which led to this unexpected heterozygozity in DH lines were more likely to have occurred after rather than during the androgenetic process. Nine duplicated pairs of genotypes were found within the DH lines, indicating that a single microspore-derived structure can fragment to give two identical plantlets. Despite the extensive screening with more than 100 markers, only 2 lines showed unexpected banding profiles, and these were probably gametoclonal variants. The use of a direct regeneration system that avoids any callus phase might explain this low frequency of gametoclonal variation.
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    Determining the linkage of quantitative trait loci to RFLP markers using extreme phenotypes of recombinant inbreds of soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) (1993)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 86 (1993), S. 914-918 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: DNA ; RFLP ; QTL ; Soybean ; Recombinant inbreds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An experimental test is described for linkages between RFLP markers and quantitative trait loci (QTL). Two hundred and eighty-four F7-derived recombinant inbred lines (RIL) obtained from crossing the soybean cultivars (Glycine max L. Merr.) ‘Minsoy’ and ‘Noir 1’ were evaluated for maturity, plant height, lodging, and seed yield. RIL exhibiting an extreme phenotype for each trait (earliest and latest plants for maturity, etc.) were selected, and two bulked DNA samples were prepared for each trait. A Southern transfer of the digested bulked DNA was hybridized with restriction fragement length polymorphism (RFLP) probes, and linkages with QTL were established by quantitating the amount of radioactive probe that bound to fragments defining alternative parental RFLP alleles. When an RFLP marker was linked to a QTL, one parental allele predominated in the bulked DNA from a particular phenotype; the other allele was associated with the opposite phenotype. When linkage was absent, radioactivity was associated equally with both alleles for a given phenotype (or with both phenotypes for a given allele). These results confirmed RFLP-QTL associations previously discovered by interval mapping on a smaller segregating population from the same cross. New linkages to QTL were also verified.
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    Molecular and morphological evaluation of doubled-haploid lines in maize. 2. Comparison with single-seed-descent lines (1993)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 87 (1993), S. 278-287 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Maize ; RFLP ; Recombination ; Disturbed segregation ; DH/SSD lines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Doubled-haploid (DH) and single-seed-descent (SSD) lines in maize have been compared for quantitatively inherited traits and for RFLP markers. The comparisons of the distributions for agromorphological traits do not allow definite conclusions to be drawn on the similarity of the two reproductive systems. We have used more than 100 RFLP markers to provide a precise description of the parental allele frequency and the recombination fractions. A comparison of two DH populations shows that non-random meiotic reassortment is influenced by differences in the anther culture capacities of the two parental lines. For the DH lines derived from the cross DH5 x DH7, involving two responsive lines in anther culture, the distortion in segregation (P 〈 0.05) affected less than 20% of the genome with half of the deviations towards each parent. DH lines derived from the cross A188 x DH7, where A188 is a non-responsive line, showed more than twice this level of distortion and an excess of DH7 alleles was found for almost all of the skewed loci. The recombination fractions were homogeneous between the two DH populations for most of the genome. The genome sizes calculated with the DH and the SSD lines derived from the same cross, A188 x DH7, were also similar, which suggests that no selection against recombinant gametes occurs during anther culture. The observed recombination fraction after five meioses (SSD) is on average twice as large as after one meiosis (DH). No difference is observed for recombination fractions greater than 20%. Despite a precise description of the material at the molecular level, it has not been possible to make a definite conclusion as to whether or not the differences in some morphological characters are the consequences of differences in the segregation ratio and/or the recombination frequency. However, the agromorphological evaluation shows a narrow range in differences between the two types of lines and suggests that the use of DH lines is possible in breeding programmes.
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    An RFLP linkage map for loblolly pine based on a three-generation outbred pedigree (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 88 (1994), S. 273-278 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: RFLP ; Genetic linkage mapping ; Pinus taeda L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A genetic linkage map for loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) was constructed using segregation data from a three-generation outbred pedigree consisting of four grandparents, two parents, and 95 F2 progeny. The map was based predominantly on restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) loci detected by cDNA probes. Sixty-five cDNA and three genomic DNA probes revealed 90 RFLP loci. Six polymorphic isozyme loci were also scored. One-fourth (24%) of the cDNA probes detected more than 1 segregating locus, an indication that multigene families are common in pines. As many as six alleles were observed at a single segregating locus among grandparents and it was not unusual for the progeny to segregate for three or four alleles per locus. Multipoint linkage analysis placed 73 RFLP and 2 isozyme loci into 20 linkage groups; the remaining 17 RFLP and 4 isozyme loci were unlinked. The mapped RFLP probes provide a new set of codominant markers for genetic analyses in loblolly pine.
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    Genetic diversity among wild and cultivated populations of Hevea brasiliensis assessed by nuclear RFLP analysis (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 88 (1994), S. 199-207 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Hevea brasiliensis ; RFLP ; Nuclear probes ; Isozyme ; Genetic diversity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Restriction fragment length polymorphism was assessed in wild and cultivated populations of Hevea brasiliensis using random probes from an Hevea nuclear library. One-hundred-and-sixty-four individuals were surveyed, and the results discussed in the light of previous work performed on isozyme variation. Both studies show that germplasm collections have led to an effective enrichment of the genetic resources available for Hevea breeding, and that cultivated clones have conserved a relatively high level of polymorphism, despite their narrow genetic base and their high level of inbreeding. An equivalent level of polymorphism is revealed by random nuclear probes and isozymes. However, the genetic structuring of the diversity appears more striking using RFLP markers. Wild accessions can be divided into three genetic groups according to their geographical origin. The present results are an essential guide to the incorporation of wild material in breeding schemes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225898
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    Chromosome assignment of four photosynthesis-related genes and their variability in wheat species (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 88 (1994), S. 383-394 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Photosynthesis-related genes ; Copy numbers ; Chromosome assignments ; RFLP ; Origin of polyploid wheats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Copy numbers of four photosynthesis-related genes, PhyA, Ppc, RbcS and Lhcb1 *1, in wheat genomes were estimated by slot-blot analysis, and these genes were assigned to the chromosome arms of common wheat by Southern hybridization of DNA from an aneuploid series of the cultivar Chinese Spring. The copy number of PhyA was estimated to be one locus per haploid genome, and this gene was assigned to chromosomes 4AL, 4BS and 4DS. The Ppc gene showed a low copy number of small multigenes, and was located on the short arm of homoeologous group 3 chromosomes and the long arm of chromosomes of homoeologous group 7. RbcS consisted of a multigene family, with approximately 100 copies in the common wheat genome, and was located on the short arm of group 2 chromosomes and the long arm of group 5 chromosomes. Lhcb1 *1 also consisted of a multigene family with about 50 copies in common wheat. Only a limited number of restriction fragments (approximately 15%) were used to determine the locations of members of this family on the long arm of group 1 chromosomes owing to the multiplicity of DNA bands. The variability of hybridized bands with the four genes was less in polyploids, but was more in the case of multigene families. RFLP analysis of polyploid wheats and their presumed ancestors was carried out with probes of the oat PhyA gene, the maize Ppc gene, the wheat RbcS gene and the wheat Lhcb1 *1 gene. The RFLP patterns of common wheat most closely resembled those of T. Dicoccum (Emmer wheat), T. urartu (A genome), Ae. speltoides (S genome) and Ae. squarrosa (D genome). Diversification of genes in the wheat complex appear to have occurred mainly at the diploid level. Based on RFLP patterns, B and S genomes were clustered into two major groups. The fragment numbers per genome were reduced in proportion to the increase of ploidy level for all four genes, suggesting that some mechanism(s) might operate to restrict, and so keep to a minimum, the gene numbers in the polyploid genomes. However, the RbcS genes, located on 2BS, were more conserved (double dosage), indicating that the above mechanism(s) does not operate equally on individual genes.
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    RFLP analysis in chrysanthemum. I. Probe and primer development (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 88 (1994), S. 472-478 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: RFLP ; PCR ; Chrysanthemum ; Genetic diversity ; Polyploidy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In order to study genetic variability at the DNA level in chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora Tzvelev) PstI and HindIII genomic libraries were constructed. Probes from both libraries were tested for the presence of restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). Of the probes from the PstI library 91% appeared to hybridize to low-copy genes, while only 35% of those from the HindIII library appeared to do so. The PstI probes were used in further analyses as 79% of them showed RFLPs, whereas the HindIII low-copy number probes gave only 14% polymorphic patterns. Because of the hexaploid character of chrysanthemum, complex patterns generally consisting of 6–12 fragments were visible on a Southern blot after hybridization. To simplify the genetic analysis, locus-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers were developed that gave simple polymorphic patterns in a number of cases. The RFLP probes and primers developed will be used in future marker-assisted selection in this polyploid crop.
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    Comparative RFLP mapping of Hordeum vulgare and Triticum tauschii (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 865-872 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Comparative mapping ; RFLP ; Barley ; Triticum tauschii ; Genome evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Hordeum vulgare (barley) and Triticum tauschii are related, but sexually incompatible, species. This study was conducted to determine the extent of homology between the genomes of barley and T. tauschii using a common set of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers. Results showed that 〉95% of low-copy sequences are shared, but 42% of the conserved sequences showed copy-number differences. Sixty-three loci were mapped in T. tauschii using RFLP markers previously mapped in barley. A comparison of RFLP marker order showed that, in general, barley and T. tauschii have conserved linkage groups, with markers in the same linear orders. However, six of the seven linkage groups of T. tauschii contained markers which mapped to unrelated (i.e., non-homoeologous) barley chromosomes. Additionally, four of the T. tauschii linkage groups contained markers that were switched in order with respect to barley. All the chromosome segments differing between T. tauschii and barley contained markers that were detected by multi-copy probes. The results suggest that the observed differences between the T. tauschii and barley genomes were brought about by duplications or deletions of segments in one or both species. The implications of these findings for genetic mapping, breeding, and plant genome evolution are discussed.
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    RFLP-based genetic relationships of Einkorn wheats (1994)
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 88 (1994), S. 818-823 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Diploid wheat ; Einkorn ; RFLP ; Taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract To study the relationships between different species of the Einkorn group, 55 different accessions ofTriticum monococcum,T. boeoticum,T. urartu,T. sinskajae,T. thaoudar andT. aegilopoides were analyzed. Fifteen anonymous probes and four clones corresponding to storage protein genes were used for detecting restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). The DNA was restricted with the restriction enzymesAluI,HaeIII,RsaI andTaqI. The 25 probe/enzyme combinations employed yielded a total of 488 polymorphic fragments. Statistical analyses were performed using Jaccard's coefficient of similarity and principal coordinate analysis. Different values of similarity within the three main taxa,monococcum,boeoticum andurartu, were obtained; the grouping at the species level was quite well reflected by the RFLP analysis done here. The coincidence between RFLP data and the subspecies classification of theT. monococcum group was only partial. OneT. urartu accession is clearly different from all of the other 54 accessions. The need for an RFLP based revision of the Einkorn taxonomy is evident.
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    Restriction site and length polymorphism of the rDNA unit in the cultivated basidiomycetePleurotus cornucopiae (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 88 (1994), S. 824-830 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Pleurotus cornucopiae ; rDNA unit ; RFLP ; Ribosomal polymorphism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In the ribosomal DNA unit ofPleurotus cornucopiae, the rDNA coding regions are in the order 5′, 5S-18S-5.8S-25S, 3′, with the 5′ location of the 5S gene differing from its 3′ location found in other basidiomycetes. The most discriminating probe used to study the rDNA polymorphism consisted of a fragment that included the 5S, 18S and part of the 5.8S and 25S genes flanking three intergenic sequences. A high degree of rDNA polymorphism was observed in the sevenP. cornucopiae dikaryons studied. For the first time within a basidiomycete species, the restrictions maps distinguished two types of rDNA units (I and II). In each rDNA type, length variations in the external intergenic sequence IGS 1 located between the 25S and 5S genes allowed characterization of two different rDNA units in type I and four rDNA units in type II. This suggested that theP. cornucopiae rDNA units were derived from two kinds of ancestors (type I and II) by insertion or deletion events (100–700 bp) in the IGS 1. In four dikaryotic strains, two rDNA units of the same type (I or II) differing only by the IGS 1 length, were found in a similar number of copies, and presented a meiotic segregation in homokaryotic progeny. In one progeny, some homokaryotic strains possessed two different rDNA units: one with a high copy number and another with a lower one, showing that two different rDNA units could coexist in a single nucleus.
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    Comparison of RFLP and RAPD markers to estimating genetic relationships within and among cruciferous species (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 88 (1994), S. 973-980 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: DNA ; RFLP ; RAPD ; Brassica ; Genetic relationships
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers are being used widely for evaluating genetic relationships of crop germplasm. Differences in the properties of these two markers could result in different estimates of genetic relationships among some accessions. Nuclear RFLP markers detected by genomic DNA and cDNA clones and RAPD markers were compared for evaluating genetic relationships among 18 accessions from six cultivated Brassica species and one accession from Raphanus sativus. Based on comparisons of genetic-similarity matrices and cophenetic values, RAPD markers were very similar to RFLP markers for estimating intraspecific genetic relationships; however, the two marker types gave different results for interspecific genetic relationships. The presence of amplified mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA fragments in the RAPD data set did not appear to account for differences in RAPD- and RFLP-based dendrograms. However, hybridization tests of RAPD fragments with similar molecular weights demonstrated that some fragments, scored as identical, were not homologous. In all these cases, the differences occurred at the interspecific level. Our results suggest that RAPD data may be less reliable than RFLP data when estimating genetic relationships of accessions from more than one species.
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    Genetic diversity in European wheat and spelt breeding material based on RFLP data (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 88 (1994), S. 994-1003 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Wheat ; Spelt ; RFLP ; Marker Genetic diversity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Fifty-two winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), nine spring wheat, and 20 spelt (Triticum spelta L.) lines representing part of the European breeding germplasm, were assayed for RFLPs (restriction fragment length polymorphisms) with 56 wheat DNA clones and two barley cDNA clones. Objectives of this study were to (1) determine the level of variation for RFLPs in the wheat and spelt breeding lines, (2) characterize the genetic diversity within the European winter wheat germplasm, and (3) evaluate the usefulness of RFLP markers for pedigree analysis and the grouping of wheat and spelt lines of various origins. Seventy-three of the 166 RFLP loci detected with 58 probes and one restriction enzyme were polymorphic for the 81 lines. The percentage of polymorphic loci was greatest for the B genome (58%) and smallest for the D genome (21%). Among the 81 lines, 271 different RFLP bands were detected. RFLP band frequencies of the winter wheat lines differed considerably (≥0.5) from those of the spring wheat lines at five loci, and from those of the spelt lines at 17 loci. Eight cultivars that had a major impact as progenitors on the development of improved winter wheat cultivars accounted for 93% of the observed RFLP bands in winter wheat. Genetic distance (GD) estimates between two lines ranged between 0.01 and 0.21. Mean GD estimates within winter wheat (0.083), within spring wheat (0.108) and within spelt (0.096) were smaller than between spring and winter wheat (0.114), and greatest between winter wheat and spelt (0.132) and spring wheat and spelt (0.148). Principal coordinate analysis performed on GD estimates revealed a clear separation of wheat and spelt germplasm. Novel spelt lines with various proportions of wheat germplasm were positioned between wheat and traditional spelt lines. The spring wheat lines formed a distinct group at the periphery of the distribution of the winter wheat lines. Subgroupings of the winter wheat lines according to the cluster analysis were in good agreement with their origin, and lines with common ancestors were grouped together.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00220807
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    Crossover distribution in barley analysed through RFLP linkage data (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 211-216 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Hordeum vulgare ; RFLP ; Genetic map ; Recombination ; Crossover
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The pattern of recombination in barley with regard to (1) the distribution of crossover points among whole gametes, (2) the distribution of crossover points among individual chromosomes and (3) the distribution of crossover points within chromosomes has been analysed using data sets underlying two recently published restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) linkage maps representing male and female meiosis, respectively. The data indicated that the process of recombination had been random with no interference. The two data sets gave similar results, indicating that male and female meiosis in barley do no differ significantly. The possibility of using RFLP data in studies of crossover distribution is stressed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225144
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    Characterization of a family of tandemly repeated DNA sequences in Triticeae (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 217-225 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Evolution ; Tandemly repeated DNA sequences ; Phylogenetic relationships ; RFLP ; Poaceae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The recombinant plasmid dpTa1 has an insert of relic wheat DNA that represents a family of tandemly organized DNA sequences with a monomeric length of approximately 340 bp. This insert was used to investigate the structural organization of this element in the genomes of 58 species within the tribe Triticeae and in 7 species representing other tribes of the Poaceae. The main characteristic of the genomic organization of dpTa1 is a classical ladder-type pattern which is typical for tandemly organized sequences. The dpTa1 sequence is present in all of the genomes of the Triticeae species examined and in 1 species from a closely related tribe (Bromus inermis, Bromeae). DNA from Hordelymus europaeus (Triticeae) did not hybridize under the standard conditions used in this study. Prolonged exposure was necessary to obtain a weak signal. Our data suggest that the dpTa1 family is quite old in evolutionary terms, probably more ancient than the tribe Triticeae. The dpTa1 sequence is more abundant in the D-genome of wheat than in other genomes in Triticeae. DNA from several species also have bands in addition to the tandem repeats. The dpTa1 sequence contains short direct and inverted subrepeats and is homologous to a tandemly repeated DNA sequence from Hordeum chilense.
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    Estimation of sampling variance of molecular marker data using the bootstrap procedure (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 259-264 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: RFLP ; Bootstrap ; Sampling variance ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Knowledge of genetic relationships among genotypes is useful in a plant breeding program because it permits the organization of germplasm and provides for more efficient sampling. The genetic distance (GD) among genotypes can be estimated using random restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) as molecular markers. Knowledge of the sampling variance associated with RFLP markers is needed to determine how many markers are required for a given level of precision in the estimate of GD. The sampling variance for GD among all pairs of 37 maize (Z. mays L.) inbred lines was estimated from 1202 RFLPs. The 1202 polymorphisms were generated from 251 enzyme-probe combinations (EPC). The sampling variance was used to determine how large a sample of RFLPs was required to provide a given level of precision. The coefficient of variation (CV) associated with GD has a nearly linear relationship between its expected standard deviation and mean. The magnitude of the decrease in the mean CV for GD with increasing numbers of bands was dependent upon the sampling unit; e.g., individual polymorphic bands vs EPC, and the degree of relatedness among the inbreds compared. The rate of reduction in mean CV with increasing sample size was the same regardless of the restriction enzyme used, BamHI, EcoRI or HindIII, when the bootstrap sampling units were individual polymorphic bands. In constrast, although the rate of reduction (slopes) was the same, the intercepts of the mean CVs were different when EPCs were used as the bootstrap sampling unit. This difference was due to the higher number of bands per EPC in BamHI (4.94) compared with EcoRI (4.83) and HindIII (4.63).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225151
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    A study of genetic variation and evolution of Phyllostachys (Bambusoideae: Poaceae) using nuclear restriction fragment length polymorphisms (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 265-270 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Bamboo ; Phyllostachys ; RFLP ; Variation ; Evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Phylogenetic and taxonomic difficulties are common within the woody bamboos, due to their unique life cycle, which severely limits the availability of floral characters. To addresss some of these problems, 20 species of woody bamboos in the genus Phyllostachys were analyzed using nuclear restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). The RFLP data were used to generate genetic distances between all pairs of taxa and to examine the degree of genetic variation within and among bamboo species. The genetic distances were also used to create dendrograms of accessions and species. These trees supported the current division of the genus into two sections and provided some information on the thorny taxonomic problems in this group. We show that RFLPs can be used for species identification and the delineation of species limits.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225152
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    Molecular evidence for the hybrid origin of Paulownia Taiwaniana based on RAPD markers and RFLP of chloroplast DNA (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 271-275 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: RAPD ; RFLP ; Chloroplast DNA ; Natural hybrid ; Paulownia taiwaniana
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Genomic DNA of Paulownia fortunei, P. kawakamii and P. taiwaniana were amplified with 10-base primers of arbitrary sequences using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A total of 351 DNA fragments were amplified from 23 primers and of these 265 fragments (75.5%) were polymorphic. Almost all of the PCR-amplified products of P. taiwaniana were shared by either P. fortunei or P. kawakamii, or both, and the number of polymorphic fragments shared by P. taiwaniana and P. fortunei was about equivalent to those shared by P. taiwaniana and P. kawakamii. Restriction fragments of chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) purified from Paulownia species and from reciprocal crosses between P. fortunei and P. kawakamii were analyzed. Restriction enzyme SalI-digested cpDNA showed an identical pattern in both P. kawakamii and P. taiwaniana. These results further support the hypothesis that P. taiwaniana is the natural hybrid between P. fortunei and P. kawakamii and that the maternal parent of P. taiwaniana is P. kawakamii.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225153
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    Molecular markers shared by diverse apomictic Pennisetum species (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 636-642 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Apomixis ; Agamospermy ; Pearl Millet ; Interspecific hybrids ; RFLP ; RAPD
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two molecular markers, a RAPD (randomly amplified polymorphic DNA) and a RFLP/STS (restriction fragment length polymorphism/sequence-tagged site), previously were found associated with apomictic reproductive behavior in a backcross population produced to transfer apomixis from Pennisetum squamulatum to pearl millet. The occurrence of these molecular markers in a range of 29 accessions of Pennisetum comprising 11 apomictic and 8 sexual species was investigated. Both markers were specific for apomictic species in Pennisetum. The RFLP/STS marker, UGT 197, was found to be associated with all taxa that displayed apomictic reproductive behavior except those in section Brevivalvula. Neither UGT197 nor the cloned RAPD fragment OPC-04600 hybridized with any sexually reproducing representatives of the genus. The cloned C04600 was associated with 3 of the 11 apomictic species, P. ciliare, P. massaicum, and P. squamulatum. UGT197 was more consistently associated with apomictic reproductive behavior than OPC04600 or cloned C04600, thus it could be inferred that UGT197 is more closely linked to the gene(s) for apomixis than the cloned C04600. The successful use of these probes to survey other Pennisetum species indicates that apomixis is a trait that can be followed across species by using molecular means. This technique of surveying species within a genus will be useful in determining the relative importance of newly isolated markers and may facilitate the identification of the apomixis gene(s).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00222459
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    Phylogeny of wild and cultivatedSolanum species based on nuclear restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) (1990)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 79 (1990), S. 360-368 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: RFLP ; Solanum ; Phylogenetic analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Phylogenetic relationships between 14 wild and 3 cultivatedSolanum species, including the European potato,Solanum tuberosum ssp.tuberosum, were inferred using DNA restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) as discriminating characters. Phenetic trees were obtained based on distance matrices as well as on parsimony methods, which were not significantly altered either by the computational method used, or by the individual plant genotypes or RFLP markers chosen for the analysis. The reliability of the tree topologies was assessed and, as expected, it increased with the number of polymorphic restriction fragments scored. The individual genotypes within each species, the different species themselves, and the main branches of the trees were clearly separated from each other. The least reliable parts in the trees were the positions of closely related species within the main clusters.S. tuberosum spp.tuberosum formed one group closely related withS. tuberosum spp.andigena,S. stenotomum, andS. canasense. This was well separated from a second group formed byS. sparsipilum,berthaultii,kurtzianum,gourlayi,vernei,spegazzinii,chacoense, andmegistacrolobum. Two further branches were formed byS. demissum andS. acaule, and byS. polyadenium,S. pinnatisectum,S. stoloniferum, andS. etuberosum. The phenetic trees presented here supported the description of relationships amongSolanum species based on biosystematic studies, with the exception of the placement ofS. chacoense andS. megistacrolobum.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01186080
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    Genetic analysis of the obligate parasitic barley powdery mildew fungus based on RFLP and virulence loci (1990)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 79 (1990), S. 705-712 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Erysiphe graminis ; Genetic map ; Repetitive ; DNA ; RFLP ; Virulence genes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Genome organization of the biotrophic barley powdery mildew fungus was studied using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Genomic DNA clones containing either low-or multiple-copy sequences appeared to be the best RFLP markers, as they frequently revealed polymorphisms that could be readily detected. A total of 31 loci were identified using 11 genomic DNA clones as probes. Linkage analysis of the 31 RFLP loci and five virulence loci resulted in the construction of seven groups of linked loci. Two of these contained both RFLP markers and virulence genes. RFLP markers were found to be very efficient in characterizing mildew isolates, as only three markers were necessary to differentiate 28 isolates. The DNA of the barley powdery mildew fungus appeared to contain a considerable number of repetitive sequences dispersed throughout the genome.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226887
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    DNA “fingerprints” applied to paternity analysis in apples (Malus x domestica) (1990)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 79 (1990), S. 763-768 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: DNA fingerprint ; M13 probe ; RFLP ; Paternity analysis ; Apple
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Analysis of minisatellite DNA sequences, yielding so called DNA “fingerprints”, has proven useful in paternity analysis for several different organisms. Here 64 apple seedlings, grown from seeds collected in an orchard with three cultivars, were analyzed using the M13 “fingerprint” probe. Paternity could be determined for 56 of the seedlings, 2 of which were derived through selfing. The analysis was facilitated by the occurrence of a multiallelic locus. The five different fragments determined by this locus migrated to similar positions, whether digesting the DNA with restriction enzymes TaqI or RsaI.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224242
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    RFLP analysis of phylogenetic relationships and genetic variation in the genus Lycopersicon (1990)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 80 (1990), S. 437-448 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Lycopersicon ; Phylogeny ; RFLP ; Genetic variation ; Breeding system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Forty single-copy, nuclear probes of known chromosomal position were used to examine restriction fragment length polymorphism in the tomato genus Lycopersion. The probes were from three libraries: one cDNA, and two genomic libraries ⦓ne genomic made with EcoRI and the other with PstI. Total DNA from 156 plants representing eight species was cut with five different restriction enzymes and scored in 198 probe-enzyme combinations. Genetic distances between accessions (populations) and species were calculated from the resultant restriction patterns and proportion of shared bands. Accessions belonging to the same species largely clustered together, confirming their current classification. However, one mountain accession, classified as L. peruvianum var. humifusum (LA2150), was sufficiently distinct from the other accessions of L. peruvianum that it may qualify as a separate species L. esculentum and L. pimpinellifolium were the least clearly differentiated, possibly reflecting introgressive hybridization, known to have been promoted by man in recent history. Dendrograms constructed from cDNA versus genomic clones were nearly identical in their general grouping of species. The dendrograms revealed two major dichotomies in the genus: one corresponding to mating behavior [self-compatible (SC) versus self-incompatible (SI) species] and the other corresponding to fruit color (red versus green-fruited species). The ratio of withinversus between-accession diversity was much lower for SC species, indicating that most of the diversity within these species exists between populations, rather than within populations. Overall, the amount of genetic variation in the SI species far exceeded that found in SC species. This result is exemplified by the fact that more genetic variation could be found within a single accession of one of the SI species (e.g., L. peruvianum) than among all accessions tested of any one of the SC species (e.g., L. esculentum or L. pimpinellifolium). Results from this study are discussed in relationship to germ plasm collection/utilization and with regard to the use of RFLPs in tomato breeding and genetics.
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    Identification of a short rDNA spacer sequence highly specific of a tomato line containing Tm-1 gene introgressed from Lycopersicon hirsutum (1990)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 80 (1990), S. 602-608 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Tomato ; RFLP ; rDNA ; Tobacco mosaic virus ; Introgression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We studied rDNA restriction fragment length polymorphism between two tomato lines used for F1 hybrid seed production: line A, containing the Tm-1 gene responsible for tobacco mosaic virus tolerance introgressed from the wild species Lycopersicon hirsutum, and line B, a tobacco mosaic virus sensitive line. Hybridization patterns led to distinct rDNA maps with two size classes, 10.4 and 10.7 kb, in line A and a single, 8.9-kb class in line B. Size differences were located in the intergenie sequence (IGS). A highly specific 54-bp TaqI fragment was cloned from the line A IGS and used in dot blot experiments to probe total DNA from line A, line B, and their F1 hybrid. It proved capable of discriminating B from A and the hybrid. This probe could thus serve to screen inbreds in commercial seed lots where line A is used as male. This fragment showed 80–90% sequence homology with the 53-bp subrepeats previously characterized in a region of the tomato IGS close to the 25S rRNA gene. Preliminary comparison of rDNA in line A and several wild related species indicated that the L. hirsutum H2 genotype was the closest to line A. rDNA variations between line A and this wild genotype could be explained by recombination during the introgression process involving numerous backcrosses or by an important intraspecific polymorphism. Our results strongly suggest that Tm-1 and the rDNA were introgressed together into tomato from L. hirsutum through linkage drag.
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    RFLP mapping of I1, a new locus in tomato conferring resistance against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici race 1 (1991)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 82 (1991), S. 22-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Lycopersicon esculentum ; L. pennellii ; Fusarium wilt ; RFLP ; Disease resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The inheritance and linkage relationships of a gene for resistance to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici race 1 were analyzed. An interspecific hybrid between a resistant Lycopersicon pennellii and a susceptible L. esculentum was backcrossed to L. esculentum. The genotype of each backcross-1 (BC1) plant with respect to its Fusarium response was determined by means of backcross-2 progeny tests. Resistance was controlled by a single dominant gene, I1, which was not allelic to I, the traditional gene for resistance against the same fungal pathogen that was derived from L. pimpinellifolium. Linkage analysis of 154 molecular markers that segregated in the BC1 population placed I1 between the RFLP markers TG20 and TG128 on chromosome 7. The flanking markers were used to verify the assignment of the I1 genotype in the segregating population. The results are discussed with reference to the possibility of cloning Fusarium resistance genes in tomato.
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    RFLP analysis of nuclear DNAs homologous with mitochondrial plasmid-like DNAs in cultivated rice (1991)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 82 (1991), S. 179-184 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Plasmid-like DNA ; Rice ; Mitochondrial DNA ; RFLP ; Nucleo-mitochondrial DNA transmission
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary B1 and B2 are small, circular, mitochondrial plasmid-like DNAs found in male-sterile cytoplasm (cms-Bo) of rice. In this study, nuclear sequences homologous to these DNAs were investigated among a number of rice cultivars. Several copies of nuclear B1-and B2-homologous sequences were detected in all examined cultivars, regardless of the presence or absence of the B1 and B2 DNAs in mitochondria, indicating that the existence of the B1- and B2-homologous sequences in the rice nuclear genome was widespread. A restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) was detected for both sequences, and we propose that these DNAs could be useful RFLP markers for the rice nuclear genome. To analyze these nuclear homologues genetically, segregation analysis of the RFLP was carried out in the F2 progenies of an Indica-Japonica rice hybrid. Of the B1 homologues, there were two nonallelic fragments, one specific to the Indica parent and the other to the Japonica. These results indicate that the B1 and B2 homologues were dispersed in the nuclear genome. The integration of B1-homologous DNA into the nuclear DNA may have occurred independently after sexual isolation of the Indica and Japonica rice varietal groups, or a intranuclear transposition of these sequences took place during the process of rice differentiation into the varietal groups.
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    Analyses of Phaseolus vulgaris L. and P. coccineus Lam. hybrids by RFLP: preferential transmission of P. vulgaris alleles (1991)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 81 (1991), S. 703-709 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Phaseolus interspecific hybrid ; RFLP ; Beans
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) was determined among P. vulgaris genotypes and Phaseolus species using 19 probes. The incidence of polymorphism was high (70–86%) between species, but relatively low (22–26%) between genotypes of P. vulgaris. Suitable probes were identified for the analysis of P. vulgaris and P. coccineus hybrids. The segregation pattern in F2 populations was Mendelian for two probes (LHB and VEE20) and non-Mendelian for GS-g, CHS, and CHI. Statistical analyses indicated gametic selection with preferential transmission of the P. vulgaris alleles, which may account for the selective recovery of P. vulgaris progeny types observed earlier. The available hybrids of P. vulgaris and P. coccineus and the high degree of interspecific RFLP will facilitate the construction of a linkage map for Phaseolus.
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    RFLP-based genetic map of rye (Secale cereale L.) chromosome 1R (1991)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 82 (1991), S. 174-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Rye ; Genetic mapping ; RFLP ; Storage protein ; Isozyme
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A map of chromosome 1R of rye was constructed using 16 molecular and biochemical loci. From long arm to short arm, known-function loci were placed in the order: XAdh — XLee — Glu-R1[Sec-3] — XPpdk-1R — XEm-1R-1 — XEm-1R-2 — Centromere — XNor-R1 —Gpi-R1 — XGli-R1 [Sec-1a] along with six anonymous genomic and cDNA clones from wheat. The map, which spans 106 cM with 12 loci clustered in a 15-cM region around the centromere, shows reasonably good agreement with previously published maps for the centromeric region, whereas the XNor-R1 — Gpi-R1 region gives a much larger distance than previously reported.
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    RFLP maps of potato and their alignment with the homoeologous tomato genome (1991)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 83 (1991), S. 49-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: RFLP ; Potato ; Tomato ; Genetic maps
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary An RFLP linkage map of the potato is presented which comprises 304 loci derived from 230 DNA probes and one morphological marker (tuber skin color). The self-incompatibility locus of potato was mapped to chromosome I, which is homoeologous to tomato chromosome I. By mapping chromosome-specific tomato RFLP markers in potato and, vice versa, potato markers in tomato, the different potato and tomato RFLP maps were aligned to each other and the similarity of the potato and tomato genome was confirmed. The numbers given to the 12 potato chromosomes are now in accordance with the established tomato nomenclature. Comparisons between potato RFLP maps derived from different genetic backgrounds revealed conservation of marker order but differences in chromosome and total map length. In particular, significant reduction of map length was observed in interspecific compared to intraspecific crosses. The distribution of regions with distorted segregation ratios in the genome was analyzed for four potato parents. The most prominent distortion of recombination was found to be caused by the self-incompatibility locus.
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    Genetic diversity and differentiation of indica and japonica rice detected by RFLP analysis (1992)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 83 (1992), S. 495-499 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; Phenotypic diversity ; Differentiation ; Randomization test ; RFLP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Genetic diversity and differentiation in indica and japonica groups of the cultivated rice (Oryza sativa L.) were studied by assaying DNA restriction fragment length polymorphisms of 12 indica and 14 japonica rice lines digested with three restriction endonucleases. A total of 49 probes were selected to represent the entire RFLP map at intervals of 20–30 cM. It was shown that 95 of the 145 possible probe/enzyme combinations, involving 43 probes and all three enzymes, detected restriction fragment length variation, and the degree of polymorphism varied greatly from one probe/enzyme combination to another. These results demonstrate that indica rice is genetically more diverse than japonica type. Significant differentiation between the two rice groups was detected by 33 probes representing 11 of the 12 rice chromosomes. It was deduced that the processes leading to differentiation involved a combination of molecular events that include base substitutions and insertion/deletions.
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    DNA restriction fragment length polymorphisms in the wheat stem rust fungus, Pucinia graminis tritici (1992)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 83 (1992), S. 715-719 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: RFLP ; Pucdnia ; cDNA ; Leaf rust
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A cDNA library was synthesized from poly A+ RNA extracted from germinated urediospores of the wheat stem rust fungus, Puccnia graminis tritici (race 343-1,2,3,5,6). The library was used as a source of probes to detect RFLPs in genomic DNA from three major races of P. graminis tritici in Australia, as well as two formae speciales of P. graminis. DNA extracted from another Puccnia species infecting wheat, P. recondita tritici (wheat leaf rust), was included in the analysis. Nine different cDNA probes were analysed, and all detected polymorphisms between the races and formae speciales of P. graminis that were tested. Seven detected polymorphisms between P. graminis and P. recondita; the remaining two probes showed no detectable homology to P. recondita genomic DNA. The potential applications of RFLP markers to study the origin of genetic variability in P. graminis tritici are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226689
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    Lycopersicon esculentum lines containing small overlapping introgressions from L. pennellii (1992)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 83 (1992), S. 1027-1034 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Lycopersicon esculentum ; L. pennellii ; RFLP ; Introgression lines ; Breeding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The objective of this project was to introgress small overlapping chromosome segments which cover the genome of L. pennellii into Lycopersicon esculentum lines. The interspecific hybrid was backcrossed to L. esculentum, and a map of 981 cM, based on 146 molecular markers covering the entire genome, was produced. A similar backcross 1 population was selfed for six generations, under strong selection for cultivated tomato phenotypes, to produce 120 introgression lines. The introgression lines were assayed for the above-mentioned molecular markers, and 21 lines covering 936 cM of L. pennellii, with an average introgression of 86 cM, were selected to provide a resource for the mapping of new DNA clones. The rest of the lines have shorter introgressions consisting of specific regions with an average size of 38 cM. The proportion of the L. pennellii genome in the introgression lines was lower than expected (252 cM) because of strong selection against the wild-parent phenotype. The mean introgression rate for ends of linkage groups in the 120 lines was 3 times higher than for other regions of the genome. The introgression lines can assist in RFLP-based gene cloning by allowing the rapid selection of DNA markers that map to specific chromosome segments. The introgression lines also provide a base population for the mapping and breeding for quantitative traits such as salt and drought tolerance that characterize the wild species L. pennellii.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00232968
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    Mapping genes conditioning in vitro androgenesis in maize using RFLP analysis (1992)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 84 (1992), S. 720-724 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: RFLP ; Anther culture ; In vitro androgenesis ; Linkage ; Epistasis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary This research was designed to map the genes in maize which condition a high response to anther culture using RFLP analysis. A set of 98 S1 families were developed from the cross of B73 × 139/39-05. In vitro-cultured anthers of 139/39-05 produce numerous embryolike structures while anthers cultured from B73 produce none. Plants from each of the families were grown in the greenhouse. Tassels were harvested from ten individual plants within each family and pretreated prior to culture. Up to three Petri dishes with 60 anthers each were cultured from each tassel. Response was measured as the number of embryo-like structures per 100 anthers cultured. In excess of 105 RFLP clones were screened to detect polymorphism among the parents. A subset of 75 widely distributed clones were scored in the 98 families. Based on the analysis of the resulting genetic data set, the high anther culture response observed in 139/39-05 is conditioned by two major recessive genes, which are epistatic, and two minor genes. One of the two major loci resides in the proximal region of the long arm of chromosome 3 near the indeterminate gametophyte (ig1) gene. The second major locus maps to the centromeric region of chromosome 9. The minor genes reside on chromosomes 1 and 10. Fifty seven percent of the variability among the 98 family means is explained by a genetic model which includes these four chromosomal regions. Moreover, segregation at these loci explains much of the variability observed within the families.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224175
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    HpaII library indicates ‘methylation-free islands’ in wheat and barley (1992)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 84 (1992), S. 739-746 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Wheat ; Barley ; Methylation-free islands ; HpaII tiny fragments ; RFLP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A library of wheat genomic DNA HpaII tiny fragments (HTF), sized below 500 bp, has been constructed. Of the clones in the library 80% belong to the single/low-copy category, while 12% of the clones are nuclear repetitive sequences and 8% originate from the chloroplast and mitochondrial DNA. This result shows a substantial enrichment in the single/low-copy sequences of the wheat genome, which contains at least 80% repetitive sequences. Twenty-nine random single/lowcopy clones were analysed further for wheat chromosome location, cross-hybridisation to barley DNA and their association with rare-cutting, C-methylation-sensitive restriction sites. The results show that the HTF clones are associated more frequently than expected with NotI, MluI, NruI and PstI sites in wheat and barley genomic DNA. The 12% repetitive fraction of the clones contain both moderately and highly repetitive sequences, but no tandemly repeated sequences. The level of enrichment for single/low-copy sequences indicates that libraries of this type are a valuable source of probes for RFLP mapping. In addition, the close association of the HTF clones with rare-cutting restriction enzyme sites ensures that HTF clones will have a useful role in the construction of long-range physical maps in wheat.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224179
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    RFLP analysis of the wild potato species, Solanum acaule Bitter (Solanum sect. Petota) (1992)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 84 (1992), S. 851-858 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Solanum acaule ; Intraspecific variation ; RFLP ; Principal component analysis ; Potato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Intraspecific variation of a wild potato species, Solanum acaule Bitt., was analyzed by RFLPs of genomic DNA. One hundred and five accessions were selected throughout the distribution area, including all subspecies, i.e., ssp. albicans (hexaploid), ssp. punae (tetraploid), ssp. acaule (tetraploid) and ssp. aemulans (tetraploid). Twenty-seven low-copy DNA clones (probes) were Southern hybridized with EcoRI, EcoRV, HindIII, and XbaI digests of total DNA of all accessions. In total, 238 RFLPs were detected from 94 enzyme x probe combinations. Among them, 49 RFLPs were specific to ssp. albicans, suggesting that the additional third genome is distinct from its two other genomes. RFLPs between and within subspecies were analyzed by principal component analysis. DNA similarities between subspecies coincided with a former taxonomic treatment in the sense that ssp. albicans is the most distantly related to ssp. acaule and ssp. aemulans is distantly related. Subspecies acaule and ssp. punae were indistinguishable. In addition, RFLPs could be used to distinguish groups within subspecies. Subspecies aemulans, confined to Argentina, was divided into two populations, one from the province of La Rioja and the other from the province of Jujuy. In ssp. acaule, some accessions from the southernmost distribution area were clearly distinguishable, while the others varied continuously, showing a geographical cline from Peru to Argentina.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00227396
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    Restriction fragment variation in the nuclear and chloroplast genomes of cultivated and wild Sorghum bicolor (1992)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 85 (1992), S. 293-302 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Sorghum ; RFLP ; Genetic diversity ; Domestication ; Introgression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Fifty-six accessions of cultivated and wild sorghum were surveyed for genetic diversity using 50 low-copy-number nuclear DNA sequence probes to detect restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). These probes revealed greater genetic diversity in wild sorghum than in cultivated sorghum, including a larger number of alleles per locus and a greater portion of polymorphic loci in wild sorghum. In comparison to previously published isozyme analyses of the same accessions, RFLP analysis reveals a greater number of alleles per locus. Furthermore, many RFLP alleles have frequencies between 0.25–0.75, while the vast majority of isozyme alleles are either rare (〈 0.25) or near fixation (〉 0.75). Correlations between genetic and geographic distances among the accessions were stronger when calculated with RFLP than with isozyme data. Systematic relationships revealed by nuclear and chloroplast restriction site analysis indicate that cultivated sorghum is derived from the wild ssp. arundinaceum. The portion of the wild gene pool most genetically similar to the cultivars is from central-northeastern Africa. Previous published data also suggested that this is most likely the principal area of domestication of sorghum. Introgression between wild and cultivated sorghum was inferred from disconcordant relationships shown by nuclear and chloroplast DNA markers. Introgression apparently occurs infrequently enough that the crop and its wild relatives maintain distinct genetic constitutions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00222873
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    Comparative RFLP maps of the homoeologous group-2 chromosomes of wheat, rye and barley (1993)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 85 (1993), S. 784-792 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Wheat ; Rye ; Barley ; RFLP ; Biochemical markers ; Genetic maps
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Genetic maps of the homoeologous group-2 chromosomes were constructed, comprising 114 loci in wheat and 34 loci in rye. These include the genes coding for sucrose synthase, sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase, a bZIP protein (EmBP-1), a peroxidase and an abscisic acid-induced protein (#7). Overall, gene orders are highly conserved in the genomes of wheat, barley and rye, except for the distal ends of chromosome arms 2BS and 2RS, which are involved in interchromosomal, probably evolutionary, translocations. Clustering of loci in the centromeric regions of the maps, resulting from the concentration of recombination events in the distal chromosomal regions, is observed in wheat and rye, but not in barley. Furthermore, loci for which homoeoloci can be detected in rye and barley tend to lie in the centromeric regions of the maps, while non-homoeologous and wheat-specific loci tend to be more evenly distributed over the genetic maps. Mapping of the group-2 chromosomes in the intervarietal ‘Timgalen’ x ‘RL4137’ cross revealed that the T. timopheevi chromosome segment introgressed into chromosome 2B in ‘Timgalen’ is preferentially transmitted. Recombination is also greatly reduced in that segment.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225020
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    Chromosomal rearrangements in the rye genome relative to that of wheat (1993)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 85 (1993), S. 673-680 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Translocations ; Rye ; RFLP ; Genetic maps ; Comparative mapping ; Co-linearity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary An RFLP-based genetic map of Secale Cereale has provided evidence for multiple evolutionary translocations in the rye genome relative to that of hexaploid wheat. DNA clones which have previously been mapped in wheat indicated that chromosome arms 2RS, 3RL, 4RL, 5RL, 6RS, 6RL, 7RS and 7RL have all been involved in at least one translocation. A possible evolutionary pathway, which accounts for the present day R genome relative to the A, B and D genomes of wheat, is presented. The relevance of these results for strategies designed to transfer useful genes from rye, and probably other related species, to wheat is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225004
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    Genetic models to estimate additive and non-additive effects of marker-associated QTL using multiple regression techniques (1992)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 85 (1992), S. 435-444 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Molecular markers ; Epistatic effects ; RFLP ; Linkage ; QTL
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The development of molecular markers has recently raised expectations for their application in selection programs. However, some questions related to quantitative trait loci (QTL) identification are still unanswered. The objectives of this paper are (1) to develop statistical genetic models for detecting and locating on the genome multi-QTL with additive, dominance and epistatic effects using multiple linear regression analysis in the backcross and Fn generations from the cross of two inbred lines; and (2) to discuss the bias caused by linked and unlinked QTL on the genetic estimates. Non-linear models were developed for different backcross and Fn generations when both epistasis and no epistasis were assumed. Generation analysis of marked progenies is suggested as a way of increasing the number of observations for the estimates without additional cost for molecular scoring. Some groups of progenies can be created in different generations from the same scored individuals. The non-linear models were transformed into approximate multivariate linear models to which combined stepwise and standard regression analysis could be applied. Expressions for the biases of the marker classes from linked QTL were obtained when no epistasis was assumed. When epistasis was assumed, these expressions increased in complexity, and the biases were caused by both linked and unlinked QTL.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00222325
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    Molecular taxonomic relationships in the genus Vigna based on RFLP analysis (1993)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 86 (1993), S. 97-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Vigna ; Numerical taxonomy ; RFLP ; Asiatic grams ; Cowpea ; Bambara groundnut
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The taxonomy of the genus Vigna has been primarily based on morphological attributes. We have used 27 genomic clones from soybean, common bean, mungbean and cowpea to examine restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) among 44 accessions of different species belonging to four subgenera of the genus Vigna. One accession each of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and soybean (Glycine max) was included in the study. Total DNA from the various genotypes was digested with one restriction enzyme (Eco RV). Results of a numerical taxonomic analysis showed a high level of genetic variation within the genus with a remarkably higher amount of variation associated with Vigna sp. from Africa relative to those from Asia. The distinctness of the Asiatic grams in subgenus Ceratotropis, cowpea in section Catiang, bambara groundnut (V. subterranean) and members of the subgenus Plectotropis was elucidated by this study. Members of the subgenus Plectotropis were closer in genome homology to those of subgenus Vigna section Catiang than to those of subgenus Ceratotropis. The relative positions of some genotypes to one another on the dendrogram and minimum spanning tree were discussed in regard to hybridisations aimed generating well-saturated genomic maps and interspecies transfer of desirable genes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223813
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    Molecular markers for plant breeding: comparisons of RFLP and RAPD genotyping costs (1993)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 86 (1993), S. 975-984 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Chemiluminescence ; Genotyping costs ; RAPD ; RFLP ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Three molecular marker protocols, chemiluminescent restriction fragment length polymorphisms (c-RFLPs), radioactivity-based restriction fragment length polymorphisms (r-RFLPs), and randomly amplified DNA polymorphisms (RAPDs) were compared in terms of cost and time efficiency. Estimates of cost of supplies and time requirements were obtained from simulations of maize (Zea mays L.) genotyping experiments utilizing protocols currently in use. The increase in total cost with increasing numbers of individuals genotyped and markers analyzed is higher for RAPDs than for RFLPs. RAPDs were generally found to be more cost and time efficient for studies involving small sample sizes, while RFLPs have the advantage for larger sample sizes. Because of the shorter exposure times involved, c-RFLPs require less time than r-RFLPs to obtain a given amount of information. Variations in the protocols, such as number of re-uses of Southern blots or cost of Taq DNA polymerase per reaction of amplification, also affect the relative merits of RAPDs and RFLPs. Two examples were analyzed where molecular markers are used: a germ plasm survey and quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping in a segregating population. No protocol was found to be the most cost and time efficient over the entire range of sample sizes and number of marker loci studied.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00211050
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    Chloroplast and mitochondrial DNA diversity in Theobroma cacao (1993)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 87 (1993), S. 81-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Theobroma cacao ; RFLP ; Mitochondrial genome ; Chloroplast genome ; Diversity study
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The variability of cocoa (Theobroma cacao) cytoplasmic genomes has been investigated. A total of 177 cocoa clones was surveyed for restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) in chloroplast DNA and in mitochondrial DNA using two restriction endonucleases and various heterologous cytoplasmic probes. A high level of polymorphism was found for the mitochondrial genome. This study points up a structuring of the species that fits with the distinction between the Criollo and Forastero populations. In contrast to all previous analyses, a higher level of polymorphism is found among the Criollo clones while the Forastero clones form quite a homogeneous group.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223749
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    The distribution of RFLP markers on chromosome 2(2H) of barley in relation to the physical and genetic location of 5S rDNA (1993)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 87 (1993), S. 177-183 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Barley ; RFLP ; 5S rDNA ; Genetic mapping ; Physical mapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The 5S rDNA locus on the long arm of barley chromosome 2(2H) was genetically mapped in two crosses in relation to 30 other RFLP loci. Comparison of the genetic maps with the previously published physical position of the 5S rDNA, determined by in-situ hybridization, showed that there was a marked discrepancy between physical and genetic distance in both crosses, with recombination being less frequent in the proximal part of the arm. Pooled information from the present study and other published genetic maps showed that at least 26 of the 44 (59%) RFLPs that have been mapped on 2(2H)L lie distal to the 5S rDNA locus even though this region is only 27% of the physical length of the arm. The distribution of RFLP markers is significantly different from expected (P 〈 0.01), implying that the low-copy sequences used for RFLP analysis occur more frequently in distal regions of the arm and, or, that sequences in distal regions are more polymorphic.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223762
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    Mapping of loci involved in quantitatively inherited resistance to the potato cyst-nematode Globodera rostochiensis pathotype Ro1 (1993)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 87 (1993), S. 464-470 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Solanum spegazzinii ; Globodera rostochi ensis ; Nematode resistance ; QTL ; RFLP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We report the identification and mapping of two quantitative trait loci (QTLs) of Solanum spegazzinii BGRC, accession 8218-15, involved in resistance to the potato cyst-nematode Globodera rostochiensis pathotype Ro1, by means of restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). For this purpose we crossed a susceptible diploid S. tuberosum with the resistant S. spegazzinii, and tested the F1 population for resistance to the Ro1 pathotype. Since the F1 segregated for the resistance, the S. spegazzinii parent was concluded to be heterozygous at the nematode resistance loci. For the mapping of the resistance loci we made use of RFLP markers segregating for S. spegazzinii alleles in the F1. One hundred and seven RFLP markers were tested in combination with four different restriction enzymes; 29 of these displayed a heterozygous RFLP pattern within S. spegazzinii and were used for mapping. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied to test the association of the RFLP patterns of these markers with nematode resistance. Two QTLs involved in disease resistance to Globodera rostochiensis pathotype Ro1 were identified and mapped to chromosomes 10 and 11 respectively.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00215092
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    Somatic hybrids and cybrids of Senecio fuchsii Gmel. (x) jacobaea L. (1993)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 87 (1993), S. 561-567 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Senecio ; Somatic hybrid ; Cybrid ; RFLP ; Isozyme
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Twenty fusants of S. Jacobaea L. (chlorophyll deficient) (x) fuchsii Gmel. (wild-type) were investigated by studying chromosome number, isozymes, and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Sublines were established from primary shoots, and clones were grown from isolated protoplasts. Out of the 12 hybrid lines 9 had the amphidiploid chromosome number of 80 (2x = 40) as concluded from each one subline. Three hybrid lines showed reduced chromosome numbers between 60 and 76, indicating karyotypic instability. Additive isozyme complements with peroxidase, esterase, malate dehydrogenase, and glutamate-oxalacetate transaminase activities were found. In the RFLP analyses, three ptDNA probes were able to demonstrate the origin of plastomes from either one or both parents, but singular chondriomes from either parent were traced with a mtDNA probe. The results of detailed studies with sublines and clones of two hybrid lines revealed that the chlorophylldeficiency mutation of one parental S. jacobaea clone is located in the genome and that of the other one is located in the plastome. Eight fusant lines were putative cybrids. Mutant plastids were not transmitted into the regenerated putative cybrid shoots. The mtDNA of S. jacobaea alone was detected with a mtDNA probe in seven putative cybrid lines; in one line mtDNA fragments of both the parents were traced. In three lines, the nucleus and the plastids only showed S. fuchsii characters, but the mtDNA was of S. jacobaea.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00221879
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    RFLP analysis of mitochondrial DNA from cytoplasmic male-sterile lines of pearl millet (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 88 (1994), S. 441-448 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: RFLP ; Mitochondrial DNA ; Cytoplasmic male sterility ; Pearl millet
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from 13 cytoplasmic male-sterile (cms) lines from diverse sources were characterized by Southern blot hybridization to pearl millet and maize mtDNA probes. Hybridization patterns of mtDNA digested with PstI, BamHI, SmaI or XhoI and probed with 13.6-, 10.9-, 9.7- or 4.7-kb pearl millet mtDNA clones revealed similarities among the cms lines 5141 A and ICMA 1 (classified as the S-A1 type of cytoplasm based on fertility restoration patterns), PMC 30A and ICMA 2. The remaining cms lines formed a distinct group, within which three subgroups were evident. Among the maize mitochondiral gene clones used, the coxI probe revealed two distinct groups of cytoplasms similar to the pearl millet mtDNA clones. The atp9 probe differentiated the cms line 81 A4, derived from P. glaucum subsp. monodii, while the coxII gene probe did not detect any polymorphism among the cms lines studied. MtDNA digested with BamHI, PstI or XhoI and hybridized to the atp6 probe revealed distinct differences among the cms lines. The maize atp6 gene clone identified four distinct cytoplasmic groups and four subgroups within a main group. The mtDNA fragments hybridized to the atp6 gene probe with differing intensities, suggesting the presence of more than one copy of the gene in different stoichiometries. Rearrangements involving the coxI and/or rrn18-rrn5 genes (mapped within the pearl millet clones) probably resulted in the S-A1 type of sterility. Rearrangements involving the atp6 gene (probably resulting in chimeric form) may be responsible for male sterility in other cms lines of pearl millet.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223658
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    Use of recombinant substitution lines in the construction of RFLP-based genetic maps of chromosomes 6A and 6B of tetraploid wheat (Triticum turgidum L.) (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 703-712 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: RFLP ; Genetic mapping ; Triticum turgidum Recombinant substitution lines (RSLs) ; Mapmaker G-Mendel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract RFLP-based genetic maps of chromosomes 6A and 6B of Triticum turgidum have been constructed using data obtained by the study of Triticum turgidum var ‘durum’ cv ‘Langdon’-T. t. var ‘dicoccoides’ recombinant substitution lines (RSLs) supplemented with data obtained from F3 families derived from ‘Langdon’ dicoccoides 6A and 6B disomic substitution lines. The average RFLP frequencies detected for the two chromosomes in a test of 45 DNA clones with six restriction enzymes were 56% and 53%, respectively, and a subset of 32 clones gave frequencies of 75% and 72%, respectively. Seventeen loci were mapped in 6A and 18 in 6B. With the possible exception of 5 loci in the centromeric region of 6A, all of the mapped 6A and 6B loci are located in the same arm as are homologous loci in hexaploid wheat, and the linear order of the loci is the same in the two chromosomes, except possibly close to the centromere. Major differences in genetic distances exist between homologous loci located in the proximal regions of the 6AL and 6BL linkage groups, however, the distances being much larger in the former than in the latter. The 6B maps that were constructed using data from both the RSL and the F2 populations and using data from the RSL population alone closely resemble one another, indicating that the 6B RSL population, composed of 85 lines, can be reliably used for genetic mapping. Additional studies must be conducted before the utility of the 6A RSL population, composed of 66 lines, can be adequately assessed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223709
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    Sequence-tagged sites (STSs) as standard landmarkers in the rice genome (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 728-734 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: STS ; RFLP ; Rice ; Genetic map ; Coding region
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Generating sequence-tagged sites (STSs) is a prerequisite to convert a genetic map to a physical map. With the help of sequence information from these STSs one can also isolate specific genes. For these purposes, we have designed PCR primer sets, of 20 bases each, by reference to sequences of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) landmarkers consisting of rice genomic clones. These markers were evenly distributed over the 12 chromosomes and were shown to be single copy by Southern-blot analysis. With improved PCR protocols, 63 standard STS landmarkers in the rice genome were generated. Similarity searches of all partial sequences of RFLP landmarkers by the FASTA algorithm showed that 2 of the 63 RFLP landmarkers, G357 and G385, contained part of the ORFs of aspartate aminotransferase and protein kinase, respectively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223712
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    Somatic hybrids between Solanum etuberosum and diploid, tuber bearing Solanum clones (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 775-782 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Somatic hybrid ; Solanum etuberosum ; S. tuberosum ; S. berthaultii ; RFLP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Electrofusion was used to obtain somatic hybrids between Solanum etuberosum (2n=2x=24) and two diploid potato lines. These hybridizations were conducted to determine if haploidxwild species hybrids are better fusion partners than conventional S. tuberosumGp. Tuberosum haploids. Restriction fragment length polymerase (RFLP) analyses of the putative somatic hybrids confirmed that each parental genome was present. The somatic hybrids between S. etuberosum and a haploid S. tuberosum clone, US-W730, were stunted and had curled, purple leaves. In contrast, somatic hybrids between S. etuberosum and a haploidxwild species hybrid (US-W 730 haploidx S. berthaultii), were vigorous and generally tuberized under field conditions. These hybrids were designated as E+BT somatic hybrids. Analyses of 23 E+BT somatic hybrids revealed a statistically significant bias towards the retention of S. etuberosum chloroplasts. Stylar incompatibilities were observed when the E+BT somatic hybrids were used as pollen donors in crosses with S. tuberosum cultivars. Reciprocal crosses did not show this incompatibility. The progeny were vigorous and had improved tuber traits when compared to the maternal E+BT parent. RFLP analyses of three sexual progeny lines confirmed the presence of all 12 S. etuberosum chromosomes. In two of these lines, RFLPs that marked each of the 24 chromosome arms of S. etuberosum were present. However, RFLP markers specific for regions on chromosomes 2, 7, and 11 were missing from the third clone. Because other markers for these chromosomes were present in the progeny line, these results indicated the likelihood of pairing and recombination between S. etuberosum and S. tuberosum chromosomes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223718
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  • 92
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    Genetic analysis of soybean hard seededness with molecular markers (1990)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 79 (1990), S. 465-469 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Soybean ; RFLP ; Quantitative trait loci ; Germination ; Hard seededness
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Hard seededness in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] is a quantitative trait that affects the germination rate, viability, and quality of stored seeds. We have used 72 restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) to identify genomic regions containing quantitative trait loci (QTL) affecting hard seededness in a segregating population from a G. max by a Glycine soja (Sieb. & Zucc.) cross. Five independent RFLP markers were found to be associated with variation in the hard-seeded trait. These markers and the epistatic interactions between them explain 71% of the variation for hard seededness. A genomic region associated with the i locus accounted for 32% of the variation in this segregating population. This study illustrates one approach to physiological genetic studies in plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226154
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  • 93
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    Effect of different restriction enzymes, probe source, and probe length on detecting restriction fragment length polymorphism in tomato (1990)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 80 (1990), S. 385-389 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: RFLP ; Tomato ; Probe source ; Probe length ; Restriction enzymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Since the construction and use of RFLP genetic maps depends on the ability of cloned sequences to detect polymorphism, we have attempted to determine conditions under which maximum levels of polymorphism can be detected. Forty cloned nuclear sequences from three different libraries (cDNA, EcoRI genomic, and Pstl genomic) were hybridized to total DNA from 149 plants representing eight species of the tomato genus Lycopersicon. Five different restriction enzymes were employed in this study. We examined the relationship between polymorphism (number of restriction patterns) and clone size, restriction enzyme, size of hybridizing restriction fragments, and clone source (library). We found no relationship between clone size (ranging from 0.4 to 5.3 kb) and polymorphism. There was a strong positive relationship (r 2 = 0.79) between polymorphism and the average size of the fragments produced by each restriction enzyme. cDNA clones hybridized to larger fragments compared to genomic clones. cDNAs also detected significantly more polymorphism (approximately 25% more) than genomic clones — possibly indicating high levels of sequence variability in introns and/or areas flanking coding regions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00210077
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  • 94
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    Molecular analysis of plants regenerated from embryogenic cultures of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 87 (1994), S. 821-828 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: RFLP ; Tissue culture ; Triticum aestivum ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Total DNAs of plants regenerated from immature embryo-derived 2-month-old embryogenic calli of wheat (cultivars Florida 302, Chris, Pavon, RH770019) were probed with six maize mitochondrial genes (atpA, atp6, apt9, coxI, coxII, rrn18-rrn5), three hypervariable wheat mitochondrial clones (K′, K3, X2), five random pearl millet mitochondrial clones (4A9, 4D1, 4D12, 4E1, 4E11) and the often-used wheat Nor locus probe (pTA71), in order to assess the molecular changes induced in vitro. In addition, protoplast-derived plants, and 24-month-old embryogenic and non-embryogenic calli and cell suspension cultures of Florida 302 were also analyzed. No variation was revealed by the wheat or millet mitochondrial clones. Qualitative variation was detected in the nonembryogenic suspension culture by three maize mitochondrial genes (coxI, rrn18-rrn5, atp6). A callus-specific 3.8-kb Hind III fragment was detected in all four cultivars after hybridization with the coxI gene. The organization of the Nor locus of the plants regenerated from Florida 302 and Chris was stable when compared to their respective control plants and calli. The Nor locus in regenerants of Pavon and RH, on the other hand, was found to be variable. However, Nor locus variability was not observed in 14 individual seed-derived control plants from either Pavon or RH sources. In Pavon, a 3.6-kb Taq I or a 5.6-kb Bam HI+ Eco RI fragment was lost after regeneration. In one of the RH regenerants, which lost a fragment, an additional fragment was observed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00221134
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  • 95
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    QTL analysis of trichome-mediated insect resistance in potato (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 87 (1994), S. 973-987 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Potato ; Trichome ; Insect resistance ; RFLP ; QTL
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Genetic mapping of several components of a complex type of insect resistance has been undertaken as a means toward more efficient use of the valuable characteristics of a wild relative of potato. RFLP maps constructed on interspecific diploid progenies of Solanum tuberosum × S. berthaultii were used in conjunction with morphological, biochemical and biological phenotyping to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) contributing to trichome-mediated insect resistance. By superimposing QTL data for a wide range of phenotypes including biochemical assays, correlative and direct screens for insect resistance, and adaptation to the target environment on the genetic maps, we have addressed the organization, action and interaction of genes controlling the resistance mechanism. The outcome contributes to an understanding of the association between component traits and between desirable and undesirable features of the donor species generated in an applied breeding program. Research is proceeding toward the development of selectable markers for the introgression and transfer of this resistance among potato gene pools.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225792
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  • 96
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    RFLP-based phylogenetic analysis of wide compatibility varieties in Oryza sativa L. (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 88 (1994), S. 65-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Oryza sativa L. ; RFLP ; Wide compatibility ; Subspecies differentiation ; Heterosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Twenty-one wide compatibility varieties (WCVs) of rice together with three indica and three japonica testers were assayed with 160 DNA probes that were selected to represent the entire RFLP map at an average interval of 11 cM. On the basis of four enzyme digestion 125 probes detected polymorphisms among the WCVs and subspecies' testers. Among these polymorphic probes there were 68 that could distinguish the indica from the japonica testers. Two dendrograms were constructed on the basis of 398 polymorphic fragments of 125 probes and 139 polymorphic fragments of 68 subspecies' differentiating probes in combination with single enzymes, respectively. The reliability and representativeness of the testers and the levels of DNA variations among WCVs were estimated. The potential of WCVs in the utilization of intersubspecific heterosis is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00222395
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    Identification and localization of molecular markers linked to the Lr9 leaf rust resistance gene of wheat (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 88 (1994), S. 110-115 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Leaf rust ; RAPD ; RFLP ; Triticum aestivum ; Triticum spelta
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Near-isogenic lines (NILs) for the leaf rust resistance gene Lr9 were screened for polymorphisms at the molecular level. RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA) primers as well as RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism) markers were used. Out of 395 RAPD primers tested, three showed polymorphisms between NILs, i.e., an additional band was found in resistant lines. One of these polymorphic bands was cloned and sequenced. Specific primers were synthesized, and after amplification only resistant lines showed an amplified product. Thus, these primers define a sequence-tagged site that is specific for the translocated fragment carrying the Lr9 gene. A cross between a resistant NIL and the spelt (Triticum spelta) variety ‘Oberkulmer’ was made, and F2 plants were analyzed for genetic linkage. All three polymorphisms detected by the PCR (polymerase chain reaction) and one RFLP marker (cMWG684) showed complete linkage to the Lr9 gene in 156 and 133 plants analyzed, respectively. A second RFLP marker (PSR546) was closely linked (8±2.4 cM) to the Lr9 gene and the other four DNA markers. As this marker maps to the distal part of the long arm of chromosome 6B of wheat, Lr9 and the other DNA markers also map to the distal region of 6BL. All three PCR markers detected the Lr9 gene in independently derived breeding lines and varieties, thus proving their general applicability in wheat breeding programs.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00222402
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  • 98
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    Relationships among Cichorium species and related genera as determined by analysis of mitochondrial RFLPs (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 88 (1994), S. 159-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Mitochondrial DNA ; RFLP ; Asteraceae ; Cichorium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Mitochondrial DNA polymorphism was employed to assess cytoplasmic diversity among cytoypes of the genus Cichorium and related genera of the tribe Lactuceae (Asteraceae). Hybridization patterns of total DNA using six restriction enzymes and five heterologous mtDNA probes were examined. From estimates of mtDNA diversity, Cichorium spinosum appeared as an ecotype of C. intybus rather than a separate species. Interspecific mtDNA polymorphism in the genus Cichorium was higher than that observed in Cicerbita Crepis, Lactuca and Tragopogon. Molecular data seemed to indicate that Catananche is very distant from the other genera examined. Intergeneric comparisons allowed the clustering of Cicerbita, Lactuca and Cichorium, genera which belong to different subtribes. However, further molecular investigations on a larger number of genera are needed to clarify the relationships among genera within and between subtribes of the tribe Lactuceae.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225892
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  • 99
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    A unique cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) determinant is present in three Phaseolus species characterized by different mitochondrial genomes (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 88 (1994), S. 314-320 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: RFLP ; mtDNA diversity ; Phaseolus coccineus ; P. polyanthus ; P. vulgaris ; cytoplasmic male sterility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Previous results have shown that cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) in lines from Phaseolus coccineus and Phaseolus vulgaris contain the same CMS-specific sequence, raising the question of whether this sequence rearrangement arose before divergence of the two species or afterward with subsequent transfer by introgression. Hybridization patterns of total DNA from eight P. vulgaris lines with cytoplasm from P. coccineus and three P. vulgaris lines were examined in order to analyze the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) diversity within each species and to determine differences between CMS lines derived from the two species. Three restriction enzymes and 17 heterologous mtDNA sequences were used. The analysis of the different hybridization patterns revealed a considerable diversity in mtDNA organization particularly within P. coccineus. We obtained distinctive hybridization patterns for the five CMS lines tested. The resulting classification showed that mitochondrial genomes from P. coccineus CMS lines group with those of fertile P. coccineus but not with CMS lines from P. vulgaris. The groupings concur with the taxonomic classification of these lines. The results support the hypothesis of a single ancient origin of the CMS determinant and exclude the transfer of cytoplasm by introgression from P. vulgaris to P. coccineus and P. coccineus ssp polyanthus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223638
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  • 100
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    RFLP markers associated with Sr22 and recombination between chromosome 7A of bread wheat and the diploid species Triticum boeoticum (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 1039-1045 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: RFLP ; Sr22 ; Triticum aestivum ; T. boeoticum ; Recombination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Analysis of the bread wheat variety Schomburgk, and related lines in its pedigree, identified RFLP markers associated with the segment of chromosome 7A carrying the Sr22 gene derived from the diploid species T. boeoticum. The distribution of the RFLP markers indicated that at least 50% of 7AS and 80% of 7AL in Schomburgk is of T. boeoticum origin. Evaluation of five sets of nearisogenic lines, backcross lines in 20 different genetic backgrounds and an F2 population segregating for Sr22 demonstrated a very low level of recombination between the 7A chromosomes of T. boeoticum and T. aestivum. Several recombinants carrying Sr22 but with a much reduced segment of T. boeoticum were identified and these may prove useful in the breeding of further varieties with Sr22.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224536
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