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  • RFLP  (201)
  • Springer  (201)
  • 1990-1994  (201)
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  • Springer  (201)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intra- and inter-nest variation in mitochondrial DNA in the polygynous antLeptothorax acervorum (Hymenoptera; Formicidae) (1992)
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 39 (1992), S. 335-340 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Leptothorax acervorum ; mtDNA ; RFLP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary 27 nests ofLeptothorax acervorum were analysed for restriction fragment-length polymorphism (RFLP) in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), using four endonucleases. A substantial degree of variation was found between nests in the population (13 composite haplotypes). Intra-nest variation was detected in 15 % of the nests. The presence of occasional alien inseminated females indicates that polygyny in this species is caused by adoption of mated females. The occasional acceptance of alien females is difficult to explain, but interesting, since this behaviour could have given rise to inquilinism. Our results suggest that analysis of mtDNA RFLP is a method well suited for investigations of the population structure of ants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01323953
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Variability in genome organization of the zygomycete Parasitella parasitica (1994)
    Springer
    Current genetics 26 (1994), S. 456-460 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Parasitella parasitica ; Zygomycetes ; RAPD ; PCR ; RFLP ; Electrophoretic karyotype ; Molecular taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In addition to conventional methods for the identification of fungi, molecular techniques at the DNA level are increasingly being employed. In order to check the validity of such experimental approaches, we have analyzed the well-defined species Parasitella parasitica, which belongs to the family Mucoraceae (Mucorales, Zygometes). The seven strains of this species, which are available from international strain collections, were analyzed by several molecular methods: restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis (RFLP), the random primer-dependent polymerase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR), and electrophoretic karyotyping. Unexpectedly, these strains are highly diverse at the molecular level. By these techniques they can be divided consistently into two different groups. Nevertheless, all seven strains belong to a single species. They show no morphological differences and sexual spores (zygospores) were found in all possible combinations either within or between the two groups. Southern-blot analysis of genomic DNA of all P. parasitica strains with RAPD-PCR-derived labelled probes shows the existence of repetitive elements characteristic for only one group of P. parasitica. In addition, chromosome sizes, which were separated by rotating-field electrophoresis, were highly divergent, and ranged from 3 to 6.5 Mb in one group and between 2 and 4.5 Mb in the other. The RAPD-PCR patterns also discriminate both groups of P. parasitica. However, they are very similar if strains of a single group are compared. Therefore, we propose that the determination of fungal species by molecular techniques should be vetted at least by morphological and physiological parameters and, whenever possible, by mating experiments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00309934
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A unique sequence located downstream from the rice mitochondrialatp6 may cause male sterility (1994)
    Springer
    Current genetics 25 (1994), S. 52-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Cytoplasmic male sterility ; Antisense RNA ; RFLP ; Cybrids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Asymmetric cell-fusion of the japonica cultivar ofOryza sativa (rice) with cytoplasmic-male-sterile (CMS) plants bearing cytoplasm derived from Chinsurah Boro II, resulted in two classes of cytoplasmic hybrids (cybrids), fertile and CMS. Southern-blot analysis of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) indicates recombination events around a number of genes; however, the appearance of the CMS character is tightly correlated to reorganization around theatp6 gene, suggesting recombination downstream from theatp6 gene is involved in CMS. The nucleotide sequence downstream fromatp6 contains a pseudogene which was probably created by recombination of the mitochondrial genome. Sense and antisense transcripts of the downstream region ofatp6 were found in CMS-and restored CMS (fertile)-lines, but not in the normal (fertile) line. In the CMS line, several antisense transcripts of theatp6 gene were also found. However, in the restored line which contains a nuclear-encoded gene,Rf-1, the levels of these transcripts were lower than in the CMS line. These results suggest abnormal transcripts of theatp6 gene produced in the antisense direction may be involved in CMS, and that products of the nuclear-encoded restorer gene may reduce abnormal transcription in this region of the mitochondrial genome.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00712968
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phylogeny ofTyphonium (Araceae) inferred from restriction fragment analysis of chloroplast DNA (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of plant research 106 (1993), S. 11-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-0860
    Keywords: Araceae ; Chloroplast DNA ; Molecular phylogeny ; RFLP ; Typhonium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The interrelationship of the ten species of the genusTyphonium and related genera in subtribe Arinae of the Araceae was inferred by chloroplast DNA restriction fragment analysis. A total of 42 site mutations were observed and 26 site mutations were shared by two or more species. A majority rule consensus tree was made by performing 100 bootstrap replicates using Wagner Parsimony. Two groups ofTyphonium were recognized significantly as monophyletic groups, i.e. 1)Typhonium larsenii andT. kunmingense, and 2)T. trilobatum, T. blumei andT. flagelliforme.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02344367
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular phylogeny in the Lardizabalaceae (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of plant research 107 (1994), S. 339-348 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-0860
    Keywords: Chloroplast DNA ; Lardizabalaceae ; Molecular phylogeny ; rbcL ; RFLP ; Sequencing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Eleven species belonging to seven genera in the Lardizabalaceae were analyzed in terms of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of chloroplast DNA and the sequence of the chloroplast gene,rbcL, of Lardizabalaceae and its related families. Phylogenetic trees inferred from parsimony, neighbor joining and maximum likelihood methods based on RFLP data showed that two South American genera,Boquila andLardizabala, and three East Asian genera,Akebia, Holboellia andStauntonia are closely related to each other, respectively. On the other hand, the parsimony, neighbor joining and maximum likelihood trees constructed using sequence data of therbcL gene showed thatAkebia, Stauntonia, Boquila andLardizabala clustered as(((Akebia, Stauntonia), Boquila), Lardizabala). This difference may be attributable to fewer informative sites inrbcL genes than in RFLP in this family.Decaisnea diverges at the very base of the Lardizabalaceae.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02344262
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The use of DNA-fingerprint analysis in the classification of some species of the Trichoderma aggregate (1992)
    Springer
    Current genetics 21 (1992), S. 27-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: DNA fingerprinting of Trichoderma ; Trichoderma reesei ; RFLP ; Strain classification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have analyzed nine different species of the filamentous fungus Trichoderma and three strains of T. reesei for the presence of hypervariable loci in their genomes by hybridization with simple repeat oligonucleotides [(CT)8, (GTG)5, and (GACA)4]. On the basis of the DNA-fingerprints obtained, the Trichoderma aggregate is re-classified into five groups: I (T. reesei, T. todica), II (T. polysporum, T. longibrachiatum, T. koningii, and T. pseudokoningii), III (T. virgatum), IV (T. saturnisporum) and V (T. harzianum). These results contradict the claim that T. reesei is a subspecies of T. longibrachiatum. Furthermore, hybridization with (CA)8 allowed a subdivision of group II, wherein T. pseudokoningii formed a subgroup, IIb, which is highly homologous with, but distinct from subgroup IIa. The results show that RFLP analysis may be used to re-classify the Trichoderma aggregate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00318650
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular analysis of the nuclear organellar genotype of somatic hybrid plants between tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) and Lycopersicon chilense (1992)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 10 (1992), S. 629-632 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: Protoplast fusion ; RFLP ; Mitochondrial DNA ; Chloroplast DNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Somatic hybrid plants were recovered following fusion of leaf mesophyll protoplasts isolated from tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) cultivar UC82 with protoplasts isolated from suspension cultured cells of L. chilense, LA 1959. Iodoacetate was used to select against the growth of unfused tomato protoplasts. Two somatic hybrids were recovered in a population of 16 regenerants. No tomato regenerants were recovered; all of the non-hybrid regenerants were L. chilense. The L. chilense protoplast regenerants were tetraploid. The hybrid nature of the plants was verified using species-specific restriction fragment length polymorphisms for the nuclear, chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes. The somatic hybrids had inherited the chloroplast DNA of the tomato parent, and portions of the mitochondrial DNA of the L. chilense parent. The somatic hybrids formed flowers and developed seedless fruit.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00232385
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    RAPD markers for constructing intraspecific tomato genetic maps (1993)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 12 (1993), S. 293-297 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: Lycopersicon esculentum ; Genetic marker ; Intraspecific genetic map ; DNA polymorphism ; Isozyme ; RFLP ; RAPD
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The existing molecular genetic maps of the tomato, Lycopersicon spp, are constructed based on isozyme and RFLP polymorphisms between tomato species. These maps are useful for certain applications but have few markers that exhibit sufficient polymorphisms for intraspecific analysis and manipulations within the cultivated tomato. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relative potential of RAPD technology, as compared to isozymes and RFLPs, to generate polymorphic DNA markers within cultivated tomatoes. Sixteen isozymes and 25 RFLP clones that were known to detect polymorphism between L. esculentum and L. pennellii, and 313 random oligonucleotide primers were examined. None of the isozymes and only four of the RFLP clones (i.e., 16%) revealed polymorphism between the cultivated varieties whereas up to 63% of the RAPD primers detected one or more polymorphic DNA fragments between these varieties. All RAPD primers detected polymorphism between L. esculentum and L. pennellii genotypes. These results clearly indicate that RAPD technology can generate sufficient genetic markers exploiting sequence differences within cultivated tomatoes to facilitate construction of intraspecific genetic maps.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00237139
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Alignment of molecular and classical linkage maps of rice, Oryza sativa (1993)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 12 (1993), S. 457-461 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: Rice (Oryza sativa) ; Genetic Marker ; Genetic Map ; Integrated Linkage Map ; RFLP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Application of genetic linkage maps in plant genetics and breeding can be greatly facilitated by integrating the available classical and molecular genetic linkage maps. In rice, Oryza sativa L., the classical linkage map includes about 300 genes which correspond to various important morphological, physiological, biochemical and agronomic characteristics. The molecular maps consist of more than 500 DNA markers which cover most of the genome within relatively short intervals. Little effort has been made to integrate these two genetic maps. In this paper we report preliminary results of an ongoing research project aimed at the complete integration and alignment of the two linkage maps of rice. Six different F2 populations segregating for various phenotypic and RFLP markers were used and a total of 12 morphological and physiological markers (Table 1) were mapped onto our recently constructed molecular map. Six linkage groups (i.e., chr. 1, 3, 7, 9, 11 and 12) on our RFLP map were aligned with the corresponding linkage groups on the classical map, and the previous alignment for chromosome 6 was further confirmed by RFLP mapping of an additional physiological marker on this chromosome. Results from this study, combined with our previous results, indicate that, for most chromosomes in rice, the RFLP map encompasses the classical map. The usefulness of an integrated genetic linkage map for rice genetics and breeding is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00234712
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structural variation around prolactin gene linked to quantitative traits in an elite Holstein sire family (1990)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 79 (1990), S. 577-582 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Genetic marker ; RFLP ; Quantitative traits
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Digestion of genomic DNA with the restriction endonuclease Avail disclosed a probable insertion deletion of approximately 200 base pairs (bp) near the prolactin gene. Two alleles were apparent as three distinct hybridization patterns. These alleles were statistically associated with quantitative trait loci among sons of one elite Holstein sire family. The favorable genotype was correlated with the presence of a 1.15-kb hybridization band inherited from the sire when genomic DNA was probed with a full-length cDNA for prolactin. Pedigree estimates of genetic merit among genotypes were similar, differing by only 19.3 kg for milk in ancestor merit. Comparisons of genetic estimates for quantitative yield traits in offspring of this heterozygous sire showed significant (P〈0.05) differences between homozygous genotypes for predicted difference milk (PDM), predicted difference dollars (PD$), cheese yield dollars, and protein dollars. The estimated differences between homozygous genotypes for USDA Transmitting Abilities of PDM, PD$, Cheese Yield $ and Protein $ were 282.93 kg, $74.35, $48.58 and $53.67, respectively. However, the estimated breeding values from progeny ranged over 900 kg in transmitting ability for milk. Frequency of the favorable marker allele was estimated to be 0.231 in the elite cow population used as dams of sons. These results demonstrate the potential of molecular biological techniques to discriminate between individuals within a family and to predict breeding values for selection schemes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226868
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A chromosome-specific DNA sequence which reveals a high level of RFLP in wheat (1991)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 81 (1991), S. 397-400 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Hexaploid wheat ; Chromosome-specific ; DNA sequence ; RFLP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary An unusual genomic DNA clone, PSR454, was isolated from a partial genomic library of wheat. This sequence is moderately repeated and detects at least 30 related sequences, all located in a tight linkage block on the long arm of chromosome 3B. When used as a RFLP probe, PSR454 detects a high level of polymorphism between wheat varieties that carry the sequence. There is no detectable hybridisation to sequences in one-third of the varieties tested, providing an “on-off” polymorphism that can be detected on dot blots, rather than the more resource-consuming conventional Southern analysis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00228682
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    DNA “fingerprints” applied to paternity analysis in apples (Malus x domestica) (1990)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 79 (1990), S. 763-768 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: DNA fingerprint ; M13 probe ; RFLP ; Paternity analysis ; Apple
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Analysis of minisatellite DNA sequences, yielding so called DNA “fingerprints”, has proven useful in paternity analysis for several different organisms. Here 64 apple seedlings, grown from seeds collected in an orchard with three cultivars, were analyzed using the M13 “fingerprint” probe. Paternity could be determined for 56 of the seedlings, 2 of which were derived through selfing. The analysis was facilitated by the occurrence of a multiallelic locus. The five different fragments determined by this locus migrated to similar positions, whether digesting the DNA with restriction enzymes TaqI or RsaI.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224242
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    RFLP analysis of nuclear DNAs homologous with mitochondrial plasmid-like DNAs in cultivated rice (1991)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 82 (1991), S. 179-184 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Plasmid-like DNA ; Rice ; Mitochondrial DNA ; RFLP ; Nucleo-mitochondrial DNA transmission
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary B1 and B2 are small, circular, mitochondrial plasmid-like DNAs found in male-sterile cytoplasm (cms-Bo) of rice. In this study, nuclear sequences homologous to these DNAs were investigated among a number of rice cultivars. Several copies of nuclear B1-and B2-homologous sequences were detected in all examined cultivars, regardless of the presence or absence of the B1 and B2 DNAs in mitochondria, indicating that the existence of the B1- and B2-homologous sequences in the rice nuclear genome was widespread. A restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) was detected for both sequences, and we propose that these DNAs could be useful RFLP markers for the rice nuclear genome. To analyze these nuclear homologues genetically, segregation analysis of the RFLP was carried out in the F2 progenies of an Indica-Japonica rice hybrid. Of the B1 homologues, there were two nonallelic fragments, one specific to the Indica parent and the other to the Japonica. These results indicate that the B1 and B2 homologues were dispersed in the nuclear genome. The integration of B1-homologous DNA into the nuclear DNA may have occurred independently after sexual isolation of the Indica and Japonica rice varietal groups, or a intranuclear transposition of these sequences took place during the process of rice differentiation into the varietal groups.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226210
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bamboo germplasm screening with nuclear restriction fragment length polymorphisms (1991)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 82 (1991), S. 697-703 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: RFLP ; Bamboo ; Phyllostachys ; Chloroplast DNA ; Germplasm screening
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Bamboo species are difficult to identify because flowering material is seldom available and taxonomy is of necessity based on vegetative characters. To evaluate the utility of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis in bamboo systematics and germplasm screening, a library of random genomic probes from a Phyllostachys nigra PstI library was constructed. Probes from the library were used to screen bamboo germplasm consisting mostly of temperate bamboos of the genus Phyllostachys. RFLP variation was abundant, and species-specific patterns were readily obtained. Chloroplast DNA showed little variation among the bamboo accessions analyzed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00227313
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Identification of an RFLP marker tightly linked to theHt1 gene in maize (1991)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 82 (1991), S. 393-398 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Maize ; Helminthosporium turcicum race1 ; RFLP ; NILs ; Mapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have identified tight linkage of an RFLP marker to theHt1 gene of maize that confers resistance to the fungal pathogenHelminthosporium turcicum race 1. This was accomplished by the use of four pairs of near isogenic lines (NILs; B73, A619, W153R, and CM105), each differing by the presence or the absence of the geneHt1. SinceHt1 maps to chromosome 2, 26 clones already mapped to this chromosome were labeled and probed against Southern blots of these NILs DNA digested with three restriction enzymes:EcoRI,BamHI, andHindIII. Six markers exhibited an RFLP for at least one pair of NILs. Presumptive linkage was further tested by analyzing the segregation of five of the six markers (one was monomorphic in the cross studied) and resistance toH. turcicum race 1 on 95 F2 individuals from the cross DF20 × LH146Ht. The results indicate a tight linkage between one of the DNA markers,UMC150B, and theHt1 gene.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00588588
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  • 16
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    Electronic Resource
    Theory for identification of marker locus-QTL associations in population by line crosses (1992)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 85 (1992), S. 101-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Marker assisted selection ; RFLP ; QTL ; Quantitative genetics ; Corn breeding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The objective of this paper is to present genetic theory demonstrating the conditions under which it should be possible to identify molecular marker-quantitative trait locus (QTL) associations in crosses of random-mating populations to inbreds. Using as an example the cross of a corn (Zea mays L.) population to an inbred, the expected disequilibrium for testcross and per se performance of F2, F3, BC1 (to the inbred) and recombinant inbred generations was derived for cases where a marker allele is linked to an unfavorable QTL allele in the inbred and where the marker allele is linked to a favorable QTL allele in the inbred. Disequilibrium in segregating generations was shown to be a function of disequilibrium in the parent population, the frequency of marker and QTL alleles in the parent population, and the recombination distance between the marker and the QTL. To maximize the opportunity to identify a favorable QTL the following procedures are suggested: (1) Select marker loci with alleles in the parent population which are not present in the inbred. (2) Select populations known to have favorable QTL alleles not present in the inbred. (3) Use as many marker loci as possible to enhance the probability of tight linkage between the marker and the QTL.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223850
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  • 17
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    The detection and estimation of linkage in polyploids using single-dose restriction fragments (1992)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 83 (1992), S. 294-300 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: RFLP ; Single-dose restriction fragment ; Polyploids ; Genetic mapping ; Preferential chromosome pairing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) linkage maps have been constructed in several major diploid crops. However, construction of RFLP maps directly in polyploids has lagged behind for several reasons: (1) there are a large number of possible genotypes for each DNA probe expected in a segregating population, and these genotypes cannot always be identified readily by their banding phenotypes; and (2) the genome constitutions (allopolyploidy versus autopolyploidy) in many high polyploids are not clearly understood. We present here an analysis of these problems and propose a general method for mapping polyploids based on segregation of single-dose restriction fragments (SDRFS). SDRFs segregate 1:1 (presence: absence) in gametes of heterozygous plants. Hypothetical allopolyploid and autopolyploid species with four ploidy levels of 2n = 4x, 6x, 8x, and 10x, are used to illustrate the procedures for identifying SDRFs, detecting linkages among SDRFs, and distinguishing allopolyploid versus autopolyploids from polyploids of unknown genome constitution. Family size required, probability of linkage, and attributes of different mapping populations are discussed. We estimate that a population size of 75 is required to identify SDRFs with 98% level of confidence for the four ploidy levels. This population size is also adequate for detecting and estimating linkages in the coupling phase for both allopolyploids and autopolyploids, but linkages in the repulsion phase can be estimated only in allopolyploids. For autopolyploids, it is impractical to estimate meaningful linkages in repulsion because very large family sizes (〉750) are required. For high-level polyploids of unknown genome constitution, the ratio between the number of detected repulsion versus coupling linkages may provide a crude measurement of preferential chromosome pairing, which can be used to distinguish allopolyploidy from autopolyploidy. To create a mapping population, one parent (P1) should have high heterozygosity to ensure a high frequency of SDRFs, and the second parent (P2) should have a low level of heterozygosity to increase the probability of detecting polymorphic fragments. This condition could be satisfied by choosing outcrossed hybrids as one parental type and inbreds, haploids, or doubled haploids as the other parental type.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224274
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  • 18
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    Restriction fragment analysis of ‘null’ forms at the Gli-1 loci of bread and durum wheats (1992)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 83 (1992), S. 428-434 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: ‘Null’ forms ; RFLP ; Gliadins ; LMW glutenins ; Deletion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Wheat accessions lacking some of the ω- and γ-gliadin components encoded by the Gli-1 loci on the short arm of chromosome 1D in bread wheat and chromosome 1A in durum wheat were studied by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and restriction fragment analysis. Digested genomic DNAs of ‘normal’ and ‘null’ forms were probed with a cDNA clone related to ω-/γ-gliadins and with a genomic clone encoding an LMW subunit of glutenin. The hybridisation patterns with the ω-/γ-gliadin probe were similar to those of cvs ‘Chinese Spring’ and ‘Langdon’ used as standards for bread and durum wheats, respectively, but several restriction fragments located on the 1D chromosome of bread wheat and the 1A chromosome of durum wheat were absent in the ‘null’ forms. In addition, specific LMW glutenin fragments encoded by the same chromosomes were also absent in the ‘null’ forms, suggesting that simultaneous deletions of blocks of genes for both ω-/γ-gliadins and LMW glutenins had occurred. Comparisons of the protein and RFLP patterns enabled some proteins to be mapped to specific restriction fragments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226530
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  • 19
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    Chloroplast DNA evidence for non-random selection of females in an outcrossed population of soybeans [Glycine max (L.)] (1992)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 85 (1992), S. 261-268 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Glycine max ; Chloroplast DNA ; RFLP ; Population ; Male-sterile
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) were used to assess chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) variation in a population of soybeans subjected to continuous cycles of forced outcrossing. This population was derived by crossing 39 female lines with four male-sterile (Ms2ms2) maintainer lines and advancing each generation by selecting only outcrossed seed borne on male-sterile (ms2ms2) plants. Analysis of the original 39 female lines revealed three groups based on cpDNA RFLPs. These three groups had been previously documented in soybeans, and the distribution of these groups among the female parents of this population was similar to that observed in germ plasm surveys of soybean. Thirty-four of the female parents had group I cpDNA, 3 had group II, and 2 had group III. Plants collected from this population after seven cycles of outcrossing were scored for four morphological traits (flower color, pubescence color, seed color, and pubescence type) known to be controlled by alleles at single nuclear loci. The frequencies of the phenotypes observed in this study indicated that the population underwent random mating with respect to flower and pubescence color, but deviated from random mating at the other two loci. Analysis of 158 of these same plants collected from the population after seven cycles of outcrossing revealed no individuals with group II or group III cpDNAs. The fixation of the group I cpDNA marker in this outcrossing population was judged to result primarily from selection against individuals in the population with the rare cpDNAs.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00222868
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    Organelle DNA polymorphism in apple cultivars and rootstocks (1992)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 83 (1992), S. 963-967 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Apple ; Chloroplast DNA ; Mitochondrial DNA ; RFLP ; Cytoplasmic diversity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) have been used to detect chloroplast (cp) and mitochondrial (mt) DNA variation among 18 apple cultivars and three rootstocks. The distribution of RFLP patterns allowed the assignment of these genotypes into three groups of cytoplasmic relatedness. Our results also demonstrate maternal inheritance of cp- and mtDNAs in apple. Thus, the organelle DNA assay provides a convenient and reliable method to assess cytoplasmic diversity within the apple germ-plasm collection and to trace the maternal lineages involved in the evolution of apple.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00232957
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    Estimates of marker-associated QTL effects in Monte Carlo backcross generations using multiple regression (1992)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 85 (1992), S. 423-434 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Genetic models ; RFLP ; Additive and dominance effects ; Genetic linkage ; Genetic simulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The decision of whether or not to use QTLassociated markers in breeding programs needs further information about the magnitude of the additive and dominance effects that can be estimated. The objectives of this paper are (1) to apply some of the Moreno-Gonzalez (1993) genetic models to backcross simulation data generated by the Monte Carlo method, and (2) to get simulation information about the number of testing progenies and mapping density in relation to the magnitude of gene effect estimates. Results of the Monte Carlo study show that the stepwise regression analysis was able to detect relatively small additive and dominance effects when the QTL are independently segregating. When testing selfed families derived from backcross individuals, dominance effects had a larger error standard deviation and were estimated at a lower frequency. Linked QTL require a higher marker mapping density on the genome and a larger number of progenies to detect small genetic effects. Reduction of the environmental error variance by evaluating selfed backcross families in replicate experiments increased the power of the test. Expressions of the number of progenies for detecting significant additive effects were developed for some genetic situations. The ratio of the within-backcross genetic variance to the square of a gene effect estimate is a function of the number of progenies, the heritability of the trait, the marker map density and the portion of the genetic variance explained by the model. Different values (from 0 to 1) assigned to ρ (relative position of the QTL in the marker segment) did not cause a large shift in the residual mean square of the model.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00222324
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    Genetic models to estimate additive and non-additive effects of marker-associated QTL using multiple regression techniques (1992)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 85 (1992), S. 435-444 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Molecular markers ; Epistatic effects ; RFLP ; Linkage ; QTL
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The development of molecular markers has recently raised expectations for their application in selection programs. However, some questions related to quantitative trait loci (QTL) identification are still unanswered. The objectives of this paper are (1) to develop statistical genetic models for detecting and locating on the genome multi-QTL with additive, dominance and epistatic effects using multiple linear regression analysis in the backcross and Fn generations from the cross of two inbred lines; and (2) to discuss the bias caused by linked and unlinked QTL on the genetic estimates. Non-linear models were developed for different backcross and Fn generations when both epistasis and no epistasis were assumed. Generation analysis of marked progenies is suggested as a way of increasing the number of observations for the estimates without additional cost for molecular scoring. Some groups of progenies can be created in different generations from the same scored individuals. The non-linear models were transformed into approximate multivariate linear models to which combined stepwise and standard regression analysis could be applied. Expressions for the biases of the marker classes from linked QTL were obtained when no epistasis was assumed. When epistasis was assumed, these expressions increased in complexity, and the biases were caused by both linked and unlinked QTL.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00222325
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    The distribution of RFLP markers on chromosome 2(2H) of barley in relation to the physical and genetic location of 5S rDNA (1993)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 87 (1993), S. 177-183 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Barley ; RFLP ; 5S rDNA ; Genetic mapping ; Physical mapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The 5S rDNA locus on the long arm of barley chromosome 2(2H) was genetically mapped in two crosses in relation to 30 other RFLP loci. Comparison of the genetic maps with the previously published physical position of the 5S rDNA, determined by in-situ hybridization, showed that there was a marked discrepancy between physical and genetic distance in both crosses, with recombination being less frequent in the proximal part of the arm. Pooled information from the present study and other published genetic maps showed that at least 26 of the 44 (59%) RFLPs that have been mapped on 2(2H)L lie distal to the 5S rDNA locus even though this region is only 27% of the physical length of the arm. The distribution of RFLP markers is significantly different from expected (P 〈 0.01), implying that the low-copy sequences used for RFLP analysis occur more frequently in distal regions of the arm and, or, that sequences in distal regions are more polymorphic.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223762
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    Comparative RFLP-based genetic maps of barley chromosome 5 (1H) and rye chromosome 1R (1992)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 84 (1992), S. 339-344 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Barley ; Genetic mapping ; RFLP ; Storage proteins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A genetic map of barley chromosome 5 (1H) was constructed using DNA markers. Seventeen loci were mapped to 15 locations, and these included the known-function loci (in order from the most distal on the long arm) XAdh (alcohol dehydrogenase), XLec (homologous to wheat germ agglutinin), XHor3 (D-hordein), XPpdk (pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase), centromere, XIcal (chymotrypsin inhibitor), and 6 loci in the B- and C-hordein cluster towards the end of the short arm. The gene order on the barley map agreed closely with that of chromosome 1 of rye. Intervarietal comparisons showed that single-copy cDNA and genomic DNA probes revealed about twice the level of RFLPs found in wheat.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00229492
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    Molecular and morphological evaluation of doubled-haploid lines in maize. 2. Comparison with single-seed-descent lines (1993)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 87 (1993), S. 278-287 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Maize ; RFLP ; Recombination ; Disturbed segregation ; DH/SSD lines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Doubled-haploid (DH) and single-seed-descent (SSD) lines in maize have been compared for quantitatively inherited traits and for RFLP markers. The comparisons of the distributions for agromorphological traits do not allow definite conclusions to be drawn on the similarity of the two reproductive systems. We have used more than 100 RFLP markers to provide a precise description of the parental allele frequency and the recombination fractions. A comparison of two DH populations shows that non-random meiotic reassortment is influenced by differences in the anther culture capacities of the two parental lines. For the DH lines derived from the cross DH5 x DH7, involving two responsive lines in anther culture, the distortion in segregation (P 〈 0.05) affected less than 20% of the genome with half of the deviations towards each parent. DH lines derived from the cross A188 x DH7, where A188 is a non-responsive line, showed more than twice this level of distortion and an excess of DH7 alleles was found for almost all of the skewed loci. The recombination fractions were homogeneous between the two DH populations for most of the genome. The genome sizes calculated with the DH and the SSD lines derived from the same cross, A188 x DH7, were also similar, which suggests that no selection against recombinant gametes occurs during anther culture. The observed recombination fraction after five meioses (SSD) is on average twice as large as after one meiosis (DH). No difference is observed for recombination fractions greater than 20%. Despite a precise description of the material at the molecular level, it has not been possible to make a definite conclusion as to whether or not the differences in some morphological characters are the consequences of differences in the segregation ratio and/or the recombination frequency. However, the agromorphological evaluation shows a narrow range in differences between the two types of lines and suggests that the use of DH lines is possible in breeding programmes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223777
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    Genome-wide reduction in recombination of backcross progeny derived from male versus female gametes in an interspecific cross of tomato (1991)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 83 (1991), S. 173-178 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Lycopersicon ; Sex ; Crossing-over ; RFLP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have determined that meiotic recombination differs between male and female gametes derived from the same plant. A single F1 plant was backcrossed to each of the parents, Lycopersicon esculentum and L pennellii, as the male (BCE) and female (BCP) parent, respectively. A total of 85 RFLP markers, covering more than 75% of the tomato genome, was used to construct a genetic map for both populations. Since both recurrent parents were homozygous, recombination measured in each population reflects crossing-over rates leading to male (BCE) and female (BCP) gametes. Comparisons were made by interval (genetic distance between two adjacent markers), by chromosome, and for the total length of the genome. Significantly less recombination was observed for male gametes at all levels. No significant relationship was found between areas of reduced recombination and approximate location to the centromere. That selection plays some role could not be eliminated, but no clear evidence was observed for single-locus selection as a major factor in the general reduction of crossing-overs in male gametes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226248
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    Characterization and organization of gene families at the Gli-1 loci of bread and durum wheats by restriction fragment analysis (1991)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 83 (1991), S. 209-216 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Wheat ; Gli-1 loci ; Gliadins ; LMW glutenins ; RFLP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Probes related to γ-gliadins and to the LMW subunits of glutenin were used to determine the complexity of the Gli-1 loci, by RFLP analysis of euploid and aneuploid lines of bread wheat cv Chinese Spring and durum wheat cv Langdon. The two probes hybridised to separate sets of fragments derived from chromosomes 1 A, 1 B and 1D. The fragments related to the LMW subunit probe had a total copy number in HindIII digests of about 35 in Chinese Spring and 17 in Langdon, with more fragments derived from chromosomes 1D. The fragments hybridising to the γ-gliadin probe could be divided into two classes, based on whether they hybridised to the whole probe at high stringency or to the 3′ nonrepetitive region at moderate stringency. The fragments that failed to hybridise under these conditions were considered to be related to ω-gliadins. The fragments related to γ — and co-gliadins had total copy numbers of about 39 and 16, respectively, in HindIII digests of Chinese Spring, and about 24 and 12, respectively, in Langdon.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226253
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    Mapping of loci involved in quantitatively inherited resistance to the potato cyst-nematode Globodera rostochiensis pathotype Ro1 (1993)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 87 (1993), S. 464-470 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Solanum spegazzinii ; Globodera rostochi ensis ; Nematode resistance ; QTL ; RFLP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We report the identification and mapping of two quantitative trait loci (QTLs) of Solanum spegazzinii BGRC, accession 8218-15, involved in resistance to the potato cyst-nematode Globodera rostochiensis pathotype Ro1, by means of restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). For this purpose we crossed a susceptible diploid S. tuberosum with the resistant S. spegazzinii, and tested the F1 population for resistance to the Ro1 pathotype. Since the F1 segregated for the resistance, the S. spegazzinii parent was concluded to be heterozygous at the nematode resistance loci. For the mapping of the resistance loci we made use of RFLP markers segregating for S. spegazzinii alleles in the F1. One hundred and seven RFLP markers were tested in combination with four different restriction enzymes; 29 of these displayed a heterozygous RFLP pattern within S. spegazzinii and were used for mapping. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied to test the association of the RFLP patterns of these markers with nematode resistance. Two QTLs involved in disease resistance to Globodera rostochiensis pathotype Ro1 were identified and mapped to chromosomes 10 and 11 respectively.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00215092
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    Genome organization of Magnaporthe grisea: genetic map, electrophoretic karyotype, and occurrence of repeated DNAs (1993)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 87 (1993), S. 545-557 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Rice blast ; RFLP ; Retrotransposon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A genetic map of Magnaporthe grisea (anamorph=Pyricularia oryzae and P. grisea), the causal agent of rice blast disease, was generated from segregation data utilizing 97 RFLP markers, two isoenzyme loci and the mating type locus among progeny of a cross between parental strains Guy 11 and 2539. Of the seven chromosomes of M. Grisea, three were resolved by contour-clamped homogeneous electric field (CHEF) electrophoresis, while the remaining four migrated as two doublet bands. By utilizing differences between CHEF mobilities of unresolved chromosomes from the parental strains, Southern analysis with selected markers allowed the chromosomal assignment of all linkage groups. A small translocation involving 1 marker was found in the parental strains used to produce the segregating population from which the map was constructed. Nine classes of repetitive DNA elements were found in the genome of a fungal isolate pathogenic to rice. These occurred only a few times or not at all in the genomes of isolates showing reduced virulence on rice. One repetitive DNA was shown to have structural similarity to the Alu sequences found in primates, a sequence similarity to the copia-like elements of Drosophila, and peptide similarity to transposable elements found in Drosophila, other fungi, and higher plants.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00221877
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    RFLP mapping of genes affecting plant height and growth habit in rye (1993)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 85 (1993), S. 1049-1054 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: RFLP ; Rye ; Dwarfism ; Vernalisation ; Genetic mapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary RFLP mapping of chromosome 5R in the F3 generation of a rye (Secale cereale L.) cross segregating for gibberellic acid (GA3)-insensitive dwarfness (Ct2/ct2) and spring growth habit (Sp1/sp1) identified RFLP loci close to each of these agronomically important genes. The level of RFLP in the segregating population was high, and thus allowed more than half of the RFLP loci to be mapped, despite partial homozygosity in the parental F2 plant. Eight further loci were mapped in an unrelated F2 rye population, and a further two were placed by inference from equivalent genetic maps of related wheat chromosomes, allowing a consensus map of rye chromosome 5R, consisting of 29 points and spanning 129 cM, to be constructed. The location of the ct2 dwarfing gene was shown to be separated from the segment of the primitive 4RL translocated to 5RL, and thus the gene is probably genetically unrelated to the major GA-insensitive Rht genes of wheat located on chromosome arms 4BS and 4DS. The map position of Sp1 is consistent both with those of wheat Vrn1 and Vrn3, present on chromosome arms 5AL and 5DL, respectively, and with barley Sh2 which is distally located on chromosome arm 7L (= 5HL).
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    RFLP analysis of the wild potato species, Solanum acaule Bitter (Solanum sect. Petota) (1992)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 84 (1992), S. 851-858 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Solanum acaule ; Intraspecific variation ; RFLP ; Principal component analysis ; Potato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Intraspecific variation of a wild potato species, Solanum acaule Bitt., was analyzed by RFLPs of genomic DNA. One hundred and five accessions were selected throughout the distribution area, including all subspecies, i.e., ssp. albicans (hexaploid), ssp. punae (tetraploid), ssp. acaule (tetraploid) and ssp. aemulans (tetraploid). Twenty-seven low-copy DNA clones (probes) were Southern hybridized with EcoRI, EcoRV, HindIII, and XbaI digests of total DNA of all accessions. In total, 238 RFLPs were detected from 94 enzyme x probe combinations. Among them, 49 RFLPs were specific to ssp. albicans, suggesting that the additional third genome is distinct from its two other genomes. RFLPs between and within subspecies were analyzed by principal component analysis. DNA similarities between subspecies coincided with a former taxonomic treatment in the sense that ssp. albicans is the most distantly related to ssp. acaule and ssp. aemulans is distantly related. Subspecies acaule and ssp. punae were indistinguishable. In addition, RFLPs could be used to distinguish groups within subspecies. Subspecies aemulans, confined to Argentina, was divided into two populations, one from the province of La Rioja and the other from the province of Jujuy. In ssp. acaule, some accessions from the southernmost distribution area were clearly distinguishable, while the others varied continuously, showing a geographical cline from Peru to Argentina.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00227396
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    Molecular genetics of growth and development in Populus. I. Triploidy in hybrid poplars (1993)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 86 (1993), S. 301-307 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: RFLP ; Polyploid ; Nondisjunction ; Interspecific hybrid ; Cottonwood
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary While constructing a genetic linkage map of a hybrid poplar genome (Populus trichocarpa x P. deltoides), we identified several restriction fragment length polymorphismus (RFLPs) for which the parental trees are heterozygous. Although 8 of the 11 F1 hybrid offspring inherited, as expected, single RFLP alleles from each parent, 3 F1 trees in the mapping pedigree inherited both maternal alleles along with a single paternal allele at some loci. Aneuploidy or polyploidy in these 3 F1 trees due to partial or complete nondisj unction during female gametogenesis is the simplest explanation for this finding. Of the 3 f1 offspring with supernumerary RFLP alleles 2 have triploid nuclear DNA contents as measured by fluorescence flow cytometry; the 3rd F1 with supernumerary alleles has a sub-triploid nuclear DNA content and is probably aneuploid. Among the tri/aneuploid hybrids, leaf quantitative traits either are skewed toward those values characteristic of the P. trichocarpa female parent (adaxial stomate density, petiole length: blade length ratio; abaxial color) or show transgressive variation (epidermal cell size). Abaxial leaf color was used to screen a large population of P. trichocarpa x P. deltoides hybrids for further evidence of tri/aneuploidy. In each case where a “white” abaxial leaf surface was observed and the nuclear DNA content measured, the hybrid proved to be tri/aneuploid. All sexually mature female triploids examined were sterile, although the inflorescences completed their development in the absence of embryo formation. The (probably) aneuploid F1 hybrid is a fertile female. Of 15 female P. trichocarpa parents used in crosses to P. deltoides, 10 produced one or more tri/aneuploid hybrid offspring. In an intraspecific cross using a P. trichocarpa female that had produced triploid hybrids with five different P. deltoides males, no tri/aneuploid offpsring were found.
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    Development of an RFLP map in diploid alfalfa (1993)
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 86 (1993), S. 329-332 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: RFLP ; Alfalfa ; Genetic map ; Segregation distortion ; Plant breeding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have developed a restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) linkage map in diploid alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) to be used as a tool in alfalfa improvement programs. An F2 mapping population of 86 individuals was produced from a cross between a plant of the W2xiso population (M. sativa ssp. sativa) and a plant from USDA PI440501 (M. sativa ssp. coerulea). The current map contains 108 cDNA markers covering 467.5 centimorgans. The short length of the map is probably due to low recombination in this cross. Marker order may be maintained in other populations even though the distance between clones may change. About 50% of the mapped loci showed segregation distortion, mostly toward excess heterozygotes. This is circumstantial evidence supporting the maximum heterozygote theory which states that relative vigor is dependent on maximizing the number of loci with multiple alleles. The application of the map to tetraploid populations is discussed.
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    QTL analysis of trichome-mediated insect resistance in potato (1994)
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 87 (1994), S. 973-987 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Potato ; Trichome ; Insect resistance ; RFLP ; QTL
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Genetic mapping of several components of a complex type of insect resistance has been undertaken as a means toward more efficient use of the valuable characteristics of a wild relative of potato. RFLP maps constructed on interspecific diploid progenies of Solanum tuberosum × S. berthaultii were used in conjunction with morphological, biochemical and biological phenotyping to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) contributing to trichome-mediated insect resistance. By superimposing QTL data for a wide range of phenotypes including biochemical assays, correlative and direct screens for insect resistance, and adaptation to the target environment on the genetic maps, we have addressed the organization, action and interaction of genes controlling the resistance mechanism. The outcome contributes to an understanding of the association between component traits and between desirable and undesirable features of the donor species generated in an applied breeding program. Research is proceeding toward the development of selectable markers for the introgression and transfer of this resistance among potato gene pools.
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    RFLP-based phylogenetic analysis of wide compatibility varieties in Oryza sativa L. (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 88 (1994), S. 65-69 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Oryza sativa L. ; RFLP ; Wide compatibility ; Subspecies differentiation ; Heterosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Twenty-one wide compatibility varieties (WCVs) of rice together with three indica and three japonica testers were assayed with 160 DNA probes that were selected to represent the entire RFLP map at an average interval of 11 cM. On the basis of four enzyme digestion 125 probes detected polymorphisms among the WCVs and subspecies' testers. Among these polymorphic probes there were 68 that could distinguish the indica from the japonica testers. Two dendrograms were constructed on the basis of 398 polymorphic fragments of 125 probes and 139 polymorphic fragments of 68 subspecies' differentiating probes in combination with single enzymes, respectively. The reliability and representativeness of the testers and the levels of DNA variations among WCVs were estimated. The potential of WCVs in the utilization of intersubspecific heterosis is discussed.
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    Identification and localization of molecular markers linked to the Lr9 leaf rust resistance gene of wheat (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 88 (1994), S. 110-115 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Leaf rust ; RAPD ; RFLP ; Triticum aestivum ; Triticum spelta
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Near-isogenic lines (NILs) for the leaf rust resistance gene Lr9 were screened for polymorphisms at the molecular level. RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA) primers as well as RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism) markers were used. Out of 395 RAPD primers tested, three showed polymorphisms between NILs, i.e., an additional band was found in resistant lines. One of these polymorphic bands was cloned and sequenced. Specific primers were synthesized, and after amplification only resistant lines showed an amplified product. Thus, these primers define a sequence-tagged site that is specific for the translocated fragment carrying the Lr9 gene. A cross between a resistant NIL and the spelt (Triticum spelta) variety ‘Oberkulmer’ was made, and F2 plants were analyzed for genetic linkage. All three polymorphisms detected by the PCR (polymerase chain reaction) and one RFLP marker (cMWG684) showed complete linkage to the Lr9 gene in 156 and 133 plants analyzed, respectively. A second RFLP marker (PSR546) was closely linked (8±2.4 cM) to the Lr9 gene and the other four DNA markers. As this marker maps to the distal part of the long arm of chromosome 6B of wheat, Lr9 and the other DNA markers also map to the distal region of 6BL. All three PCR markers detected the Lr9 gene in independently derived breeding lines and varieties, thus proving their general applicability in wheat breeding programs.
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    Genetic diversity in cocoa revealed by cDNA probes (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 88 (1994), S. 193-198 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Theobroma cacao ; RFLP ; diversity study seed cDNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The variability of the cocoa (Theobroma cacao) nuclear genome was investigated. A total of 203 cocoa clones was surveyed for restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) using four restriction endonuclease and 31 seed cDNA probes. A high level of polymorphism has been found. This study points to a structuring of the species that fits with the distinction between the Criollo and Forastero populations. These results combined with previously obtained nuclear rDNA and mtDNA data allow us to propose new hypotheses on the origin and evolution of the different cocoa populations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225897
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    Genetic diversity among wild and cultivated populations of Hevea brasiliensis assessed by nuclear RFLP analysis (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 88 (1994), S. 199-207 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Hevea brasiliensis ; RFLP ; Nuclear probes ; Isozyme ; Genetic diversity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Restriction fragment length polymorphism was assessed in wild and cultivated populations of Hevea brasiliensis using random probes from an Hevea nuclear library. One-hundred-and-sixty-four individuals were surveyed, and the results discussed in the light of previous work performed on isozyme variation. Both studies show that germplasm collections have led to an effective enrichment of the genetic resources available for Hevea breeding, and that cultivated clones have conserved a relatively high level of polymorphism, despite their narrow genetic base and their high level of inbreeding. An equivalent level of polymorphism is revealed by random nuclear probes and isozymes. However, the genetic structuring of the diversity appears more striking using RFLP markers. Wild accessions can be divided into three genetic groups according to their geographical origin. The present results are an essential guide to the incorporation of wild material in breeding schemes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225898
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    Mitochondrial DMA variation in somatic embryogenic cultures ofLarix (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 88 (1994), S. 727-732 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Mitochondria ; Larix ; RFLP ; Somatic embryogenesis ; Somaclonal variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract outhern hybridization analysis using wheat mitochondrial gene-specific probes indicates that changes in mitochondrial genomic organization and the relative representation of certain genomic regions occur during in vitro somatic embryogenic cell culture ofLarix species. We observed differences in the mitochondrial (mt)DNA hybridization patterns between somatic embryogenic cell cultures and trees grown from seed forLarix leptolepis,L. decidua, and the reciprocal hybrids of these twoLarix species. This is the first study to describe the correlation of molecular changes in a gymnosperm mitochondrial genome with in vitro somatic embryogenic cell culture. Quantitative differences in mtDNA hybridization signals were also observed among a 4-year-old somatic embryogenic cell culture ofLarix ×eurolepis trees regenerated from this culture, and the seed source tree from which the somatic embryogenic cell cultures were initiated.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01253977
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    Restriction site and length polymorphism of the rDNA unit in the cultivated basidiomycetePleurotus cornucopiae (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 88 (1994), S. 824-830 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Pleurotus cornucopiae ; rDNA unit ; RFLP ; Ribosomal polymorphism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In the ribosomal DNA unit ofPleurotus cornucopiae, the rDNA coding regions are in the order 5′, 5S-18S-5.8S-25S, 3′, with the 5′ location of the 5S gene differing from its 3′ location found in other basidiomycetes. The most discriminating probe used to study the rDNA polymorphism consisted of a fragment that included the 5S, 18S and part of the 5.8S and 25S genes flanking three intergenic sequences. A high degree of rDNA polymorphism was observed in the sevenP. cornucopiae dikaryons studied. For the first time within a basidiomycete species, the restrictions maps distinguished two types of rDNA units (I and II). In each rDNA type, length variations in the external intergenic sequence IGS 1 located between the 25S and 5S genes allowed characterization of two different rDNA units in type I and four rDNA units in type II. This suggested that theP. cornucopiae rDNA units were derived from two kinds of ancestors (type I and II) by insertion or deletion events (100–700 bp) in the IGS 1. In four dikaryotic strains, two rDNA units of the same type (I or II) differing only by the IGS 1 length, were found in a similar number of copies, and presented a meiotic segregation in homokaryotic progeny. In one progeny, some homokaryotic strains possessed two different rDNA units: one with a high copy number and another with a lower one, showing that two different rDNA units could coexist in a single nucleus.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01253992
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    Identification of wheat-Agropyron cristatum monosomic addition lines by RFLP analysis using a set of assigned wheat DNA probes (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 70-75 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Agropyron cristatum ; Alien addition ; RFLP ; Non-radioactive labelling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A non-radioactive digoxigenin-labelled DNA method was used successfully to identify RFLP markers in 54 Triticum aestivum cv ‘Chinese Spring’ — Agropyron cristatum (2n=28, genome PPPP) P-genome monosomic addition lines. Southern analysis using a set of 14 DNA probes identifying each homoeologous chromosome arm, combined with two restriction enzymes HindIII and EcoRI, indicated that six A. cristatum chromosomes (1P, 2P, 3P, 4P, 5P and 6P) and five A. cristatum chromosome arms (2PS, 2PL, 5PL, 6PS and 6PL) have been individually added to the wheat genome. The added chromosomes of three lines were Agropyron translocated chromosomes. It was also found that two addition plants possessed an Agropyron-wheat translocation. These results showed that RFLP analysis using the set of assigned wheat probes was a powerful tool in detecting and establishing homoeology of alien A. cristatum chromosomes, or arms, added to wheat, as well as in screening the alien addition material. The creation of the monosomic addition lines should be useful for the transfer of disease-resistance genes from A. cristatum to wheat.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226985
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    Crossover distribution in barley analysed through RFLP linkage data (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 211-216 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Hordeum vulgare ; RFLP ; Genetic map ; Recombination ; Crossover
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The pattern of recombination in barley with regard to (1) the distribution of crossover points among whole gametes, (2) the distribution of crossover points among individual chromosomes and (3) the distribution of crossover points within chromosomes has been analysed using data sets underlying two recently published restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) linkage maps representing male and female meiosis, respectively. The data indicated that the process of recombination had been random with no interference. The two data sets gave similar results, indicating that male and female meiosis in barley do no differ significantly. The possibility of using RFLP data in studies of crossover distribution is stressed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225144
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    A study of genetic variation and evolution of Phyllostachys (Bambusoideae: Poaceae) using nuclear restriction fragment length polymorphisms (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 265-270 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Bamboo ; Phyllostachys ; RFLP ; Variation ; Evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Phylogenetic and taxonomic difficulties are common within the woody bamboos, due to their unique life cycle, which severely limits the availability of floral characters. To addresss some of these problems, 20 species of woody bamboos in the genus Phyllostachys were analyzed using nuclear restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). The RFLP data were used to generate genetic distances between all pairs of taxa and to examine the degree of genetic variation within and among bamboo species. The genetic distances were also used to create dendrograms of accessions and species. These trees supported the current division of the genus into two sections and provided some information on the thorny taxonomic problems in this group. We show that RFLPs can be used for species identification and the delineation of species limits.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225152
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    Molecular evidence for the hybrid origin of Paulownia Taiwaniana based on RAPD markers and RFLP of chloroplast DNA (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 271-275 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: RAPD ; RFLP ; Chloroplast DNA ; Natural hybrid ; Paulownia taiwaniana
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Genomic DNA of Paulownia fortunei, P. kawakamii and P. taiwaniana were amplified with 10-base primers of arbitrary sequences using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A total of 351 DNA fragments were amplified from 23 primers and of these 265 fragments (75.5%) were polymorphic. Almost all of the PCR-amplified products of P. taiwaniana were shared by either P. fortunei or P. kawakamii, or both, and the number of polymorphic fragments shared by P. taiwaniana and P. fortunei was about equivalent to those shared by P. taiwaniana and P. kawakamii. Restriction fragments of chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) purified from Paulownia species and from reciprocal crosses between P. fortunei and P. kawakamii were analyzed. Restriction enzyme SalI-digested cpDNA showed an identical pattern in both P. kawakamii and P. taiwaniana. These results further support the hypothesis that P. taiwaniana is the natural hybrid between P. fortunei and P. kawakamii and that the maternal parent of P. taiwaniana is P. kawakamii.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225153
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    Comparative RFLP mapping of Hordeum vulgare and Triticum tauschii (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 865-872 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Comparative mapping ; RFLP ; Barley ; Triticum tauschii ; Genome evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Hordeum vulgare (barley) and Triticum tauschii are related, but sexually incompatible, species. This study was conducted to determine the extent of homology between the genomes of barley and T. tauschii using a common set of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers. Results showed that 〉95% of low-copy sequences are shared, but 42% of the conserved sequences showed copy-number differences. Sixty-three loci were mapped in T. tauschii using RFLP markers previously mapped in barley. A comparison of RFLP marker order showed that, in general, barley and T. tauschii have conserved linkage groups, with markers in the same linear orders. However, six of the seven linkage groups of T. tauschii contained markers which mapped to unrelated (i.e., non-homoeologous) barley chromosomes. Additionally, four of the T. tauschii linkage groups contained markers that were switched in order with respect to barley. All the chromosome segments differing between T. tauschii and barley contained markers that were detected by multi-copy probes. The results suggest that the observed differences between the T. tauschii and barley genomes were brought about by duplications or deletions of segments in one or both species. The implications of these findings for genetic mapping, breeding, and plant genome evolution are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224511
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    Sequence-tagged sites (STSs) as standard landmarkers in the rice genome (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 728-734 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: STS ; RFLP ; Rice ; Genetic map ; Coding region
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Generating sequence-tagged sites (STSs) is a prerequisite to convert a genetic map to a physical map. With the help of sequence information from these STSs one can also isolate specific genes. For these purposes, we have designed PCR primer sets, of 20 bases each, by reference to sequences of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) landmarkers consisting of rice genomic clones. These markers were evenly distributed over the 12 chromosomes and were shown to be single copy by Southern-blot analysis. With improved PCR protocols, 63 standard STS landmarkers in the rice genome were generated. Similarity searches of all partial sequences of RFLP landmarkers by the FASTA algorithm showed that 2 of the 63 RFLP landmarkers, G357 and G385, contained part of the ORFs of aspartate aminotransferase and protein kinase, respectively.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223712
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    Phylogeny of wild and cultivatedSolanum species based on nuclear restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) (1990)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 79 (1990), S. 360-368 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: RFLP ; Solanum ; Phylogenetic analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Phylogenetic relationships between 14 wild and 3 cultivatedSolanum species, including the European potato,Solanum tuberosum ssp.tuberosum, were inferred using DNA restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) as discriminating characters. Phenetic trees were obtained based on distance matrices as well as on parsimony methods, which were not significantly altered either by the computational method used, or by the individual plant genotypes or RFLP markers chosen for the analysis. The reliability of the tree topologies was assessed and, as expected, it increased with the number of polymorphic restriction fragments scored. The individual genotypes within each species, the different species themselves, and the main branches of the trees were clearly separated from each other. The least reliable parts in the trees were the positions of closely related species within the main clusters.S. tuberosum spp.tuberosum formed one group closely related withS. tuberosum spp.andigena,S. stenotomum, andS. canasense. This was well separated from a second group formed byS. sparsipilum,berthaultii,kurtzianum,gourlayi,vernei,spegazzinii,chacoense, andmegistacrolobum. Two further branches were formed byS. demissum andS. acaule, and byS. polyadenium,S. pinnatisectum,S. stoloniferum, andS. etuberosum. The phenetic trees presented here supported the description of relationships amongSolanum species based on biosystematic studies, with the exception of the placement ofS. chacoense andS. megistacrolobum.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01186080
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    Effect of different restriction enzymes, probe source, and probe length on detecting restriction fragment length polymorphism in tomato (1990)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 80 (1990), S. 385-389 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: RFLP ; Tomato ; Probe source ; Probe length ; Restriction enzymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Since the construction and use of RFLP genetic maps depends on the ability of cloned sequences to detect polymorphism, we have attempted to determine conditions under which maximum levels of polymorphism can be detected. Forty cloned nuclear sequences from three different libraries (cDNA, EcoRI genomic, and Pstl genomic) were hybridized to total DNA from 149 plants representing eight species of the tomato genus Lycopersicon. Five different restriction enzymes were employed in this study. We examined the relationship between polymorphism (number of restriction patterns) and clone size, restriction enzyme, size of hybridizing restriction fragments, and clone source (library). We found no relationship between clone size (ranging from 0.4 to 5.3 kb) and polymorphism. There was a strong positive relationship (r 2 = 0.79) between polymorphism and the average size of the fragments produced by each restriction enzyme. cDNA clones hybridized to larger fragments compared to genomic clones. cDNAs also detected significantly more polymorphism (approximately 25% more) than genomic clones — possibly indicating high levels of sequence variability in introns and/or areas flanking coding regions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00210077
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    Genetic analysis of the obligate parasitic barley powdery mildew fungus based on RFLP and virulence loci (1990)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 79 (1990), S. 705-712 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Erysiphe graminis ; Genetic map ; Repetitive ; DNA ; RFLP ; Virulence genes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Genome organization of the biotrophic barley powdery mildew fungus was studied using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Genomic DNA clones containing either low-or multiple-copy sequences appeared to be the best RFLP markers, as they frequently revealed polymorphisms that could be readily detected. A total of 31 loci were identified using 11 genomic DNA clones as probes. Linkage analysis of the 31 RFLP loci and five virulence loci resulted in the construction of seven groups of linked loci. Two of these contained both RFLP markers and virulence genes. RFLP markers were found to be very efficient in characterizing mildew isolates, as only three markers were necessary to differentiate 28 isolates. The DNA of the barley powdery mildew fungus appeared to contain a considerable number of repetitive sequences dispersed throughout the genome.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226887
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    RFLP-based genetic map of rye (Secale cereale L.) chromosome 1R (1991)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 82 (1991), S. 174-178 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Rye ; Genetic mapping ; RFLP ; Storage protein ; Isozyme
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A map of chromosome 1R of rye was constructed using 16 molecular and biochemical loci. From long arm to short arm, known-function loci were placed in the order: XAdh — XLee — Glu-R1[Sec-3] — XPpdk-1R — XEm-1R-1 — XEm-1R-2 — Centromere — XNor-R1 —Gpi-R1 — XGli-R1 [Sec-1a] along with six anonymous genomic and cDNA clones from wheat. The map, which spans 106 cM with 12 loci clustered in a 15-cM region around the centromere, shows reasonably good agreement with previously published maps for the centromeric region, whereas the XNor-R1 — Gpi-R1 region gives a much larger distance than previously reported.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226209
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    α-Amylase structural genes in rye (1991)
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 82 (1991), S. 771-776 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Secale cereale ; RFLP ; α-Amylase ; Genetics ; Isozymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Rye α-Amy1, α-Amy2, and α-Amy3 genes were studied in the cross between inbred lines using wheat α-amylase cDNA probes. The α-Amy1 and α-Amy2 probes uncovered considerable restriction fragment length polymorphism, whereas the α-Amy3 region was much more conserved. The numbers of restriction fragments found and the F2 segregation data suggest that there are three α-Amy1 genes, two or three α-Amy2 genes, and three α-Amy3 genes in rye. These conclusions were supported by a simultaneous study of α-amylase isozyme polymorphism. The F2 data showed the three individual α-Amy1 genes to span a distance of 3cM at the locus on chromosome 6RL. The genes were mapped relative to other RFLP markers on 6RL. On chromosome 7RL two α-Amy2 genes were shown to be separated by 5 cM. Linkage data within α-Amy3 on 5RL were not obtained since RFLP could be detected at only one of the genes.
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    RFLP maps of potato and their alignment with the homoeologous tomato genome (1991)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 83 (1991), S. 49-57 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: RFLP ; Potato ; Tomato ; Genetic maps
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary An RFLP linkage map of the potato is presented which comprises 304 loci derived from 230 DNA probes and one morphological marker (tuber skin color). The self-incompatibility locus of potato was mapped to chromosome I, which is homoeologous to tomato chromosome I. By mapping chromosome-specific tomato RFLP markers in potato and, vice versa, potato markers in tomato, the different potato and tomato RFLP maps were aligned to each other and the similarity of the potato and tomato genome was confirmed. The numbers given to the 12 potato chromosomes are now in accordance with the established tomato nomenclature. Comparisons between potato RFLP maps derived from different genetic backgrounds revealed conservation of marker order but differences in chromosome and total map length. In particular, significant reduction of map length was observed in interspecific compared to intraspecific crosses. The distribution of regions with distorted segregation ratios in the genome was analyzed for four potato parents. The most prominent distortion of recombination was found to be caused by the self-incompatibility locus.
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    Restriction fragment variation in the nuclear and chloroplast genomes of cultivated and wild Sorghum bicolor (1992)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 85 (1992), S. 293-302 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Sorghum ; RFLP ; Genetic diversity ; Domestication ; Introgression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Fifty-six accessions of cultivated and wild sorghum were surveyed for genetic diversity using 50 low-copy-number nuclear DNA sequence probes to detect restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). These probes revealed greater genetic diversity in wild sorghum than in cultivated sorghum, including a larger number of alleles per locus and a greater portion of polymorphic loci in wild sorghum. In comparison to previously published isozyme analyses of the same accessions, RFLP analysis reveals a greater number of alleles per locus. Furthermore, many RFLP alleles have frequencies between 0.25–0.75, while the vast majority of isozyme alleles are either rare (〈 0.25) or near fixation (〉 0.75). Correlations between genetic and geographic distances among the accessions were stronger when calculated with RFLP than with isozyme data. Systematic relationships revealed by nuclear and chloroplast restriction site analysis indicate that cultivated sorghum is derived from the wild ssp. arundinaceum. The portion of the wild gene pool most genetically similar to the cultivars is from central-northeastern Africa. Previous published data also suggested that this is most likely the principal area of domestication of sorghum. Introgression between wild and cultivated sorghum was inferred from disconcordant relationships shown by nuclear and chloroplast DNA markers. Introgression apparently occurs infrequently enough that the crop and its wild relatives maintain distinct genetic constitutions.
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    Different endogenous viral loci in Cornish and White Plymouth rock chickens (1992)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 85 (1992), S. 325-330 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: ev-loci ; Avian Leukosis Virus ; Commercial broiler chicken lines ; Hemizygosity ; RFLP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Endogenous viral (ev) loci were studied in three broiler lines. In 5 birds of each of line cw1 and line cw2 (White Plymouth Rock lines) 19 and 14, respectively, different SstI ev-junction fragments were found, while in 8 R line birds (Cornish type) 15 different Sst I junction fragments were found. Further characterization of the line R loci with a second restriction enzyme, BamHI, revealed that these junction fragments represent 25 different loci, of which at least 21 have not been reported previously. SstI RFLP analysis of progeny from crosses between chickens of the three broiler lines and White Leghorns demonstrated that within line R and cw1 approximately 90% of the ev loci were hemizygous. In line cw2 at least 50% of the ev loci were hemizygous. There was no evidence for polymorphic loci, and only two ev loci were found to be linked genetically. Intertype crosses revealed that overall differences in the RFLP patterns observed between Cornish, White Plymouth Rock and White Leghorn chicken lines were due to the presence of different ev loci in each of the lines rather than to polymorphism. The few shared ev loci always contained similar allelic fragments.
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    Determining the linkage of quantitative trait loci to RFLP markers using extreme phenotypes of recombinant inbreds of soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) (1993)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 86 (1993), S. 914-918 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: DNA ; RFLP ; QTL ; Soybean ; Recombinant inbreds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An experimental test is described for linkages between RFLP markers and quantitative trait loci (QTL). Two hundred and eighty-four F7-derived recombinant inbred lines (RIL) obtained from crossing the soybean cultivars (Glycine max L. Merr.) ‘Minsoy’ and ‘Noir 1’ were evaluated for maturity, plant height, lodging, and seed yield. RIL exhibiting an extreme phenotype for each trait (earliest and latest plants for maturity, etc.) were selected, and two bulked DNA samples were prepared for each trait. A Southern transfer of the digested bulked DNA was hybridized with restriction fragement length polymorphism (RFLP) probes, and linkages with QTL were established by quantitating the amount of radioactive probe that bound to fragments defining alternative parental RFLP alleles. When an RFLP marker was linked to a QTL, one parental allele predominated in the bulked DNA from a particular phenotype; the other allele was associated with the opposite phenotype. When linkage was absent, radioactivity was associated equally with both alleles for a given phenotype (or with both phenotypes for a given allele). These results confirmed RFLP-QTL associations previously discovered by interval mapping on a smaller segregating population from the same cross. New linkages to QTL were also verified.
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    Linkage mapping of sbm-1, a gene conferring resistance to pea seed-borne mosaic virus, using molecular markers in Pisum sativum (1993)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 85 (1993), S. 609-615 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Pea ; Pea seed-borne mosaic virus ; Disease resistance ; Genome mapping ; RFLP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The location of sbm-1 on the Pisum sativum genetic map was determined by linkage analysis with eight syntenic molecular markers. Analysis of the progeny of two crosses confirmed that sbm-1 is on chromosome 6 and permitted a more detailed map of this chromosome to be constructed. The inclusion of Fed-1 and Prx-3 among the markers facilitated the comparison of our map with the classical genetic map of pea. The sbm-1 gene is most closely linked to RFLP marker GS185, being separated by a distance of about 8 cM. To determine the practical value of GS185 as a marker for sbm-1 in plant breeding programs, the GS185 hybridization pattern and virus-resistance phenotype were compared in of a collection of breeding lines and cultivars. Three GS185 hybridization patterns were discerned among the lines. A strong association was found between one of these patterns and resistance to PSbMV.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00220920
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    Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)-based phylogenetic analysis of Musa (1992)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 84 (1992), S. 286-290 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Taxonomy ; Banana ; RFLP ; Musa ; Phylogeny
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Random genomic probes were used to detect RFLPs in 19 Musa species and subspecies. A total of 89 phylogenetically informative alleles were scored and analyzed cladistically and phenetically. Results were in general agreement with morphology-based phylogenetic analyses, with the following exceptions: our data unambiguously places M. boman in section Australimusa, and indicates M. beccarii is very closely related to M. acuminata. Additionally, no support was found for the separation of section Rhodochlamys from section Musa. A comparison of morphology-based and RFLP-based phylogenetic analyses is presented.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00229484
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    Distribution and organization of a tandemly repeated 352-bp sequence in the oryzae family (1991)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 82 (1991), S. 57-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Cultivated rice ; Wild rice ; RFLP ; Satellite DNA ; Evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A 352-bp EcoRI fragment from rice DNA was cloned and shown to be a member of a tandem repeat. Sequence determination revealed homologies with human alpha satellite DNA and maize knob heterochromatin specific repeat. This 352-bp sequence is highly specific for the AA genome of rice. However, copy number and sequence organization are variable, depending on the accession analyzed. Several examples of amplification were observed in O. rufipogon and O. longistaminata. Use of resolutive polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and 4-bp cutter enzymes allowed one to distinguish between the Indica and Japonica subtypes of O. sativa. The same method also discriminates between two groups of O. rufipogon, the presumed ancestor of O. sativa, suggesting that the present day Indica and Japonica subtypes originated independently from two O. rufipogon distinct populations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00231278
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    RFLP variation in diploid and tetraploid alfalfa (1991)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 83 (1991), S. 89-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: RFLP ; Alfalfa ; Genetic diversity ; Phylogenetic tree ; Gene duplication
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is a major forage crop throughout the world. Although alfalfa has many desirable traits, continued breeding is required to incorporate pest resistances and other traits. We conducted this study to determine the amount of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) variability present within and between diploid and tetraploid alfalfa populations, and whether or not this variability is sufficient for construction of an RFLP map. Diploid plants from M. sativa ssp. falcata, ssp. coerulea, and ssp. sativa and tetraploid spp. sativa cultivars ‘Apollo,’ ‘Florida 77,’ and ‘Spredor 2’ were included. A total of 19 cDNA clones was probed onto genomic Southern blots containing DNA digested by EcoRI, HindIII, or BamHI. Phylogenetic trees were produced, based on parsimony analysis of shared restriction fragments. Evidence for extensive gene duplication was found; most probes detected complex patterns of restriction fragments. Large amounts of variation are present within all diploid subspecies. M. sativa ssp. falcata plants formed clusters distinct from ssp. sativa or ssp. coerulea plants, which were not distinctly clustered. Some M. sativa ssp. falcata plants were more similar to the other groups than to other plants within ssp. falcata. Variation among tetraploid cultivars showed that Florida 77 and Apollo had more similarities than either showed with Spredor 2. All three cultivars showed large within-population variation, with Apollo being the most diverse and Spredor 2 the least. Based on these results, development of an RFLP map at the diploid level appears possible. Also, differentiation of cultivars, particularly ones of divergent origin, seems possible based on RFLP patterns.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00229230
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    Comparative RFLP maps of the homoeologous group-2 chromosomes of wheat, rye and barley (1993)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 85 (1993), S. 784-792 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Wheat ; Rye ; Barley ; RFLP ; Biochemical markers ; Genetic maps
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Genetic maps of the homoeologous group-2 chromosomes were constructed, comprising 114 loci in wheat and 34 loci in rye. These include the genes coding for sucrose synthase, sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase, a bZIP protein (EmBP-1), a peroxidase and an abscisic acid-induced protein (#7). Overall, gene orders are highly conserved in the genomes of wheat, barley and rye, except for the distal ends of chromosome arms 2BS and 2RS, which are involved in interchromosomal, probably evolutionary, translocations. Clustering of loci in the centromeric regions of the maps, resulting from the concentration of recombination events in the distal chromosomal regions, is observed in wheat and rye, but not in barley. Furthermore, loci for which homoeoloci can be detected in rye and barley tend to lie in the centromeric regions of the maps, while non-homoeologous and wheat-specific loci tend to be more evenly distributed over the genetic maps. Mapping of the group-2 chromosomes in the intervarietal ‘Timgalen’ x ‘RL4137’ cross revealed that the T. timopheevi chromosome segment introgressed into chromosome 2B in ‘Timgalen’ is preferentially transmitted. Recombination is also greatly reduced in that segment.
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    Molecular analysis of highly repeated genome fractions in Solanum and their use as markers for the characterization of species and cultivars (1993)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 85 (1993), S. 801-808 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Repeated DNA ; Restriction satellite ; RFLP ; Solanaceae ; Species-specificity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Highly repeated DNA of potato (Solanum sp.) was characterized by cloning various major repeated elements of the nuclear genome. The percentage of the nuclear genome of the specific fractions and the restriction enzyme patterns were determined in order to show the distribution and organization of the respective repeats in the genome of Solanum tuberosum cultivars, dihaploid breeding lines and in wild species of Solanum. Several of the clones obtained were represented in a high copy number but showed no informative RFLP patterns. More information was gained from ‘restriction satellite’ repeats. The clone pR1T320 was found to contain satellite repeats (360 bp in length) that are proportionally present in the genome of all Solanum species at frequencies, between 0.5% and 2.6% and which are differently organized. This repeat was also found in the genera Lycopersicon, Datura and Nicotiana. With various restriction enzymes characteristic RFLP patterns were detected. A more or less genus-specific element for Solanum was the 183-bp repeat (clone pSA287; between 0.2–0.4% of the nuclear genome) that was present in the majority of the Solanum species analyzed except S. kurtzianum, S. bulbocastanum and S. pinnatisectum. In a few wild species (prominently in S. kurtzianum, S. demissum and S. acaule) a specific repeat type was detected (clone pSDT382; repeat length approximately 370 bp) that could be used to trace the wild species introduced into S. tuberosum cultivars. The repeats analyzed together with the 18S, 5.8S and 25S ribosomal DNA (1.9–5.2%, corresponding to 1800-5500 rDNA copies) comprised approximately 4–7% of the Solanum genome.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225022
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    Mapping genes conditioning in vitro androgenesis in maize using RFLP analysis (1992)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 84 (1992), S. 720-724 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: RFLP ; Anther culture ; In vitro androgenesis ; Linkage ; Epistasis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary This research was designed to map the genes in maize which condition a high response to anther culture using RFLP analysis. A set of 98 S1 families were developed from the cross of B73 × 139/39-05. In vitro-cultured anthers of 139/39-05 produce numerous embryolike structures while anthers cultured from B73 produce none. Plants from each of the families were grown in the greenhouse. Tassels were harvested from ten individual plants within each family and pretreated prior to culture. Up to three Petri dishes with 60 anthers each were cultured from each tassel. Response was measured as the number of embryo-like structures per 100 anthers cultured. In excess of 105 RFLP clones were screened to detect polymorphism among the parents. A subset of 75 widely distributed clones were scored in the 98 families. Based on the analysis of the resulting genetic data set, the high anther culture response observed in 139/39-05 is conditioned by two major recessive genes, which are epistatic, and two minor genes. One of the two major loci resides in the proximal region of the long arm of chromosome 3 near the indeterminate gametophyte (ig1) gene. The second major locus maps to the centromeric region of chromosome 9. The minor genes reside on chromosomes 1 and 10. Fifty seven percent of the variability among the 98 family means is explained by a genetic model which includes these four chromosomal regions. Moreover, segregation at these loci explains much of the variability observed within the families.
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    HpaII library indicates ‘methylation-free islands’ in wheat and barley (1992)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 84 (1992), S. 739-746 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Wheat ; Barley ; Methylation-free islands ; HpaII tiny fragments ; RFLP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A library of wheat genomic DNA HpaII tiny fragments (HTF), sized below 500 bp, has been constructed. Of the clones in the library 80% belong to the single/low-copy category, while 12% of the clones are nuclear repetitive sequences and 8% originate from the chloroplast and mitochondrial DNA. This result shows a substantial enrichment in the single/low-copy sequences of the wheat genome, which contains at least 80% repetitive sequences. Twenty-nine random single/lowcopy clones were analysed further for wheat chromosome location, cross-hybridisation to barley DNA and their association with rare-cutting, C-methylation-sensitive restriction sites. The results show that the HTF clones are associated more frequently than expected with NotI, MluI, NruI and PstI sites in wheat and barley genomic DNA. The 12% repetitive fraction of the clones contain both moderately and highly repetitive sequences, but no tandemly repeated sequences. The level of enrichment for single/low-copy sequences indicates that libraries of this type are a valuable source of probes for RFLP mapping. In addition, the close association of the HTF clones with rare-cutting restriction enzyme sites ensures that HTF clones will have a useful role in the construction of long-range physical maps in wheat.
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    The inheritance of restriction fragment length polymorphisms in the flax rust Melampsora lini (1992)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 84 (1992), S. 845-850 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Flax ; Rust ; RFLP ; Genetic segregation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Random cDNA sequences synthesized from poly A+ RNA extracted from germinated urediospores of the flax rust fungus, Melampsora lini, were used as probes to detect restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) in three races of M. lini originating from cultivated flax, Linum usitatissimum, and one race originating from Australian native flax, L. marginale. Fourteen out of 22 probes tested detected RFLPs in the three races from cultivated flax while 19 of the probes detected polymorphisms between these three races and the race from L. marginale. The segregation of seven RFLPs was determined in a family of 19 F2 progeny derived from a cross between two of the rust races. With six of these the inheritance was consistent, in each case, with the segregation of alleles at a single locus. Inheritance of the seventh was unusual and an explanation involving two loci with null alleles at each was proposed. No linkage was detected between any of the RFLP loci and nine unlinked loci specifying avirulence.
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    Molecular analysis of plants regenerated from embryogenic cultures of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 87 (1994), S. 821-828 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: RFLP ; Tissue culture ; Triticum aestivum ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Total DNAs of plants regenerated from immature embryo-derived 2-month-old embryogenic calli of wheat (cultivars Florida 302, Chris, Pavon, RH770019) were probed with six maize mitochondrial genes (atpA, atp6, apt9, coxI, coxII, rrn18-rrn5), three hypervariable wheat mitochondrial clones (K′, K3, X2), five random pearl millet mitochondrial clones (4A9, 4D1, 4D12, 4E1, 4E11) and the often-used wheat Nor locus probe (pTA71), in order to assess the molecular changes induced in vitro. In addition, protoplast-derived plants, and 24-month-old embryogenic and non-embryogenic calli and cell suspension cultures of Florida 302 were also analyzed. No variation was revealed by the wheat or millet mitochondrial clones. Qualitative variation was detected in the nonembryogenic suspension culture by three maize mitochondrial genes (coxI, rrn18-rrn5, atp6). A callus-specific 3.8-kb Hind III fragment was detected in all four cultivars after hybridization with the coxI gene. The organization of the Nor locus of the plants regenerated from Florida 302 and Chris was stable when compared to their respective control plants and calli. The Nor locus in regenerants of Pavon and RH, on the other hand, was found to be variable. However, Nor locus variability was not observed in 14 individual seed-derived control plants from either Pavon or RH sources. In Pavon, a 3.6-kb Taq I or a 5.6-kb Bam HI+ Eco RI fragment was lost after regeneration. In one of the RH regenerants, which lost a fragment, an additional fragment was observed.
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    Microdissection and microcloning of the barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) chromosome 1HS (1993)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 86 (1993), S. 629-636 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Hordeum vulgare ; Microdissection ; Microcloning ; Chromosome specific library ; RFLP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have applied a refined microdissection procedure to create a plasmid library of the barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) chromosome arm 1HS. The technical improvements involved include synchronization of meristematic root tissue, a metaphase drop-spread technique, paraffin protection of the collection drop to avoid evaporation, and a motorized and programmable microscope stage. Thirteen readily-discernible telocentric chromosomes have been excised from metaphases of synchronized root-tip mitoses. After lysis in a collection drop (2 nl), the DNA was purified, restricted withRsaI, ligated into a vector containing universal sequencing primers, and amplified by the polymerase chain reaction. Finally, the amplified DNA was cloned into a standard plasmid vector. The size of the library was estimated to be approximately 44,000 recombinant plasmids, of which approximately 13% can be utilized for RFLP analysis. Tandem repetitive probes could be rapidly excluded from further analysis after colony hybridization with labelled total barley DNA. Analysis of 552 recombinant plasmids established that: (1) the insert sizes ranged between 70 and 1150 bp with a mean of 250 bp, (2) approximately 60% of the clones contained highly repetitive sequences, and (3) all single- or low-copy probes tested originate from chromosome 1HS. Four probes were genetically mapped, using an interspecificH. vulgare xH. spontaneum F2 population. One of these probes was found to be closely linked to theMla locus conferring mildew resistance.
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    A molecular, isozyme and morphological map of the barley (Hordeum vulgare) genome (1993)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 86 (1993), S. 705-712 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: RFLP ; Mapping ; Barley ; Genome ; Centromeres
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A map of the barley genome consisting of 295 loci was constructed. These loci include 152 cDNA restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), 114 genomic DNA RFLP, 14 random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), five isozyme, two morphological, one disease resistance and seven specific amplicon polymorphism (SAP) markers. The RFLP-identified loci include 63 that were detected using cloned known function genes as probes. The map covers 1,250 centiMorgans (cM) with a 4.2 cM average distance between markers. The genetic lengths of the chromosomes range from 124 to 223 cM and are in approximate agreement with their physical lengths. The centromeres were localized to within a few markers on all of the barley chromosomes except chromosome 5. Telomeric regions were mapped for the short (plus) arms of chromosomes 1, 2 and 3 and the long (minus) arm of chromosomes 7.
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    Development of synthetic Brassica amphidiploids by reciprocal hybridization and comparison to natural amphidiploids (1993)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 86 (1993), S. 811-821 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Brassica ; Interspecific hybridization ; Amphidiploid ; RFLP ; Evolution ; Nuclear ; cytoplasmic interaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In a previous study we proposed that cytoplasmic genomes have played an important role in the evolution of Brassica amphidiploid species. Based on this and other studies, we hypothesized that interactions between the maternal cytoplasmic genomes and the paternal nuclear genome may cause alterations in genome structure and/or gene expression of a newly synthesized amphidiploid, which may play an important role in the evolution of natural amphidiploid species. To test this hypothesis, a series of synthetic amphidiploids, including all three analogs of the natural amphidiploids B. napus, B. juncea, and B. Carinata and their reciprocal forms, were developed. These synthetic amphidiploids were characterized for morphological traits, chromosome number, and RFLPs revealed by chloroplast, mitochondrial, and nuclear DNA clones. The maternal transmission of chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes was observed in all of the F1 hybrids examined except one hybrid plant derived from the B. rapa x B. oleracea combination, which showed a biparental transmission of organelles. However, the paternal chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes were not observed in the F2 progeny. Nuclear genomes of synthetic amphidiploids had combined RFLP patterns of their parental species for all of the nuclear DNA clones examined. A variation in fertility was observed among self-pollinated progenies of single amphidiploids that had completely homozygous genome constitutions. Comparisons between natural and synthetic amphidiploids based on restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) patterns indicated that natural amphidiploids are considerably more distant from the progenitor diploid species than the synthetic amphidiploids. The utility of these synthetic amphidiploids for investigating the evolution of amphidiploidy is discussed.
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    Taxonomic and population differentiation of mitochondrial diversity inPinus banksiana andPinus conforta (1993)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 86 (1993), S. 573-578 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: COXI ; COXII ; Maternal inerhitance ; mtDNA ; RFLP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have studied two mitochondrial DNA polymorphisms in 741 individuals from 16 allopatric populations ofPinus banksiana Lamb. andPinus contorta Dougl. Restriction fragments of both polymorphisms distinguished the two species qualitatively, except in aP. Banksiana population whose ancestors were involved in hybridization withP. contorta.COXI-associated restriction fragments were monomorphic within species, whileCOXII-associated restriction fragments were highly variable inP. contorta (Hes=0.68). Population differentiation was substantial inP. contorta (Fst=0.31 among subspecies; mean Fst=0.66 within subspecies) and consistent with predictions for maternally inherited markers. Plant mitochondrial markers appear to be useful for the investigation of seed migration routes, hybridization and introgression, breeding zone designation, and the development of germ plasm conservation sampling strategies.
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    Relationships among Cichorium species and related genera as determined by analysis of mitochondrial RFLPs (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 88 (1994), S. 159-166 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Mitochondrial DNA ; RFLP ; Asteraceae ; Cichorium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Mitochondrial DNA polymorphism was employed to assess cytoplasmic diversity among cytoypes of the genus Cichorium and related genera of the tribe Lactuceae (Asteraceae). Hybridization patterns of total DNA using six restriction enzymes and five heterologous mtDNA probes were examined. From estimates of mtDNA diversity, Cichorium spinosum appeared as an ecotype of C. intybus rather than a separate species. Interspecific mtDNA polymorphism in the genus Cichorium was higher than that observed in Cicerbita Crepis, Lactuca and Tragopogon. Molecular data seemed to indicate that Catananche is very distant from the other genera examined. Intergeneric comparisons allowed the clustering of Cicerbita, Lactuca and Cichorium, genera which belong to different subtribes. However, further molecular investigations on a larger number of genera are needed to clarify the relationships among genera within and between subtribes of the tribe Lactuceae.
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    RFLP analysis of mitochondrial DNA from cytoplasmic male-sterile lines of pearl millet (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 88 (1994), S. 441-448 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: RFLP ; Mitochondrial DNA ; Cytoplasmic male sterility ; Pearl millet
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from 13 cytoplasmic male-sterile (cms) lines from diverse sources were characterized by Southern blot hybridization to pearl millet and maize mtDNA probes. Hybridization patterns of mtDNA digested with PstI, BamHI, SmaI or XhoI and probed with 13.6-, 10.9-, 9.7- or 4.7-kb pearl millet mtDNA clones revealed similarities among the cms lines 5141 A and ICMA 1 (classified as the S-A1 type of cytoplasm based on fertility restoration patterns), PMC 30A and ICMA 2. The remaining cms lines formed a distinct group, within which three subgroups were evident. Among the maize mitochondiral gene clones used, the coxI probe revealed two distinct groups of cytoplasms similar to the pearl millet mtDNA clones. The atp9 probe differentiated the cms line 81 A4, derived from P. glaucum subsp. monodii, while the coxII gene probe did not detect any polymorphism among the cms lines studied. MtDNA digested with BamHI, PstI or XhoI and hybridized to the atp6 probe revealed distinct differences among the cms lines. The maize atp6 gene clone identified four distinct cytoplasmic groups and four subgroups within a main group. The mtDNA fragments hybridized to the atp6 gene probe with differing intensities, suggesting the presence of more than one copy of the gene in different stoichiometries. Rearrangements involving the coxI and/or rrn18-rrn5 genes (mapped within the pearl millet clones) probably resulted in the S-A1 type of sterility. Rearrangements involving the atp6 gene (probably resulting in chimeric form) may be responsible for male sterility in other cms lines of pearl millet.
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    Plastid DNA inheritance and plastome-genome incompatibility in interspecific hybrids of Zantedeschia (Araceae) (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 88 (1994), S. 255-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: RFLP ; Hybrid variegation ; Plastid DNA ; Interspecific incompatibility ; Zantedeschia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Plastid DNA (ptDNA) probes were used in RFLP analysis to determine ptDNA inheritance in interspecific hybrids in Zantedeschia. Biparental and maternal ptDNA inheritance was found in albino hybrids between the evergreen species Z. aethiopica and several winter-dormant species. From two albino hybrids, different types of ptDNA were detected in shoots derived from different parts of an embryo. This result indicates that plastids were sorted out during embryo development. Only maternal ptDNA was detected in the hybrids of Z. aethiopica × Z. odorata (a summer-dormant species) but paternal, biparental, and maternal ptDNA were found in the hybrids of the reciprocal cross. Z. odorata × Z. aethiopica. By correlating these ptDNA inheritance patterns with the leaf colour (albino, pale-green, and green) of the hybrids, it is suggested that the Z. odorata plastome is incompatible with the Z. aethiopica genome. The Z. aethiopica plastome is partially compatible with the Z. odorata genome but the development of Z. aethiopica plastids appears to be blocked by the presence of the Z. odorata plastids.
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    Molecular-marker-facilitated investigation of host-plant response to Exserohilum turcicum in maize (Zea mays L.): components of resistance (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 88 (1994), S. 305-313 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Breeding ; Helminthosporium turcicum ; RFLP ; QTLs ; Disease-resistance ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract RFLPs were used to investigate components of host-plant response to Exserohilum turcicum in 150 unselected F2∶3 lines of a B52/Mo17 maize population. Following inoculation with spore suspensions of the pathogen (race 0), components of disease development were measured and then quantitative trait mapping was performed to identify the location and effects of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) determining host-plant response. Components of interest were the average number of lesions per leaf, the average percent leaf tissue diseased (severity) and the average size of lesions (cm2). Based on a LOD threshold of 2.31 (P〈0.05), the number of lesions appears to be associated with QTLs on chromosomes 1S, 3L, 5S. Severity was associated with analogous regions and, in addition, QTLs on chromosomes 7L and 8L. Most QTLs, for either of these two components, involve additive gene action and partial dominance or overdominance. In contrast, lesion size was associated with QTLs on chromosomes 7L and 5L; recessive gene action may be involved at 7L.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223637
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    Epistatic expression of quantitative trait loci (QTL) in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] determined by QTL association with RFLP alleles (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 88 (1994), S. 486-489 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: RFLP ; QTL ; Epistasis ; Soybean ; Recombinant inbreds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Quantitative trait values for seed oil and protein content or for maturity were measured in recombinant inbred lines (RIL) of soybean derived from a cross between two soybean cultivars: ‘Minsoy’ PI 27890 and ‘Noir 1’ PI 290136. Seed oil was found to be inversely correlated to protein content. By analyzing DNA from plants with extreme phenotypes, we were able to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) for these traits as being linked to several restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) loci, including R183 for oil and protein content and R79 for maturity. Cumulative distributions of trait values were graphed for those RIL with ‘Minsoy’ alleles and for those with ‘Noir 1’ alleles. As already suggested by the alleles found associated with extreme phenotypes, the distributions were consistent with an independent and additive expression of the maturity QTL linked to R79. That is, the cumulative distributions for plants with ‘Minsoy’ alleles and for plants with ‘Noir 1’ alleles were similar in shape, but the entire ‘Noir 1’ curve had been shifted to later maturity dates. In contrast, the trait distributions for a locus affecting oil and protein content linked to R183 were not compatible with an additive model. These results suggest that this approach can be used for rapid identification of QTLs with epistatic expression.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223665
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    RFLP-based genetic relationships of Einkorn wheats (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 88 (1994), S. 818-823 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Diploid wheat ; Einkorn ; RFLP ; Taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract To study the relationships between different species of the Einkorn group, 55 different accessions ofTriticum monococcum,T. boeoticum,T. urartu,T. sinskajae,T. thaoudar andT. aegilopoides were analyzed. Fifteen anonymous probes and four clones corresponding to storage protein genes were used for detecting restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). The DNA was restricted with the restriction enzymesAluI,HaeIII,RsaI andTaqI. The 25 probe/enzyme combinations employed yielded a total of 488 polymorphic fragments. Statistical analyses were performed using Jaccard's coefficient of similarity and principal coordinate analysis. Different values of similarity within the three main taxa,monococcum,boeoticum andurartu, were obtained; the grouping at the species level was quite well reflected by the RFLP analysis done here. The coincidence between RFLP data and the subspecies classification of theT. monococcum group was only partial. OneT. urartu accession is clearly different from all of the other 54 accessions. The need for an RFLP based revision of the Einkorn taxonomy is evident.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01253991
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    RFLP diversity in cultivated sorghum in relation to racial differentiation (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 88 (1994), S. 838-844 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Sorghum ; RFLP ; Genetic diversity Cultivated ; Racial differentiation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Careful assessment of the comparative diversity for molecular markers and for potentially-useful morpho-agronomic traits is paramount to the analysis of a genome through the mapping of favorable genes. Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor ssp.bicolor) varieties are traditionally classified into five races on the basis of morphological traits, especially panicle and grain traits. Isozyme diversity has provided a new insight into genetic diversity, and showed a marked geographic structure. We performed RFLP analysis on 94 varieties, chosen to represent the main cross combinations (race × geographic origin), using 35 maize probes that detect polymorphism with at least one of the two restriction enzymesHindIII andXbaI. A total of 50 polymorphic probe-enzyme combinations yielded 158 polymorphic bands. The bicolor race appeared highly variable and included many rare markers. Among the other races multivariate analysis of the data differentiated six clusters corresponding, by decreasing magnitude of divergence, to: the margaritiferum types (a sub-race of race guinea); the guinea forms from western Africa; race caudatum; race durra; race kafir; and the guinea forms from southern Africa.The apparent geographic differentiation was related to the contrasting distribution of these races and to a higher similarity between races localized in southern Africa. The data agree with the current hypotheses on sorghum domestication but reveal associations between neutral markers and traits probably highly subjected to human selection. Whether such associations will be observed with other useful traits, and to what extent they are maintained by genetic linkage, is worth exploring.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01253994
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    An RFLP-based genetic map of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 481-487 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Pearl millet ; RFLP ; Translocation Genetic maps
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Analysis of a sample of diverse pearl millet genotypes with 200 genomic DNA probes revealed this crop species to be extremely polymorphic. Among these genotypes, 85% of probes detected polymorphism using only two restriction enzymes, with an average pair-wise polymorphism between all of the probe-enzyme combinations of 56%. Two crosses were employed to construct an RFLP-based genetic map. In an intervarietal F2 population, derived from a single F1 plant, 181 loci were placed on a linkage map. The total length of this map, which comprised seven linkage groups, was 303 cM and the average map distance between loci was about 2 cM, although a few intervals in excess of 10 cM were present at the ends of a few linkage groups. Very few clones, including those which hybridized to more than one copy, detected more than one locus in the pearl millet genome. The analysis was complicated initially because 83 of the 181 loci mapped to a single linkage group. Analysis of a second cross identified a probable translocation breakpoint in the middle of this large linkage group.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225384
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    Characterization of a family of tandemly repeated DNA sequences in Triticeae (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 217-225 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Evolution ; Tandemly repeated DNA sequences ; Phylogenetic relationships ; RFLP ; Poaceae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The recombinant plasmid dpTa1 has an insert of relic wheat DNA that represents a family of tandemly organized DNA sequences with a monomeric length of approximately 340 bp. This insert was used to investigate the structural organization of this element in the genomes of 58 species within the tribe Triticeae and in 7 species representing other tribes of the Poaceae. The main characteristic of the genomic organization of dpTa1 is a classical ladder-type pattern which is typical for tandemly organized sequences. The dpTa1 sequence is present in all of the genomes of the Triticeae species examined and in 1 species from a closely related tribe (Bromus inermis, Bromeae). DNA from Hordelymus europaeus (Triticeae) did not hybridize under the standard conditions used in this study. Prolonged exposure was necessary to obtain a weak signal. Our data suggest that the dpTa1 family is quite old in evolutionary terms, probably more ancient than the tribe Triticeae. The dpTa1 sequence is more abundant in the D-genome of wheat than in other genomes in Triticeae. DNA from several species also have bands in addition to the tandem repeats. The dpTa1 sequence contains short direct and inverted subrepeats and is homologous to a tandemly repeated DNA sequence from Hordeum chilense.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225145
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    Use of recombinant substitution lines in the construction of RFLP-based genetic maps of chromosomes 6A and 6B of tetraploid wheat (Triticum turgidum L.) (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 703-712 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: RFLP ; Genetic mapping ; Triticum turgidum Recombinant substitution lines (RSLs) ; Mapmaker G-Mendel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract RFLP-based genetic maps of chromosomes 6A and 6B of Triticum turgidum have been constructed using data obtained by the study of Triticum turgidum var ‘durum’ cv ‘Langdon’-T. t. var ‘dicoccoides’ recombinant substitution lines (RSLs) supplemented with data obtained from F3 families derived from ‘Langdon’ dicoccoides 6A and 6B disomic substitution lines. The average RFLP frequencies detected for the two chromosomes in a test of 45 DNA clones with six restriction enzymes were 56% and 53%, respectively, and a subset of 32 clones gave frequencies of 75% and 72%, respectively. Seventeen loci were mapped in 6A and 18 in 6B. With the possible exception of 5 loci in the centromeric region of 6A, all of the mapped 6A and 6B loci are located in the same arm as are homologous loci in hexaploid wheat, and the linear order of the loci is the same in the two chromosomes, except possibly close to the centromere. Major differences in genetic distances exist between homologous loci located in the proximal regions of the 6AL and 6BL linkage groups, however, the distances being much larger in the former than in the latter. The 6B maps that were constructed using data from both the RSL and the F2 populations and using data from the RSL population alone closely resemble one another, indicating that the 6B RSL population, composed of 85 lines, can be reliably used for genetic mapping. Additional studies must be conducted before the utility of the 6A RSL population, composed of 66 lines, can be adequately assessed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223709
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    CMS in rye: comparative RFLP and transcript analyses of mitochondria from fertile and male-sterile plants (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 1014-1018 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: CMS-Secale ; RFLP ; Differential transcription ; cob ; atpA ; atp9
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The mitochondrial (mt) genomes of rye (Secale cereale L.) lines with “normal” and cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) inducing “Pampa” cytoplasm were compared by detailed restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and Northern analyses. RFLP analyses using several heterologous mt genes as probes revealed considerable differences in the overall structure of the two mt genomes. With cob and atpA, the data indicate intragenic recombination and/or different copy numbers of these genes in the two cytoplasms. In spite of this heterogeneity at DNA level, the transcriptional patterns of nine out of ten mitochondrial genes analysed are unaffected. The exception is in the “Pampa” cytoplasm which contains an additional cob-homologous transcript. Since this transcript is strongly reduced in the presence of restorer genes, it might causally be correlated to the CMS phenotype.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224532
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    RFLP markers associated with Sr22 and recombination between chromosome 7A of bread wheat and the diploid species Triticum boeoticum (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 1039-1045 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: RFLP ; Sr22 ; Triticum aestivum ; T. boeoticum ; Recombination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Analysis of the bread wheat variety Schomburgk, and related lines in its pedigree, identified RFLP markers associated with the segment of chromosome 7A carrying the Sr22 gene derived from the diploid species T. boeoticum. The distribution of the RFLP markers indicated that at least 50% of 7AS and 80% of 7AL in Schomburgk is of T. boeoticum origin. Evaluation of five sets of nearisogenic lines, backcross lines in 20 different genetic backgrounds and an F2 population segregating for Sr22 demonstrated a very low level of recombination between the 7A chromosomes of T. boeoticum and T. aestivum. Several recombinants carrying Sr22 but with a much reduced segment of T. boeoticum were identified and these may prove useful in the breeding of further varieties with Sr22.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224536
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    Characterization of disomic addition lines Brassica napus-Brassica nigra by isozyme, fatty acid, and RFLP markers (1991)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 81 (1991), S. 43-49 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Brassica ; Genome ; Isozymes ; RFLP ; Fatty acids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Six Brassica napus — B. nigra disomic addition lines were characterized by isozyme, fatty acid, and RFLP markers. The markers were arranged in six synteny groups, representing six of the eight chromosomes present in the B. nigra genome. Synteny group 1 displayed high levels of linoleic and linolenic acids in the seeds of the B. nigra parent. Synteny group 3 accumulated higher levels of eicosenoic and erucic acid than B. nigra. Three of the lines transmitted the alien chromosome to 100% of the progeny. The rest had variable transmission rates but all were above 50%. Most of the lines produced disomic addition plants in their progeny, suggesting pollen transmission of the alien chromosome. In addition to the marked lines, six others remained unmarked. These could be grouped into two classes according to their alien chromosome transmission. It is likely that they represent the two other B. nigra chromosomes that remained uncharacterized by the markers. No diploid individuals carrying B. nigra genome-specific markers were detected in the progenies studied.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226110
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    Molecular and cytological evidence of deletions in alien chromosomes for two monosomic addition lines of Brassica campestris-oleracea (1991)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 81 (1991), S. 221-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: RFLP ; Deletion mapping ; Genome evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A series of RFLP and isozyme markers were followed in the progenies of two alien addition lines of Brassica campestris-oleracea. One of the lines, carrying the C genome chromosome 4 as the alien chromosome, was surveyed for six markers. Fifty-four percent of the plants carrying alien chromosomes displayed all the expected makers, whereas the rest had one to five markers missing. The second line for C genome chromosome 5 displayed a similar behavior when surveyed for three markers. All three markers were transmitted together in 46% of the plants carrying alien chromosomes, whereas the rest carried only one or two of the markers. The loss of markers was associated with reduced chromosome size caused by deletions. The observed chromosome deficiencies permitted deletion analysis for a rough physical mapping and ordering of the markers on the two C genome chromosomes. The deletions observed may represent another mechanism for molding the chromosomes of the Brassica genomes during their evolution.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00215726
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    RFLP variability in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars and wild species (1991)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 81 (1991), S. 565-570 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Peanut ; RFLP ; Plant breeding ; Genetic diversity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary RFLP variability was studied in eight U.S. peanut cultivars, representing the four market types, and in 14 wild Arachis species accessions, using random genomic clones from a PstI library. Very low levels of RFLP variability were found among the allotetraploids, which included the U.S. cultivars and Arachis monticola, a wild species. The diploid wild species were very diverse, however. RFLP patterns of the allotetraploids were more complex than the diploids, and the two constituent genomes could usually be distinguished. On the basis of RFLP band sharing, A. ipaensis, A. duranensis, and A. spegazzinii appeared most closely related to the diploid progenitor species of the allotetraploids. A dendrogram of relationships among the diploid wild species was constructed based on band sharing.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226719
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    Genetic diversity and differentiation of indica and japonica rice detected by RFLP analysis (1992)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 83 (1992), S. 495-499 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; Phenotypic diversity ; Differentiation ; Randomization test ; RFLP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Genetic diversity and differentiation in indica and japonica groups of the cultivated rice (Oryza sativa L.) were studied by assaying DNA restriction fragment length polymorphisms of 12 indica and 14 japonica rice lines digested with three restriction endonucleases. A total of 49 probes were selected to represent the entire RFLP map at intervals of 20–30 cM. It was shown that 95 of the 145 possible probe/enzyme combinations, involving 43 probes and all three enzymes, detected restriction fragment length variation, and the degree of polymorphism varied greatly from one probe/enzyme combination to another. These results demonstrate that indica rice is genetically more diverse than japonica type. Significant differentiation between the two rice groups was detected by 33 probes representing 11 of the 12 rice chromosomes. It was deduced that the processes leading to differentiation involved a combination of molecular events that include base substitutions and insertion/deletions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226539
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    Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of polymerase chain reaction products amplified from mapped loci of rice (Oryza sativa L.) genomic DNA (1991)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 82 (1991), S. 489-498 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: RFLP ; PCR ; Rice ; Inheritance ; Nonradioactive
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Thirty mapped Indica rice genomic (RG) clones were partially sequenced from each end. From such sequence data, pairs of oligonucleotides were synthesized to act as primers for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the corresponding loci in crude total DNA preparations. The PCR products from DNA of Indica varieties were of the sizes expected from the sizes of the corresponding RG clones. However, size polymorphisms were seen between PCR products from Indica and Japonica varieties, and among wildOryza species. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) was observed between PCR products of Indica varieties simply by electrophoretic analysis of restricted products, without the need for Southern hybridization or radiolabelling. The RFLPs noted between varieties ARC6650 and Phalguna were inherited in recombinant inbred lines derived from a cross between them. The RFLPs were detectable in PCR products amplified from DNA extracted by a simple procedure from single seedlings or leaves, and revealed genetic heterogeneity in cultivated lines. An approach is described that is relevant to the acceleration of classical plant breeding through molecular techniques.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00588604
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    Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of wild perennial relatives of soybean (1990)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 79 (1990), S. 235-240 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Glycine spp. ; RFLP ; Taxonomy ; Wild perennial species
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Total DNA from callus tissue of 28 accessions representing seven wild perennial Glycine species was compared using recombinant genomic probes derived from G. max, the soybean. Using two probes, we show that this molecular approach both confirms and extends the model for the taxonomic relationships between the species derived from morphological and cytogenetic data, and that it provides clear evidence that RFLP analysis of genomic sequences has the potential for revealing the derivation of the member species of the wild perennial Glycine taxon. Although, in this preliminary report, the sample size for each species is small, it is clear that the greatest between-accession variation occurs in G. tabacina (B2B2) and G. clandestine (A1A1), suggesting that these may be the taxa from which further speciation occurred in the subgenus.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225957
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    Fertile somatic hybrids of Solanum species: RFLP analysis of a hybrid and its sexual progeny from crosses with potato (1990)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 80 (1990), S. 545-551 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Somatic fusion ; Solanum brevidens ; RFLP ; Solanum tuberosum ; DNA introgression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers were used to distinguish the chromosomes of Solanum brevidens from those of potato (S. tuberosum) in a fertile somatic hybrid. The hybrid had markers that account for all 24 chromosome arms from each parent, indicating that the hybrid contained at least one copy of each chromosome from each parent. The markers were then used to follow segregation of chromosomes in sexual progeny that resulted from a cross of the somatic hybrid with the potato cultivar ‘Katahdin’. Approximately 10% of the sexual progeny lacked one or more of the markers specific to S. brevidens. No one chromosome or marker appeared to be lost preferentially. This infrequent absence of a chromosome marker derived from the wild parent could be explained by intergenomic pairing and recombination. The loss of a marker band for chromosome 8, coupled with the retention of two flanking markers, suggested that a small region of DNA was deleted during regeneration of the somatic hybrid. These results show the value of RFLP analysis when applied to somatic hybrids and their progeny. Clearly, RFLPs will be useful for following the DNA from wild species during its introgression into potato cultivars.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226758
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    Ribosomal DNA variation in finger millet and wild species of Eleusine (Poaceae) (1992)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 83 (1992), S. 895-902 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Finger millet ; Eleusine ; rDNA ; RFLP ; Grasses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Finger millet is an important cereal crop in the semi-arid regions of Africa and India. The crop belongs to the grass genus Eleusine, which includes nine annual and perennial species native to Africa except for the New World species E. tristachya. Ribosomal DNA (rDNA) variation in finger millet and related wild species was used to provide information on the origin of the genomes of this tetraploid crop and point out genetic relationships of the crop to other species in the genus. The restriction endonucleases used revealed a lack of variability in the rDNA spacer region in domesticated finger millet. All the rDNA variants of the crop were found in the proposed direct tetraploid ancestor, E. coracana subsp. africana. Wild and domesticated finger millet displayed the phenotypes found in diploid E. indica. Diploid Eleusine tristachya showed some similarity to the crop in some restriction sites. The remaining species were quite distinct in rDNA fragment patterns. The study supports the direct origin of finger millet from subspecies africana shows E. indica to be one of the genome donors of the crop, and demonstrates that none of the other species examined could have donated the second genome of the crop. The rDNA data raise the possibility that wild and domesticated finger millet could have originated as infraspecific polyploid hybrids from different varieties of E. indica.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226713
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    Identification of a short rDNA spacer sequence highly specific of a tomato line containing Tm-1 gene introgressed from Lycopersicon hirsutum (1990)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 80 (1990), S. 602-608 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Tomato ; RFLP ; rDNA ; Tobacco mosaic virus ; Introgression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We studied rDNA restriction fragment length polymorphism between two tomato lines used for F1 hybrid seed production: line A, containing the Tm-1 gene responsible for tobacco mosaic virus tolerance introgressed from the wild species Lycopersicon hirsutum, and line B, a tobacco mosaic virus sensitive line. Hybridization patterns led to distinct rDNA maps with two size classes, 10.4 and 10.7 kb, in line A and a single, 8.9-kb class in line B. Size differences were located in the intergenie sequence (IGS). A highly specific 54-bp TaqI fragment was cloned from the line A IGS and used in dot blot experiments to probe total DNA from line A, line B, and their F1 hybrid. It proved capable of discriminating B from A and the hybrid. This probe could thus serve to screen inbreds in commercial seed lots where line A is used as male. This fragment showed 80–90% sequence homology with the 53-bp subrepeats previously characterized in a region of the tomato IGS close to the 25S rRNA gene. Preliminary comparison of rDNA in line A and several wild related species indicated that the L. hirsutum H2 genotype was the closest to line A. rDNA variations between line A and this wild genotype could be explained by recombination during the introgression process involving numerous backcrosses or by an important intraspecific polymorphism. Our results strongly suggest that Tm-1 and the rDNA were introgressed together into tomato from L. hirsutum through linkage drag.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224218
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    DNA variation in tissue-culture-derived rice plants (1990)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 80 (1990), S. 673-679 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Rice ; Tissue culture ; Somaclonal variation ; RFLP ; Methylation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Regenerants of rice were examined by RFLP analysis to determine the occurrence and extent of somaclonal variation. DNA polymorphisms were observed both among plants regenerated from different callus cultures as well as among sibling plants derived from a single callus. Regardless of the basal medium, a higher degree of genetic instability was found among plants regenerated from callus cultures maintained for longer incubation periods (67 days) than among those from shorter incubation periods (28 days). Detailed analysis showed that in several regenerants, there was a close correlation among those plants exhibiting DNA rearrangements and those with apparent methylation changes. Such alterations were observed with both structural and housekeeping genes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224228
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    Distribution of Bs1 retrotransposons in Zea and related genera (1990)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 80 (1990), S. 680-686 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Retrotransposon ; Zea ; RFLP ; Bs1 ; Transposable element
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Thirty-eight accessions from Zea and 20 accessions from related genera were probed for the presence of Bs1, a retrotransposon originally found in maize. All maize and teosinte plants tested show the presence of Bs1 in one to five densely hybridizing bands. The mean copy numbers of Bs1 elements among the maize and teosinte accessions were similar: 2.92 and 3.25, respectively, with no large differences between any subgroups. Most exotic maize samples exhibited two common bands of 7.8 kb and 4.7 kb. Section Zea teosintes (but not teosintes of section Luxuriantes) also show the presence of a common band of the same size as the smaller common band in maize. At reduced stringency, Tripsacum dactyloides exhibited a single hybridizing band at 6.9 kb. Results argue for the evolution of maize from a mexicana or parviglumis teosinte, and the evolution of the Bs1 element within the tribe Andropogoneae. Additionally, recombinant inbred lines were probed for the presence of Bs1, in order to map the chromosomal locations of Bs1 elements in four different maize lines. Two of the recombinant inbred parental lines had an element (Bs1-F) on chromosome 5, while the other two lines had an element (Bs1-S) on chromosome 8. Restriction site polymorphisms have apparently arisen in the vicinity of Bs1-S since its insertion. Segregation analysis of other lines was also performed; the data indicate that Bs1 has the distribution expected of a transposable element, different locations in different lines, and not that of a fixed gene locus. However, the common bands in the Zea mays lines and the recombinant inbred data imply that Bs1 is not highly mobile.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224229
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  • 93
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    Molecular markers for plant breeding: comparisons of RFLP and RAPD genotyping costs (1993)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 86 (1993), S. 975-984 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Chemiluminescence ; Genotyping costs ; RAPD ; RFLP ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Three molecular marker protocols, chemiluminescent restriction fragment length polymorphisms (c-RFLPs), radioactivity-based restriction fragment length polymorphisms (r-RFLPs), and randomly amplified DNA polymorphisms (RAPDs) were compared in terms of cost and time efficiency. Estimates of cost of supplies and time requirements were obtained from simulations of maize (Zea mays L.) genotyping experiments utilizing protocols currently in use. The increase in total cost with increasing numbers of individuals genotyped and markers analyzed is higher for RAPDs than for RFLPs. RAPDs were generally found to be more cost and time efficient for studies involving small sample sizes, while RFLPs have the advantage for larger sample sizes. Because of the shorter exposure times involved, c-RFLPs require less time than r-RFLPs to obtain a given amount of information. Variations in the protocols, such as number of re-uses of Southern blots or cost of Taq DNA polymerase per reaction of amplification, also affect the relative merits of RAPDs and RFLPs. Two examples were analyzed where molecular markers are used: a germ plasm survey and quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping in a segregating population. No protocol was found to be the most cost and time efficient over the entire range of sample sizes and number of marker loci studied.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00211050
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  • 94
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    Linkage of restriction fragment length polymorphisms and isozymes in Citrus (1992)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 84 (1992), S. 39-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Genetic map ; Molecular markers ; RFLP ; Fruit breeding ; Citrus spp.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Genetic linkage analysis was performed using two segregating populations of citrus. One population arose from an intergeneric backcross of Citrus grandis (L.) Osb. cv ‘Thong Dee’ and Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. cv ‘Pomeroy’, using the former as the recurrent (female) parent. The other population came from an interspecific backcross of C. reticulata Blanco cv ‘Clementine’ and C. x paradisi Macf. cv ‘Duncan’, using the former as the recurrent (male) parent. A total of 11 isozyme and 58 restriction fragment length polymorphisms were found to segregate in a monogenic fashion in one or both populations. Linkage analysis revealed that 62 of the loci examined mapped to 11 linkage groups, while 7 loci segregated independently from all other markers. Gene order was highly conserved between the maps generated from the two divergent segregating populations. Possible applications of the use of such maps in tree fruit breeding are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223979
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  • 95
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    Analyses of Phaseolus vulgaris L. and P. coccineus Lam. hybrids by RFLP: preferential transmission of P. vulgaris alleles (1991)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 81 (1991), S. 703-709 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Phaseolus interspecific hybrid ; RFLP ; Beans
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) was determined among P. vulgaris genotypes and Phaseolus species using 19 probes. The incidence of polymorphism was high (70–86%) between species, but relatively low (22–26%) between genotypes of P. vulgaris. Suitable probes were identified for the analysis of P. vulgaris and P. coccineus hybrids. The segregation pattern in F2 populations was Mendelian for two probes (LHB and VEE20) and non-Mendelian for GS-g, CHS, and CHI. Statistical analyses indicated gametic selection with preferential transmission of the P. vulgaris alleles, which may account for the selective recovery of P. vulgaris progeny types observed earlier. The available hybrids of P. vulgaris and P. coccineus and the high degree of interspecific RFLP will facilitate the construction of a linkage map for Phaseolus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226740
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  • 96
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    Determination of genetic stability using isozymes and RFLPs in beet plants regenerated in vitro (1992)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 84 (1992), S. 113-117 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Beet ; Somaclonal variation ; Isozyme ; RFLP ; Genetic stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Sugar, fodder and garden beet (Beta vulgaris L.) plants have been regenerated in culture from a range of expiant material. Of the regenerants 764 were subjected to isozyme analysis using eight enzyme-specific stains, and 60 were subjected to RFLP analysis using three cDNA probes. Both molecular techniques allowed the identification of somaclonal variant plants. Assessment of the numbers of variant isozymes and restriction fragments has allowed the calculation of the approximate percentage of variant alleles occurring in any one somaclonal regenerant, namely between 0.05% and 0.1%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223989
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  • 97
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    Mapping strategy for resistance genes in tomato based on RFLPs between cultivars: Cf9 (resistance to Cladosporium fulvum) on chromosome 1 (1992)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 84 (1992), S. 106-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Lycopersicon esculentum ; RFLP ; Resistance gene mapping ; Cladosporium fulvum ; Genetic variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The contribution of introgressed regions derived from wild species to the genetic variation within the species of Lycopersicon esculentum was investigated by comparing the RFLP patterns of 2 introgression-free, obsolete cultivars (‘Moneymaker’ and ‘Premier’) and a modern cultivar (‘Sonatine’) that carries at least 5 introgressed resistance genes. In this analysis 195 mapped nuclear markers were used in combination with 6 restriction enzymes. Among the 1170 probe-enzyme combinations tested, only 3 showed a polymorphism between the 2 introgression-free cultivars. On the other hand 24 probe-enzyme combinations were found to exhibit polymorphisms between ‘Moneymaker’ and ‘Sonatine’. These represented ten polymorphic loci distributed among 5 linkage groups on chromosomes 1, 3, 4, 6, and 9. On the assumption that most of the polymorphic loci corresponded to introgressed chromosome segments of wild species carrying resistance genes, linkages between these loci and the component resistance genes were examined by RFLP analysis of pairs of near-isogenic lines differing only for one particular resistance gene, and a variety of commercial cultivars having different resistance gene compositions. Two of the polymorphic linkage groups could thus be ascribed to resistance genes whose map positions were already known: Cf2 on chromosome 6 and Tm2a on chromosome 9, whereas another marker, TG301 on chromosome 1, could be assigned to the Cladosporium fulvum resistance gene Cf9 with a hitherto disputable map position. By linkage analysis of a segregating F2 population the genetic distance between the Cf9 gene and the marker TG301 was estimated at 5.5 ± 2.3 cM.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223988
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  • 98
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    Chloroplast and mitochondrial DNA diversity in Theobroma cacao (1993)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 87 (1993), S. 81-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Theobroma cacao ; RFLP ; Mitochondrial genome ; Chloroplast genome ; Diversity study
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The variability of cocoa (Theobroma cacao) cytoplasmic genomes has been investigated. A total of 177 cocoa clones was surveyed for restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) in chloroplast DNA and in mitochondrial DNA using two restriction endonucleases and various heterologous cytoplasmic probes. A high level of polymorphism was found for the mitochondrial genome. This study points up a structuring of the species that fits with the distinction between the Criollo and Forastero populations. In contrast to all previous analyses, a higher level of polymorphism is found among the Criollo clones while the Forastero clones form quite a homogeneous group.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223749
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  • 99
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    Towards an integrated linkage map of common bean (1992)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 84 (1992), S. 186-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Phaseolus vulgaris ; RFLP ; Genetic diversity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Two genomic libraries were established to provide markers to develop an integrated map combining molecular markers and genes for qualitative and quantitative morpho-agronomic traits in common bean. Contrasting characteristics were observed for the two libraries. While 89% of the PstI clones were classified as single-copy sequences, only 21% of the EcoRIBamHI clones belonged in that category. Clones of these two libraries were hybridized against genomic DNA of nine genotypes chosen according to their divergent evolutionary origin and contrasting agronomic traits. Eight restriction enzymes were used in this study. PstI clones revealed 80–90% polymorphism between the Andean and Middle American gene pools and 50–60% polymorphism within these gene pools. However, under the same conditions only 30% of the EcoRI-BamHI clones showed polymorphism between the Middle American and Andean gene pools. Hybridization with PstI clones to EcoRI-, EcoRV-, or HindIII-digested genomic DNA resulted in a cumulative frequency of polymorphism of approximately 80%. Hybridizations to BamHI-, HaeIII-, HinfI-, PstI-, and XbaI-digested genomic DNA detected no additional polymorphisms not revealed by the former three enzymes. In the PstI library, a positive correlation was observed between the average size of hybridizing restriction fragments and the frequency of polymorphism detected by each restriction enzyme. This relationship is consistent with the higher proportion of insertion/deletion events compared with the frequency of nucleotide substitutions observed in that library.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223999
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  • 100
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    Chromosomal rearrangements in the rye genome relative to that of wheat (1993)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 85 (1993), S. 673-680 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Translocations ; Rye ; RFLP ; Genetic maps ; Comparative mapping ; Co-linearity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary An RFLP-based genetic map of Secale Cereale has provided evidence for multiple evolutionary translocations in the rye genome relative to that of hexaploid wheat. DNA clones which have previously been mapped in wheat indicated that chromosome arms 2RS, 3RL, 4RL, 5RL, 6RS, 6RL, 7RS and 7RL have all been involved in at least one translocation. A possible evolutionary pathway, which accounts for the present day R genome relative to the A, B and D genomes of wheat, is presented. The relevance of these results for strategies designed to transfer useful genes from rye, and probably other related species, to wheat is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225004
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