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  • wheat  (539)
  • Lepidoptera  (534)
  • Springer  (1,073)
  • American Meteorological Society
  • 1995-1999  (422)
  • 1990-1994  (651)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 69 (1993), S. 145-155 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Diptera ; crystal proteins ; Cyt proteins ; pathogenesis ; cytotoxicity ; solubility ; receptor binding ; pore formation ; synergism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 2
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 57 (1990), S. 77-83 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Age ; pteridine ; Pectinophora ; Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé En chromatographie liqudde à haute performance (HPLC) à détection par fluorescence, 4 composés ptéridiniques: la xanthoptérine, l'isoxanthoptérine, la 6-bioptérine et la ptérine ont été décelés dans les têtes de P. scutigera Holdaway (Lep. Gelechiidae) adultes. Un autre composé, dénommé ‘xanthoptérine modifiée’, a été décelé aussi dans les têtes de papillons; de même l'isoxanthoptérine a été décelée dans les thorax et abdomens. Les concentrations de ces ptérines ont été dosées dans les têtes des papillons de 2 à 50 jours au laboratoire à 25°C. Les concentrations d'isoxatthoptérine ont été dosées dans les thorax et les abdomens de 2 à 40 jours. La xanthoptérine de la ‘xanthoptérine modifiée’ diminuent nettement avec l'âge, tandis que la ptérine diminue plus lentement et que la 6-bioptérine se maintient pratiquement sans changements. L'isoxanthoptérine diminue dans les têtes de mâles de 38,3 ng/tête à 2 j à 22,7 ng/tête à 50 j, mais chez les femelles les concentrations augmentent nettement de 41,2 ng/tête à 2 j à 150,4 ng/tête à 50 j. Des modifications de même type ont été observées dans les thorax et les abdomens des mâles et des femelles. Les modifications de concentration de la ‘xanthoptérine modifiée’ des têtes de papillons peuvent être utilisées pour évaluer l'âge physiologique de mâles et des femelles de P. scutigera. La confiance dans ces estimations peut être améliorée en se référant aux concentrations d'isoxanthoptérine dans les thorax des mâles et au rapport isoxanthoptérine/‘xanthoptérine modifiée’ dans les têtes de femelles.
    Notes: Abstract The amounts of four pteridine compounds, xanthopterin, isoxanthopterin, 6-biopterin and pterin and a further unidentified substance, termed ‘modified xanthopterin’, were determined in the heads of adult Pectinophora scutigera (Holdaway) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), aged between 2 and 50 days and reared in the laboratory at 25°C. The level of isoxanthopterin was also determined in the thoraces and abdomens of moths aged between 2 and 40 days. The levels of xanthopterin, and ‘modified xanthopterin’ decreased markedly in the heads of males and females with increasing moth age, while those of pterin decreased more slowly and 6-biopterin remained largely unchanged. Isoxanthopterin decreased in male heads from 38.3 ng/head at 2 days to 22.7 ng/head at 50 days, but in females levels increased from 41.2 ng/head at 2 days to 150.4 ng/head at 50 days. Similar changes in the amounts of isoxanthopterin with increasing moth age were observed in male and female thoraces and abdomens. The results are discussed in relation to using pteridine compounds for estimating the physiological age of P. scutigera.
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  • 3
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    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 61 (1991), S. 95-96 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Swammerdamia pyrella ; Lepidoptera ; Yponomeutidae ; (Z)-5-tetradecenyl acetate ; (Z)-7-tetradecenyl acetate ; sex attractant ; field trapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 4
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 71 (1994), S. 185-192 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Indianmeal moth ; semiochemicals ; attraction ; oviposition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Substrates contaminated by wandering fifth instar larvae ofPlodia interpunctella (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) elicit oviposition by conspecific female moths, and larval rearing diet enhances oviposition and also induces upwind flight. Two-choice oviposition assays determined that four-day-old gravid femaleP. interpunctella preferred to lay eggs on dishes containing cornmeal-based rearing diet compared to empty dishes. Pieces of cheesecloth contaminated by fifth instar larvae elicited more oviposition than untreated cheesecloth or dishes with food. The combination of larval contamination and food was preferred over food only or larval contamination only in both two- and four-choice experiments. The factor(s) in larval contamination responsible for eliciting oviposition in female moths was extracted in hexane, confirming that organic semiochemicals are responsible for the effect. The oviposition-eliciting activity of larval contamination was retained on cheesecloth for up to 30 days following treatment with larvae, suggesting the active component(s) is stable and of low relative volatility. In two-choice windtunnel bioassays female moths initiated flight only when rearing food was present in one of the treatments, and they displayed the highest landing responses to a combination of larval contamination and food. Earlier work onP. interpunctella and related pyralid species found that larval contamination due to secretions from the mandibular glands acted as both a spacing pheromone for wandering larvae and as a kairomone for host-seeking parasitoid wasps. The present study suggests that the same or a similar secretion acts as an oviposition-eliciting pheromone for conspecific females.
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  • 5
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 80 (1996), S. 145-148 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: fruit-piercing moths ; Pacific biotypes ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Fabaceae ; Menispermaceae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 6
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 80 (1996), S. 149-151 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Satyridae ; wing pattern induction ; food plant quality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 7
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 80 (1996), S. 152-155 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: predispersal seed predator guild ; Leguminosae ; Bruchidae ; Curculionidae ; Lepidoptera ; intra-and interspecific competition ; Monte Carlo simulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Lepidoptera ; Pieridae ; cabbage ; tritrophic interactions ; semiochemicals ; host-habitat location ; foraging behaviour
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Upon initiating a research project on the role of volatile infochemicals in the tritrophic system Cotesia (= Apanteles) glomerata (L.)-Pieris brassicae (L.)-cabbage, a bioassay was developed to investigate the response of C. glomerata. The bioassay should be effective in terms of high responsiveness and minimum variability and constructed through a comparative approach. Twenty seven treatments, organized in a factorial randomized block design, compared the effect of three bioassay set-ups (glasshouse flight chamber, wind-tunnel and Y-tube olfactometer), three parasitoid age groups (1–2, 4–5 and 8–9 days old females), three pre-treatment experiences (naive, damage experienced and oviposition experienced wasps) and the day-to-day effect on response of C. glomerata to clean cabbage (CC) and planthost complex (PHC) in a dual choice test. The best results with regard to the strength and consistency of response to the PHC were obtained in the glasshouse flight-chamber by 4–5 days old female wasps with either damage or oviposition experience (94 and 90%, respectively). It is therefore recommended as a suitable bioassay for studying the role of volatile infochemicals in host-habitat location by C. glomerata. A day-to-day variation in response was found in the glasshouse and wind-tunnel. It was correlated with the direction of change in barometric pressure within the time period of the experiment, showing that steadily increasing atmospheric pressure yields a significantly higher response than steadily decreasing or fluctuating barometric flux. To control for the day effect it is suggested to conduct further experiments in a block design, having day as a block. Several aspects of the infochemical ecology of C. glomerata are discussed.
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  • 9
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 72 (1994), S. 173-180 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: feeding performance ; diapausing propensity ; genetic correlation ; heritability ; host-range ; insect-plant interactions ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Evolutionary constraints on the ability of herbivores to efficiently use a set of phytochemically similar hosts, while maintaining a high performance on phytochemically different hosts, are central in explaining the predominance of host specialization in phytophagous insects. Such feeding trade-offs could be manifested within insect populations as negative genetic correlations in fitness on different host species. We tested the hypothesis that feeding trade-offs were present within a population of the obliquebanded leafroller,Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris). Components of fitness were measured in families originating from an apple orchard that were fed on four host-plant species in the laboratory. Under the conditions of this experiment, all across-host genetic correlations were strongly positive, suggesting that this population comprised true generalists. With the exception of diapausing propensity, the heritability of the fitness components tended to be lower in caterpillars fed on apple leaves than in insects fed other hosts. This suggests a constraint on the selective response of the fitness components in the orchard environment.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: host suitability ; acceptance ; biological control ; new associations ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; New World ; Old World ; stemborers ; Braconidae ; larval parasitoids ; Gramineae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The present study examined the acceptability and suitability of Old World stemborers (Chilo partellus and C. orichalcociliellus) for the development of New World parasitoids (Apanteles deplanatus and A. minator) and New World stemborers (Diatraea saccharalis and D. grandiosella) for the development of Old World parasitoids (Cotesia sesamiae, C. flavipes and C. chilonis). Results revealed that acceptance and suitability were high in old associations. In new associations, parasitoids accepted about 60% of the new association hosts. In addition, 10 out of 17 new associations were successful. Apanteles species appeared to be more physiologically host specific than Cotesia species. For example, two of four new association hosts were accepted by A. deplanatus and only one (D. saccharalis) was partially suitable for progeny development. Among the Cotesia species, Cotesia flavipes appeared to have a wider host range than the two other species. It attacked all hosts offered and successfully parasitized all but one (D. grandiosella). Diatraea saccharalis was accepted and was a suitable host for the development of all parasitoid species tested, whereas D. grandiosella was unsuitable for the development of four out of five parasitoid species tested. No clear pattern was observed as behavioral acceptance did not always agree with the pattern of physiological suitability. Implications of these findings for importation biological control of stemborers are discussed.
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  • 11
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 91 (1999), S. 237-244 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: host plant range ; sex pheromone ; Ostrinia furnacalis ; Ostrinia latipennis ; Ostrinia nubilalis ; Ostrinia orientalis ; Ostrinia palustralis ; Ostrinia scapulalis ; Ostrinia zaguliaevi ; Ostrinia zealis ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract To contribute to the understanding of the genus Ostrinia (Lepidoptera; Pyralidae) in Japan, we collected larvae of Ostrinia spp. from known host plants and plants not recorded as hosts, and we examined the morphology and sex pheromones of the adults obtained. Consequently, the host plant ranges of the 7 Ostrinia spp. in Japan were clarified, and the sex pheromones of the 5 species O. scapulalis, O. zealis, O. zaguliaevi, O. palustralis and O. latipennis were identified in addition to that of the Asian corn borer O. furnacalis. The phylogenetic relationships of Japanese Ostrinia spp., with reference to the European corn borer O. nubilalis, are discussed based on these findings and results of molecular phylogenetic analyses.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: rice leaffolder ; Cnaphalocrocis medinalis ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate ; (Z)-13-octadecenyl acetate ; (Z)-13-octadecen-1-ol ; octadecyl acetate ; sex pheromone ; attractant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Analysis of ovipositor washings from virgin femaleCnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenée (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) of Indian origin by linked gas chromatography and electroantennography indicated the presence of three electrophysiologically-active compounds. These were identified on the basis of their gas chromatographic retention times and mass spectra as (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate, (Z)-13-octadecenyl acetate and (Z)-13-octadecen-1-ol with (Z)-13-octadecenyl acetate present in amounts of between 0.25 and 1.5 ng per ovipositor and the other two components at less than 10% of this. Trace quantities of octadecyl acetate were identified by mass spectrometry but no electroantennographic responses were observed to this compound. Field trials conducted with a range of blends of the three electrophysiologically-active compounds showed that blends containing between 5% and 30% (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate in (Z)-13-octadecenyl acetate dispensed from either white rubber septa or polythene vials were more attractive to male moths than a virgin female moth. Addition of (Z)-13-octadecen-1-ol reduced attractiveness to male moths in the blends and concentrations tested.
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  • 13
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 91 (1999), S. 59-65 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Mamestra brassicae ; host-finding behaviour ; visual cues ; host-choice ; interaction ; odour ; volatiles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The approach and landing responses of female Mamestra brassicae (L.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to visual cues from artificial plant leaves of different shapes and presence/absence of cabbage plant odour were investigated in a laboratory wind tunnel. The leaves were painted with cadmium yellow colour and observed under dim red light. Females showed oriented flight towards plant odours but landed significantly more often when the odour was presented with an artificial leaf. In three-choice tests, the shape of the leaf targets (circle, square or triangle) did not influence the female response. However, the size of the target did influence the insect response: the females preferred landing on square targets with sides of 5 or 10 cm rather than on the largest target, with sides of 15 cm. The orientation of the target influenced the insects' response: females landed significantly more often on the target positioned vertically than horizontally.
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  • 14
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 75 (1995), S. 67-74 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: cold-hardness ; cold injury ; glycerol ; acclimatization ; dipause ; spruce budworm ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des larves de tordeuse des bourgeons de l’épinette,Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), en début, milieu et fin de diapause (maintenue à 2°C) furent soumises à divers régimes de températures supérieures au point de congélation cellulaire, de façon à déterminer la capacité de l’insecte à survivre à ces températures. Les larves en milieu de diapause furent celles ayant le mieux survécu (proportion des larves émergeant de leur hibernacula après la diapause). Elles furent suivies respectivement par celles en fin et en début de diapause. La suivie larvaire, suite à une exposition à −23°C, fut plus élevée dans le cas des larves préalablement acclimatées aux températures de terrain que dans le cas des larves maintenues à 2°C. Comparativement aux larves non acclimatées sur le terrain, le point de congélation cellulaire des larves acclimatées était inférieur et leur contenu en glycérol était dix fois plus élevé. Cette étude a aussi montré que la mortalité des larves maintenues durant une longue période à −23°C ne fut pas causée par un phénomène de congélation cellulaire mais plutôt par d’autres effets létaux du froid. Les résultats de cette étude sont en accord avec l’hypothèse selon laquelle le glycérol jouerait, en tant que cryoprotectant, un rôle autre que celui d’abaisser les points de congélation cellulaire des insectes du type intolérant au gel. De plus, ces résultats montrent l’importance d’étudier la mortalité induite par les températures situées au-dessus du point de congélation cellulaire durant la diapause de l’insecte.
    Notes: Abstract Spruce budworm larvae,Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in early-, mid- and latediapause (maintained at 2°C), were exposed to various sub-zero temperatures, above the supercooling point, for different periods to determine the insect’s cold-hardiness in terms of non-freeze survival. Larvae which were in the middle of diapause showed the highest survival (percentage of larvae emerging from hibernacula after diapause), followed by larvae in late- and early-diapause respectively. When exposed to −23°C, larvae which were acclimatized to outside air temperatures had a much higher survival than the larvae maintained at 2°C. This survival was correlated with a glycerol content that was ten times higher and a depressed supercooling point in acclimatized larvae compared to lab-maintained larve. Experiments also demonstrated that mortality of the larvae maintained in an extended supercooled state at −23°C was due to cold injury rather than freezing. The present study supports the hypothesis that glycerol may have a cryoprotective role other than depressing the supercooling point in freeze-intolerant insects and highlights the importance of investigating non-freeze mortality during insect diapause.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; codling moth ; mating disruption ; Isomate-C ; tree banding ; organic apples ; biological agriculture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An integrated programme of pheromone-mediated mating disruption using Isomate-C®, post-harvest removal of fruit, and trapping overwintering larvae with cardboard tree bands, was used to control codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in four commercial ‘organic’ apple orchards in Cawston, British Columbia during 1989–1992. One application of 1000 dispensers − 1 on May 1 delivered estimated seasonal totals of 16.6, 16.5 and 19.9 g of E,E-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol [=codlemone] − 1in 1990, 1991 and 1992, respectively, at median rates of 8.4, 8.3, and 13.3 mg · 〈 ha−1 · ha−1 during dusk flight periods of first brood and 5.3, 4.7 and 4.6 mg · − 1· ha−1 in second brood, respectively. Over this 3-year period damage from codling moth at harvest ranged from 0.08 to 2.4%, and averaged 60.7% in these four organic orchards, while damage in five conventional orchards receiving sprays of azinphosmethyl ranged from 0.02 to 1.85%, and averaged 0.5%. Damage in an experimental orchard that was banded only, ranged from 43.5 to 56.7%, and averaged 48.9%. Between 1990 and 1992 cumulative male catches in Pherocon 1-CP wing traps baited with 10 mg of codlemone declined by 52% and densities of overwintering codling moth larvae declined an average of 49.5% in all organic orchards. Overwintering populations in the banded experimental orchard showed an increase of 57.7% during this study period. We conclude that an integrated programme of pheromone-mediated mating disruption, post-harvest fruit removal and tree banding, controls codling moth effectively enough to make organic apple production viable in British Columbia.
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  • 16
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 83 (1997), S. 147-159 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; visual stimuli ; tactile stimuli ; generalist
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A bioassay to test the ovipositional responses of the generalist herbivore, Epiphyas postvittana, was developed, and various non-chemical factors that influenced the laying, and number of eggs laid, by females were tested. In choice experiments using various models, surface texture was found to be an important factor influencing ovipositional behaviour, with females preferring to lay on smoother rather than rougher surfaces. Another surface texture feature that influenced oviposition was a raised wax ridge on a smooth surface. The wax ridge stimulated more eggs to be laid within close proximity to the ridge. Observations of females showed that the increased numbers of eggs laid on models with a wax ridge resulted not from increased landing, time spent, or numbers of eggs laid per ovipositional bout, but rather through an increased probability of ovipositing after landing on models with a wax ridge compared to models without the ridge. Spatial features of the models were also found to influence egglaying by females. Females showed a tendency to lay on the upper rather than the lower surface of models, although this appeared to depend upon how stimulatory the upper surface of the model was. Females also laid more eggs on models with a dense array of leaves than on models with a more spread-out array.
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  • 17
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 75 (1995), S. 257-264 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Agrotis segetum ; Lepidoptera ; mating disruption ; Z5-10:OAc ; Z7-12:OAc ; Z9-14:OAc ; sex pheromone ; pheromone communication
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Attraction of maleAgrotis segetum Dennis & Schiffermüller (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to sex pheromone traps in fields, which were treated with one or three pheromone components was investigated. Small plots of 1/4ha size were treated with synthetic pheromone, released by 25 evenly dispersed latex rubber tube dispensers. The dispensers were loaded with either 500 μg Z5-10:OAc (50 mg/ha), or 1000 μg Z7-12:OAc (100 mg/ha), or a 3-component mixture consisting of 500 μg Z5-10:OAc+1000 μg Z7-12:OAc+1000 μg Z9-14:OAc. Pheromone traps were placed both within and outside of the treated area in a cross design, with an intertrap spacing of 15 m. Release rates from disruption dispensers were measured in the laboratory after being exposed in the field. The release rates of the components were estimated to be 0.44, 0.11, and 0.06 μg/h/dispenser for Z5-10:OAc, Z7-12:OAc and Z9-14:OAc, respectively. The highest effect of disruption was achieved by the three-component blend, resulting in a significant suppression of trap catches extending 5 m outside of the treated area. The Z5-10:OAc treatment resulted in reduced trap catches inside the treated area, but the effect did not extend outside. Z7-12:OAc alone did not result in any significant reduction in trap catch. The results indicate that different mechanisms may explain the disruptive effect of the treatments and that the single pheromone components are not as effective as the three-component blend.
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  • 18
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 76 (1995), S. 37-48 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Pieris brassicae ; Lepidoptera ; Pieridae ; Cotesia glomerata ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; behaviour ; parasitoid ; tritrophic interactions ; kairomone ; synomones ; host instar selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Some parasitoids are restricted with respect to the host stage that they attack and even to a certain age within a stage. In this paper we investigate whether the parasitoidCotesia glomerata can discriminate between old and young caterpillar instars of its host,Pieris brassicae, before contacting these hosts, since contacts with older instars are very risky with a chance of being killed, due to the aggressive defensive behaviour of the caterpillars. Flight chamber dual choice tests showed that volatile chemicals emitted by Brussels sprouts plants (Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera) after feeding damage by 1st and 5th larval instars are equally attractive to the wasps. Simulated herbivore damage by 2nd and 5th larval instars, obtained by treating mechanically damaged leaves with carterpillar regurgitant, was also equally attractive, even when the wasps were exposed to repeated experience on different larval instars to increase their discriminatory ability. In contrast, single choice contact bioassays showed that the time spent searching on a leaf with feeding damage of 1st instar larvae was significantly longer than the time spent on 5th instar feeding damage or on mechanically damaged leaves. Both flight and contact bioassays did not show any effect of egg-related infochemicals. The results demonstrate thatC. glomerata can discriminate between young and old larval instars ofP. brassicae, without contacting the caterpillars. This is not done through volatile herbivore-induced synomones but through cues that are contacted after arrival at a caterpillar-infested leaf.
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  • 19
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 86 (1998), S. 89-96 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: spruce budworm ; amino acids ; chemosensilla ; electrophysiology ; gustation ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An electrophysiological approach was used to record the responses of maxillary styloconic sensilla of fourth- and sixth-instar larvae of the spruce budworm Choristoneura fumiferana to 14 amino acids. One cell in the lateral styloconic sensillum was identified as an amino acid-sensitive neuron. All of the amino acids tested, except l-proline and l-arginine, were detected by this cell. Arginine did not evoke a response from either the medial or lateral styloconic sensilla. Proline evoked responses from a cell in the medial styloconic sensillum. It is known from previous behavioural work that l-proline is a phagostimulant and l-valine inhibits feeding in Choristoneura; we thus further characterized the responses to these two amino acids. For both instars, l-proline was detected as low as 0.001 mmol/l and the maximal response was at 50 mmol/l. Stimulation of fourth- and sixth-instar larvae with l-valine showed that the maximum firing frequency was obtained at 1 mmol/l. Above and below this concentration, firing frequency decreases. Sensory responses to the amino acids stimuli did not correlate with known behavioral responses to similar stimuli.
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  • 20
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 86 (1998), S. 331-336 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: adult diet ; fecundity ; larval phase ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Spodoptera exempta
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 21
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: attraction ; Allium ; EAG ; generations ; green leaf volatiles ; Hyponomeutoidea ; Lepidoptera ; leek moth ; walking behaviour ; olfactory responsiveness ; rearing conditions ; sensitivity variations ; sulphur volatiles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Three strains of the leek moth, Acrolepiopsis assectella, were compared: two reared on leek leaves (Allium porrum) for which generations 10 to 12 (L) or generation 2 (G2) were used, the third one (D) reared on an artificial diet incorporating leek powder, for which generation ca 140 was examined. The walking behaviour (L and D) and the antennal responsiveness (L, G2 and D) were compared between individuals subjected to leek leaf odour and 4 volatiles identified in these leaves: 2 specific sulphur ones (dipropyl thiosulphinate and dipropyl disulphide) and 2 ‘general green leaf volatiles’ (cis-3-hexen-1-ol and trans-2-hexen-1-ol). The walking behavioural thresholds to leek odour, dipropyl thiosulphinate, and cis-3-hexen-1-ol were lower for L than for D females. The chemoanemotactic responses to dipropyl disulphide are almost identical, and trans-2-hexen-1-ol has nearly no activity. Accordingly, the olfactory sensitivity (assessed by EAG) to sulphur volatiles and cis-3-hexen-1-ol was higher for L and G2 females than for D ones. The threshold for thiosulphinate was at a concentration (v/v) of 4 × 10-4 M/l for D females, 4 × 10-5 M/l for L females and 4 × 10-8 M/l for G2 ones. It may be hypothesised that laboratory rearing conditions cause variations in the thresholds of antennal sensitivity and walking behaviour to specific and more efficient leek volatiles. This may result from the selective pressures experienced by the larvae reared in the laboratory.
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  • 22
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 79 (1996), S. 51-59 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; mating disruption ; pest control ; multiple sources ; attraction ; arrestment ; interruption ; range ; (Z)-8-dodecenyl acetate ; (E)-8-dodecenyl acetate ; (Z)-8-dodecanol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The behaviour of Grapholita molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) males was studied in overlapping sex pheromone plumes in a wind tunnel. The ultimate aim of the study was to assess the effect of different treatments on male behaviour and consider the observed changes within the context of the suggested mechanisms underlying mating disruption. Two baits were placed either in series or parallel using both synthetic pheromone blends and female extracts. One bait, the reference containing (Z)-8-dodecenyl acetate/(E)-8-dodecenyl acetate/(Z)-8-dodecenol in a ratio of 100/6/10 was kept constant at a dose of 100 μg of the main component, giving a composition and a release rate close to that of a female. The dose of the other bait varied between 0.1 and 100 times the concentration of the reference and was a mixture of one, two or three pheromone components. Males clearly discriminated between different blends and doses in the overlapping plumes, for regardless if the lures were presented in series or in parallel they followed the complete plume. Complete suppression of the response to the reference was only achieved with 300 μg of the optimal three-component blend on the other lure. When tested singly, a bait consisting of Z8-12:OAc/E8-12:OAc/Z8-12:O Hin a 100/0.2/0.4 ratio, attracted a high proportion of the males when placed 75 cm upwind of the male release site, but no males from 150 cm. Our data suggest that complete pheromone blends should be more effective than any incomplete blends in mating disruption formulations for G. molesta.
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  • 23
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 79 (1996), S. 195-202 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: antifeedant ; drimane ; feeding behaviour ; sensory response ; structure-activity relationship ; neural code ; Pieris brassicae ; Lepidoptera ; Pieridae
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Fifteen drimane compounds were tested for their feeding inhibiting activity in larvae of Pieris brassicae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) when applied to leaf material of the host plant Brassica oleracea L. The antifeedant efficacy of the drimanes was related to their molecular structure in order to identify important functional groups. Of the drimanes tested, those with a lactone group on the B-ring were the most effective feeding inhibitors. Additionally, the sensory responses to 13 of the drimanes were measured. Neural activity was evoked in the deterrent cell in the medial sensillum styloconicum. Also, inhibition of sensory responses to feeding stimulants was found. Results of behavioural and electrophysiological tests were correlated in an attempt to elucidate the sensory code underlying feeding inhibition by drimanes in Pieris brassicae. It was concluded that the response of the deterrent cell in the medial sensillum styloconicum contributes significantly to inhibition of feeding behaviour in larvae of Pieris brassicae.
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  • 24
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 85 (1997), S. 169-175 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Cydia pomonella ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; flight distance ; dispersal ; flight mill ; heritability ; colonisation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Cydia pomonella L. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is considered to be rather sedentary, but some individuals undertake flights of several kilometres in the field. This paper investigates the genetic influence on this variability. The flight capacity was measured in the laboratory by a flight mill and its heritability was estimated for two different strains. The laboratory strain was kept for more than 45 generations and the field strain from Embrach (northern Switzerland) was recently collected in the field. The multiple-trait-restricted-maximum-likelihood method was used for the estimation of genetic variances and covariances. A mixed full-sib/half-sib design was applied for the field strain and a full-sib design for the laboratory strain. The heritability of total distance was 0.57 for the field strain and 0.37 for the laboratory strain (both sexes). In addition, a heritability of 0.38 for total distance was estimated by parent-offspring regression for the laboratory strain. All three values were significantly different from zero P〈0.05 and show that there is a significant additive genetic influence on flight capacity. The genetic correlations between total distance and other flight traits (total duration, flight velocity, longest flight) were between 0.84 and 1.00 for both strains and suggest that these traits actually belong to a single one. High genetic correlations were also found between total distance and the morphological traits body weight and wing length for the field strain, whereas a negative correlation was found between total flight distance and body weight for the laboratory strain. This difference between the two strains was interpreted as a possible trade-off between flight capacity and fecundity.
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  • 25
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 91 (1999), S. 187-194 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: oviposition ; strategy ; catastrophe ; theory ; clutch ; Lepidoptera ; optimization ; dynamic ; bet hedging
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We developed state-dependent life-history theory to explain the variance in clutch size decisions made by insect herbivores under a variety of ecological scenarios. An important aspect of our theory is explicit representation of the distribution of host quality and frequency of occurrence. Examination of the theory suggests that clutch size decisions can be highly non-linear with respect to host quality and variability. We then use our theory to explore the potential for bet-hedging strategies to evolve as a function of unpredictable catastrophic events that decimate entire clutches. Our analysis suggests that the benefits to employing such a strategy will frequently be outweighed by costs brought on by delayed oviposition.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Yponomeutidae ; Plutella xylostella ; parasitoid ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Cotesia plutellae ; foraging behaviour ; wind tunnel
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    Notes: Abstract The braconid Cotesia plutellae is an important larval parasitoid of the diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella), a major pest of crucifers in the tropics and sub-tropics. The in-flight searching behaviour of C. plutellae was investigated in a wind tunnel and the close-range attack behaviour observed in cages. The relative importance of volatile stimuli emanating from the plant-host-complex, oilseed rape (Brassica napus) – P. xylostella, in the long-range attraction of C. plutellae was investigated. Plants that were mechanically damaged, or damaged by P. xylostella larvae, were attractive to the parasitoid. Host-damaged leaves remained attractive to the parasitoid after removal of the host larvae. These results indicate that C. plutellae predominantly uses plant derived stimuli in its in-flight searching behaviour. An oviposition experience or contact with a host-damaged leaf prior to the bioassay significantly increased the response to these volatile cues. The foraging behaviour of C. plutellae is compared with other braconid larval parasitoids attacking lepidopteran hosts on crucifers.
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  • 27
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 79 (1996), S. 227-234 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Helicoverpa zea ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Eucelatoria bryani ; Eucelatoria rubentis ; Diptera ; Tachinidae ; parasitoid competition ; host discrimination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Multiple parasitism of Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) had differential effects on the gregarious endoparasitoids Eucelatoria bryani and E. rubentis (Diptera: Tachinidae). Both species were able to survive in multiparasitized hosts. However while the survival of E. bryani was not affected by the presence of E. rubentis, E. rubentis survival was reduced when competing with 24-h older E. bryani. The presence of E. rubentis did not result in a decrease in the size of E. bryani except when E. rubentis was 24-h older than E. bryani. The presence of E. bryani tended to result in smaller E. rubentis. The presence of similarly aged heterospecific competitors often resulted in prolonged development time for both species. Naïve females did not alter oviposition between unparasitized and heterospecifically parasitized fifth-instar larvae of H. zea, either by ovipositing less frequently in parasitized hosts than unparasitized ones, or by reducing clutch size in parasitized hosts. These results indicate that in H. zea, E. bryani is a superior competitor compared with E. rubentis. These factors should be considered in evaluating the potential of E. bryani and E. rubentis as biological control agents of H. zea.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: in vitro rearing ; Campoletis sonorensis ; Hymenoptera ; Ichneumonidae ; Heliothis virescens ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; artificial medium ; sugars ; amino acids ; proteins ; luminosity ; medium volume
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Campoletis sonorensis is a solitary larval endoparasitoid of several Heliothis spp. pests. This study was carried out to develop media devoid of insect sources for in vitro rearing the parasitoid. Trehalose, lysine, threonine, asparagine, glutamine, hydroxyproline, serine, bovine serum albumin, and lactalbumin were beneficial to C. sonorensis. Addition of fresh chicken egg yolk at a low level improved the artificial media. Addition of 20-hydroxyecdysone increased the molting rate, reduced the critical size at molt and decreased development time. Parasitoid development in vitro was dependent on eggs that had been in the host for at least 22 h. Luminosity was also critical for the development of C. sonorensis in vitro. Optimal development occurred in a L14:D10 photoperiod at 43 Lux light intensity. Utilizing the best media and conditions, 100% of the parasitoid larvae reached the second instar and over 37% molted to the third instar. However, no further development occurred.
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  • 29
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 86 (1998), S. 313-318 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Ostrinia palustralis ; sex pheromone ; identification ; (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate ; (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract By means of gas chromatography with electroantennographic detection, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and a series of bioassays, (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (E11-14:OAc) and (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (Z11-14:OAc) at a ratio of 99:1 were identified as female sex pheromone components of Ostrinia palustralis. The average amounts of E11- 14:OAc and Z11-14:OAc in a single sex pheromone gland were 37.2±24.4 ng and 0.3±0.2 ng, respectively. In a wind-tunnel bioassay, the binary blend of E11- and Z11-14:OAc elicited the same male behavioral responses as did virgin females.
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 88 (1998), S. 1-7 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lobesia botrana ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; fungus ; Botrytis cinerea ; attraction ; olfaction ; gustation ; olfactometer ; larval behaviour
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    Notes: Abstract In vineyards, larvae of Lobesia botrana (Denis and Schiffermüller) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) and Botrytis cinerea (Persoon: Fries) often occur together. This study was carried out to establish whether first instar larvae are attracted by the fungus. Olfactory and gustatory responses of larvae to the fungus were investigated on grape berry clusters (Vitis vinifera) and in two types of olfactometer. In clusters infected partly by B. cinerea, 82% of first instar larvae settled where berries had been infected. In the olfactometers, first instar larvae detected and discriminated between two tested foods. They significantly preferred synthetic media or grape berries (cv., 'Alphonse Lavallée' or 'Cabernet Sauvignon') infected with B. cinerea to non-infected controls. The olfactory response led to 62.2% to 72.6% of the first instar larvae attracted by the fungus and the association of olfactory with gustatory responses resulted in similar rates (64.1% to 81.6%). So, the larvae were most attracted by synthetic media or grape berries infected by the fungus as compared to the controls. Olfaction appears to be the main sense involved in this attraction process.
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  • 31
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 72 (1994), S. 25-31 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: diapause induction ; photoperiod ; temperature ; Phyllonorycter blancardella ; spotted tentiform leafminer ; Lepidoptera ; Gracillariidae
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The role of photoperiod and temperature in the induction of overwintering diapause inPhyllonorycter blancardella (F.) (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) was examined in the laboratory and field using leafminers from commercial apple orchards in Ontario, Canada.P. blancardella exhibited a long-day response to photoperiod: long daylengths resulted in uninterrupted development whereas short daylengths induced diapause. The estimated critical photoperiod for diapause induction was L14.25∶D9.75. The larvae of leafminers destined to enter diapause took ca. 3× longer to complete development than the larvae of non-diapausing leafminers. The development prolonging effect of photoperiod decreased with decreasing daylength. Temperature modified the diapause inducing effect of photoperiod. At L14.25∶D9.75, diapause incidence was similar at 15 and 20°C but was lower at 25°C. Photoperiod also altered the normal relationship between development rate and temperature. At L14.25∶D9.75, the duration of larval development of diapausing leafminers was similar at 15, 20 and 25°C. Temperature alone is unlikely to have a role in the induction of diapause because leafminers exposed to natural late summer and fall temperature regimes and L16∶D8 did not enter diapause.
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  • 32
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Gelechiidae ; Pectinophora gossypiella ; cotton ; pheromone ; wind tunnel ; attraction
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The mechanisms by which the application of formulated pheromone interferes with mating in the pink bollworm moth (PBW), Pectinophora gossypiella were examined in 0.4 ha cotton fields using high-dose (78 mg A.I.) sealed polyethylene dispensers. Walk-in, field wind tunnels 6.2 m long were placed over two rows of cotton. Treatments consisted of a control, a tunnel in a field free of disruptant formulation; a 3-rope treatment, in which the field was free of pheromone but one of the cotton rows in the wind tunnel was treated with 3 PBW ropes; and a rope-grid treatment, in which the field was treated with PBW ropes at the standard density of 1000 ha−1 and one of the cotton rows inside the wind tunnel was treated with 3 PBW ropes. We released marked males into the tunnels near sunset or held them in field cages for 24 h prior to assay. Two pheromone traps at the tunnel's upwind end monitored the ability of males to locate point sources of pheromone. In the 3-rope tunnel, traps placed upwind of the cotton row treated with disruptant pheromone captured far fewer males than those placed upwind of the untreated cotton row. In the tunnel situated in the centre of the rope-gridded field, very few males were caught in traps in both rows, indicating a camouflage of the pheromone plumes from the traps by the background of airborne disruptant drawn into the tunnel from the field. Activity of moths near the synthetic pheromone sources was video-recorded. Males oriented to, landed on or near, and walked on or near, PBW ropes, indicating competition between pheromone sources as a mechanism of mating disruption. Most males visiting PBW ropes became quiescent or disappeared from the field of view after a few minutes, suggesting a habituation/adaptation of response. The rhythm of attraction of males held in the field for 24 h before release was comprised of a small peak of activity near 2000 h, with the majority of attraction between 2300 and 0300 h. Much of the attraction before 0100 appears to be an advancement of the male's normal diel rhythm, caused by the presence of disruptant. Together these findings indicate that mating disruption of pink bollworm using the PBW ropes is achieved by a combination of mechanisms: a camouflage of natural plumes, competition between pheromone sources, habituation, and some advancement of the male's rhythm of response.
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 80 (1996), S. 15-18 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: pheromone-binding protein ; general odorant-binding protein ; sensillum trichodeum ; sensillum basiconicum ; Lepidoptera ; immunocytochemistry
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  • 34
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Ectomyelois ceratoniae ; carob moth ; host-finding ; Phoenix dactylifera ; dates ; gas chromatography-electrophysiology ; mass spectrometry ; wind tunnel ; attraction ; volatiles ; headspace
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Four volatile compounds emitted from fungus-infected date fruit,Phoenix dactylifera L., were identified using coupled gas chromatographic-electroantennographic recordings, coupled gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis, electroantennographic assays of synthetic standards, and wind tunnel bioassays. These compounds were ethyl hexanoate, ethanol, acetaldehyde, and 2-phenylethanol. Wind tunnel bioassays showed that ethyl hexanoate was capable of stimulating upwind flight and landing on the source by mated female carob moths,Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Zeller). Addition of both ethanol and acetaldehyde to ethyl hexanoate resulted in an increase in attraction to a level similar to that found for date fruits. No such effect was noted for additions of 2-phenylethanol at the dosages tested. In this study, it appears that ethyl hexanoate is a dominant olfactory stimulant and attractant for mated female carob moths, and represents a novel compound with regard to previously identified lepidopteran host odor attractants.
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  • 35
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 74 (1995), S. 71-82 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Spodoptera littoralis ; oviposition ; deterrents ; feeding ; larval experience ; induction ; selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Females ofSpodoptera littoralis Boisd. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) with different feeding experiences during their larval development were tested for their ovipositional response to methanol extracts of larval frass and semisynthetic diets. The effect of the following frass, diet and diet component extracts was tested: (a) frass fromS. littoralis orAgrotis segetum larvae fed on a potato-based diet; (b) frass fromS. littoralis larvae fed on a wheat germ-based diet; (c) potato and wheat germ-based diets; and (d) potatoes and wheat germ. Ovipositing females without prior experience of the potato diet were deterred by extracts of: (1) larval frass from either species fed on potato diet; (2) the potato-based diet; (3) potato. Also females with experience of the potato diet during only a part of their larval development were deterred from oviposition by frass of larvae reared on the potato diet and by the diet itself. However, for females reared on the potato diet for their entire larval development, oviposition was no longer deterred by either of the three extracts listed above. Extracts of: (1) frass from larvae of either species reared on wheat germ diet: (2) the wheat germ diet; or (3) wheat germ did not significantly affect oviposition. Females with ablated antennae were still deterred by frass extracts from larvae fed on potato diet, when they had been reared on the wheat germ diet. In feeding experiments, larvae of larval stage one and of larval stage three-four reared on either of the two diets preferred to feed on the wheat germ diet. However, the preference was significantly stronger for larvae with no prior contact with the potato diet. The effect of larval experience on the loss of oviposition-deterring activity by extracts of larval frass, diets and diet components is discussed in view of induction and selection.
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  • 36
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 74 (1995), S. 115-119 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: wheat ; aphids ; hydroxamic acids ; DIMBOA ; DIMBOA-glucoside ; EPG ; electrical penetration graph ; feeding deterrents ; antixenosis ; plant resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Feeding behaviour of five species of cereal aphids in wheat seedlings differing in hydroxamic acid (Hx) levels, was monitored via electrical penetration graphs (EPG). Aphid species could be grouped as sensitive to the feeding deterrent effect of Hx in the seedlings (Rhopalosiphum padi, Schizaphis graminum, Sitobion avenae, andMetopolophium dirhodum) or insensitive to them (Rhopalosiphum maidis). However, when feeding behaviour was studied in artificial diets containing Hx, all species were equally sensitive to Hx. The behavour ofR. maidis was further compared with that ofR. padi through detailed EPG analysis. It was found that the insensitivity ofR. maidis to Hx in seedlings may be due to a feeding strategy avoiding contact with the compounds by decreasing the number of cellular punctures in live tissues other than sieve elements during its way to the phloem.
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 74 (1995), S. 125-135 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; brownheaded leafroller ; pheromone ; orientation ; Epiphyas postvittana
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A sex pheromone-baited delta trap was found to be inefficient at eliciting landing and entering of the trap by maleCtenopseustis obliquana. The inefficiency of the delta trap related to turbulence altering the pheromone plume and the concomitant effect on the flight manoeuvres of male moths. In the wind tunnel, high proportions of males flew upwind and landed on the sides, outside, of the trap, but only a relatively small proportion of these males entered the trap and contacted the sticky surface. When males approached the delta trap, they tended to fly in wide zigzags (i.e., large inter-track reversal distances) and at an altitude near the top of the trap, where the trap was relatively narrow in width (compared to the bottom). Thus, these flight manoeuvres largely precluded males from entering the trap. Greater numbers of male moths entered the trap when: (i) the front barriers of the delta trap were removed, (ii) pheromone dosage was increased to 300 μg, and (iii) the trap design was changed to a rectangular one. The first two changes appeared to influence the flight manoeuvres of males (who appeared to fly with narrower inter-track reversal distances), while the third change apparently did not affect the glight manoeuvres of males, but rather allowed more males to enter the trap because of the greater area of the entrance. The low trap catches of maleC. obliquana in the field are also a consequence of the glue which is currently used. After contact with this glue most males are able to escape, flying off the sticky surface and losing contact with the pheromone. A field trial found that delta traps with another glue caught more than three times the number of males of the related tortricid moth,Epiphyas postvittana, than delta traps with the currently used glue.
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  • 38
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; Platynota idaeusalis ; mating disruption ; leafroller ; apple
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    Notes: Abstract Mating disruption treatments for the tufted apple bud moth (TABM),Platynota idaeusalis (Walker), were tested in small plot trials in apple orchards in Pennsylvania. Treatments were evaluated by fruit injury and by capture of male TABM in traps baited with synthetic pheromone sources or virgin females. The TABM pheromone is a two component isomeric blend ofE-11-tetradecen-1-ol (E11-14:OH) andE-11-tetradecenyl acetate (E11-14:Ac). A 50∶50 ratio of these two components was used in standard monitoring septa and in mating disruption treatments released from either hollow fibers (‘fiber’) or PVC tubes (‘PVC’). Other pheromone blends tested included a 90∶10 ratio of E11-14: Ac and E11-14:OH (‘EAc’) and its reverse (‘EOH’), mixture ‘EAc’ with 30% of the Z-isomers (‘low AEc’), and a blend similar to the preceding with 2% Z9-12:Ac (‘generic’). These other blends were released from multi tube tape (‘tape’) or Shin-Etsu type rope (‘rope’) dispensers. Seasonal dispenser release rate in mg ha−1 h−1 was ca. 30 for the ‘rope’ dispensers, 14 for ‘PVC’ and 6 for ‘fiber’. ‘EAc-tape’ and ‘EOH-tape’ were equally effective in reducing catches of males in traps baited with synthetic lures and in traps baited with virgin females. Both treatments also reduced fruit injury. ‘EAc-rope’, ‘fiber’ and ‘PVC’ also were generally effective; whereas, the ‘low EAc’ and ‘generic’ treatments reduced trap capture less than 90% and did not reduce fruit injury. Dispenser density was positively correlated with reduction in trap capture for the ‘low EAc-rope’ and ‘genericrope’ treatments. Traps loaded with ‘fiber’ dispensers captured more male TABM than the other treatments in non-pheromone permeated environments. Trap capture of other tortricids was reduced in pheromone treatments. ‘EAc-rope’ and the ‘TABM’ treatments provided mean (s.e.) percent reduction in trap catch of 99.5 (0.4) and 42.9 (10.1), respectively, for the redbanded leafroller,Argyrotaenia velutinana (Walker), and 90.4 (6.8) and 90.4 (1.3), respectively, for the obliquebanded leafroller,Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris).
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 74 (1995), S. 283-294 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: hypersensitivity ; Hessian fly ; plant resistance ; wheat
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Hessian flyMayetiola destructor (Say) larvae are able to obtain food from their host plant without inflicting mechanical damage to the plant surface, apparently by secreting substances which elicit release of nutrients from plant cells surrounding the feeding site. Cells of fully susceptible plants retain their normal appearances, while in resistant plants extensive areas of cellular collapse occur. These responses indicate that hypersensitivity is the basis of wheat's resistance to the Hessian fly. The fly's feeding mechanism more closely resembles that of a pathogen than of a phytophagous insect; correspondingly, both the genetic relationship and resistance mechanism of the host plant to the parasite are of the sorts commonly associated with bacterial and fungal pathogens.
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 92 (1999), S. 53-62 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; host selection ; correlation ; lightbrown apple moth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract The polyphagous leafroller moth, Epiphyas postvittana, is a pest of many fruit crops in New Zealand. Since the larva is highly mobile, host selection in this insect may involve both the adult female and the larva. In order to test the relative importance of the adult female and the neonate larva in the selection of host plants, the ovipositional preferences of females, and the preferences or acceptances of neonate larvae towards 26 plant species, consisting of 15 plants considered hosts and 11 not considered hosts, were investigated. In the ovipositional tests, the mean preferences of females for hosts and non-hosts were very similar. In contrast, larvae showed a significantly greater mean preference or acceptance towards hosts than to non-hosts, in both choice and no-choice bioassays, respectively. There were highly significant correlations between the preferences and acceptances of larvae for plants in the choice and no-choice tests. In the no-choice tests, there was a highly significant correlation between the acceptances of neonate larvae towards plants after one and three days (i.e., acceptances changed little over time). Moreover, in these no-choice tests, there was a significant negative correlation between larval acceptance at 1 day and larval mortality after 3 days; that is, the less acceptable a given plant at 1 day, the more likely larvae would fail to establish, feed, and survive on it by three days. Female and larval preferences towards the various plants were also negatively correlated. Together, these data suggest that the selection of a plant for the neonate larva to feed on is largely governed by the preferences of the larva, rather than by the preferences of the female. However, selection of a plant for oviposition by the female, may be important in host selection for reasons unrelated to larval preferences, for example, by encouraging dispersal, perhaps to other plant species, of the neonate larvae and thereby decreasing intersibling competition.
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  • 41
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 75 (1995), S. 175-181 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Eucelatoria bryani ; Diptera ; Tachinidae ; Helicoverpa zea ; Heliothis virescens ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; host-parasitoid relationship ; fecundity ; progeny allocation
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We examined longevity, fecundity, and oviposition strategies ofEucelatoria bryani Sabrosky (Diptera: Tachinidae), a gregarious endoparasitoid ofHelicoverpa zea (Boddie) andHeliothis virescens (F.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Longevity of adult femaleE. bryani was not related to body size. In contrast to longevity, largerE. bryani females had greater potential fecundity than smaller females, as determined by the number of embryonated eggs present in the common oviduct. However, female parasitoid size did not affect primary clutch size (number of eggs deposited in a host). Because embryos in eggs located in the ovisac were larger than those located elsewhere in the common oviduct, maximum primary clutch size may be physiologically limited by the number of fully mature eggs a female has available at one time.E. bryani females adjusted primary clutch size in response to host size, for bothH. zea andH. virescens. This adjustment appears to be adaptive because females did not overexploit hosts by depositing more larvae than a host could support. Adult emergence was not related to host size. Although host weight positively influencedE. bryani progeny weight, increases in progeny size with host size were counterbalanced by increases in primary clutch size with host size.
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  • 42
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 83 (1997), S. 171-180 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: within-plant heterogeneity ; tent caterpillars ; temperature ; circular statistics ; Lepidoptera ; Yponomeutidae
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    Notes: Abstract The caterpillars of Yponomeuta mahalebella Latr. (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae) are monophagous on Prunus mahaleb (Rosaceae) leaves. Adult females deposit eggs in batches, which determines larval gregarious behaviour. Coupled with gregarious behaviour, caterpillars spin silk tents within they will feed until pupation. Distribution of tents in the field, their effect in microenvironmental larval growth conditions and the consequences for adult body mass and survival of larvae were studied. There was a significant trend for tents to be placed with a southward orientation. Within-plant tent orientation was related to the sun-shade pattern experienced, which was the main effect determining thermal differences between the inside and the outside of the tent. These differences appeared to affect larval growth and survival, with higher survival of larvae and heavier adults emerging from tents oriented to the south-east and east, respectively.
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  • 43
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 83 (1997), S. 347-360 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: dispersal ; Lepidoptera ; Mamestra brassicae ; mortality ; Noctuidae ; parasitism ; predation ; survival rate ; white cabbage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The mortality of eggs, larvae and pupae and larval dispersal of the cabbage moth, Mamestra brassicae (L.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) was investigated in a series of small-scale field experiments in white cabbage, Brassicae oleracea var. capitata (L.), and in the laboratory during 1990–1992 in south–eastern Norway. The highest mortality was found in young larvae and in hibernating pupae. In 1990, larval mortality in the first instar was 80% (range 9–97% for the individual cohorts). Most larvae died within the first 1–3 days after hatching. The dispersal activity during these days was high, and failure to establish feeding sites and predation were probably the main mortality causes. Pupal mortality during winter was 90% on average for 1990–1993 (range 81–100%). The main mortality factor was probably unfavourable weather conditions, and indications of cold stress were found. The impact from parasitoids and diseases was generally low. Trichogramma semblidis (Aurivillius) (Trichogrammatidae) was reared from M. brassicae eggs in very low numbers in 1991. Larval parasitism increased from 〈 1% in 1990 to almost 24% in 1992, and was almost totally caused by the braconids Microplitis mediator (Haliday) and Aleiodes (Aleiodes) sp. Predation of frozen larvae on the soil surface was 75% on average (range 63–96%) during 1990–1992 in first instar larvae and decreased gradually with larval age. The consumption rates of Philonthus atratus (Gravenhorst) (Staphylinidae) and the carabids Bembidion tetracolum (Say), Pterostichus melanarius (Illiger) and Harpalus rufipes (Degeer) on M. brassicae eggs and larvae were investigated in non-choice experiments in the laboratory. A preliminary survival model based on estimates of the mortality factors identified in this study is presented.
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  • 44
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 76 (1995), S. 295-302 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Pieris rapae ; Lepidoptera ; Pieridae ; Tropaeolum majus ; nasturtium ; feeding deterrent ; habituation ; cardenolide ; wheat germ diet
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Sensitivity of the cabbage butterfly,Pieris rapae L. to feeding deterrents was compared for larvae reared on different food sources under laboratory conditions. Since cabbage-reared larvae normally reject nasturtium,Tropaeolum majus L., the effects of previous exposure to allelochemicals on larval acceptance or rejection of this plant were also examined. When compared with cabbage-reared larvae, nasturtium-reared larvae were less sensitive to feeding deterrents including cymarin, erysimoside and 2-O-β-d-glucosyl cucurbitacin E. Nasturtium-reared larvae were insensitive to chlorogenic acid, which was deterrent to cabbage-reared larvae. Feeding by larvae reared on a wheat germ diet was not deterred by these compounds. The results indicate that dietary experience can extensively affect larval sensitivity to feeding deterrents and that cross habituation of larvae to deterrents occurs in response to certain chemical constituents of nasturtium and wheat germ diet. Digitoxin, however, proved to be an exception. Larvae reared on either nasturtium or wheat germ diet were as sensitive to digitoxin as those reared on cabbage. Previous results have shown that rejectionof nasturtium by cabbage-reared larvae is due to the presence of strong feeding deterrents in this plant. However, more than 50% of 2nd instar larvae reared from neonate on cabbage leaves treated with strophanthidin, cymarin, erysimoside, digitoxigenin and digitoxin accepted nasturtium as a food source. 2-O-β-d-glucosyl cucurbitacin E, 2-O-β-d-glucosyl cucurbitacin I and rutin were also active in causing larvae to feed on nasturtium. Thus dietary exposure to unrelated plant chemicals can profoundly affect insect acceptance of a plant that contains feeding deterrents.
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  • 45
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 84 (1997), S. 207-219 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: behavior ; feeding ; movement ; walking ; endotoxin ; Lepidoptera
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    Notes: Abstract Behavioral responses of individual lightbrown apple moth, Epiphyas postvittana (Walker), neonate larvae to Dipel or the Bacillus thuringiensis delta endotoxins CryIAc and CryIBa incorporated into artificial diets were measured in choice and no-choice treatments. Frass production and the spinning of silken shelters were delayed when larvae were given diets containing Dipel or Bt endotoxins. In choice treatments larvae did not exhibit an initial preference for control diets over diets with Dipel or Bt endotoxins but accumulated on control diets over a period of days, apparently because larvae that first settled on Dipel or endotoxin diets abandoned diets while larvae that fed on control diets remained on diets throughout the experiment. Abandonment of diets containing Dipel or endotoxins was also apparent in no-choice treatments. Larvae exposed to such diets were more likely to be observed walking or at different sites from one observation to the next, and produced frass and silken feeding shelters at multiple sites rather than a single site. The implications of these findings for the use of B. thuringiensis as a commercial spray or for the use of B. thuringiensis endotoxin genes as resistance factors to be expressed in transgenic apples are discussed.
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  • 46
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 77 (1995), S. 239-250 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: diamondback moth ; Lepidoptera ; Plutellidae ; Steinernema ; Heterorhabditis ; relative humidity ; biological control
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    Notes: Abstract We investigated the ability of entomopathogenic nematodes to infect diamondback moth (DBM),Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) on a leaf surface. In a leaf disk assay, mortality of late stage DBM larvae ranged from 〈7% caused bySteinernema kushidai Mamiya to 〉95% caused byS. carpocapsae (Weiser) All strain. LC50 values forS. carpocapsae, S. riobravis Cabanillas, Poinar & Raulston, andHeterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar NC1 strain were 14.6, 15.4, and 65.4 nematodes/larva, respectively.S. carpocapsae, S. riobravis, andH. bacteriophora caused 29%, 33%, and 14% mortality of DBM pupae, respectively. DBM mortality caused byS. carpocapsae on radish declined at low (〈76%) to moderate (76–90%) RH, because nematode survival and infectivity declined at low (〈76%) to moderate (76–90%) RH. However, DBM mortality caused byS. riobravis did not decline with RH.S. riobravis survival declined with RH, but infectivity did not. Overall, nematode survival and infectivity to DBM larvae were lower forS. riobravis than forS. carpocapsae. In addition, DBM mortality was higher on radish plants (pubescent leaves) than on cabbage plants (glaborous leaves).
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  • 47
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: insect ; parasitoid ; protein ; free amino acid ; cadmiun ; lead ; copper ; zinc ; Lepidoptera ; Hymenoptera
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    Notes: Abstract Heavy metal contamination of the forest pest insect Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera; Lymantriidae), the gypsy moth, can alter its haemolymph composition, as has already been shown for carbohydrates and lipids in recent studies. L. dispar larvae are frequently parasitized by Glyptapanteles liparidis (Bouché) (Hymenoptera; Braconidae) larvae, which can—to some extent—regulate the population size of the pest insect. The parasitoids feed on the haemolymph of L. dispar larvae; hence, a different haemolymph composition of the host alters the trophic situation of the parasitoids. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether metal contamination also affects the concentrations of free amino acids in L. dispar haemolymph, and protein concentrations in their haemolymph and tissue. L. dispar larvae were parasitized on the first day of the second instar and then reared on diets contaminated with Cd, Pb, Cu or Zn at two concentrations each. Haemolymph and total body tissue of the larvae (fourth instar/third day) were analyzed. The concentrations of the free amino acids were elevated in five out of the eight contamination groups (Cd6, Pb4, Cu6, Cu10, Zn60), whereas haemolymph protein concentrations were significantly reduced in all contaminated individuals. The haemolymph protein concentration was 18 mg/ml in the control group and decreased to less than 10 mg/ml due to cadmium and zinc contamination at both concentrations and in the low copper contamination group. In contrast, total body proteins (136 μg/mg dry weight in the control group) were elevated due to heavy metal stress. Analyses of haemolymph protein concentrations during the fourth instar demonstrated an increase of the proteins from day one to day four (followed by a decrease on the fifth day) in the control group and the cadmium contamination group. A steady increase of proteins from the first to the fifth day in the copper and zinc contaminated larvae indicated a retarded development in these groups. Thus, the present study along with other recent studies demonstrated, that heavy metal stress changes the concentrations of all main haemolymph compounds of L. dispar larvae.
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  • 48
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 81 (1996), S. 307-313 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: feeding deterrents ; desensitization ; habituation ; azadirachtin ; neem ; Spodoptera litura ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae
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    Notes: Abstract The deterrence of azadirachtin, in its pure form and as a constituent of neem seed extract, to fifth instar Spodoptera litura (Fab.) larvae, was measured using cabbage, Brassica oleraceae (L.) var. capitata, leaf disc assays. Paired-choice assays, in which larvae could choose between feeding on a treated (1.3 ng azadirachtin per square cm leaf area) or an untreated leaf disc for 2 h, were conducted at 24 h intervals throughout the fifth instar. In addition, no-choice assays, in which larvae could feed on only one leaf disc (10 ng azadirachtin per square cm leaf area) for 1.5 h, were conducted consecutively over a six hour period at the beginning of the fifth instar. The effects of hunger and habituation on desensitization in our no-choice tests were partitioned. After repeated exposures, larvae became desensitized to pure azadirachtinal in both choice and no-choice tests, but did not desensitize to neem containing the same absolute amount of azadirachtin in choice tests. Hunger was responsible for approximately one third of the desensitization response in the no-choice tests. Sensitivity to azadirachtin was independent of age within the fifth instar.
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  • 49
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Plodia interpunctella ; Indian meal moth ; pheromone components ; GC-EAD ; stored-product pest ; behaviour ; flight tunnel ; trapping ; Ephestia kuehniella
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Pheromone gland extracts from calling female Plodia interpunctella contained at least seven compounds that consistently elicited electroantennographic responses from male antennae upon gas chromatographic analysis. Three of these compounds were found to be the previously identified gland constituents, i.e., (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadienyl acetate (Z9,E12-14:OAc), (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadienal (Z9,E12-14:Ald) and (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadienol (Z9,E12-14:OH). A fourth EAD-active compound was identified as (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate (Z9-14:OAc). The homologue (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate (Z11-16:OAc) was also identified in the extracts, but showed no EAD activity. The identity of all five compounds was confirmed by comparison of GC retention times and mass spectra with those of synthetic standards. In flight tunnel tests there were no significant differences in response of male P. interpunctella to the bait containing all four EAD-active compounds and the responses to female gland extacts. A behavioural assay of different two-compound blends in the flight tunnel showed that only addition of the corresponding aldehyde to the major pheromone component Z9,E12-14:OAc raised the male response. A subtractive assay, however, revealed that the exclusion of any of the compounds from the complete four-compound blend reduced its activity significantly. We thus conclude that the female-produced sex pheromone of P. interpunctella consists of at least four components, i.e., Z9,E12-14:OAc, Z9,E12-14:Ald, Z9,E12-14:OH and Z9-14:OAc. In a field trapping test performed in a storage facility, the four-component blend attracted significantly more males of P. interpunctella than traps baited with Z9,E12-14:OAc alone. In contrast, the highest number of Ephestia kuehniella males was found in the traps baited with this major component, suggesting that the secondary pheromone components contribute to the species specificity of the blend.
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  • 50
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 87 (1998), S. 209-209 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Chrysodeixis chalcites ; EAG ; electroantennography ; electrophysiology ; greenhouse cultures ; Lepidoptera ; mating disruption ; Noctuidae ; paprika ; pheromone distribution ; sex pheromones ; sweet pepper
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Mating disruption using pheromone dispensers is an emerging insect control method in greenhouses in the Netherlands. For routine measurements of the pheromone level in greenhouses a portable and compact device based on electroantennography (EAG) was developed. The instrument was tested in different greenhouses under varying conditions using antennae of males of the noctuid moth Chrysodeixis chalcites. Relative differences in pheromone concentration between greenhouses loaded with pheromone dispensers and control greenhouses could be measured in a reliable way. Changes in pheromone concentration were clearly demonstrated by measurements during the growing season. The advantages of the instrument presented over previously described devices are its true portableness, ease of use and uncomplicated measuring principle. The device can be operated routinely by non-experts, and many measurements can be made in a short period of time. Preliminary outdoor measurements using antennae of male Cydia pomonella as sensor showed the potential of the instrument for use in the open field. The portable EAG sensor described here may provide a practical means for monitoring pheromone concentration and dispersal from dispensers applied for mating disruption.
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  • 51
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 90 (1999), S. 131-140 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; avocadofurans ; Spodoptera exigua ; avocado ; idioblast ; oil cell ; food preference
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We examined the effect of two avocadofurans, 2-(pentadecyl)furan and 2-(heptadecyl)furan, from avocado idioblast oil cells on maturation and larval feeding behavior of a generalist insect herbivore, Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Experiments were conducted using two larval sizes: early-stadium larvae refer to those larvae from experiments initiated with neonates while late-stadium larvae refer to those larvae from experiments initiated with third instars. In order to use selected sublethal doses for developmental and behavioral studies on early- and late-stadium larvae, log-dose probit lines were determined using diet incorporation bioassays. Both avocadofurans had similar toxicities to early-stadium larvae [LC50=2.2 and 1.9 μmoles/g of diet for 2-(pentadecyl)furan and 2-(heptadecyl)furan, respectively] and late-stadium larvae (LC50=3.0 and 3.4 μmoles/g of diet, respectively). In diet bioassays extending from egg hatch to adult emergence, the avocadofurans significantly prolonged larval developmental times and reduced S. exigua pupal weights. In 7 d no-choice bioassays initiated with cohorts of newly-molted third instars, the avocadofurans significantly reduced larval weights at various sublethal concentrations (below LC50 values). To test larval feeding deterrence effects of these avocadofurans, choice tests were conducted using early and older instar larvae. A significantly higher proportion of early-stadium larvae preferred control diet over diet treated with either avocadofuran at several sublethal concentrations. Similarly, choice tests with late-stadium larvae showed greater proportions of larvae on control diet than treated diet even at concentrations below the LC50. Moreover, late-stadium larvae consumed significantly more of the control diet than the treated diet. Thus, the avocadofurans may act as feeding deterrents as well as toxicants in plant protection against non-adapted insect herbivores.
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  • 52
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 68 (1993), S. 59-69 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: oviposition ; Pieris rapae ; Pieris napi oleracea ; Cruciferae ; Lepidoptera ; Pieridae ; stimulant ; deterrent ; insect-plant interaction ; host range
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Oviposition responses ofPieris rapae L. andP. napi oleracea Harris to nine crucifers, one Capparidaceae and one Tropaeolaceae were directly compared under controlled conditions. Chemical fractions from these plants were also tested on both insects for the presence of oviposition stimulants or deterrents. The results showed that plant chemistry is a key factor in differential selection of potential hosts by thesePieris species. Some plant species were equally acceptable to bothPieris species. However,P. rapae preferred cabbage over most test plants whereasP. napi oleracea strongly preferred plant species that were avoided byP. rapae. The observed preferences were explained in most cases by the presence of stimulants and deterrents in extracts of the plants. The twoPieris species have apparently evolved differential sensitivities to the chemical stimuli that trigger or deter oviposition. The balance of positively and negatively interpreted sensory signals evoked by plant chemicals obviously plays an important role in acceptance or rejection of a plant by both species. The role of specific glucosinolates and differing structure-activity relationships is suggested.
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  • 53
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 77 (1995), S. 323-334 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; Epiphyas postvittana ; orientation ; movement ; colour ; stemmata
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract When neonate larvae of a leafroller moth,Epiphyas postvittana (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) were released into the middle of a circular arena with blue paper on one side of the arena and apple foliage on the other side, more larvae walked towards the apple foliage. These oriented responses were enhanced, in terms of the number of larvae responding, by increasing the amount of light reflected from or transmitted through apple foliage. Larvae also responded to painted targets, and specifically to targets reflecting light in the region of 470–570 nm (green-yellow region to the human eye). When the amount of 470–570 nm reflected from targets was reduced, numbers of larvae responding to targets decreased. The addition of 400–500 nm reflected light to 470–570 nm reflected light also resulted in a reduction of oriented responses to targets. Tests using neutral colours (white, black, and a series of greys) indicated that, in the absence of targets reflecting primarily in the 470–570 nm region, larvae oriented towards targets with low levels of reflectance. When the orientation of walking larvae was measured at various distances from targets of different colours or diameters, targets subtending 5–8 degrees elicited responses from 50% of all larvae. Behaviour other than walking was also influenced by visual stimuli: fewer larvae spun down on a silken thread when blue paper was placed beneath a walking platform than when brown or green papers were present.
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  • 54
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 77 (1995), S. 347-350 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: inhibition ; sex attractant ; Recurvaria nanella ; R. leucatella ; (3E)-3-tetradecenyl acetate ; (3E, 5Z)-3,5-tetradecadienyl acetate ; (5Z)-5-tetradecenyl acetate ; Lepidoptera ; Gelechiidae
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  • 55
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 78 (1996), S. 1-8 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: induction ; imprinting ; learning ; caterpillar ; Lepidoptera ; experience ; diet breadth
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This review discusses the ambiguity of results obtained from dual-choice feeding tests, especially in relation to the study of effects of experience. Induced preference experiments done this way can be caused by up to nine potential changes in caterpillar behavior. In addition different physiological mechanisms that could lead to the process of induced preference are discussed. These include habituation to deterrents, the increased ability to process xenobiotics, the acquisition of specific positive responses, sensitization, and associative learning. These different processes might relate to function in different ways so that distinguishing them is important to progress in understanding the phenomenon. Suggestions for experimental designs that provide details on processes involved are indicated.
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  • 56
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 68 (1993), S. 219-229 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Aphidiidae ; Homoptera ; Aphididae ; Schizaphis graminum ; wheat ; tritrophic interactions ; learning ; host-habitat location
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of experience on the responsiveness of the aphidiid parasitoidLysiphlebus testaceipes (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) to host-associated cues was investigated using a wind-tunnel bioassay. Naive females were able to discriminate between uninfested wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and wheat infested withSchizaphis gramimum (Rondani) (Homoptera: Aphididae), but oviposition experience significantly increased the parasitoid's propensity to respond to aphid-infested plants with upwind, targeted flight. The behavioural change associated with such experience was acquired rapidly (within five minutes) and persisted for at least 24 h. The parasitoid could be successfully conditioned to associate a novel odour with the presence of hosts, suggesting that the increase in response to aphid-infested plants which occurs as a result of experience is probably due to associative learning of olfactory cues from the plant-aphid complex.
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  • 57
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 67 (1993), S. 57-64 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Cydia pomonella ; codling moth ; mating disruption ; (E,E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol ; pheromones ; apple ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Polyethylene dispensers (Shin Etsu) containing 172 ml of the sex pheromone, (E, E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol (63%), dodecenol (31%) and tetradecenol (6%), of codling moth (CM),Cydia pomonella (L.), were placed in apple orchards in Virginia. Two blocks of about 2 ha each were treated in 1989, and three in 1990. Dispensers were placed in trees at a density of 1000/ha shortly after apple bloom. Male orientation to pheromone traps was almost totally disrupted (a few males were captured at high population densities). In 1989, the Daleville pheromone-treated block had 0.9% and 0.8% CM-injured fruit in the center and edge, respectively; 0% and 39.5% injured fruit were found in the conventional control and abandoned blocks, respectively. The Criglersville orchard (‘organically’ managed, with high CM density) CM harvest injury was 16.0%, 16.5%, 34.5%, and 26.5% in the pheromone-treated center and edge, organic control and abandoned blocks, respectively. In 1990, the Daleville CM harvest injury was 4.7%, 7.3%, 1.1%, 0.3% and 58%, in the pheromone-treated center and edge, control center and edge, and abandoned blocks, respectively (possible reasons for the high injury in this block are discussed). Harvest injury in the Fincastle pheromone-treated and control blocks were 0.7% and 0%, respectively. The Criglersville orchard yielded 17%, 19% and 20% CM-injured fruit at harvest in the pheromone-treated, organic control and abandoned blocks, respectively. Pheromone release rate was calculated as 37 mg/ha/h in 1989.
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  • 58
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 70 (1994), S. 295-298 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: forest tent caterpillar moth ; Malacosoma disstria ; fluctuating asymmetry ; survival ability ; pest management ; Lepidoptera
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    Notes: Abstract Fluctuating asymmetry of the first tarsal segment of the proleg of the forest tent caterpiller mothMalacosoma disstria Hbn. (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae) was significantly inversely related to survival ability in the lab. The monitoring of population levels of fluctuating asymmetry could have important implications in pest management of this and other species by providing an indication of the health of a population.
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  • 59
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 71 (1994), S. 33-39 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Helicoverpa zea ; Noctuidae ; Lepidoptera ; Eucelatoria bryani ; Tachinidae ; Diptera ; host-parasitoid relationship ; host regulation
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    Notes: Abstract The parasitoidEucelatoria bryani Sabrosky regulates the larval behavior of its hostHelicoverpa zea (Boddie). Parasitized third, fourth and fifth instars burrow into the soil 0.7–3.4 days earlier than unparasitized larvae that normally enter the soil to pupate at the end of the fifth and final larval instar. Parasitized third instars molt once then burrow as fourth instars, one instar earlier than normal. WhenE. bryani pupariated on the soil surface in the field, none survived to the adult stage. However,E. bryani adults emerged from 49.2% of hosts that had burrowed into the soil. By accelerating the timing ofH. zea burrowing behavior and causing host larvae to enter the soil before death,E. bryani ensures its pupariation in an environment with improved protection against natural enemies and lethal temperatures.
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  • 60
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 61 (1991), S. 159-168 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Feeding ; behaviour ; chemosensory ablation ; Manduca sexta ; Lepidoptera ; bilateral sensory input ; input redundancy
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    Notes: Abstract The function of bilateral chemosensory input in food discrimination was examined using larvae of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta (Johan.) (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae), in 2-choice preference tests. Larvae having three different complements of chemosensory organs remaining after microsurgery were tested: unoperated, unilaterally-ablated, and bilaterally-ablated. Discrimination between Solanum pseudocapsicum (L.) and Pelargonium hortorum (Bailey) was reduced after unilateral removal of chemosensory organs. A similar effect was found in tests offering larvae a choice between one plant species or an ethanolic extract of S. pseudocapsicum and wetted filter paper, indicating an impaired food detection. These results demonstrate that both sets of chemosensory organs are required for normal feeding decisions about these plants. Six additional plant species were each tested against wetted filter paper. The function of bilateral chemosensory input in food discrimination varies with the plant species tested. Bilateral chemosensory input is required for discrimination of Vigna sinensis (Savi) and Raphanus sativus (L.), but not for that of Lycopersicon esculentum (Mill.), Datura innoxia (L.), Brassica napus (L.), and Canna generalis (Bailey). Discrimination of V. sinensis, S. pseudocapsicum, and P. hortorum by unoperated larvae is twice as strong as that by unilaterally-ablated larvae, suggesting algebraic addition of unilateral sensory inputs. For R. sativus unilateral input does not mediate discrimination, but bilateral input does, indicating sensory processing which may be more than additive. These results show that information mediated by bilateral chemosensory organs of M. sexta is not redundant in mediating feeding decisions, but provide the necessary sensory input for normal discrimination. This suggests that, for some plant species, feeding decisions are based on both qualitative and quantitative aspects of chemosensory input. No difference in preferences between left-sided and right-sided operated larvae were observed which suggests functional duplication of each set of unilateral chemosensory organs. Possible neural mechanisms underlying feeding decisions mediated by bilateral versus unilateral chemosensory inputs are discussed.
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  • 61
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 80 (1996), S. 120-123 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: electroantennography ; Lepidoptera ; plant odours ; Ostrinia nubilalis
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  • 62
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Papilionidae ; Zerynthia ; Aristolochia ; herbivory ; phenology ; nutritional indices
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    Notes: Abstract The main host plants of the butterflyZerynthia rumina L. (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) in southern Spain occur in different habitats and in general do not grow sympatrically. Therefore, each single local butterfly population uses the particular host available within its range.Aristolochia longa L. is a tuberous perennial herb available only in the spring, whileA. baetica L. is an evergreen perennial vine with indeterminate growth. However, because of the toughness of older leaves, newly hatched larvae feed only on new leaves ofA. baetica, and most of these leaves are produced well before the larvae hatch. In laboratory experiments, caterpillars feeding on either new or matureA. longa leaves grew faster and converted food into biomass more efficiently than those feeding on newA. baetica leaves. These differences are related to variation in nutritional quality among the host plants. Estimates of butterfly abundance were lower in sites whereZ. rumina usesA. baetica, compared with those where the host isA. longa. The potential differential effect of these two food plants on the densities of local butterfly populations relying on them is discussed here.
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  • 63
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 63 (1992), S. 3-12 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Feeding ; behaviour ; food preference induction ; diets ; Manduca sexta ; Lepidoptera
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Diet-induced changes in food preference by fifth instar larvae of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta (Johan.) (Lepidoptera, Sphingidae), were examined. Two groups of larvae with different diet experience were used: larvae reared on a host or on an acceptable non-host plant species. Each group of larvae was offered a choice between leaf discs from each rearing plant species (2-plant choice test) and food preference was measured as the consumption of one plant species relative to that of the other plant species. Diet-induced changes in preferences were larger with the host versus acceptable non-host plant pairs Solanum pseudocapsicum (L.) versus Raphanus sativus (L.), Lycopersicon esculentum (Mill.) versus Vigna sinensis (Savi), and Datura innoxia (L.) versus V. sinensis than with the host versus host plant pairs L. esculentum versus Capsicum annuum (L.) and L. esculentum versus D. innoxia. To examine how much the food preference had been altered for each test plant species alone, two other groups of larvae were offered a choice between leaf discs from a single plant species and filter paper discs laced with distilled water (1-plant choice test). Larvae preferred the dietary plant species more strongly than the non-dietary plant species in tests using the following plant species: for C. annuum with C. annuum and L. esculentum as diets, for V. sinensis with V. sinensis and L. esculentum or D. innoxia as diets, and for R. sativus with R. sativus and S. pseudocapsicum as diets. The preference for the hosts L. esculentum and D. innoxia did not change significantly after rearing larvae on different hosts or on an acceptable non-host. Thus, diet-induction by M. sexta larvae results in an enhancement of preference for the dietary plant species which is much stronger with acceptable non-hosts than with hosts.
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  • 64
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 93 (1999), S. 227-230 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Rhopalosiphum padi ; cereal aphids ; wheat ; induced responses ; feeding site
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  • 65
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 62 (1992), S. 87-91 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Molting ; Lepidoptera ; nutritional indices
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  • 66
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 65 (1992), S. 75-80 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Pyralidae ; Lepidoptera ; Zea mays L. ; Chilo partellus ; susceptibility
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The resistance/susceptibility levels of ten maize (Zea mays L.) cultivars to neonates and 3rd-instar larvae of Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) were measured in the field and screenhouse experiments. The maize cultivars tested were: Inbred A, Mp 704, V-37, Population 10, Hybrid 511, Katumani Composite B, ER-29 SVR, Poza Rica 7832, ICZ2-CM, and MMV 400. Most cultivars were found susceptible to 3rd-instar larvae based on the incidence of dead heart symptoms, foliar feeding and stem tunnelling caused by stem borers in both the field and screenhouse experiments. However, the maize cultivars V-37, MMV 400 and Poza Rica 7832 sustained significantly lesser damage than the other cultivars when infested with neonates or 3rd instar larvae. The screenhouse experiments conducted with five maize cultivars, i.e. Inbred A, Mp 704, V-37, ER-29 SVR, and Poza Rica 7832 showed that neonates fed less on the resistant than the susceptible maize cultivars but feeding by the 3rd instars was equally high on all the maize cultivars except Mp 704 on which the larvae fed less than the others. In the cultivars infested with neonates, the mean period for 50% moth emergence P50 was longest on Mp 704 followed by Poza Rica 7832, ER-29 SVR, V-37 and Inbred A. In the cultivars infested with 3rd-instars, P50 was longest for Poza Rica 7832 followed equally by the remaining cultivars. On the basis of the evidence presented we here conclude that neonates of C. partellus are sensitive to the growth inhibiting effects of the resistant maize cultivars Mp 704, V-37, and Poza Rica 7832 but the older larvae are insensitive to these effects of Mp 704 and V-37 but not of Poza Rica 7832.
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  • 67
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 67 (1993), S. 47-56 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Platynota flavedana ; variegated leafroller ; Platynota ideausalis ; tufted apple bud moth ; Argyrotaenia velutinana ; redbanded leafroller ; mating disruption ; pheromones ; apple ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae
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    Notes: Abstract Mating disruption for control of variegated leafroller (VLR),Platynota flavedana (Clemens), tufted apple bud moth (TBM),P. ideausalis Walker, and redbanded leafroller (RBL),Argyrotaenia velutinana (Walker), was studied in Virginia apple orchards in 1989 and 1990. In 1989, each dispenser (1000/ha) contained 190 mg of 67.2%E11–14:Ac, 28.8%Z11–14:Ac, 1.4%E11–14:OH, 0.6%Z11–14:OH, and 2%Z9–12:Ac (a putative generic leafroller disruption blend). Trap captures of VLR, TBM and RBL were reduced by 97%, 51% and 55%, respectively. Average leafroller injury in the interior and edge of the pheromone block was 3.8% and 2.7%, respectively. The conventional control and abandoned blocks had 0.05 and 27.5% injury, respectively. Dispensers containingE11–14:OH (70%) andZ11–14:OH (30%) (close to the natural blend of VLR), more effectively disrupted orientation to pheromone traps by bothPlatynota spp. than did the generic blend. In 1990, dispensers containing 150 mg ofE11–14:OH (70%) andZ11–14:OH (1000/ha) were placed in two 2-ha blocks and one 4-ha block. One pheromonetreated block was sprayed in August with phosmet for codling moth, not timed for leafrollers. Trap captures of VLR and TBM were reduced by almost 100% and 69%, respectively. RBL captures were not reduced by VLR pheromone permeation. Injury fromPlatynota spp. in pheromone block middles and edges ranged from 0.3–1.7% and 0.3–2.3%, respectively. Injury in conventional blocks ranged from 0–1.1%. RBL injury in pheromone block middles ranged from 0–6.1%, and in edges, 1.7–4.8%. Injury in control blocks ranged from 0–1.1%. Combined leafroller injury in an abandoned block was 18% (s.e. 0.3). Release rates averaged 30 and 32 mg/ha/h for the VLR and generic pheromone dispensers, respectively.
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  • 68
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 67 (1993), S. 79-85 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Insecta ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; host-finding ; behavior ; oviposition
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Mated femaleTrichoplusia ni (Hubner) moths, when presented a choice of either undamaged cotton plants,Gossypium hirsutum L., or damaged plants (cut leaves or feedingT. ni larvae) in a flight tunnel, were most often attracted first to the damaged plants. However, these same moths oviposited primarily on the undamaged plants. In a similar test with cabbage plants,Brassica oleracea L., the presence of conspecific larvae decreased both attraction and oviposition. Cuts to cabbage leaves had no significant effect on attraction or oviposition. When presented one plant at a time, percentages of cabbage looper moths attracted were not affected by the presence of larvae on either cabbage or cotton plants, or by cuts to cabbage plant leaves. Percentages of moths attracted were, however, higher using cotton plants with cut leaves. The results suggest an important role for damage induced plant volatiles in host location as well as host acceptance byT. ni.
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  • 69
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 68 (1993), S. 117-126 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: insect-plant interaction ; Lepidoptera ; Plutellidae ; crucifer ; sexual maturation ; reproductive diapause ; kairomone
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The influence of the presence of seedlings of a host plant, Oriental mustard,Brassica juncea (L.) Coss., on the calling behaviour and egg maturation in the diamondback moth,Plutella xylostella (L.), was investigated. In the presence of plants, females began calling at a younger age, began calling earlier in the night, and spent more time calling. Females which were kept with plants until after their first night of calling and then were isolated from plants, subsequently called less, at a level not significantly different from females which had never been exposed to plants. Of all females, both with and without plants, which were dissected at the end of the first night of calling (n=150), 93% contained mature eggs. Heavier females were significantly more likely to have mature eggs at adult emergence, to begin calling at a younger age and to spend more time calling on their first night of calling. The number of developed eggs in calling females was not significantly different in the presence or absence of host plants on the first night of calling. However, by the second night, females in the presence of plants contained significantly more eggs, indicating that the presence of plants accelerated egg maturation, both before and after the onset of calling.
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  • 70
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 77 (1995), S. 271-275 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; Cydia pomonella ; behavior
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    Notes: Abstract The vertical distribution of codling moth,Cydia pomonella (L.) within pheromone-treated and untreated apple and pear orchard canopies was determined using tethered virgin females, unbaited sticky traps, and blacklight observation of released moths. Mating of virgin females tethered at various heights in untreated orchard canopies increased with placement height from 1–4 m. Application of pheromone dispensers for mating disruption at 2 and 4 m above the ground greatly decreased mating. Greatest capture of males and females on unbaited sticky traps occurred at mid- and upper-canopy heights. Total capture of males and females in pheromone-treated plots was not statistically different than in untreated plots. The percentage of mated females captured on sticky traps did not vary with trap height or pheromone treatment. Released moths marked with flourescent powder and observed at dark with a blacklight indicated that moths are primarily distributed high in the canopy. However, males shifted to a position lower in the canopy when pheromone dispensers were placed 2.1 m above the ground. Results suggest that pheromone dispensers be placed in the upper canopy for optimal disruption of codling moth mating.
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 65 (1992), S. 165-170 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; stem borer ; suction trap ; behaviour ; maize ; dispersal ; pheromones ; activity
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    Notes: Abstract The diel flight periodicity of the nocturnal moth Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) (Lepidoptera;Pyralidae) was measured in the laboratory using an actograph and in the field with suction traps. Females showed almost no flight activity on the night of eclosion. Flight activity of mated females peaked before midnight, the period of peak oviposition activity. Male peak activity occurred after midnight coinciding with female eclosion. Presence or absence of females did not affect when or how long males were active. Data on flight activity and reproductive behaviour are discussed in relation to the use of pheromones to protect maize.
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  • 72
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; Choristoneura fumiferana ; juvenile hormone analog ; fenoxycarb ; postembryonic development
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  • 73
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 80 (1996), S. 289-292 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: tri-trophic interactions ; demography ; diamondback moth ; Plutella xylostella ; Lepidoptera ; Plutellidae ; Diadegma insulare ; Hymenoptera ; Ichneumonidae ; cabbage looper ; Trichoplusia ; Noctuidae ; Patrocloides montanus ; Cruciferae ; Brassica oleracea ; B. nigra ; fertilization ; sex ratio
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  • 74
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 80 (1996), S. 315-319 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: phylogeny ; host shift ; climate ; abiotic thermal constraints ; leaf quality ; phenology ; larval growth ; oviposition preference ; Lepidoptera
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 81 (1996), S. 315-323 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: disruption ; pheromone ; mass trapping ; Pectinophora gossypiella ; Lepidoptera ; cotton ; Brazil
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    Notes: Abstract Mass Trapping was used to control pink bollworm (PBW), Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), populations in cotton fields in Brazil. Oil traps containing lures with a high dose of pheromone, installed at a density of 20 traps per ha soon after the occurrence of the first cotton fruits (or bolls), suppressed PBW populations below detection levels using Delta traps and manual examination of 100 green cotton bolls per ha. Pheromone sources of 0,2 g (approximately 150 NoMate® fibers) were effective in attracting PBW male moths to oil traps for at least three weeks. Trap captures showed that PBW males located the high concentration pheromone plumes, oriented upwind, and landed on or inside the traps. The long life of the pheromone sources and the long lasting viscosity of the oil surface ensured low trap maintenance, thus rendering mass trapping viable as an alternative technique for the control of P. gossypiella populations in commercial cotton fields. We discuss probable mechanisms promoting suppression of PBW populations in fields with mass trapping control.
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  • 76
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 90 (1999), S. 37-47 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Choristoneura rosaceana ; obliquebanded leafroller ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; mating disruption ; mechanisms ; pheromone
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    Notes: Abstract An attractive four-component pheromone blend containing a major component Z11-tetradecenyl acetate, and three minor components, E11-tetradecenyl acetate, Z11-tetradecenyl alcohol, and Z11-tetradecenyl aldehyde was tested as a mating disruptant against western Canadian populations of the obliquebanded leafroller, Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in organic apple orchards in British Columbia. Efficacy of this four-component blend was compared to that of partial pheromone blends containing the major component plus one or two minor components. A trapping experiment confirmed that, Conrel® fibre disruption dispensers containing the four-component blend were more attractive than disruption dispensers containing the two- or three-component partial blends. A small-plot protocol was followed to compare atmospheric treatments with these blends as mating disruptants at a release rate of 10 mg ha−1 h−1 and from 1000 dispensers ha−1. Mechanisms of mating disruption, such as false-trail following and camouflage of pheromone plumes, that may be evoked to a greater degree by an attractive blend, did not appear to augment the effectiveness of mechanisms invoked by the less attractive blends, as the proportion of mating among tethered females was equal in plots treated with these blends and was reduced by 85–90% compared to the nontreated control. When the four-component pheromone blend was tested at different release rates, mating disruption in small plots began to break down at a release rate of 1.3 mg ha−1 h−1 using a dispenser density of 1000 ha−1. Above 1.3 mg ha−1 h−1 there was no dose response in release rates tested and at release rates below this dose the proportion of tethered females mating was the same as in the nontreated control. The four-component pheromone blend was tested against, and found to be no more effective than, the two-component partial blend at the threshold release rate of 1.3 mg ha−1 h−1 when it was released from 1000 or 250 disruption dispensers. Our results suggest that disruption mechanisms evoked by the attractive blend did not enhance the mating disruption effect provided by the simple blend, therefore a two-component blend may be useful in an operational mating disruption program for C. rosaceana.
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  • 77
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    Keywords: Sesamia nonagrioides ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; sex pheromone ; pest monitoring ; electrophysiological behaviour ; EAG ; wind tunnel tests ; field tests ; (Z)-11-hexadecen-1-yl acetate ; (Z)-11-hexadecen-1-ol ; (Z)-11-hexadecenal ; dodecyl acetate
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    Notes: Abstract The electrophysiological and behavioural responses of male Sesamia nonagrioides Lefèbvre (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to several synthetic blends of its sex pheromone components were investigated. Electroantennogram (EAG) recordings showed the greatest response to a 77:8:10:5 blend of the four compounds found in the female glands: (Z)-11-hexadecen-1-yl acetate, (Z)-11-hexadecen-1-ol, (Z)-11-hexadecenal and dodecyl acetate. A logistic equation was fitted to the dose-response data and differences in relative EAG responses were analysed by deriving five parameters of this equation. Flight responses of males were also evaluated in a wind tunnel where the proposed blend (77:8:10:5) also elicited the best response. Field tests confirmed the laboratory findings as the 77:8:10:5 blend captured more S. nonagrioides males than other pheromone mixtures and showed more selectivity for male S. nonagrioides over other noctuid species, Discestra trifolii Rottenberg and Lacanobia oleracea L., but not for Mythimna unipuncta Haworth, a species with a sex pheromone composition almost identical to that of S. nonagrioides.
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 75 (1995), S. 159-164 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Epirrita autumnata ; Lepidoptera ; Geometridae ; (Z,Z,Z)-1,3,6,9-heneicosatetraene ; sex pheromone ; GC-EAD ; chemical synthesis ; field trapping
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    Notes: Abstract (Z,Z,Z)-1,3,6,9-Heneicosatetraene was identified as a sex pheromone component ofEpirrita autumnata (Borkhausen), (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). Gas chromatography coupled with electroantennographic detection revealed one active peak from female pheromone gland extracts. The chemical identification of the compound was based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, chemical micro-reactions and unambiguous synthesis. In a field test, a rubber septum loaded with 3000 μg of this compound showed highest attraction of maleE. autumnata moths compared to lower doses and the control. The attraction of males to a 300 μg bait was equivalent to that obtained using live virgin females.
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 92 (1999), S. 157-164 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: plant resistance ; antibiosis ; tolerance ; antixenosis ; Russian wheat aphid ; wheat ; Homoptera ; Aphididae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract The Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko), is one of the most important aphid pests of wheat, Triticum aestivum L., worldwide. Among the various pest management options, plant resistance is an economical management tactic to control D. noxia in cereal crops such as wheat. Researchers have identified D. noxia resistant germplasm and it has been incorporated into wheat. This study compared D. noxia resistance between the ‘Betta’ wheat isolines Betta-Dn1, Betta-Dn2, and Betta-Dn5 and their corresponding donor gene plant introduction (PI) lines PI 137739 (Dn1), PI 262660 (Dn2), and PI 294994 (Dn5). Although the Betta isolines and PI lines showed D. noxia resistance when compared with Betta wheat, the degree of resistance in the isolines to D. noxia was different from their corresponding PI donors. Aphid number, aphid fecundity, and biomass per aphid were not different between Betta-Dn1 and PI 137739 or Betta-Dn2 and PI 262660; however, the same parameters were significantly lower on PI 294994 compared with Betta-Dn5. This indicated that aphid resistance in PI 137739 and PI 262660 was probably governed by a single dominant gene, while the resistance in PI 294994 was controlled by more than one gene. Additionally, plant biomass reduction was aphid density dependent, which suggested that use of appropriate aphid infestation level is important when using plant biomass reduction as an indicator of resistance. Plant resistance categorization showed that there was no detectable difference in antixenosis among the seven lines evaluated. However, the higher aphid fecundity observed on PI 262660 compared with PI 137739 and PI 294994, in addition to no significant differences among the three PIs in plant biomass reduction, suggested PI 262660 was a tolerant line, while PI 137739 and PI 294994 were antibiotic lines. Plant tolerance could not be elucidated among the three Betta isolines using aphid fecundity and plant biomass reduction as indicators.
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 92 (1999), S. 321-330 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: rush moth ; Juncus squarrosus ; fluctuating food resources ; ‘bet-hedging’ ; Lepidoptera
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Adult emergence in Coleophora alticolella held at 15 °C was accelerated by exposure to L18:D6 in autumn and midwinter. The effect decreased during winter and exposure of individuals, held at low temperature over winter, to L18:D6 or L6:D18 at 15 °C at the end of March resulted in the same mean emergence date. Long daylength experienced at 5 °C did not promote emergence nor did exposure to low temperature during winter. The number of adults emerging increased with the length of time cultures were held on short day but was always below 50% of the larvae. When larvae were exposed to L18:D6 and L6:D18 at 15 °C at the end of March, on long day 61% adults emerged and 39% remained in diapause, whereas on short day, 25% became adult and 75% remained diapausing larvae. The possibility of cohort splitting, with some individuals undergoing prolonged diapause, is discussed.
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  • 81
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 93 (1999), S. 179-187 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: artificial diet ; insecticidal activity ; legume pod borer ; Lepidoptera ; Maruca vitrata ; plant lectins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The legume pod-borer Maruca vitrata (Fabricius), [Lepidoptera: Pyralidae] is a major constraint restricting increased cowpea production in tropical Africa and Asia. Since lectins are known to have insecticidal properties against several pests, a survey was undertaken to screen for the effects of 25 lectins from 15 plant families on the development of Maruca pod borer (MPB) larvae. The list included 8 galactose/N-acetylgalactosamine-, 7 mannose-, 5 complex glycan-, 2 sialic acid- and 3, N-acetylglucosamine-specific lectins. Feeding bioassays using artificial diet were carried out at 2% (w/w) topical levels. Although a total of 16 lectins had detrimental effects pertaining either to larval survival, weight, feeding inhibition, pupation, adult emergence and/or fecundity, only the Listera ovata agglutinin (LOA) (Orchidaceae) and Galanthus nivalis (Amaryllidaceae) agglutinin were effective against MPB larvae for all six parameters examined. Larval mortality and feeding inhibition caused by the most active lectin (LOA) was above 60%.
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  • 82
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: synchrony ; voltinism ; alternating hosts ; phenology ; variability ; model ; Hymenoptera ; Lepidoptera ; Braconidae ; Tortricidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Nous avons mesuré la forme et la variabilité des réactions de cause à effet entre la température et le développement de la braconideMeteorus trachynotus (Vier.) se développant à l'intérieur de larves deChoristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) et deC. rosaceana (Harr.). Le parasitisme réduit la durée et la variabilité de la postdiapause deC. rosaceana, et le développement du parasitoîde ne reprend qu'une fois l'hôte émergé de diapause. Le développement et l'entrée en diapause deM. trachynotus sont sous le contrôle de l'hôte. Dans des larves-hôtes agées et non diapausantes, le parasitoîde peut engendrer une génération en moins de 348 degrés-jours au-dessus de 5,9°C. Les adultes mâles et femelles vivent en moyenne 22,0 et 23,8 jours à 20°C, et la période de prèoviposition est de 1,7 jour. La fécondité totale est de 194,2 oeufs par femelle, et une faible densité d'hôtes la réduit considérablement. Dans nos conditions expérimentales, les femelles deM. trachynotus pondent au plus 14,3 oeufs par jour, la moyenne maximale étant de 3,7 oeufs par hôte. Des simulations basées sur l'accumulation de degrés-jours pour 13 endroits dans l'est du Canada ont indiqué que le parasitoîde est bien synchronisé avec ses deux hôtes alternants, queM. trachynotus peut engendrer jusqu'à trois générations par année dans la plupart des endroits, et que son voltinisme est déterminé essentiellement par l'entrée en diapause des larves deC. rosaceana. Le chevauchement entre la période de vol des adultes du parasitoîde et celle de la disponibilité des larves de la tordeuse des bourgeons de l'épinette est incomplet, et il semble que ce synchronisme inadéquat soit un aspect important dans les interactions écologiques entre ces deux organismes.
    Notes: Abstract The form and variability of temperature-dependent development responses were measured for the braconid parasitoidMeteorus trachynotus (Vier.), developing inChoristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) andC. rosaceana (Harr.). It was found that parasitism reduces the duration and variability of postdiapause development inC. rosaceana larvae, and that the development of the parasitoid does not resume until its host emerges from diapause.M. trachynotus development and entry into diapause are controlled by the host. In large, nondiapausing hosts, the parasitoid can complete one generation in about 348 degree-days above 5.9°C. Male and female adults live an average of 22.0 and 23.8 days at 20°C, and the preoviposition period is 1.7 days. Total fecundity averages 194.2 eggs per female and is reduced considerably by low host density. Under our experimental conditions, femaleM. trachynotus lay a maximum of 14.3 eggs per day, with a maximum of 3.7 eggs per host, on average. Simulations based on degree-day accumulation in 13 locations in eastern Canada showed that the parasitoid was well synchronized with its two alternative hosts, thatM. trachynotus could complete three generations in most locations, and that voltinism was essentially determined by entry ofC. rosaceana larvae into diapause. Overlap between adult parasitoids and larvae of the spruce budworm is incomplete, and inadequate synchrony seems to be an important aspect of the ecological interactions between these two organisms.
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  • 83
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: insect growth regulators ; diflubenzuron ; pyriproxyfen ; Podisus maculiventris ; Heteroptera ; predation ; Spodoptera exigua ; Lepidoptera ; side-effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Transport and retention of the insect growth regulators (IGRs) diflubenzuron and pyriproxyfen in larvae of the beet armywormSpodoptera exigua (Hübner) and in nymphs of the predatory bugPodisus maculiventris (Say) were investigated. In a first experiment, the retention of orally administered [14C]radiolabeled isotopes of both compounds in fifth-instar larvae of the beet armyworm was studied. Rate of excretion of both IGRs inS. exigua caterpillars was high, with a 50% excretion time of approximately 6 h after intake. In a second experiment, the transport of the compounds from prey to predator and their retention inside the predator were studied. Fifthinstar nymphs ofP. maculiventris were allowed to feed on caterpillars that had been given contaminated food. For both diflubenzuron and pyriproxyfen, more than 80% of the amount of radiolabel applied was recovered in consumed prey. Low levels of radioactivity (c. 3% of the applied amount of radiolabel) were also found in the fluid regurgitated by the prey larvae when attacked by the predatory bugs. Relatively small amounts of radiolabel (c. 8 and 15% of the amount orally applied to the prey for diflubenzuron and pyriproxyfen, respectively) were ingested byP. maculiventris nymphs when feeding on beet armyworm caterpillars. The data suggest that the predators did not use gut content as food. The pattern of excretion in nymphs ofP. maculiventris differed between compounds. For diflubenzuron, there was a drastic decrease of radioactivity inside the predator body of around 40% within the first 6 h and then the level of retained radiolabel remained stable at 3–4% up to 72 h. For pyriproxyfen, a slow decrease of radioactivity inside the body was observed and at 72 h only 2% of the applied quantity was detected. Results of this study are discussed in relation to the findings from previous studies on the toxicity of both IGRs toP. maculiventris.
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  • 84
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 77 (1995), S. 167-176 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: epipharyngeal sensilla ; contact chemoreception ; electrophysiology ; Lepidoptera ; Bombyx mori
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract One pair of gustatory sensilla was found on the epipharynx ofBombyx mori larvae, and some morphological and electrophysiological characteristics of the epipharyngeal sensilla were investigated. They are sensilla coeloconica composed of a small papilla with a pore at the tip and a swelling of cuticle encircling the papilla. Three bipolar neurons innervate each sensillum. One neuron is an inositol receptor which responds to inositol only. Another cell responds with action potentials of relatively large amplitude to some feeding deterrent substances, such as strychnine nitrate. The thresholds of these cells for inositol and strychnine nitrate are approximately 10−4 M and 10−7 M, respectively. At least two kinds of spikes can be observed when these sensilla are stimulated with some salts and acids. Dose-response relationships and time courses of responses to inositol and strychnine nitrate were also examined in this study.
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  • 85
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 88 (1998), S. 101-107 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: sex pheromone ; pheromone-based mating disruption ; Spilonota ocellana ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The potential for pheromone-based mating disruption of eye-spotted bud moth (ESBM), Spilonota ocellana (Denis & Schiffermüller) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in apple orchards in the Okanagan Valley of British Columbia was examined in small-plot trials. In a preliminary experiment, treatment of the orchard atmosphere with a 99:1 blend of Z8-tetradecenyl acetate (Z8-14:OAc) and Z8-tetradecenyl alcohol (Z8-14:OH) completely inhibited captures of male ESBM in pheromone-baited traps, but treatment with Z8-14:OAc alone did not. Therefore, all subsequent trials used the two-component blend as a disruptant. Mean catches of male ESBM in traps baited with 0.1, 1, 10, or 20 mg of 99:1 Z8-14:OAc and Z8-14:OH were significantly reduced (81–97%) in pheromone-treated plots relative to similar traps placed in control plots. In both control and treated plots, there was a significant positive relationship between trap bait dose and trap catch. In pheromone-treated plots, this suggests that high doses of trap baits over-ride the camouflage effect of disruption or overcome the effect of sensory adaptation and habituation. The number of virgin-female baited traps capturing at least one male ESBM was reduced by 96%, and mating of virgin females on mating tables was reduced by 95% in plots treated with the two-component pheromone. The total amount of Z8-14:OAc released from pheromone disruption dispensers during the latter field trials was estimated to average 6.4 g ha-1 over 11 days or 26.4 mg ha-1 h-1. The low levels of Z8-14:OH released from disruption dispensers could not be estimated by GC analysis. Dispensers loaded with a 99:1 blend of Z8-14:OAc and Z8-14:OH were highly attractive to males in baited traps, indicating that they have the potential to induce false trail following.
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  • 86
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 89 (1998), S. 111-118 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: leaf surface wax ; probing behavior ; nymphoposition ; Russian wheat aphid ; wheat ; barley ; oat ; Homoptera ; Aphididae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of cereal leaf surface wax on Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko), the Russian wheat aphid, probing behavior and nymphoposition was evaluated. Ultrastructure of leaf epicuticular wax from wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) c.v. ‘Arapahoe’ and ‘Halt’ was different from barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) c.v. ‘Morex’, and oat (Avena sativa L.) c.v. ‘Border’. Both wheat cultivars had similar rod-shaped epicuticular wax, while barley and oat plants had flakes. The chemical composition comparison of gas chromatograms also indicated that the extract of the two wheat cultivars had similar pattern of peaks, while the barley and oat leaves had similar peaks. Cereal variety significantly affected aphid probing behavior (P 〈 0.05), but wax removal using ethyl ether swab did not (P 〈 0.05). Aphids initiated significantly more probes on Border oat leaves than on Morex barley irrespective of wax removal, although total probing duration per aphid was not significantly different among the four cereals examined. Accumulative salivation duration per aphid on oat leaves with wax was significantly longer than other cereal leaves with wax, while accumulative ingestion duration per aphid on Arapahoe wheat and Morex barley was significantly longer than on oat. Nymphoposition of D. noxia on cereal leaves maintained on the benzimidazole-agar medium showed that aphids produced a greater number of nymphs on Morex barley and less on Border oat leaves, although wax removal did not affect aphid nymphoposition. Removal of leaf epicuticular waxes from the 4 cereal genotypes using ethyl ether swab indicated that the influence of wax on plant resistance to D. noxia probing and reproduction was limited. Morex barley was the most favorable, while Border oat was the least favorable cereal host of D. noxia.
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  • 87
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 91 (1999), S. 287-295 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; oviposition ; host deprivation ; lightbrown apple moth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of mating, age at mating, the presence or absence of a plant leaf, and the deprivation of a suitable ovipositional substrate during when the first ovipositional bout after mating would normally take place, on the lifetime fecundity and fertility (percentage of fertile eggs laid) of female Epiphyas postvittana were investigated. Mating had a significant effect on lifetime fecundity, with mated females laying 2.5 times more eggs than virgin females. Age at mating had a significant effect on both fecundity and fertility, both declining with increasing age when the female was mated. In the presence of a leaf of C. japonica, mated females had a greater lifetime fecundity than when no leaf was present; females in the presence of a C. japonica leaf consistently laid more eggs each day during the first 4–6 days after mating than females without a leaf. When females were deprived of a suitable ovipositional substrate, for the first 22 h after mating, they were significantly less fecund over their lifetime than were control females. Finally, in no-choice tests with three plants of different acceptability to females, the fecundity of females differed in the order C. japonica 〉 Urtica ferox 〉 Tibouchina multiflora. This different fecundity appeared to be inversely related to the pubescence of the leaves, suggesting that leaf texture may be a suitable antixenotic resistance factor for crops to be protected from this insect. These results suggest that strategies whereby mating is delayed or oviposition reduced within a critical period after mating, may result in significant reductions in pest populations.
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  • 88
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: sieve element ; salivation ; aphid ; plant resistance ; wheat ; Sitobion fragariae ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Extended sieve element salivation (E1 waveform in the electrical penetration graph) is a characteristic activity during early sieve element punctures, particularly in resistant plants. In order to explore a chemically-mediated mechanism of resistance associated with sieve element salivation, we compared the pattern of feeding behaviour of the aphid, Sitobion fragariae (Walker), on two cultivars of the wheat Triticum aestivum L., with different concentrations of hydroxamic acids (Hx). During 24 h of electronic monitoring, aphids dedicated over 50% of the total time to phloem ingestion from the sieve elements. Total time allocated to E1 in the experiment, time to first E1 within the experiment, time allocated to E1 before a sustained phloem ingestion (E2) and the contribution of sieve element salivation to the phloem phase (E1/[E1+E2]) were significantly higher in the high-Hx cultivar. The increased salivation in plants with higher contents of Hx suggests the existence, at least in this system, of a chemically-mediated sieve element constraint.
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  • 89
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: leaf shelter-building ; silk ; Lepidoptera ; caterpillar ; leaf-roller ; leaf-tier ; leaf-folder
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Leaf shelter-building caterpillars generate most of the force required to pull leaf surfaces together by stretching silk strands while spinning. Axially retractive forces produced by columns of stretched strands enabled caterpillars in our study to generate forces as great as 0.3 Newtons (i.e., a 30-g force). We found that caterpillar silk also contracts instantly when wetted, producing an additional, though smaller, axially retractive force. Contraction ratios (final length/ original length) of the wetted silk of 19 species ranged from 0.21 to 0.93 and were smallest among species that use their silk to make leaf shelters. Our study, the first to identify the specific sources of the energy harnessed by caterpillars to tie, roll, or fold leaves, indicates that silk properties and caterpillar behavior have coevolved to facilitate the leaf shelter-building process.
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  • 90
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    Journal of insect behavior 6 (1993), S. 771-781 
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: foraging behavior ; caterpillar-feeding damage ; paper wasps ; Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Experiments were performed to determine the effect of caterpillar feeding damage on wasp foraging behavior and to determine the relative importance of visual and olfactory plant cues for foraging wasps. In an experiment using caterpillar-damaged leaves, wasps took significantly more larvae from the previously damaged plants compared to the controls in the experiments with tobacco plants, but wasps did not distinguish between damaged and control plants in the experiments with tomato plants. Another experiment indicated that wasps use a combination of visual and olfactory cues of plant damage in their search for prey rather than just visual or olfactory cues alone. Furthermore, these results suggest that leaf shape may affect wasp detection of caterpillar feeding damage and thus detection of prey.
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  • 91
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    Journal of insect behavior 11 (1998), S. 507-538 
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: monarch butterflies ; Danaus plexippus ; Danainae ; Lepidoptera ; Nymphalidae ; oviposition behavior ; Asclepias ; Asclepiadaceae ; chemoreceptors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus L., oviposits mainly on plants in the Asclepiadaceae, particularly within the genus Asclepias. We studied postalightment oviposition behavior of monarch females on three host species—Asclepias curassavica, A. incarnata , and A. tuberosa. After landing on the host, they used their forelegs, midlegs, and antennae to assess plant suitability. When these appendages were examined by scanning electron microscopy, contact chemoreceptor sensilla were found. In choice tests, A. incarnata was most preferred, while A. tuberosa was least preferred. However, the use of appendages varied for the different host species. Antennae were most frequently used during post-alightment behavior on A. curassavica, whereas forelegs were used more often on A. incarnata, and all three appendages were used extensively on A. tuberosa. Use of the midlegs was generally followed by use of the antennae. Tasting with either forelegs or antennae apparently may lead to egg laying on some host species. Rupture of the plant surface by midleg spines was also observed. The behavior and host preference of individual females varied significantly and may reflect differences in receptor sensitivity.
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  • 92
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    Journal of insect behavior 12 (1999), S. 199-211 
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; Lobesia botrana ; flight activity ; wind tunnel ; atmospheric pressure ; flight experience ; mating ; age ; olfaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We studied modulations of flight activity in European grapevine moth females (EGVM) by individual observations in a wind tunnel. The effect of different factors was analyzed: variation in atmospheric pressure prior to the experiments, time of day, first experience of flight, age, mating, and odor of tansy, which attracts females. The circadian flight activity showed a peak the hour preceding the onset of scotophase and sustained activity occurred during the 6 h around this peak. Females with a flight experience in the tunnel took off more quickly than naive ones (3.9 ± 7.4 vs 20.3 ± 22.8 s). Three-day-old unmated females subjected to negative variations of atmospheric pressure (10 hPa) during the 4 h prior to the experiments increased their duration of flight (12.1 ± 8.7 vs 5.3 ± 3.4 s) compared to those not subjected to variation. One-day-old females were less active than older ones; flight was shorter than in 2-day-old females (2.7 ± 6.7 vs 5.1 ± 9.5 s) and fewer of them took off (28 vs 63%). Mating also affected the flight activity of 2-day-old females; mated females flew longer than virgins (12 ± 16.8 vs 5.1 ± 9.5 s) and took off more quickly (6.5 ± 14.4 vs 19.3 ± 20.1 s). Tansy odor in the tunnel did not significantly affect the flight behavior of virgin females, but it increased the proportion of mated females that initiated flight (87 vs 70%) and duration of flight (11.2 ± 24.4 vs 7.2 ± 13.7 s), and it reduced the latency to takeoff (2.1 ± 7.4 vs 8.1 ± 19.1 s). Flight duration in tansy odor was inversely correlated with the total number of eggs laid during the female's whole life. Our experimental settings did not allow observation of movements directed toward the odor source.
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  • 93
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: orientation ; turbulence ; visual cues ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A small (2.5-cm-wide) vertical (10-cm-high) white object influenced the sex pheromone-mediated flight and landing behaviors of maleEpiphyas postvittana. When the vertical object was positioned on a horizontal surface to the side (3–5 cm) and upwind of a pheromone source (in the middle of the surface), the distribution of landing positions of males on the surface was different from that when the object was not present; males tended to land in positions skewed toward the side of the source that the object was on. The closer the object was positioned to the source, the greater the number of males that landed on the object (rather than on the horizontal surface). This difference in landing positions (when the object was present) corresponded with changes in the flight tracks; the tracks of males flying to the surface with an object were skewed toward the object and had higher amplitude intertrack reversal distances than the tracks of males flying to a surface without a vertical object. Positioning of a vertical object progressively upwind of the source resulted, apparently, in decreased effects on the landing (and presumably flight) behavior of males. The effect of the vertical object on the flight and landing behaviors of males corresponded largely with changes in pheromone plume structure (visualized with smoke) induced by the extra turbulence in the airflow over the source. Thus it appears that the vertical object influences the behavior of maleE. postvittana largely through the olfactory sensory modality. However, when a clear, Mylar object, in place of the white object, was placed on the surface, more males landed on the Mylar object (than did on the white object), suggesting that the vertical object may also influence the behavior of males through the visual modality.
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  • 94
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    Journal of insect behavior 7 (1994), S. 605-632 
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Heliothis ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; pheromone ; visual feedback
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract MaleHeliothis virescens (F.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) were made to fly into a uniformly white and translucent tube within a large wind tunnel while responding to sex pheromone. Different visual patterns placed within the tube greatly affected the ability of the male moths to maintain upwind progress or remain oriented to the wind while in contact with the plume. Over 89% of males attempting to fly through a blank tube, lacking visual patterns, became disoriented, the males gaining or losing altitude and repeatedly hitting the sides of the tube. Patterns of 20–40 dots placed on the sides of the tube at or slightly above plume level resulted in high levels of sustained upwind flight (47–74%) relative to patterns placed directly below (30–40%), directly above (35%), or slightly below the level of the flight path (26–44%). Optimal upwind progression in pheromone-responding males occurred when image motion could be resolved both transversely (T), orthogonally to the longitudinal axis of the body relative to the horizontal plane of the environment, and longitudinally (L), along the body axis. Even very sparse patterns (single rows of dots) could elicit high levels of sustained upwind flight (53–63%) when positioned within the tube such that the males' movements would create both L and T image motion. However, successful negotiation of the tube was also unexpectedly facilitated by patterns apparently providing no horizontal transverse component for flying males but providing longitudinal flow while centering the moth in the plume through a symmetrical left-right input (4–40%).
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  • 95
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: parasitoid ; foraging behavior ; Hymenoptera ; Cotesia ; Lepidoptera ; Pieris ; host location ; solitary ; gregarious ; specialist ; generalist
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In the present study we apply a comparative approach, in combination with experimentation, to study behavior of two parasitoid species that attack caterpillar hosts with different feeding strategies (gregarious or solitary). In a semifield setup, consisting of clean cabbage plants and plants infested with one of two host species, the foraging behavior of the specialistCotesia rubecula, on obligate parasitoid of solitarily feedingPieris rapae larvae, was compared to that of the generalistCotesia glomerata, a polyphagous parasitoid of several Pieridae species (mainly the gregariously feedingPieris brassicae).Cotesia glomerata displayed equal propensity to search for and parasitize larvae of both host species. AlthoughC. glomerata exhibited a relatively plastic foraging behavior in that it searched differently under different host distribution conditions, its behavior seems more adapted to search for gregariously feeding hosts. Females exhibited a clear “area-restricted” search pattern and were more successful in finding the gregariously feeding caterpillars.Cotesia rubecula showed a higher propensity to search forP. rapae than forP. brassicae, i.e., females left the foraging setup significantly earlier when their natural hostP. rapae was not present.C. rubecula showed a more fixed foraging behavior, which seems adapted to foraging for solitarily feeding host larvae. In a setup with onlyP. rapae larvae, the foraging strategies of the two parasitoid species were quite similar. In a choice situationC. glomerata did not show a preference for one of the host species, whileCotesia rubecula showed a clear preference for its natural host species. The latter was shown by several behavioral parameters such as the number of first landings, allocation of search time, and percentage parasitization.
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  • 96
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    Journal of insect behavior 7 (1994), S. 885-889 
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Mamestra brassicae ; male scents ; hair-pencils ; courtship
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  • 97
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: cotton bollworm ; Heliothis armigera ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; sex pheromone ; flight tunnel ; male behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Six compounds were identified from gland extracts of the cotton bollworm, Heliothis armigera(Hubner): (Z)-11-hexadecenal (Z11-16:Ald), (Z)-9-hexa-decenal (Z9-16:Ald), hexadecanal, (Z)-11-hexadecenol (Z11-16:OH), (Z)-7-hexadecenal (Z7-16:Ald), and (Z)-9-tetradecenal (Z9-14:Ald). Each of the compounds that were identified was examined for its ability to elicit sexual responses from male moths in a flight tunnel. Males flew upwind to Z11-16:Ald alone, but greater levels of copulatory responses were evoked with the addition of 2.5% Z9-16:Ald to the Z11-16:Ald. Addition of hexadecanal to the binary mixture had no effect in raising the behavioral response of the males in the flight tunnel. The effect of Z7-16:Ald on male flight depended on the loading. The addition of 1% of this component to 2 mg of the binary mixture reduced levels of copulatory response, but the same addition (1 %) to 10 μg of the binary mixture increased copulatory response. The addition of 79-14:Ald or Z11-16:OH to the binary mixture reduced behavioral responses of males. High loadings of the binary mixture (200–2000 μg) were better than a low loading (10 μg) in eliciting response of males.
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  • 98
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: trail following ; 5β-cholestane-3-one ; pheromone ; cooperative foraging ; social caterpillar ; bolsa ; silk ; Pieridae ; Eucheira ; Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The larva of the Madrone butterfly Eucheira socialis (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) secretes a trail pheromone from the ventral surface of the posterior tip of its abdomen. Caterpillars mark trails by bringing the secretory site into brief contact with the substrate during a locomotive cycle. Foragers mark most heavily when they move onto new branches and little, if at all, when they move over established trails or when they return to the communal shelter after feeding. The caterpillars make careful comparisons of alternative pathways at choice points and select newer and stronger trails over older and weaker trails. Differential marking of new and established trails during nightly forays, coupled with sensory discrimination of trails by strength and age, leads colonies to abandon old trails in favor of new trails. When applied at a rate as low as 2.5 × 10 −10 g/mm, caterpillars followed synthetic trails prepared from 5β-cholestane-3-one, a trail pheromone previously reported from the tent caterpillars (Malacosoma spp.). Although both Eucheira and Malacosoma mark with the tip of the abdomen and have near-identical sensitivites to 5β-cholestane-3-one, our study shows that Eucheira employs a relatively unsophisticated system of trail-based communication and does not recruit to food. The trail-based communication system of Eucheira appears to represent an early stage in the evolution of cooperative foraging that is derived from, and motivationally linked to, conflict behavior.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 99
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Heliothis virescens ; Noctuidae ; Lepidoptera ; upwind flight ; sex pheromone ; filaments
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Aspects of the intermittent fine structure of an odor plume were mimicked and experimentally modified in the wind tunnel using an air-pulsing device. Filaments of a behaviorally active blend of six sex-pheromone components created by the device in a temporally regular fashion elicited sustained upwind flight and source location in male Heliothis virescens.Males did not exhibit sustained upwind flight in significant numbers until a frequency of 4 filaments/s was delivered, at a loading of 1 μg of the major component, Z11-16: Ald, with the other components loaded at their appropriate ratios. A loading of 10 μg Z11-16: Ald was found to be optimal at this filament delivery rate. Electroantennogram recordings to different filament delivery rates of the complete blend indicated that a stationary male antenna can respond to the pulse rates used in this study. Importantly, when a main component necessary for upwind flight, Z9-14:Ald, was isolated into its own filaments and pulsed alternately against filaments of the five other components (including the other component essential for upwind flight, Z11-16: Ald), upwind flight to the source was significantly reduced (9%) compared to upwind flight and source location in response to filaments composed of the entire blend (30%), indicating that the complete pheromone blend must arrive on the antenna simultaneously for optimal evocation of sustained upwind progress. Neurophysiological evidence from other studies suggests that higher-order interneurons whose phasic response is enhanced when the entire blend is presented simultaneously may be of importance in explaining this behavioral difference stemming from synchronous vsasynchronous arrival of the components.
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  • 100
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: sex pheromone ; landing behavior ; visual cues ; Epiphyas postvittana ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of changes in various visual and olfactory properties of a white card surface on the landing position of male Epiphyas postvittanaexhibiting pheromone-mediated flight were studied in a wind tunnel. Males landed predominantly at the most downwind position of a surface in line with the pheromone source, regardless of the strength of the source. The position on the surface that males landed was strongly influenced by visual factors. The landing position of males appeared to be influenced by visual cues along all three axes of the surface. Decreases in either the dimension horizontally perpendicular to the wind direction or the vertical dimension resulted in greater numbers of males landing farther upwind on the surface than the downwind edge. Visual changes in the axis along the wind direction also affected the position at which males landed. For example, when presented with two white card surfaces with a 4- cm gap between them, males tended to land on the downwind edge of the upwind surface (on which the source was located). When the gap was bridged with clear Mylar, the landing pattern was significantly different, with the greater proportion of males landing on the downwind surface. However, when Mylar was placed on the plexiglass floor of the tunnel (in addition to bridging the gap), the landing pattern on the surface was not significantly different from that on the two surfaces without the Mylar bridge. It is suggested that during the prelanding and landing phases of pheromone-mediated flight, male moths orient to visual features of the surface containing the pheromone source rather than to visual features of the source (conspecific female moth) itself.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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