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  • Articles  (9,485)
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  • Biology  (9,484)
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  • Articles  (9,485)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Late Archaic subsistence in the Midwestern United States
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Journal of Human Evolution 14 (1985), S. 449-459 
    Details
    ISSN: 0047-2484
    Keywords: Archaic ; United States ; bone ; calcium ; paleonutrition ; strontium ; subsistence
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0047-2484(85)80023-3
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Late Archaic subsistence in the Midwestern United States
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Journal of Human Evolution 14 (1985), S. 449-459 
    Details
    ISSN: 0047-2484
    Keywords: Archaic ; United States ; bone ; calcium ; paleonutrition ; strontium ; subsistence
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0047-2484(85)80023-3
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Integrating nineteenth-century Canadian and American census data sets (1996)
    Springer
    Computers and the humanities 30 (1996), S. 381-392 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8412
    Keywords: comparative demographic history ; census ; data set integration ; ICAPUMS ; IPUMS ; coding schemes ; Canada ; United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Media Resources and Communication Sciences, Journalism
    Notes: Abstract The comparative use of census data is a useful way to study social characteristics across national boundaries. However, truly comparative demographic history is not possible without fully integrating separate census data, uniting multiple data files with a common set of comparably coded variables. This paper describes the integration of the 1871 Canadian census public use sample with similar samples of the 1850 and 1880 American censuses to form the Integrated Canadian-American Public Use Microdata Series (ICAPUMS). These data sets lent themselves well to integration because of their strong similarities in sampling design, data collection and data organization. Consistency in the availability and treatment of variables also eased integration of the samples, although the harmonization of occupation variables presented significant challenges. The ICAPUMS features a general household relationship variable which allows us to examine household structure across the two countries and three years. The paper concludes by proposing some general principles of census data set integration. This integrated data set is now available to researchers on the website of the University of Minnesota Historical Census Projects (www.hist.umn.edu/~ipums).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00054021
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stratigraphy of total metals in PIRLA sediment cores (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of paleolimnology 7 (1992), S. 191-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: geochemistry ; metals ; lake sediments ; paleolimnology ; United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Sediment cores from 30 low-alkalinity lakes in northern New England (NE), New York (NY), the northern Great Lakes States (NGLS) of Minnesota, Michigan, and Wisconsin, and Florida (FL) have been dated by 210Pb and analyzed for water and organic content, eight major elements (Al, Ti, Fe, Mn, Ca, Mg, Na, K) plus four trace metals (Pb, Zn, Cu, and V). Variations in the percentages of major elements through time are dominated by long-term independent variations in the abundance of SiO2, FeO, and to a lesser extent Ca and Al. Additional variations are caused by varying proportions of inorganic matter. Major variations in chemistry are generally unrelated to documented distrubances in the watersheds; most disturbances are minor fires or selective logging. Accelerated accumulation of Pb from atmospheric sources into sediment first occurs in sediment dated between 1800 and 1850 in NY and NE, slightly later in the NGLS region, and about 1900 in FL. Modern accumulation rates in all areas are comparable (ca. 1 to 4 μg cm−2 yr−1). Accumulation rates of Pb in some lakes have declined significantly from 1975 to 1985. Atmospheric deposition of anthropogenic Zn and Cu is also indicated by generally increasing accumulation rates in sediment cores, but the record is not as clear nor are chemical profiles in all lakes parallel to the trends in atmospheric emissions inferred on the basis of fossil fuel consumption, smelting, and other industrial activities. Inter-lake variations in profiles of Cu and Zn are large. Vanadium accumulation rates increase by the 1940s in NY and NE, but not until the 1950s in the NGLS region. This timing correlates with regional trends in the combustion of fuel oil, a major source of atmospheric V. Acidification of some of the lakes is suggested by decreases in the concentration and accumulation rates of Mn, Ca, and Zn in recent sediment, relative to other elements of catchment origin. The decreases generally occur slightly before the onset of acidification as indicated by diatoms. Increased sediment accumulation rates for Fe may indicate the acidification of watershed soils. The use of the accumulation rate of TiO2 as an indicator of rates of erosion and for normalization of trace metal accumulation rates is in question for lakes where the flux of TiO2 from the atmosphere varies and is a significant fraction of the total flux of TiO2 to the sediment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00181714
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A survey of dermatophytes from human patients in the United States from 1985 to 1987 (1991)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 114 (1991), S. 117-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: dermatophytes ; survey ; United States ; humans ; 1985/87
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A survey of dermatophytes isolated from patients seeking medical advice was made from 1985 to 1987 in the United States. The survey included 54 locations with data from 45 cities and one state. Listing of the isolated dermatophytes and the frequency given by percentage of the total follows: Trichophyton rubrum 54.8%, T. tonsurans 31.3%, T. mentagrophytes 6.0%, Microsporum canis 4.0%, Epidermophyton floccosum 2.0%, M. gypseum 0.6%, and T. verrucosum 0.2%. Out of a total of 14,696 isolates M. audouinii was cultured 13 times, T. violaceum 12 times, M. nanum 6 times, T. terrestre 4 times, and T. soudanense twice. Single isolations were made of M.fulvum, M. ferrugineum and T. schoenleinii. Collection of dermatophyte data in Tucson, Arizona, began in 1966. In 1987, the first case of tinea capitis caused by T. tonsurans was observed. Other isolates of this organism as the cause of tinea capitis were made in this city during that year. These infections were in black children. With the recent growth of Tucson, the percentage of blacks in the population increased and this pathogen was introduced into the general population.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00436431
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Seeing Patterns: Models, Visual Evidence and Pictorial Communication in the Work of Barbara McClintock (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of the history of biology 32 (1999), S. 163-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0387
    Keywords: cytogenetics ; diagrams ; genetics ; illustrations ; McClintock ; models ; molecular biology ; photographs ; twentieth-century ; United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , History
    Notes: Abstract Barbara McClintock won the Nobel Prize in 1983 for her discovery of mobile genetic elements. Her Nobel work began in 1944, and by 1950 McClintock began presenting her work on “controlling elements.” McClintock performed her studies through the use of controlled breeding experiments with known mutant stocks, and read the action of controlling elements (transposons) in visible patterns of pigment and starch distribution. She taught close colleagues to “read” the patterns in her maize kernels, “seeing” pigment and starch genes turning on and off. McClintock illustrated her talks and papers on controlling elements or transposons with photographs of the spotted and streaked maize kernels which were both her evidence and the key to her explanations. Transposon action could be read in the patterns by the initiated, but those without step by step instruction by McClintock or experience in maize often found her presentations confusing. The photographs she displayed became both McClintock's means of communication, and a barrier to successful presentation of her results. The photographs also had a second and more subtle effect. As images of patterns arrived at through growth and development of the kernel, they highlight what McClintock believed to be the developmental consequences of transposition, which in McClintock's view was her central contribution, over the mechanism of transposition, for which she was eventually recognized by others. Scientific activities are extremely visual, both at the sites of investigation and in communication through drawings, photographs, and movies. Those visual messages deserve greater scrutiny by historians of science.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004420726771
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Alien plant species composition and associations with anthropogenic disturbance in North American forests (1998)
    Springer
    Plant ecology 139 (1998), S. 49-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: Alien species ; Anthropogenic disturbance ; Biological invasions ; Forests ; Ground vegetation ; United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A probability-based sampling scheme was used to survey plant species composition in forests of 16 states in seven geopolitical regions of the United States (California, Colorado, Minnesota, and parts of the Pacific Northwest, Southeast, Mid-Atlantic, and Northeast) in 1994. The proportion of alien species relative to the total species number and to canopy cover in the ground stratum (0–0.6 m height) was evaluated in 279 plots. Visually evident anthropogenic disturbances (e.g., artificial regeneration, logging, prescribed burning, and grazing by livestock), if any, were recorded on each plot. In each of the seven regions we quantified (1) the percentage of the number of species and total cover comprised of alien species, (2) the difference in these percentages for disturbed and undisturbed plots, and (3) the origin or native range for the alien species. The percentage of alien species ranged from approximately 4.5% (Colorado) to approximately 13.2% (California). The percentage of alien species cover ranged from approximately 1.5% in Colorado to 25% in California. In five regions, species introduced from temperate Eurasia comprised the largest proportion of alien species and cover. In the Southeast, species introduced from far eastern and subtropical Asia dominated the alien flora. In the Mid-Atlantic, the majority of alien species was Eurasian and the majority of alien species cover consisted of far eastern and subtropical Asian species. The proportion of plots in which at least one alien species was recorded was significantly higher in disturbed than undisturbed plots in the Southeast and marginally significantly higher ($p=0.053$) in the Northeast. These results are consistent with other published studies that indicate that anthropogenic disturbance affects the structure and composition of both the ground stratum and upper canopy of forest habitats. In other regions, however, no significant differences were found.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009730702302
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    US Fish and Wildlife Service 1979 wetland classification: A review (1995)
    Springer
    Plant ecology 118 (1995), S. 139-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: Classification ; Definition ; United States ; Wetland
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In 1979 the US Fish and Wildlife Service published and adopted a classification of wetlands and deepwater habitats of the United States. The system was designed for use in a national inventory of wetlands. It was intended to be ecologically based, to furnish the mapping units needed for the inventory, and to provide national consistency in terminology and definition. We review the performance of the classification after 13 years of use. The definition of wetland is based on national lists of hydric soils and plants that occur in wetlands. Our experience suggests that wetland classifications must facilitate mapping and inventory because these data gathering functions are essential to management and preservation of the wetland resource, but the definitions and taxa must have ecological basis. The most serious problem faced in construction of the classification was lack of data for many of the diverse wetland types. Review of the performance of the classification suggests that, for the most part, it was successful in accomplishing its objectives, but that problem areas should be corrected and modification could strengthen its utility. The classification, at least in concept, could be applied outside the United States. Experience gained in use of the classification can furnish guidance as to pitfalls to be avoided in the wetland classification process.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00045196
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preliminary distributional analysis of US endangered bird species (2000)
    Springer
    Biodiversity and conservation 9 (2000), S. 1313-1322 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9710
    Keywords: BIOCLIM ; birds ; conservation strategies ; ecological niche modeling ; endangered species ; GARP ; United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A first exploration of applications of ecological niche modeling and geographic distributional prediction to endangered species protection is developed. Foci of richness of endangered bird species are identified in coastal California and along the southern fringe of the United States. Species included on the Endangered Species List on the basis of peripheral populations inflate these concentrations considerably. Species without protection in the US National Park System are focused particularly in peninsular Florida. Application of this methodology to additional taxa and regions holds promise for diverse conservation applications.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008924322405
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The destruction of aquatic vegetation by carp (1983)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 106 (1983), S. 37-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: carp ; aquatic vegetation ; enclosure experiment ; Southern France ; United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The destruction of submerged vegetation by common carp, Cyprinus carpio L. is tested in six enclosures with different biomass (kg ha−1) of carp in a marsh of the Camargue, southern France. After 71 days, a strong negative relationship was found between the biomass of carp and the amount of aquatic vegetation present in the enclosures. The results are compared with similar studies in the United States. The absence of problem of vegetation destruction by carp in Europe, in contrast to North America, may be explained by lower biomass of these populations in Europe, and by a higher weight of carp in North America.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00016414
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Colonization and succession of benthic macroinvertebrates in a new reservoir (1984)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 112 (1984), S. 27-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: benthic macroinvertebrates ; colonization ; succession ; reservoir ; impoundment ; mainstream ; United States ; Southeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the colonization and succession of benthic macroinvertebrates in shallow areas (〈7 m) of Lake Anna, a new mainstream impoundment in the southeastern U.S.A. Benthic macroinvertebrates were sampled for the first three years after filling by means of artificial substrates placed on the bottom and retrieved with SCUBA. Lake Anna was well colonized by benthic macroinvertebrates during the summer season immediately after impoundment. The total density of organisms increased in each of the first three years. Major changes in the fauna occurred between the first and second years, but the changes between the second and third years were more subtle. The fauna could be divided into two distinct groups based upon the time when the organisms were most consistently abundant. The first colonizers appeared to be dependent upon the components of the former terrestrial ecosystem for food and habitat. As autochthonous factors began to regulate succession, diversity increased and the dominant species shifted to an assemblage of second colonizers. These factors included: (1) decomposition of terrestrial vegetation and detritus leaving bare substrate, (2) sedimentation, (3) improved food quality of the organic matter in the sediment because of ingestion and egestion by the organisms themselves, (4) increased plankton populations, and (5) appearance of macrophytes. As the second colonizers became firmly established in the third year, distinct patterns of spatial distribution began to appear among species with similar niches.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00007663
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A survey of dermatophytes isolated from human patients in the United States from 1982 to 1984 (1987)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 98 (1987), S. 35-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: dermatophytes ; survey ; United States ; humans ; 1982/84
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A survey of dermatophytes isolated from patients seeking medical advice was made from 1982 to 1984 in the United States. The survey included 59 locations with data from 49 cities and one state. Listing of the isolated dermatophytes and the frequency given by percentage of total follows: Trichophyton rubrum 46.8%, T. tonsurans 33.3%, T. mentagrophytes 10.1%, Microsporum canis 4.5%, Epidermophyton floccosum 3,5%, M. gypseum and T. verrucosum both 0.7%, M. audouinii and T. terrestre both 0.1%, and T. violaceum 0.06%. No isolations of M. ferrugineum or T. schoenleinii were reported. Temporal increases were observed for frequencies of T. mentagrophytes, T. tonsurans and M. canis, and decreases occurred for frequencies of E. floccosum and T. rubrum when the data from this survey were compared by the goodness of fit test to data of the 1979 to 1981 survey. The percent of dermatophyte isolations identified as T. tonsurans correlated significantly with the percentage of blacks in cities of 100000 or more people.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00431015
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  • 13
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    Genetics. Please don't call it cloning! (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-02-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vogelstein, Bert -- Alberts, Bruce -- Shine, Kenneth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Feb 15;295(5558):1237.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Kimmel Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA. vogelbe@welch.jhu.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11847324" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bioethical Issues ; Cell Line ; *Cloning, Organism/legislation & jurisprudence ; Embryo Research ; Embryo, Mammalian/*cytology ; Humans ; *Nuclear Transfer Techniques ; *Stem Cells ; *Terminology as Topic ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 14
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    Excess polymorphisms in genes for membrane proteins in Plasmodium falciparum (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-10-05
    Description: The detection of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in pathogenic microorganisms has normally been carried out by trial and error. Here we show that DNA hybridization with high-density oligonucleotide arrays provides rapid and convenient detection of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in Plasmodium falciparum, despite its exceptionally high adenine-thymine (AT) content (82%). A disproportionate number of polymorphisms are found in genes encoding proteins associated with the cell membrane. These genes are targets for only 22% of the oligonucleotide probes but account for 69% of the polymorphisms. Genetic variation is also enriched in subtelomeric regions, which account for 22% of the chromosome but 76% of the polymorphisms.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Volkman, Sarah K -- Hartl, Daniel L -- Wirth, Dyann F -- Nielsen, Kaare M -- Choi, Mehee -- Batalov, Serge -- Zhou, Yingyao -- Plouffe, David -- Le Roch, Karine G -- Abagyan, Ruben -- Winzeler, Elizabeth A -- GM61351/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Oct 4;298(5591):216-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12364807" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Base Sequence ; Chromosomes/genetics ; DNA, Protozoan/genetics ; *Genes, Protozoan ; Genetic Variation ; Genome, Protozoan ; Membrane Proteins/*genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nucleic Acid Hybridization ; Oligonucleotide Probes ; Plasmodium falciparum/*genetics ; *Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Protozoan Proteins/*genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 15
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    Genomic instability in mice lacking histone H2AX (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-04-06
    Description: Higher order chromatin structure presents a barrier to the recognition and repair of DNA damage. Double-strand breaks (DSBs) induce histone H2AX phosphorylation, which is associated with the recruitment of repair factors to damaged DNA. To help clarify the physiological role of H2AX, we targeted H2AX in mice. Although H2AX is not essential for irradiation-induced cell-cycle checkpoints, H2AX-/- mice were radiation sensitive, growth retarded, and immune deficient, and mutant males were infertile. These pleiotropic phenotypes were associated with chromosomal instability, repair defects, and impaired recruitment of Nbs1, 53bp1, and Brca1, but not Rad51, to irradiation-induced foci. Thus, H2AX is critical for facilitating the assembly of specific DNA-repair complexes on damaged DNA.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4721576/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4721576/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Celeste, Arkady -- Petersen, Simone -- Romanienko, Peter J -- Fernandez-Capetillo, Oscar -- Chen, Hua Tang -- Sedelnikova, Olga A -- Reina-San-Martin, Bernardo -- Coppola, Vincenzo -- Meffre, Eric -- Difilippantonio, Michael J -- Redon, Christophe -- Pilch, Duane R -- Olaru, Alexandru -- Eckhaus, Michael -- Camerini-Otero, R Daniel -- Tessarollo, Lino -- Livak, Ferenc -- Manova, Katia -- Bonner, William M -- Nussenzweig, Michel C -- Nussenzweig, Andre -- Z99 CA999999/Intramural NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 May 3;296(5569):922-7. Epub 2002 Apr 4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11934988" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; B-Lymphocytes/immunology/physiology ; Base Sequence ; Cell Aging ; Cell Cycle ; Cells, Cultured ; *Chromosome Aberrations ; DNA Damage ; *DNA Repair ; Female ; Gene Targeting ; Histones/chemistry/*genetics/*physiology ; Immunoglobulin Class Switching ; Infertility, Male/genetics/physiopathology ; Lymphocyte Count ; Male ; Meiosis ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Phosphorylation ; *Recombination, Genetic ; Spermatocytes/physiology ; T-Lymphocytes/immunology/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 16
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    Visualization and functional analysis of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase lattices (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-06-22
    Description: Positive-strand RNA viruses such as poliovirus replicate their genomes on intracellular membranes of their eukaryotic hosts. Electron microscopy has revealed that purified poliovirus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase forms planar and tubular oligomeric arrays. The structural integrity of these arrays correlates with cooperative RNA binding and RNA elongation and is sensitive to mutations that disrupt intermolecular contacts predicted by the polymerase structure. Membranous vesicles isolated from poliovirus-infected cells contain structures consistent with the presence of two-dimensional polymerase arrays on their surfaces during infection. Therefore, host cytoplasmic membranes may function as physical foundations for two-dimensional polymerase arrays, conferring the advantages of surface catalysis to viral RNA replication.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lyle, John M -- Bullitt, Esther -- Bienz, Kurt -- Kirkegaard, Karla -- AI-42119/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Jun 21;296(5576):2218-22.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12077417" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Base Sequence ; Binding Sites ; Catalysis ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Inclusion Bodies, Viral/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Microscopy, Electron ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Poliovirus/*enzymology/physiology ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Quaternary ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; RNA Replicase/*chemistry/isolation & purification/*metabolism/ultrastructure ; RNA, Viral/biosynthesis/*metabolism ; Viral Core Proteins/metabolism ; Virus Replication
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 17
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    Planetary science. NASA's new road to faster, cheaper, better exploration (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-11-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kerr, Richard A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Nov 15;298(5597):1320-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12434031" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Humans ; *Planets ; Research Personnel ; Research Support as Topic ; Solar System ; Space Flight/*economics/*organization & administration/trends ; Spacecraft ; United States ; United States National Aeronautics and Space ; Administration/*economics/*organization & administration/trends
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
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    Patent law. Natural substances and patentable inventions (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-05-31
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Demaine, Linda J -- Fellmeth, Aaron X -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 May 30;300(5624):1375-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉RAND, Santa Monica, CA 90401, USA. demaine@rand.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12775825" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aluminum Oxide ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Natural Science Disciplines ; Patents as Topic/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Plant Extracts ; Plant Roots ; Titanium ; United States
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    Smallpox research. World health body fires starting gun (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-05-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stone, Richard -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 May 24;296(5572):1383.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12029105" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biological Specimen Banks ; *Research ; Russia ; United States ; *Variola virus ; *World Health Organization
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Construction and analysis of a human-chimpanzee comparative clone map (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-01-05
    Description: The recently released human genome sequences provide us with reference data to conduct comparative genomic research on primates, which will be important to understand what genetic information makes us human. Here we present a first-generation human-chimpanzee comparative genome map and its initial analysis. The map was constructed through paired alignment of 77,461 chimpanzee bacterial artificial chromosome end sequences with publicly available human genome sequences. We detected candidate positions, including two clusters on human chromosome 21 that suggest large, nonrandom regions of difference between the two genomes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fujiyama, Asao -- Watanabe, Hidemi -- Toyoda, Atsushi -- Taylor, Todd D -- Itoh, Takehiko -- Tsai, Shih-Feng -- Park, Hong-Seog -- Yaspo, Marie-Laure -- Lehrach, Hans -- Chen, Zhu -- Fu, Gang -- Saitou, Naruya -- Osoegawa, Kazutoyo -- de Jong, Pieter J -- Suto, Yumiko -- Hattori, Masahira -- Sakaki, Yoshiyuki -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Jan 4;295(5552):131-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉RIKEN Genomic Sciences Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan. afujiyam@gsc.riken.go.jp〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11778049" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Base Sequence ; Chromosomes, Artificial, Bacterial ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21/genetics ; Cloning, Molecular ; Contig Mapping ; Female ; Gene Library ; *Genome ; *Genome, Human ; Humans ; Male ; Pan troglodytes/*genetics ; *Physical Chromosome Mapping ; Sequence Alignment ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Sequence Tagged Sites ; X Chromosome/genetics ; Y Chromosome/genetics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Intellectual property. DuPont ups ante on use of Harvard's OncoMouse (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-05-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Marshall, Eliot -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 May 17;296(5571):1212.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12016275" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Disease Models, Animal ; Drug Industry/legislation & jurisprudence ; Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor ; Mice ; *Mice, Transgenic ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/legislation & jurisprudence ; *Neoplasms, Experimental ; *Patents as Topic ; United States ; Universities/legislation & jurisprudence
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Risks of genetically engineered crops (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-09-27
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gurian-Sherman, Doug -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Sep 26;301(5641):1845; author reply 1845.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14512604" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Crops, Agricultural/*genetics/standards ; Genetic Engineering ; Government Regulation ; Phenotype ; *Plants, Genetically Modified ; Risk Assessment ; United States ; *United States Department of Agriculture ; *United States Environmental Protection Agency
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Retrograde viral delivery of IGF-1 prolongs survival in a mouse ALS model (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-08-09
    Description: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive, lethal neuromuscular disease that is associated with the degeneration of spinal and brainstem motor neurons, leading to atrophy of limb, axial, and respiratory muscles. The cause of ALS is unknown, and there is no effective therapy. Neurotrophic factors are candidates for therapeutic evaluation in ALS. Although chronic delivery of molecules to the central nervous system has proven difficult, we recently discovered that adeno-associated virus can be retrogradely transported efficiently from muscle to motor neurons of the spinal cord. We report that insulin-like growth factor 1 prolongs life and delays disease progression, even when delivered at the time of overt disease symptoms.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kaspar, Brian K -- Llado, Jeronia -- Sherkat, Nushin -- Rothstein, Jeffrey D -- Gage, Fred H -- AG12992/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- AG21876/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- NS33958/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Aug 8;301(5634):839-42.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12907804" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/pathology/physiopathology/*therapy ; Animals ; Apoptosis ; Base Sequence ; Caspase 9 ; Caspases/metabolism ; Cell Count ; Dependovirus/*genetics ; Disease Models, Animal ; Disease Progression ; Gene Transfer Techniques ; *Genetic Therapy ; *Genetic Vectors/administration & dosage ; Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor ; Green Fluorescent Proteins ; Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/*genetics ; Luminescent Proteins/genetics ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Motor Neurons/pathology/virology ; Muscle, Skeletal/virology ; Nerve Growth Factors/genetics ; *Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt ; Random Allocation ; Spinal Cord/chemistry/pathology/virology ; Superoxide Dismutase/genetics/metabolism ; Ubiquitin/analysis
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    Evolutionary discrimination of mammalian conserved non-genic sequences (CNGs) (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-10-04
    Description: Analysis of the human and mouse genomes identified an abundance of conserved non-genic sequences (CNGs). The significance and evolutionary depth of their conservation remain unanswered. We have quantified levels and patterns of conservation of 191 CNGs of human chromosome 21 in 14 mammalian species. We found that CNGs are significantly more conserved than protein-coding genes and noncoding RNAS (ncRNAs) within the mammalian class from primates to monotremes to marsupials. The pattern of substitutions in CNGs differed from that seen in protein-coding and ncRNA genes and resembled that of protein-binding regions. About 0.3% to 1% of the human genome corresponds to a previously unknown class of extremely constrained CNGs shared among mammals.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dermitzakis, Emmanouil T -- Reymond, Alexandre -- Scamuffa, Nathalie -- Ucla, Catherine -- Kirkness, Ewen -- Rossier, Colette -- Antonarakis, Stylianos E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Nov 7;302(5647):1033-5. Epub 2003 Oct 2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Medical Genetics and National Center of Competence in Research (NCCR) Frontiers in Genetics, University of Geneva Medical School and University Hospitals, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland. Emmanouil.Dermitzakis@medecine.unige.ch〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14526086" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Base Sequence ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21/*genetics ; Chromosomes, Mammalian/*genetics ; *Conserved Sequence ; DNA, Intergenic/*genetics ; Discriminant Analysis ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Female ; Genetic Code ; Genome ; Humans ; Male ; Mammals/*genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Proteins/genetics ; RNA, Untranslated/genetics ; Selection, Genetic ; Sequence Alignment ; Species Specificity ; Time ; Transcription, Genetic
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    Loren Rieseberg profile. No garden-variety biologist (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-12-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Brown, Kathryn -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Nov 28;302(5650):1499.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14645825" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Physiological ; *Biological Evolution ; Desert Climate ; Ecosystem ; Environment ; Genes, Plant ; Helianthus/*genetics/growth & development/physiology ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; Mutation ; Phenotype ; Sodium Chloride/pharmacology ; United States
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    Genetics. FDA races in wrong direction (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-07-26
    Description: Despite recent genetic evidence and the promise of individualized medicine, there is a continuing interest in using self-identified categories of race and ethnicity as variables in scientific and medical research. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration recently proposed a standardized approach for the collection of race and ethnicity data in clinical trials. We believe that this move fails to acknowledge new scientific data and recommend that relevant data from individuals be collected and used rather than broad group statistics. We also encourage that increased funding be committed to this important issue.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Haga, Susanne B -- Venter, J Craig -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jul 25;301(5632):466.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for the Advancement of Genomics, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12881555" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Clinical Trials as Topic ; *Continental Population Groups/genetics ; *Ethnic Groups/genetics ; Gene Frequency ; Genetic Variation ; Guidelines as Topic ; Humans ; Pharmacogenetics ; United States ; *United States Food and Drug Administration
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    Environmental Protection Agency. Access to proposals triggers sharp debate (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-03-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Renner, Rebecca -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Mar 7;299(5612):1501.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12624242" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Access to Information ; Government Agencies ; *Intellectual Property ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; Privacy ; Research Support as Topic ; United States ; *United States Environmental Protection Agency
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    Ethics. Revisiting a 1930s scandal, AACR to rename a prize (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-04-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Starr, Douglas -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Apr 25;300(5619):573-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12714721" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Awards and Prizes ; Ethics, Research/*history ; History, 20th Century ; *Neoplasms/history ; Prejudice ; Puerto Rico ; *Societies, Scientific ; United States
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    Recent segmental duplications in the human genome (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-08-10
    Description: Primate-specific segmental duplications are considered important in human disease and evolution. The inability to distinguish between allelic and duplication sequence overlap has hampered their characterization as well as assembly and annotation of our genome. We developed a method whereby each public sequence is analyzed at the clone level for overrepresentation within a whole-genome shotgun sequence. This test has the ability to detect duplications larger than 15 kilobases irrespective of copy number, location, or high sequence similarity. We mapped 169 large regions flanked by highly similar duplications. Twenty-four of these hot spots of genomic instability have been associated with genetic disease. Our analysis indicates a highly nonrandom chromosomal and genic distribution of recent segmental duplications, with a likely role in expanding protein diversity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bailey, Jeffrey A -- Gu, Zhiping -- Clark, Royden A -- Reinert, Knut -- Samonte, Rhea V -- Schwartz, Stuart -- Adams, Mark D -- Myers, Eugene W -- Li, Peter W -- Eichler, Evan E -- CA094816/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- GM58815/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- HG002318/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Aug 9;297(5583):1003-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Genetics, Center for Computational Genomics, and Center for Human Genetics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12169732" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Base Sequence ; Biological Evolution ; Chromosomes, Human/genetics ; Computational Biology ; Databases, Nucleic Acid ; Exons ; Expressed Sequence Tags ; *Gene Duplication ; Gene Rearrangement ; *Genes, Duplicate ; Genetic Diseases, Inborn/genetics ; *Genome, Human ; Humans ; Models, Genetic ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Proteome ; Recombination, Genetic ; Sequence Alignment
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    Homeland security. New agency contains strong science arm (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-11-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Malakoff, David -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Nov 22;298(5598):1534.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12446877" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Bioterrorism ; Financing, Government ; Government Agencies/economics/legislation & jurisprudence/*organization & ; administration ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; Research/*organization & administration ; Research Support as Topic ; Security Measures/economics/legislation & jurisprudence/*organization & ; administration ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    A tomato cysteine protease required for Cf-2-dependent disease resistance and suppression of autonecrosis (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-04-27
    Description: Little is known of how plant disease resistance (R) proteins recognize pathogens and activate plant defenses. Rcr3 is specifically required for the function of Cf-2, a Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium gene bred into cultivated tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) for resistance to Cladosporium fulvum. Rcr3 encodes a secreted papain-like cysteine endoprotease. Genetic analysis shows Rcr3 is allelic to the L. pimpinellifolium Ne gene, which suppresses the Cf-2-dependent autonecrosis conditioned by its L. esculentum allele, ne (necrosis). Rcr3 alleles from these two species encode proteins that differ by only seven amino acids. Possible roles of Rcr3 in Cf-2-dependent defense and autonecrosis are discussed.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kruger, Julia -- Thomas, Colwyn M -- Golstein, Catherine -- Dixon, Mark S -- Smoker, Matthew -- Tang, Saijun -- Mulder, Lonneke -- Jones, Jonathan D G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Apr 26;296(5568):744-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉The Sainsbury Laboratory, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11976458" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Base Sequence ; Cladosporium/*physiology ; Cloning, Molecular ; Cysteine Endopeptidases/chemistry/*genetics/*metabolism ; Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors/pharmacology ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; *Genes, Plant ; Immunity, Innate ; Leucine/analogs & derivatives/pharmacology ; Lycopersicon esculentum/*enzymology/genetics/*microbiology/physiology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Phenotype ; *Plant Diseases ; Plant Leaves/enzymology ; Plant Proteins/*metabolism ; Plants, Genetically Modified ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Tobacco/genetics ; Transgenes
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    Historical essay. The early years of HIV/AIDS (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-12-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gallo, Robert C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Nov 29;298(5599):1728-30.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Human Virology and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12459576" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: AIDS Serodiagnosis/history ; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/diagnosis/*history/immunology/virology ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/virology ; Cell Line ; Cells, Cultured ; France ; *HIV/classification/isolation & purification/physiology ; History, 20th Century ; Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/isolation & purification/physiology ; Human T-lymphotropic virus 2/isolation & purification/physiology ; Humans ; Interleukin-2/history/isolation & purification/physiology ; Patents as Topic/history ; RNA-Directed DNA Polymerase/history/isolation & purification/metabolism ; United States ; Virus Cultivation
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    Research fraud, public policy, and gun control (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-06-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lott, John R Jr -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jun 6;300(5625):1505; author reply 1505.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12791965" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Crime/statistics & numerical data ; *Firearms/legislation & jurisprudence ; *Public Policy ; Publishing ; Research/*standards ; Scientific Misconduct ; United States
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    AIDS and Africa: still a sad story (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-05-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kennedy, Donald -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 May 16;300(5622):1053.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12750481" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/*economics/epidemiology/prevention & ; control/transmission ; Africa/epidemiology ; Disease Outbreaks/economics ; Financing, Government ; Health Care Costs ; Humans ; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical/prevention & control ; South Africa/epidemiology ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    An uncertain partnership (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-11-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mulcahy, R Timothy -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Nov 7;302(5647):949.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14605331" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biomedical Research/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Bioterrorism/*legislation & jurisprudence/prevention & control ; *Government Regulation ; *Security Measures ; United States ; *Universities
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Calculating the benefits of regulation (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-05-31
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Roelofs, Cora R -- Ellenbecker, Michael J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 May 30;300(5624):1372.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12775824" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cost-Benefit Analysis ; Environmental Health ; *Government Regulation ; *Health ; Humans ; Safety ; United States ; *United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration ; *Value of Life
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Whales before whaling in the North Atlantic (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-07-26
    Description: It is well known that hunting dramatically reduced all baleen whale populations, yet reliable estimates of former whale abundances are elusive. Based on coalescent models for mitochondrial DNA sequence variation, the genetic diversity of North Atlantic whales suggests population sizes of approximately 240,000 humpback, 360,000 fin, and 265,000 minke whales. Estimates for fin and humpback whales are far greater than those previously calculated for prewhaling populations and 6 to 20 times higher than present-day population estimates. Such discrepancies suggest the need for a quantitative reevaluation of historical whale populations and a fundamental revision in our conception of the natural state of the oceans.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Roman, Joe -- Palumbi, Stephen R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jul 25;301(5632):508-10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12881568" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Atlantic Ocean ; Base Sequence ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; *Ecosystem ; Female ; Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Male ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Time Factors ; *Whales/classification/genetics
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Tracking children's health to age 21 (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-11-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Edwards, E Stephen -- Green, Nancy -- Henry, Carol J -- Landrigan, Philip J -- Swartz, Daniel -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Oct 31;302(5646):781.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14593148" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Child ; *Child Development ; Costs and Cost Analysis ; *Disease ; *Epidemiologic Studies ; *Health ; Humans ; Social Environment ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Amersham Prize. 2002 grand prize winner (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-10-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Oct 24;302(5645):585.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14576414" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Awards and Prizes ; China ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; *Molecular Biology/history ; United States
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Genetic control of surface curvature (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-03-01
    Description: Although curvature of biological surfaces has been considered from mathematical and biophysical perspectives, its molecular and developmental basis is unclear. We have studied the cin mutant of Antirrhinum, which has crinkly rather than flat leaves. Leaves of cin display excess growth in marginal regions, resulting in a gradual introduction of negative curvature during development. This reflects a change in the shape and the progression of a cell-cycle arrest front moving from the leaf tip toward the base. CIN encodes a TCP protein and is expressed downstream of the arrest front. We propose that CIN promotes zero curvature (flatness) by making cells more sensitive to an arrest signal, particularly in marginal regions.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nath, Utpal -- Crawford, Brian C W -- Carpenter, Rosemary -- Coen, Enrico -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Feb 28;299(5611):1404-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12610308" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Antirrhinum/cytology/*genetics/*growth & development/metabolism ; Base Sequence ; Cell Cycle ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Division ; Cell Size ; Cyclin D3 ; Cyclins/genetics/metabolism ; Gene Deletion ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; *Genes, Plant ; Histones/genetics/metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutagenesis, Insertional ; Mutation ; Plant Leaves/anatomy & histology/cytology/*growth & development/metabolism ; Plant Proteins/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Surface Properties ; Transcription Factors/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Revisiting nuclear power plant safety (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-01-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lyman, Edwin S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jan 10;299(5604):201-3; author reply 201-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12523360" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Humans ; Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced/epidemiology/etiology ; Nuclear Energy ; Nuclear Reactors ; *Power Plants ; Radioactive Hazard Release ; *Safety ; Security Measures ; *Terrorism ; Thyroid Neoplasms/epidemiology/etiology ; Ukraine/epidemiology ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    The ironic politics of obesity (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-02-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nestle, Marion -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Feb 7;299(5608):781.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12574583" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Child ; *Diet ; *Food Industry ; Humans ; Marketing ; *Nutrition Policy ; Nutritional Physiological Phenomena ; *Obesity/epidemiology/prevention & control ; Politics ; United States ; *United States Department of Agriculture
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Graduate students' views on unionization (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-01-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Castellanos, Mariajose -- Holland-Minkley, Amanda M -- MacKenzie, Allen B -- McNeil, Anne J -- Toomey, David -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jan 17;299(5605):345-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12532977" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Education, Graduate ; *Labor Unions ; New York ; United States ; *Universities
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Consensus and ancestral state HIV vaccines (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-03-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nickle, David C -- Jensen, Mark A -- Gottlieb, Geoffrey S -- Shriner, Daniel -- Learn, Gerald H -- Rodrigo, Allen G -- Mullins, James I -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Mar 7;299(5612):1515-8; author reply 1515-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12624248" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *AIDS Vaccines/immunology ; Base Sequence ; Consensus Sequence ; Evolution, Molecular ; Genes, env ; Genes, gag ; Genetic Variation ; HIV Antigens/genetics/immunology ; HIV-1/classification/*genetics/*immunology ; Humans ; *Phylogeny
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    How would a Cable Science Network work? (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-10-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nitabach, Michael N -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Oct 3;302(5642):53-5; author reply 53-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14526059" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Access to Information ; Editorial Policies ; Science/*education ; *Television ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Information science. Going, going, gone: lost Internet references (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-11-01
    Description: The use of Internet references in academic literature is common, and Internet references are frequently inaccessible. The extent of Internet referencing and Internet reference activity in medical or scientific publications was systematically examined in more than 1000 articles published between 2000 and 2003 in the New England Journal of Medicine, The Journal of the American Medical Association, and Science. Internet references accounted for 2.6% of all references (672/25548) and in articles 27 months old, 13% of Internet references were inactive. Publishers, librarians, and readers need to reassess policies, archiving systems, and other resources for addressing Internet reference attrition to prevent further information loss.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dellavalle, Robert P -- Hester, Eric J -- Heilig, Lauren F -- Drake, Amanda L -- Kuntzman, Jeff W -- Graber, Marla -- Schilling, Lisa M -- K-07 CA92550/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R25 CA49981/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- T32 AR07411/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Oct 31;302(5646):787-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Denver, CO 80220, USA. robert.dellavalle@uchsc.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14593153" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Information Storage and Retrieval ; *Internet ; *Periodicals as Topic ; *Publishing ; United States
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    Scanning human gene deserts for long-range enhancers (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-10-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nobrega, Marcelo A -- Ovcharenko, Ivan -- Afzal, Veena -- Rubin, Edward M -- HL66728/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Oct 17;302(5644):413.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14563999" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anura/genetics ; Base Sequence ; Conserved Sequence ; *DNA, Intergenic ; *Drosophila Proteins ; *Enhancer Elements, Genetic ; Evolution, Molecular ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Genes, Reporter ; Humans ; Introns ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Nuclear Proteins/*genetics ; Synteny ; Takifugu/genetics ; Tetraodontiformes/genetics ; Xenopus/genetics ; Zebrafish/genetics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Infectious diseases. Searching for a SARS agenda (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-06-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Enserink, Martin -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jun 6;300(5625):1487-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12791953" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biomedical Research ; Communicable Diseases, Emerging/diagnosis/prevention & control/transmission ; Disease Outbreaks ; Disease Reservoirs ; Humans ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; Research Support as Topic ; SARS Virus/immunology ; *Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/diagnosis/epidemiology/prevention & ; control/transmission ; United States ; Viral Vaccines/economics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Bio2010 misinterpreted? (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-12-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Alberts, Bruce -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Nov 28;302(5650):1504.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14645827" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Advisory Committees ; Biological Science Disciplines/*education ; *Biomedical Research ; Career Choice ; *Curriculum ; National Academy of Sciences (U.S.) ; Teaching ; United States
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    Thomas Monath profile. Riding the biodefense wave (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-08-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Enserink, Martin -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Aug 15;301(5635):912-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12920279" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biological Warfare ; *Biotechnology/economics/history ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Security Measures ; *Smallpox Vaccine/economics ; United States ; *Viral Vaccines/economics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Ecology. 'Tragedy of the commons' author dies (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-10-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Holden, Constance -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Oct 3;302(5642):32.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14526046" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Ecology ; Environment ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; United States
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    Bioweapons. Plague researcher recants account about fate of vials (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-10-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Malakoff, David -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Oct 24;302(5645):543.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14576385" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Bioterrorism ; *Crime ; Law Enforcement ; Plague/microbiology ; *Research Personnel ; Security Measures ; Specimen Handling ; Texas ; United States ; United States Government Agencies ; Universities ; *Yersinia pestis
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    Radiation science. Sparks fly over new report on Hiroshima bomb radiation (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-08-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Normile, Dennis -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Aug 8;301(5634):742.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12907763" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Humans ; *International Cooperation ; Japan ; *Neutrons ; Nickel ; *Nuclear Warfare ; *Publishing ; Radiation Dosage ; Radioisotopes ; Radiometry ; United States
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    Biosafety labs. The war on bioterror moves west (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-02-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Enserink, Martin -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Feb 7;299(5608):814.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12574601" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Bioterrorism ; *Containment of Biohazards ; *Laboratories/manpower ; Montana ; *National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; Research Personnel ; United States ; *Viruses
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    Infectious diseases. Up close and personal with SARS (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-05-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Normile, Dennis -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 May 9;300(5621):886-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12738826" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.) ; Communicable Diseases, Emerging/epidemiology/*virology ; *Disease Outbreaks ; History, 21st Century ; Hong Kong/epidemiology ; Humans ; Influenza A virus/pathogenicity ; Influenza, Human/epidemiology/transmission/virology ; SARS Virus/*classification/*isolation & purification/pathogenicity/ultrastructure ; Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/epidemiology/*virology ; Sri Lanka ; United States ; Universities ; World Health Organization
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Clinical trials. Ventilator study gets second wind (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-07-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Malakoff, David -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jul 11;301(5630):149.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12855776" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Clinical Protocols/standards ; Clinical Trials as Topic/*standards ; Ethics Committees, Research ; Humans ; Informed Consent ; Multicenter Studies as Topic/standards ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; Research Design/standards ; Respiration, Artificial/*methods ; Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Adult/*therapy ; United States ; Ventilators, Mechanical
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Bioterrorism. New look at old data irks smallpox-eradication experts (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-01-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Enserink, Martin -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jan 10;299(5604):181.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12522221" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Bioterrorism ; Disease Outbreaks/prevention & control ; Humans ; *Immunization Programs ; Incidence ; Mass Vaccination ; Smallpox/epidemiology/*prevention & control ; *Smallpox Vaccine ; United States ; *Vaccination
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Biosafety labs. The architect behind the new fortresses of science (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-02-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Enserink, Martin -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Feb 7;299(5608):812-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12574599" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Canada ; *Containment of Biohazards ; *Environment, Controlled ; *Facility Design and Construction/economics ; *Laboratories ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Scientific community. The trials of Thomas Butler (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-12-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Enserink, Martin -- Malakoff, David -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Dec 19;302(5653):2054-63.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14684799" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Bioterrorism ; Clinical Trials as Topic/*economics/standards ; Contracts ; *Fraud ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; *Jurisprudence ; Law Enforcement ; Plague/drug therapy ; Security Measures ; Sepsis/drug therapy ; Specimen Handling/standards ; Tanzania ; Texas ; United States ; United States Government Agencies ; Universities ; *Yersinia pestis
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Homeland security. New science chief wants ready-made technologies (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-04-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Malakoff, David -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Apr 18;300(5618):406.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12702848" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Bioterrorism/prevention & control ; Budgets ; Federal Government ; Government Agencies/economics/*organization & administration ; Research ; *Security Measures ; *Terrorism/prevention & control ; United States ; Universities
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Scientific misconduct. The multiple repercussions of a fudged grant application (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-04-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Malakoff, David -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Apr 4;300(5616):40.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12677036" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Academic Medical Centers/*legislation & jurisprudence/organization & ; administration ; Animals ; Connecticut ; Financing, Government ; Jurisprudence ; *Research Support as Topic ; Scientific Misconduct ; Ticks/*immunology ; United States ; United States Office of Research Integrity ; *Vaccines
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Intellectual property. Judge turns Rochester's golden patent into lead (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-03-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Malakoff, David -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Mar 14;299(5613):1638-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12637705" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal ; Celecoxib ; Cloning, Molecular ; Cyclooxygenase 2 ; Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors ; *Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors ; Drug Industry/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Isoenzymes/*antagonists & inhibitors/*genetics ; New York ; Patents as Topic/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases/*genetics ; Pyrazoles ; Sulfonamides ; United States ; Universities/*legislation & jurisprudence
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Mismatch repair co-opted by hypermutation (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-03-21
    Description: Mice homozygous for a disrupted allele of the mismatch repair gene Pms2 have a mutator phenotype. When this allele is crossed into quasi-monoclonal (QM) mice, which have a very limited B cell repertoire, homozygotes have fewer somatic mutations at the immunoglobulin heavy chain and lambda chain loci than do heterozygotes or wild-type QM mice. That is, mismatch repair seems to contribute to somatic hypermutation rather than stifling it. It is suggested that at immunoglobulin loci in hypermutable B cells, mismatched base pairs are "corrected" according to the newly synthesized DNA strand, thereby fixing incipient mutations instead of eliminating them.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cascalho, M -- Wong, J -- Steinberg, C -- Wabl, M -- 1R01 GM37699/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Feb 20;279(5354):1207-10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0670, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9469811" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Adenosine Triphosphatases ; Alleles ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; B-Lymphocytes/immunology ; Base Composition ; Base Sequence ; Cloning, Molecular ; Crosses, Genetic ; *DNA Repair ; *DNA Repair Enzymes ; *DNA-Binding Proteins ; Female ; Gene Rearrangement ; *Genes, Immunoglobulin ; Heterozygote ; Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/chemistry/genetics ; Immunoglobulin Variable Region/chemistry/*genetics ; Immunoglobulin lambda-Chains/chemistry/genetics ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Mutation ; Proteins/*genetics/physiology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    New potential for human embryonic stem cells (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-12-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gearhart, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Nov 6;282(5391):1061-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA. gearhart@jhmi.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9841453" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Blastocyst/*cytology ; *Cell Culture Techniques ; Cell Differentiation ; *Cell Line ; Cell Lineage ; *Embryo Research ; Embryo, Mammalian/*cytology ; Federal Government ; Germ Cells/*cytology ; Government Regulation ; Guidelines as Topic ; Humans ; Major Histocompatibility Complex ; Mice ; Research Support as Topic ; Risk Assessment ; Stem Cell Transplantation ; Stem Cells/*cytology ; Transplantation Immunology ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    A preorganized active site in the crystal structure of the Tetrahymena ribozyme (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-12-05
    Description: Group I introns possess a single active site that catalyzes the two sequential reactions of self-splicing. An RNA comprising the two domains of the Tetrahymena thermophila group I intron catalytic core retains activity, and the 5.0 angstrom crystal structure of this 247-nucleotide ribozyme is now described. Close packing of the two domains forms a shallow cleft capable of binding the short helix that contains the 5' splice site. The helix that provides the binding site for the guanosine substrate deviates significantly from A-form geometry, providing a tight binding pocket. The binding pockets for both the 5' splice site helix and guanosine are formed and oriented in the absence of these substrates. Thus, this large ribozyme is largely preorganized for catalysis, much like a globular protein enzyme.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Golden, B L -- Gooding, A R -- Podell, E R -- Cech, T R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Oct 9;282(5387):259-64.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0215, USA. bgolden@petunia.colorado.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9841391" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Base Pairing ; Base Sequence ; Binding Sites ; Catalysis ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Guanosine/metabolism ; Introns ; Magnesium/metabolism ; Manganese/metabolism ; *Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Phosphates/metabolism ; RNA Splicing ; RNA, Catalytic/*chemistry/metabolism ; Tetrahymena thermophila/*genetics
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Lead regulation (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-01-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Goldman, L R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Dec 4;282(5395):1825-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9874633" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Child ; Environmental Exposure ; Environmental Pollutants/adverse effects ; Government Agencies ; Humans ; Lead/adverse effects ; Lead Poisoning/*prevention & control ; United States ; United States Environmental Protection Agency
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    Methylmercury risks (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-02-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Goldman, L R -- Farland, W H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Jan 30;279(5351):640-1; author reply 641.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9471723" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Fishes ; *Food Contamination ; Humans ; Maximum Allowable Concentration ; Methylmercury Compounds/*adverse effects ; *Nutrition Policy ; Risk Assessment ; United States ; United States Environmental Protection Agency
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Freedom of information requests (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-01-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gough, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Dec 4;282(5395):1823.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9874631" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid/adverse effects ; 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid/adverse effects ; Confidentiality/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Defoliants, Chemical ; Financing, Government ; Humans ; *Public Policy ; Research/*legislation & jurisprudence ; *Research Support as Topic ; Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin/adverse effects ; United States
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    Errors in genome reviews (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-09-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kyrpides, N C -- Ouzounis, C A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Sep 4;281(5382):1457.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9750114" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Base Sequence ; *Genes, Archaeal ; Open Reading Frames ; Publishing/*standards ; *Review Literature as Topic ; Sequence Analysis, DNA/*standards
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    RNA-mediated trans-activation of transcription from a viral RNA (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-08-07
    Description: The red clover necrotic mosaic virus genome is composed of two single-stranded RNA components, RNA-1 and RNA-2. The viral capsid protein is translated from a subgenomic RNA (sgRNA) that is transcribed from genomic RNA-1. Here, a 34-nucleotide sequence in RNA-2 is shown to be required for transcription of sgRNA. Mutations that prevent base-pairing between the RNA-1 subgenomic promoter and the 34-nucleotide trans-activator prevent expression of a reporter gene. A model is proposed in which direct binding of RNA-2 to RNA-1 trans-activates sgRNA synthesis. This RNA-mediated regulation of transcription is unusual among RNA viruses, which typically rely on protein regulators.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sit, T L -- Vaewhongs, A A -- Lommel, S A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Aug 7;281(5378):829-32.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7616, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9694655" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Base Composition ; Base Sequence ; DNA, Complementary ; Gene Expression ; Genes, Reporter ; Green Fluorescent Proteins ; Luminescent Proteins/genetics ; Models, Genetic ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mosaic Viruses/*genetics ; Mutation ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; RNA, Double-Stranded/genetics/metabolism ; RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis/genetics ; RNA, Viral/biosynthesis/chemistry/*genetics ; Sequence Alignment ; *Transcriptional Activation
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    Outcomes research: measuring the end results of health care (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-12-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Clancy, C M -- Eisenberg, J M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Oct 9;282(5387):245-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Outcomes and Effectiveness Research, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD 20852, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9841388" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Activities of Daily Living ; Health Status ; Humans ; *Outcome Assessment (Health Care)/trends ; Patient Satisfaction ; Quality of Life ; United States
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    A closer look at SNPs suggests difficulties (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-10-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Sep 18;281(5384):1787-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9776677" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Base Sequence ; Ethnic Groups/genetics ; *Genetic Markers ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; *Genetic Techniques ; Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Medical ; *Genome, Human ; Humans ; Point Mutation ; *Polymorphism, Genetic ; Recombination, Genetic
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    Inner workings of a transcription factor partnership (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-03-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Graves, B J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Feb 13;279(5353):1000-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Huntsman Cancer Institute, Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA. graves@bioscience.utah.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9490475" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Ankyrins/chemistry ; Base Sequence ; Binding Sites ; DNA/chemistry/*metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Dimerization ; GA-Binding Protein Transcription Factor ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Leucine Zippers ; Models, Molecular ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Transcription Factors/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Transcriptional Activation
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    AIDS office head picked (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-06-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 May 22;280(5367):1181.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9634393" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/history ; History, 20th Century ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/history/*organization & administration ; Research/history/*organization & administration ; United States
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    Ames tackles the riddle of life (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-04-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lawler, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Mar 20;279(5358):1840-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9537898" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Budgets ; *Exobiology/economics/organization & administration ; *Origin of Life ; Research Support as Topic ; United States ; *United States National Aeronautics and Space ; Administration/economics/organization & administration
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    Science catches Clinton's eye (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-02-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lawler, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Feb 6;279(5352):794-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9480546" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Budgets ; Financing, Government ; Government Agencies/*economics ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/*economics ; *Research Support as Topic ; Tobacco Industry ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Tobacco: who pays whom? (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-10-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gori, G B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Sep 18;281(5384):1805-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9776683" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Conflict of Interest ; Humans ; Lung Neoplasms/etiology ; *Tobacco Industry ; Tobacco Smoke Pollution/*adverse effects ; United States ; *United States Environmental Protection Agency
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 78
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    Taiwan trolls for U.S. firms to help it create an industry (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-06-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Agnew, B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 May 22;280(5367):1190.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9634398" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biotechnology/*economics ; *Commerce ; International Cooperation ; *Investments ; Taiwan ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 79
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    FDA scientists resist cuts in in-house research positions (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-03-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Agnew, B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Feb 13;279(5353):976-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9490483" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biological Products ; Biotechnology ; Drug Approval ; Drug Industry ; *Research ; *Research Personnel ; Research Support as Topic ; United States ; United States Food and Drug Administration/*organization & administration
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 80
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    Activation of the OxyR transcription factor by reversible disulfide bond formation (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-03-28
    Description: The OxyR transcription factor is sensitive to oxidation and activates the expression of antioxidant genes in response to hydrogen peroxide in Escherichia coli. Genetic and biochemical studies revealed that OxyR is activated through the formation of a disulfide bond and is deactivated by enzymatic reduction with glutaredoxin 1 (Grx1). The gene encoding Grx1 is regulated by OxyR, thus providing a mechanism for autoregulation. The redox potential of OxyR was determined to be -185 millivolts, ensuring that OxyR is reduced in the absence of stress. These results represent an example of redox signaling through disulfide bond formation and reduction.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zheng, M -- Aslund, F -- Storz, G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Mar 13;279(5357):1718-21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Cell Biology and Metabolism Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9497290" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Amino Acid Substitution ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Base Sequence ; Cysteine/metabolism ; *DNA-Binding Proteins ; Disulfides/*metabolism ; Escherichia coli/genetics/*metabolism ; Escherichia coli Proteins ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; Glutaredoxins ; Glutathione/metabolism ; Glutathione Disulfide/metabolism ; Glutathione Reductase/metabolism ; Hydrogen Peroxide/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Oxidative Stress ; *Oxidoreductases ; Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Repressor Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Thioredoxins/metabolism ; Transcription Factors/genetics/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 81
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    AIDS vaccine development (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-05-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Agosto, M -- Allan, J -- Benson, C -- Berger, E A -- Blumenthal, R -- Burton, D -- Clements, J -- Coffin, J -- Connor, R -- Cullen, B -- Desrosiers, R -- Dimitrov, D -- Doms, R -- Emerman, M -- Feinberg, M -- Fultz, P -- Gerard, C -- Gonsalves, G -- Haase, A -- Haigwood, N -- Hirsch, V -- Ho, D -- Hoxie, J A -- Hu, S L -- Zingale, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 May 8;280(5365):803, 804-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9599148" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *AIDS Vaccines/immunology ; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/prevention & control ; *Clinical Trials as Topic ; HIV Envelope Protein gp120/immunology ; HIV-1/immunology ; Humans ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 82
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    A bonanza for plant genomics (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-12-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Oct 23;282(5389):652-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9841420" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Arabidopsis/genetics ; Budgets ; Crops, Agricultural/*genetics ; DNA Transposable Elements ; Financing, Government ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; *Genome, Plant ; International Cooperation ; Mutagenesis, Insertional ; Oryza/genetics ; *Physical Chromosome Mapping/economics ; *Research Support as Topic ; *Sequence Analysis, DNA/economics ; United States ; Zea mays/*genetics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 83
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    Mercury in fish (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-02-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Clarkson, T -- Cox, C -- Davidson, P W -- Myers, G J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Jan 23;279(5350):459, 461.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9454336" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Child ; *Fishes ; *Food Contamination ; Humans ; Iraq ; Maximum Allowable Concentration ; Methylmercury Compounds/administration & dosage/*adverse effects/analysis ; *Nutrition Policy ; Seychelles ; United States ; United States Environmental Protection Agency ; World Health Organization
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 84
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    Bailout for drug research institute (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-05-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stone, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Apr 17;280(5362):372.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9575079" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Academies and Institutes/economics/organization & administration ; *Drug Industry/economics ; Hungary ; *Pharmaceutical Preparations ; United States
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 85
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    Lawsuit targets Yellowstone bug deal (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-03-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Mar 13;279(5357):1624.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9518372" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biotechnology/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Northwestern United States ; Public Policy ; Technology Transfer ; United States ; United States Environmental Protection Agency
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 86
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    Postdoctoral patterns, career advancement, and problems (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-09-08
    Description: Postdoctoral appointments can have different functions and meanings, depending on the field and whether the postdoc is a man or a woman. The Ph.D.'s-Ten Years Later study confirmed that in biochemistry, the postdoc, not the Ph.D., has become the general proving ground for excellence both in academia and industry. Because they spent a longer time in these "mandatory" postdocs, biochemists had the largest proportion of untenured faculty 10 to 13 years after the Ph. D. In mathematics, where substantially fewer postdoctoral positions are available, Ph.D.'s taking postdocs are more likely to obtain faculty positions, but this is true only for men. University administrators should be accountable for monitoring the total time spent in these positions and should provide administrative assistance for skills training, career growth, and the job search. In addition, creative solutions concerning the dual-career couple phenomenon are necessary.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nerad, M -- Cerny, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Sep 3;285(5433):1533-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Graduate Division, University of California, Berkeley, 424 Sproul Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-5900, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10477510" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biochemistry/education ; *Career Mobility ; *Education, Graduate ; Employment ; Faculty ; *Fellowships and Scholarships ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; *Mathematics ; Salaries and Fringe Benefits ; Societies, Scientific ; Time Factors ; United States ; Universities
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    A call for more science in EPA regulations (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-10-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Madia, W J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Oct 2;282(5386):45.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9786793" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chlorine ; *Environmental Pollutants ; Government Agencies ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; *Research ; United States ; United States Environmental Protection Agency/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Water Supply
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  • 88
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    Beefed-up NIH center probes unconventional therapies (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-01-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Couzin, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Dec 18;282(5397):2175-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9890822" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Budgets ; Cartilage ; *Complementary Therapies/economics/organization & administration ; Controlled Clinical Trials as Topic ; Humans ; Lung Neoplasms/therapy ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/economics/*organization & administration ; Research Support as Topic ; Tissue Extracts/therapeutic use ; United States
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    The man who would spin genes into gold (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-09-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wickelgren, I -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Aug 13;285(5430):999.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10475850" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biotechnology/history ; Genetics, Medical/history ; Genome, Human ; History, 20th Century ; Humans ; United States
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 90
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    Need for neutron diffraction instruments (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-12-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Langan, P -- Schoenborn, B P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Nov 5;286(5442):1089.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10610521" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Crystallography/*instrumentation ; *Neutrons ; Proteins/*chemistry ; United States
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  • 91
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    A record grant for college programs (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-10-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Couzin, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Sep 18;281(5384):1779.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9776674" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Academies and Institutes/*economics ; Biology/*education ; *Training Support ; United States ; Universities/*economics
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  • 92
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    Genetic definition and sequence analysis of Arabidopsis centromeres (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-01-05
    Description: High-precision genetic mapping was used to define the regions that contain centromere functions on each natural chromosome in Arabidopsis thaliana. These regions exhibited dramatic recombinational repression and contained complex DNA surrounding large arrays of 180-base pair repeats. Unexpectedly, the DNA within the centromeres was not merely structural but also encoded several expressed genes. The regions flanking the centromeres were densely populated by repetitive elements yet experienced normal levels of recombination. The genetically defined centromeres were well conserved among Arabidopsis ecotypes but displayed limited sequence homology between different chromosomes, excluding repetitive DNA. This investigation provides a platform for dissecting the role of individual sequences in centromeres in higher eukaryotes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Copenhaver, G P -- Nickel, K -- Kuromori, T -- Benito, M I -- Kaul, S -- Lin, X -- Bevan, M -- Murphy, G -- Harris, B -- Parnell, L D -- McCombie, W R -- Martienssen, R A -- Marra, M -- Preuss, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Dec 24;286(5449):2468-74.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉University of Chicago, Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, 1103 East 57 Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10617454" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Arabidopsis/chemistry/*genetics ; Base Composition ; Base Sequence ; Centromere/*genetics/physiology ; Conserved Sequence ; Contig Mapping ; Crosses, Genetic ; Crossing Over, Genetic ; DNA, Plant/chemistry/*genetics ; Gene Expression ; *Genes, Plant ; Meiosis ; Models, Genetic ; *Recombination, Genetic ; *Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid ; Retroelements ; Sequence Analysis, DNA
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    Drug development in space? (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-07-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Laver, W G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jun 25;284(5423):2089.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10409063" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Crystallization ; Neuraminidase/*chemistry ; *Space Flight ; *Spacecraft ; United States ; United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration ; *Weightlessness
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    NRC panel to propose station institute (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-09-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lawler, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Dec 17;286:2251.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11542666" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: National Academy of Sciences (U.S.) ; Research/organization & administration/*trends ; United States ; United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration/*organization & ; administration
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    From mice to maize (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-01-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lawler, C -- Erbisch, F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jan 1;283(5398):33-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9917260" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biotechnology ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; *Patents as Topic ; Plants, Genetically Modified/*genetics ; United States
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 96
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    Ethical dilemmas and stem cell research (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-10-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shapiro, H T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Sep 24;285(5436):2065.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10523197" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Advisory Committees ; *Bioethical Issues ; Embryo Research ; Embryo, Mammalian/*cytology ; Ethics Committees ; Financing, Government ; Government Regulation ; Humans ; Private Sector ; *Public Policy ; Research/*standards ; Research Support as Topic ; *Stem Cells ; United States
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    Gertrude Belle Elion (1918-1999) (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-06-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Colvin, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 May 28;284(5419):1480.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Duke Comprehensive Cancer Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA. colvi003@mc.duke.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10383327" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chemistry, Pharmaceutical/history ; Drug Design ; History, 20th Century ; Nobel Prize ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 98
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    Uncontrolled release of harmful microorganisms (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-06-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Av-Gay, Y -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jun 4;284(5420):1621.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10383337" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bacteria/*genetics/pathogenicity ; *Biotechnology ; *Containment of Biohazards ; Ecosystem ; *Genetic Engineering ; Guidelines as Topic ; Humans ; United States ; Viruses/*genetics/pathogenicity
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 99
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    The promise of comparative genomics in mammals (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-10-16
    Description: Dense genetic maps of human, mouse, and rat genomes that are based on coding genes and on microsatellite and single-nucleotide polymorphism markers have been complemented by precise gene homolog alignment with moderate-resolution maps of livestock, companion animals, and additional mammal species. Comparative genetic assessment expands the utility of these maps in gene discovery, in functional genomics, and in tracking the evolutionary forces that sculpted the genome organization of modern mammalian species.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉O'Brien, S J -- Menotti-Raymond, M -- Murphy, W J -- Nash, W G -- Wienberg, J -- Stanyon, R -- Copeland, N G -- Jenkins, N A -- Womack, J E -- Marshall Graves, J A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Oct 15;286(5439):458-62, 479-81.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10521336" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Animals, Domestic/genetics ; Base Sequence ; *Chromosome Mapping ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Genetic Markers ; *Genome ; *Genome, Human ; Humans ; Mammals/*genetics ; Mutation ; *Phylogeny ; Rodentia/genetics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 100
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    Nutraceuticals (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-12-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Curry, M -- Hazard-Daniel, A -- Daniel, H J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Dec 3;286(5446):1854-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10610573" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Dietary Supplements/adverse effects ; Drug Prescriptions ; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions ; *Legislation, Drug ; *Legislation, Food ; United States ; United States Food and Drug Administration
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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