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  • Articles  (232)
  • mercury
  • soil
  • Springer  (232)
  • Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering  (147)
  • Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition  (96)
  • 1
    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Keywords: Benchmark ; mercury ; risk assessment ; epidemiology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents benchmark (BMD) calculations and additional regression analyses of data from a study in which scores from 26 scholastic and psychological tests administered to 237 6- and 7-year-old New Zealand children were correlated with the mercury concentration in their mothers' hair during pregnancy. The original analyses of five test scores found an association between high prenatal mercury exposure and decreased test performance, using category variables for mercury exposure. Our regression analyses, which utilized the actual hair mercury level, did not find significant associations between mercury and children's test scores. However, this finding was highly influenced by a single child whose mother's mercury hair level (86 mg/kg) was more than four times that of any other mother. When that child was omitted, results were more indicative of a mercury effect and scores on six tests were significantly associated with the mothers' hair mercury level. BMDs calculated from five tests ranged from 32 to 73 mg/kg hair mercury, and corresponding BMDLs (95% lower limits on BMDs) ranged from 17 to 24 mg/kg. When the child with the highest mercury level was omitted, BMDs ranged from 13 to 21 mg/kg, and corresponding BMDLs ranged from 7.4 to 10 mg/kg.
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  • 2
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    European journal of nutrition 29 (1990), S. 54-73 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Cadmium ; Quecksilber ; Blei ; Toxizität ; Säuglingsnahrung ; cadmium ; mercury ; lead ; toxicity ; infantformulas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary There are differences between young and adult organisms regarding toxokinetic aspects and clinical manifestations of heavy metal intoxications. Chronically, toxic Cd intake causes a microcytotic hypochromic anemia in young rats at lower exposure levels and after shorter exposure periods than in adult animals. Cd absorption is increased by co-administration of milk and in conjunction with iron deficiency. After long exposure periods toxic Cd concentrations accumulate in the kidney cortex; this process starts very early in life. In 3-year-old children Cd concentrations in the kidney can reach up to one-third of those found in adults. Hg++ and methyl-Hg can cause Hg encephalopathia, and frequently cause mental retardation in adults. Correspondingly, Hg++ accumulation in the brains of suckling rats is approx. 10 times higher than in grown animals. Milk increases the bioavailability of Hg++. In suckling rats Hg is bound to a greater extent to ligands in the erythrocytes. Methyl-Hg concentrations in breast milk reach 5% of those in maternal plasma and that is a severe hazard for breastfed children of exposed mothers. Toxic Pb concentrations can lead to Pb encephalopathia. A high percentage of surviving children have seizures and show signs of mental retardation. Anemia and reduced intelligence scores were recently observed in children after exposure to very low levels of Pb. Pb absorption is increased in children and after co-administration of milk. There are no definite proofs for carcinogenesis or mutagenesis after oral exposure to Cd, Hg, and Pb in man. Heavy metal concentrations were found in the same order of magnitude in commercial infant formulas and in breast milk. When infant formulas are reconstituted with contaminated tap water, however, Pb and Cd concentrations can be much higher. The average heavy metal uptake from such diets exceeds the provisional tolerable weekly intake levels set by the WHO for adults, calculated on the basis of an average food intake and a downscaled body weight. These considerations do not even provide for differences in absorption and distribution or for the increased sensitivity of children to heavy metal exposure. However, dilution effects for essential heavy metals were observed in fast-growing Young children; this effect might be extrapolated to toxic metals. These theoretical considerations are compared with epidemiological evidence. A health statistic from Baltimore shows a decline of Pb intoxications in infants. This observation correlates with a simultaneous decline in exposure to Pb which was due, for example, to decreased use of lead dyes in house paints and the abolition of tin cans for infant food. At the end of the observation period Pb-related infant mortality had decreased to zero. Maximum admissible Pb exposure from infant formulas in the USA has now been further reduced but the calculated Pb exposures in the example mentioned above are still lower. In conclusion, no hazard can be deducted from the mentioned epidemiological data regarding the present content of Cd, Hg, and Pb in commercially available infant formulas in Germany. Looking at the high toxic potential, however, it seems desirable to keep the content of these three metals in infant formulas as low as the best available technology can achieve.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die klinischen Symptome und die Toxokinetik von Schwermetallintoxikationen zeigen Unterschiede zwischen jungen und ausgewachsenen Organismen. Chronisch toxische Cd-Mengen verursachen eine mikrozytäre hypochrome Anämie, die bei Jungratten nach kürzerer und geringerer Exposition auftritt als bei erwachsenen Tieren. Nach der Resorption, die durch Milch und im Eisenmangel erhöht ist, akkumuliert Cd über Jahre bis zu toxischen Konzentrationen in der Nierenrinde. Dieser Fortgang beginnt im Säuglingsalter und kann in den ersten drei Lebensjahren bis zu 1/3 der Erwachsenenwerte erreichen. Hg++ und Methyl-Hg können u. a. eine Hg-Enzephalopathie hervorrufen, in deren Folge Kinder mehr als Erwachsene geistige Behinderungen zeigten. In Saugratten ist die Hg-Akkumulation im Hirn gegenüber erwachsenen Tieren zehnfach erhöht. Milch steigert die Bioverfügbarkeit von Hg++, das nach der Resorption bei Säuglingen vermehrt in den Erythrozyten gebunden wird. Methyl-Hg erreicht in der Muttermilch 5 % der mütterlichen Plasmakonzentration und führte bei epidemischen Vergiftungen zu schweren Schäden bei Säuglingen. Chronische Pb-Exposition kann Enzephalopathien verursachen, die bei Kindern in einem hohen Prozentsatz Krampfleiden und geistige Behinderungen hinterlassen. Anämien und Intelligenzminderungen werden bei Kindern nach sehr niedrigen Pb-Expositionen beobachtet. Die Pb-Resorption wird durch Milchgabe gesteigert und ist bei Kindern erhöht. Für Cd, Hg und Pb gibt es keine gesicherten Belege für Karzinogenese oder Mutagenese bei Menschen nach oraler Exposition. Der Schwermetallgehalt in kommerzieller Säuglingsnahrung liegt in derselben Größenordnung wie in der Muttermilch. Bei Verwendung von kontaminiertem Zapfwasser zur Rekonstitution von Fertignahrung ist die Belastung mit Pb und Cd jedoch erhöht. Die theoretische Metallaufnahme aus solchen Diäten, berechnet für einen normgewichtigen Säugling und einen repräsentativen Diätplan, übersteigt, bezogen auf das Körpergewicht, die „provisional tolerable weekly intakes“ der WHO für Erwachsene. Dabei führen Unterschiede in Resorption und Verteilung von Cd, Hg und Pb zu einer erhöhten Empfindlichkeit des kindlichen Organismus. Andererseits ergibt sich aus dem schnellen Wachstum von Säuglingen ein Verdünnungseffekt für essentielle Spurenmetalle, der von manchen Autoren auf toxische Metalle extrapoliert wird. Diesen theoretischen Überlegungen stehen epidemiologische Erfahrungen gegenüber. Eine Statistik über kindliche Bleivergiftungen aus Baltimore ist über einen Zeitraum von 13 Jahren stark rückläufig. Die einzelnen Stufen des Rückgangs lassen sich mit einem zeitgleichen Rückgang der kindlichen Pb-Belastung korrelieren, z. B. durch die Meidung von Bleifarben für den Hausanstrich oder die Abschaffung von bleihaltigem Verpackungsmaterial für Babynahrung. Am Ende des Beobachtungszeitraums weist die Mortalitätsstatistik keine einschlägigen Todesfälle mehr auf. In den USA wurde der zulässige Pb-Gehalt in der Säuglingsnahrung seither weiter reduziert. Die im oben genannten Beispiel aus deutschen Werten errechneten Pb-Belastungen liegen deutlich darunter. Zusammenfassend läßt sich aus den genannten epidemiologischen Erfahrungen keine akute Gefährdung durch die gegenwärtigen Cd-, Hg- und Pb-Gehalte in kommerzieller Säuglings- und Kleinkindnahrung ableiten. Das hohe toxische Potential läßt es aber wünschenswert erscheinen, die Gehalte dieser drei Metalle so niedrig zu halten, wie es nach neuestem technischem Stand möglich wäre.
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  • 3
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    European journal of nutrition 34 (1995), S. 113-117 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Blei ; Cadmium ; Quecksilber ; Gewürze ; Gewürzzubereitungen ; Wurstwaren ; Lead ; cadmium ; mercury ; spices ; condiments ; meat products
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The lead and cadmium contents of 50 spices and 19 condiments were investigated by means of flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Mercury contents were determined by cold vapor atomic absorption method including amalgamation. The mean concentrations of lead, cadmium, and mercury were 0.470 mg/kg, 0.080 mg/kg, and 0.005 mg/kg, respectively. By using the detected levels of these three heavy metals in model calculations only a small carry-over of lead, cadmium, and mercury in meat products by spices and condiments can be assumed.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 50 Gewürze und 19 Gewürzzubereitungen wurden mittels flammenloser Atomabsorptionsspektrometrie auf ihren Blei- und Cadmiumgehalt sowie mittels Kaltdampftechnik und nachfolgender Amalgamierung auf ihren Quecksilbergehalt untersucht. Im Mittel wurden hierbei 0,470 mg Blei, 0,080 mg Cadmium und 0,005 mg Quecksilber pro kg Würzmittel gefunden. Anhand von Modellrechnungen wurde ein nur geringer Blei-, Cadmium- und Quecksilbereintrag über Würzmittel in die Wurstsorten Fleischwurst, Leberwurst und Mettwurst aufgezeigt.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1572-8900
    Keywords: Starch ; PHBV ; PHA ; plastic ; blends ; biodegradation ; soil ; compost
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Injection molded specimens were prepared by blending poly (hydroxybutyrate-co-valerate) (PHBV) with cornstarch. Blended formulations incorporated 30% or 50% starch in the presence or absence of poly-(ethylene oxide) (PEO), which enhances the adherence of starch granules to PHBV. These formulations were evaluated for their biodegradability in natural compost by measuring changes in physical and chemical properties over a period of 125 days. The degradation of plastic material, as evidenced by weight loss and deterioration in tensile properties, correlated with the amount of starch present in the blends (neat PHBV 〈 30% starch 〈 50% starch). Incorporation of PEO into starch-PHBV blends had little or no effect on the rate of weight loss. Starch in blends degraded faster than PHBV and it accelerated PHBV degradation. Also, PHBV did not retard starch degradation. After 125 days of exposure to compost, neat PHBV lost 7% of its weight (0.056% weight loss/day), while the PHBV component of a 50% starch blend lost 41% of its weight (0.328% weight loss/day). PHB and PHV moieties within the copolymer degraded at similar rates, regardless of the presence of starch, as determined by 1H-NMR spectroscopy. GPC analyses revealed that, while the number average molecular weight (Mn) of PHBV in all exposed samples decreased, there was no significant difference in this decrease between neat PHBV as opposed to PHBV blended with starch. SEM showed homogeneously distributed starch granules embedded in a PHBV matrix, typical of a filler material. Starch granules were rapidly depleted during exposure to compost, increasing the surface area of the PHBV matrix.
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  • 5
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    Journal of polymers and the environment 3 (1995), S. 31-36 
    ISSN: 1572-8900
    Keywords: Biodegradation ; chitin ; chitosan ; film ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The biodegradation of polyethylene-chitin (PE-chitin) and polyethylene-chitosan (PE-chitosan) films, containing 10% by weight chitin or chitosan, by pure microbial cultures and in a soil environment was studied. Three soil-inhabited organsims,Serratia marcescens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, andBeauveria bassiana were able to utilize chitin and chitosan in prepared PE-chitin and PE-chitosan films after eight weeks of incubation at 25°C in a basal medium containing no source of carbon or nitrogen. In a soil environment, the biodegradation of those films was studied and compared with a commercial biodegradable film containing 6% by the weight of corn starch. In soil placed in the lab, 73.4% of the chitosan and 84.7% of the chitin in the films were degraded, while 46.5% of the starch in the commercial film was degraded after six months of incubation. In an open field, 100% of the chitin and 100% of the chitosan in the films were degraded, but only 85% of the starch in the commercial film was degraded after six months of incubation. The weight of controls, (polyethylene films), remained mainly stable during the incubation period. Both PE-chitin and PE-chitosan films degraded at a higher rate than the commercial starch-based film in a soil environment indicating the potential use of chitin-based films for the manufacturing of biodegradable packaging materials.
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  • 6
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    Biodegradation 4 (1993), S. 141-153 
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: bioavailability ; biodegradation ; sorption ; oil ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 7
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 27 (1991), S. 189-198 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Winter wheat ; nitrogen ; uptake ; simulation ; model ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Simulation of the nitrogen behavior in the soil and the nitrogen uptake by winter wheat was performed using the model ANIMO. As input for the model ANIMO simulations of the hydrological conditions in the soil crop ecosystem were executed with the model SWATRE. Compared with measured data the simulation of nitrogen uptake by the crop was satisfactory. The simulation of mineral nitrogen in the soil agreed reasonably well with measured data for one of the experiments used for the analysis. The agreement was less for experiments with additional fertilizer applications in May and June.
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  • 8
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 3 (1982), S. 423-433 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: methods ; phophate fertilization ; reaction rate ; soil ; variable charge
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The reaction between soil and phosphate was studied using a method in which a sample of the soil solution was displaced by centrifuging moist soil with a dense, immiscible organic liquid. The soil solution floats on the organic liquid and can be removed for analysis. Phosphate concentrations in the soil solution so displaced were lower than those estimated by the null-point method using 0.01M calcium chloride. The differences were shown to be closely associated with the lower calcium concentration of the soil solution. Adsorption from solutions of monovalent phosphate salts was accompanied by accumulation of cations in the soil solution. It was argued that this occurred because the average charge conveyed to the adsorbing surfaces was less than unity. Calculated values were between 0.90 and 0.96. The remainder of the charge was balanced by release of hydroxide ions and small increases in pH were observed. The immiscible displacement method appeared to be potentially valuable for many studies of the reaction between chemicals and soil. Its main disadvantage is that the volume of solution available for analysis is small and this places limits on the sensitivity.
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  • 9
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 42 (1995), S. 123-128 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: fertilizer ; mineralization ; nitrogen-15 ; soil ; water
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Maize and beans were grown on a ferralsol at Kiboko, Kenya, with up to 120 kg N ha−1. Within the 10 kg N ha−1 plots,15N labelled fertilizer was applied in microplots. There was no significant response in yield to fertilizer N and labelled N recovery was low, being 7.5% or less in one season and 17.7% or less in the second season. Samples of Kiboko soil at four different water contents were incubated and the rate of gross N mineralization over 7 days was calculated, utilizing15N labelling of the mineral N. Gross N mineralization increased greatly with soil moisture and a fitted relationship between gross N mineralization rate and soil water content was obtained. Using measurements of soil water content at the field site, daily values of the soil N supply by gross mineralization were calculated. On average, modelled gross soil N mineralized could supply much (〉 69%) of the N removed from the plots. It is suggested that the lack of response to fertilizer N may be explained by the coincidence of a high rate of N mineralization, and increased crop demand, caused by the onset of rain.
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  • 10
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 45 (1995), S. 209-215 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: climate ; fertilizer recovery ; 15N fertilizer ; precipitation-evaporation quotient ; soil ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Data was assembled from experiments on the fate of15N-labelled fertilizer applied to wheat (Triticum spp.) grown in different parts of the world. These data were then ranked according to the annual precipitation-evaporation quotient for each experimental location calculated from the average long-term values of precipitation and potential evaporation. Percentage recovery of15N fertilizer in crop and soil varied with location in accordance with the precipitation-evaporation quotient. In humid environments more15N fertilizer was recovered in the crop than in the soil, while in dry environments more15N fertilizer was recovered in the soil than in the crop. Irrespective of climatic differences between locations 20% (on average) of the15N fertilizer applied to wheat crops was unaccounted for at harvest. Most of the15N fertilizer remaining in the soil was found in the 0–30 cm layer. The most likely explanation of these differences is that wheat grown in dry environments has a greater root:shoot ratio than wheat grown in humid environments and, further, that the residue of dryland crops have higher C/N ratios. Both factors could contribute to the greater recovery of15N fertilizer in the soil in dry environments than in humid ones.
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  • 11
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 46 (1996), S. 53-70 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: crop ; emission ; fertilizer ; nitrogen ; nitrous oxide ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This analysis is based on published measurements of nitrous oxide (N2O) emission from fertilized and unfertilized fields. Data was selected in order to evaluate the importance of factors that regulate N2O production, including soil conditions, type of crop, nitrogen (N) fertilizer type and soil and crop management. Reported N2O losses from anhydrous ammonia and organic N fertilizers or combinations of organic and synthetic N fertilizers are higher than those for other types of N fertilizer. However, the range of management and environmental conditions represented by the data set is inadequate for use in estimating emission factors for each fertilizer type. The data are appropriate for estimating the order of magnitude of emissions. The longer the period over which measurements are made, the higher the fertilizer-induced emission. Therefore, a simple equation to relate the total annual direct N2O−N emission (E) from fertilized fields to the N fertilizer applied (F), was based on the measurements covering periods of one year: E=1+1.25×F, with E and F in kg N ha-1 yr-1. This relationship is independent of the type of fertilizer. Although the above regression equation includes considerable uncertainty, it may be appropriate for global estimates.
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  • 12
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 50 (1998), S. 299-302 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: HOST ; hydrology ; soil ; pedotransfer ; scaling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Although soil is of major importance in influencing river hydrology, there is often a lack of soil hydrological data available to quantify the ameliorating effects of soil on steam flow. The HOST classification (Hydrology of Soil Types) was developed using pedotransfer rules and functions to derive a set of semi-quantified soil attributes from existing soil morphological information as surrogates for the missing hydraulic data. The rules were applied to the soil horizon information and were scaled to the catchment level through the known relationships between soil horizons and soil taxonomic units and between soil taxonomic units and 1:250 000 scale soil map units. The resulting classification, however, is not scale-specific and is capable of predicting river flow indices at the catchment scale (r2 = 0.79) and of predicting the dominant pathways of water movement through individual soil profiles.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: leaching ; phosphorus ; poultry litter ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract To determine P loadings, added through poultry litter, sufficient to cause downward movement of P from the cultivated layer of a sandy soil, six rates of poultry litter were applied annually for four years to a site in central England. (total loading 0 – 1119 kg P ha-1). A single extra plot also received an extra 1000 kg ha-1 as triple superphosphate (TSP; total loading 2119 kg P ha-1) and three other treatments received 200 – 800 kg ha-1 P as TSP only. Annual soil sampling in 30-cm increments to 1.5-m depth provided information on P build-up in the topsoil and P movement to depth. There were strong linear trends between P balance (P applied – P removed in crops) and total P, Olsen bicarbonate extractable P and water-soluble P in the topsoil. Phosphorus from TSP and poultry litter fell on the same regression lines, suggesting that both would be equally effective as fertilizer sources. We calculated that 100 kg ha-1 surplus total P would increase the Olsen extractable P content by c. 6 mg kg-1 and the water-soluble P by c. 5 mg kg-1. Thus, relatively large amounts of P would need to be applied to raise soil P status. We found some evidence of P movement into the soil layers immediately below cultivation depth. However, neither soil sampling nor soil solution extracted through Teflon water samplers showed evidence of movement into the deep subsoil (1 m) despite large P loadings.
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  • 14
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 4 (1983), S. 51-61 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: methods ; phosphate adsorption ; phosphate fertilization ; reaction rate ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Two approaches have been used in measuring the rate of reaction between soil and phosphate. In one, a large volume of solution has been mixed with a small weight of soil; in the other, the volume of phosphate solution has been limited to that needed to moisten the soil to its field moisture content. Using a small volume of solution requires special techniques to measure the concentration in solution but has the advantage that the amount of phosphate in solution is small. As a result the amount adsorbed does not increase much after the first few minutes. Mathematical functions can then be used directly to relate the change in concentration to time. Using a large volume makes measurement of concentration easy but poses mathematical problems because both the concentration in solution and the amount adsorbed change simultaneously. It is not acceptable to relate concetration (or adsorption) to time without taking this into account. Published evidence indicates that differences between soils in the rate of reaction reflect differences in the kind of adsorbing surfaces present rather than merely differences in the amount of adsorbing surface.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Nitrogen ; modelling ; management ; winter wheat ; soil ; crop
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A model that simulates changes in mineral N in the soil and N uptake by crops has been adapted to require as little detailed information as possible so that it is useful as an aid to management. The adapted model, which was developed in the UK, was tested against data from six experiments on winter wheat in the Netherlands. It proved reasonably successful in simulating the amounts of mineral N found in the soil in early spring and the changes that resulted from applying small amounts of fertilizer N in February. It was much less successful in simulating the effects of later, larger applications of N, mainly because the mineral N measured in the soil did not seem to respond to these applications. The uptake of N by the crops and their production of dry matter were simulated very well in some cases and rather less so in others.
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  • 16
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 42 (1995), S. 185-192 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: 15N ; nitrogen ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The use of15N as a tracer in soil/plant research is examined. The limitations of the so-called Ndff approach are discussed to show the need to consider not just the fate of the added label but also the path that was followed and the rate of the transformation. The development of15N isotope dilution techniques to determine gross rates of nitrogen transformation in soil is reviewed with some indications as to the further development of the approach.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: interaction ; isotopic exchange ; phosphorus ; plant-availability ; selenium ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Phosphate, applied at 5µg P cm−3, decreased selenite sorption by from 30–70% in three soils studied. Both maximum sorption (Xm) and the binding-energy of sorption as indicated by the binding-energy related constant (k) or the molar free energy (ΔG) of the sorption reaction derived from the Langmuir equation were considerably decreased. On the other hand, phosphate sorption was decreased by increasing concentration of selenite from 0.2µg Se cm−3 to 1.0µg Se cm−3 in the initial solution. The competitive sorption of phosphate with selenite was likely the main mechanism involved in the P-Se interactions. The competitively sorbed selenite exhibited much larger desorption in 0.01M CaCl2 solution, more readily extractable to 0.5M NaHCO3 and significantly higher isotopic exchangeability compared to that sorbed without the competing anion. Results from pot trial using ryegrass indicated that phosphate application increased more efficiently the plant-availability of applied fertilizer Se than that of indegeneous Se in soil.
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  • 18
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 47 (1996), S. 19-28 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: elemental sulphur ; model ; oxidation rate ; particle size distribution ; soil ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Finely-powdered elemental sulphur is a useful source of fertilizer S, being readily oxidizable in soil to plant-available sulphate yet possessing some slow release characteristics. Two mesh sizes were evaluated using four soils from northeast Scotland. Particle size analysis found that the 120 and 300 mesh S samples had specific surface areas of 1300 and 1940 cm2 g−1, respectively, with most of the surface area in particles of 10 – 20 µm diameter. The S oxidation rate was similar in all four soils but was greater for the 300 mesh than for the 120 mesh S: mean values of 51% and 18% were oxidized over 7 weeks at 14 °C, respectively. The time course of oxidation followed a sigmoidal pattern with a pronounced lag which was modelled using the logistic equation. Maximum specific oxidation rates were 11–28 µg S cm−2 day−2 for the 300 mesh S at 14 °C. These were significantly slower at 7 °C and the temperature response was calculated as a Q10 of 4.0. A model of seasonal S oxidation was developed using a cosine function for the annual temperature, the Arrhenius equation to relate S oxidation rate to temperature and a generalization of the logistic equation to describe the time course of S oxidation. Simulations showed that the 300 mesh S would be useful for spring S applications in east Scotland and if applied in autumn could supply S during the autumn and again in the spring. The 120 mesh S would be less effective in autumn but more resistant to winter leaching. The 120 mesh S applied to the warmer soils of southwest England would behave the same as 300 mesh S applied in east Scotland.
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  • 19
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 49 (1997), S. 59-70 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: land use ; methane ; nitrogen fertilizer ; oxidation ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Aerobic soils are an important sink for methane (CH4) contributing up to 15% of annual global CH4 destruction. However, the sink strength is significantly affected by land management, nitrogen (N) fertilizers and acidity. We tested these effects on samples taken from the Broadbalk Continuous Wheat, Park Grass permanent grassland and Broadbalk and Geescroft Wilderness experiments at Rothamsted. The rates of uptake from the atmosphere of both enhanced (10 ppmv) and ambient (2 ppmv) concentrations of CH4 were measured in laboratory incubations of soil cores under controlled conditions. The most rapid rates of uptake were measured in soil from deciduous woodland at pH 7 (measured in water); acidic (pH 4) woodland soil showed no net CH4 oxidation. While disturbance of the cores used in the experiments did not affect the rate of CH4 uptake, extended (150 years) cultivation of land for arable crops reduced uptake rate by 85% compared to that in the soil under calcareous woodland. The long-term application of ammonium- (NH4) based fertilizer, but not nitrate- (NO3) based fertilizer, completely inhibited CH4 uptake, but the application for the same period of farmyard manure that contained more N than the fertilizer had no inhibitory effect. Although the effects of agricultural practice on the oxidation of CH4 in soil are significant, the differences in oxidation rates between land use types are even greater. The likely effects of forest clearance, agricultural intensification and anthropogenic emissions of CH4 over the last 2500 years have been estimated for the United Kingdom. The calculations indicate that 54% of the current CH4 uptake by UK soils is the result of increased CH4 mixing ratio. They also indicate that land use change has decreased the potential sink strength by 62% or 37 kt CH4 g-1. In countries with much larger land areas than the UK, such as China, aerobic soil is likely to be a more significant factor in calculating net fluxes of CH4. It is important that the impacts of different agricultural managements and land use systems are understood and quantified so that the best possible estimate of CH4 sinks is calculated for comparison with sources.
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  • 20
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 50 (1998), S. 143-149 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: upscaling ; regionalization ; soil ; erosion ; land use
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Upscaling from a catchment scale to a regional scale is generally rendered difficult by the lack of relevant and precise data at the larger scale. In this case, a winter rill erosion hazard map was produced for the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region using a linear regression erosion model originally designed for the catchment scale. Upscaling entailed adapting and applying the model at the county scale for all of the counties within the region. In upscaling the model, the difficulties associated with the nature of the data were dealt with in three stages: (1) the modification of the model for the county scale as a function of the nature of the data available, (2) an analysis of the influence of the spatial distribution of the data, (3) an analysis of the effect of the loss in precision of the data on the model output. Reference areas were used to verify the accuracy of the upscaling process before applying it to all of the counties in the region. In this case, the most significant limitation was the spatial coverage of the data: the basic administrative unit for which data is collected is the county, and it does not correspond to the erosion process scale which is the catchment. Defining erosion risk in terms of hazard categories rather than estimated erosion rates overcomes this difficulty to some extent. The use of reference areas provides several advantages in an upscaling procedure: these are mainly related to minimizing data collection and obtaining a reliable estimate of the accuracy of the predicted output.
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    Agroforestry systems 21 (1993), S. 75-78 
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: potting mix ; tree seedling ; survival ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The importance of compatibility of potting mix and soil type for increasing the survival of tree seedlings planted in heavy soils is indicated by the results of this preliminary trial.
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  • 22
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    Biodegradation 7 (1996), S. 329-333 
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: biodegradation ; modelling ; rubber ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The biodegradation of rubber particles in rubber-soil mixtures at different rubber contents was monitored by the carbon dioxide production. The cumulative carbon dioxide production was modelled according to a two parameter exponential function. The model provides an excellent fit (R2〉0.98) for the observed data. The two parameters yield a reliable estimate of the half-life for the process observed, but estimation of the true half-life of rubber in soil will need more research.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: bioavailability ; builders ; detergents ; kinetics ; mineralization ; sewage sludge ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Tetradecenyl succinic acid (TSA) is the major component of a detergent builder (C12-C14 alkenyl succinic acid), which is inherently biodegradable. 14C-TSA was dosed as a component of sewage sludge into a soil with a history of sludge amendment at final added concentrations of 1.5 and 30 mg (kg soil)-1. In addition, it was dosed to the soil in an aqueous solution to a final added concentration of 30 mg (kg soil)-1. Dose and form were found to have a pronouced effect on the mineralization kinetics. When dosed in a realistic form and concentration (i.e. 1.5 mg (kg soil)-1 as a component of sludge), TSA was mineralized at its highest rate and to its greatest extent, and the mineralization half-life was 2.4 days. When dosed at 30 mg (kg soil)-1 as a component of sludge, mineralization began immediately, and the half-life was 23 days. In contrast, when dosed at this concentration in aqueous solution, the onset of mineralization was preceded by a 13 day lag period and the mineralization half-life was 69 days. Primary biodegradation and mineralization rates of TSA were very similar. Approximately, half the radioactivity was evolved as 14CO2, while the remaining radioactivity became non-extractable, having presumably been incorporated into biomass or natural soil organic matter (humics). This study demonstrated that TSA is effectively removed from sludge-amended soils as a result of biodegradation. Furthermore, it showed the effect that dose form and concentration have on the biodegradation kinetics and the importance of dosing a chemical not only at a relevant concentration but also in the environmental form in which it enters the soil environment.
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  • 24
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: Desulfomonile tiedjei ; soil ; PCR ; reductive dechlorination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The aim of this work was to test the feasibility ofintroducing an anaerobic microbial reductivedechlorination activity into non sterile soil slurrymicrocosms by inoculation with the pure anaerobicbacterial strain Desulfomonile tiedjei, which iscapable of dechlorinating 3-chlorobenzoate tobenzoate. To show that the bacterium was establishedin the microcosms we followed the expression of thereductive dechlorination activity and a molecularprobe based on PCR amplification of the 16S rDNA genewas developed. However, the success of PCRamplification of the 16S rDNA gene depends on the DNAextraction and purification methodologies applied, asshown through the use of several protocols. In thisstudy we report a DNA extraction and purificationmethod which generates sufficient and very clean DNAsuitable for PCR amplification of the D. tiedjei16S rDNA gene. The threshold of detection was about5.103 bacteria per gram of soil slurry.Introduction of D. tiedjei in soil slurrymicrocosms proved successful since 3-chlorobenzoatedechlorination activity was established with thisbacterium in microcosms normally devoid of thisdechlorination capacity. Indeed, the addition of D. tiedjei to microcosms supplemented with acetateplus formate as cosubstrate, at their respectiveconcentrations of 5 and 6 mM, led to a totalbiotransformation of 2.5 mM of 3-chlorobenzoate within12 days. After complete 3-chlorobenzoatedechlorination, the 16S rDNA gene of this bacteriumwas specifically detected only in the inoculatedmicrocosms as shown by PCR amplification followed byrestriction mapping confirmation.
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  • 25
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    Biodegradation 8 (1997), S. 349-356 
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: biodegradation ; bioremediation ; acclimation ; Everglades ; mineralization ; nitrophenol ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The Everglades in South Florida are a unique ecologicalsystem. As a result of the widespread use of pesticides andherbicides in agricultural areas upstream from these wetlands,there is a serious potential for pollution problems in theEverglades. The purpose of this study was to evaluate theability of indigenous microbial populations to degradexenobiotic organic compounds introduced by agricultural andother activities. Such biodegradation may facilitate theremediation of contaminated soils and water in the Everglades.The model compound selected in this study is 4-nitrophenol, achemical commonly used in the manufacture of pesticides. Themineralization of 4-nitrophenol at various concentrations wasstudied in soils collected from the Everglades. Atconcentrations of 10 and 100 µg/g soil, considerablemineralization occurred within a week. At a higherconcentration, i.e., 10 mg/g soil, however, no mineralizationof 4-nitrophenol occurred over a 4-month period; such a highconcentration apparently produced an inhibitory effect. Therate and extent of 4-nitrophenol mineralization was enhancedon inoculation with previously isolated nitrophenol-degradingmicroorganisms. The maximum mineralization extent measured,however, was less than 30% suggesting conversion to biomassand/or unidentified intermediate products. These resultsindicate the potential for natural mechanisms to mitigate theadverse effects of xenobiotic pollutants in a complex systemsuch as the Everglades.
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  • 26
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    Biodegradation 9 (1998), S. 327-336 
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: fungi ; organophosphate insecticides ; phosphorus mineralization ; sulfur mineralization ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Thirteen fungal species isolated from soil treated with pesticides were tested for their ability to mineralize and degrade three organophosphate insecticides currently used in Egypt (Cyolan®, Malathion® and Dursban®) in liquid media free from phosporus (P) and sulfur (S). All fungal species grew successfully on the culture media treated with the three used doses of insecticides (10, 50 and 100 ppm active ingredient) but the growth rate varied with the species, the insecticide and the doses. At 10 ppm level, insecticide degradation expressed in term of organic P mineralization (calculated as % of applied P) was the highest with all fungi tested. Organic P mineralization from pesticides was decreased by increasing the dose used to 50 and 100 ppm. The highest amount of P mineralized was observed with Cyolan® followed by Malathion® whilst P mineralization from Dursban® proceeded very slowly. Aspergillus terreus showed the greatest potential to mineralize organic P followed by A. tamarii, A. niger, Trichoderma harzianum and Penicillium brevicompactum whilst the remaining fungi only moderately mineralized the organic P component of the insecticides tested. Organic sulfur mineralization by the used fungal species paralleled, to some extent, organic P mineralization. The extracellular protein content of culture filtrates in the presence of various doses of insecticides was also decreased by increasing insecticide concentrations. The extracellular protein was significantly correlated with P and S mineralization (r = 0.89** and 0.64**, respectively) whilst correlation with cell dry mass was not significant (r = 0.03 and 0.003) suggesting a direct relationship between pesticide degradation and microbial protein production. The addition of P or S to the growth media enhanced extracellular protein excretion, and increased organic P and S mineralization by the most potent species tested (A. niger, A. tamarii, A. terreus and T. harzianum). This increment was significant in most cases, especially at the higher application rates. The relationship between extracellular protein excretion and organic P and S mineralization from insecticides was highly significant with the addition of inorganic phosphorus (r = 0.96** and 0.83**, respectively) or sulfur (r = 0.85** and 0.89**, respectively) to the growth media.
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  • 27
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Pinus radiata ; nutrient ; needle ; soil ; principal component analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Nutrient status in Pinus radiata sites in the Basque Country (Spain) have been established. Current-year, 1-year-old needles, and soil samples were collected in 7 sites. Needle samples were analyzed for calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N). Soil samples were analyzed for pH (H2O), N, P, Ca, Mg, K and aluminium (Al). The results indicate differences between sites and needles of different ages. In general, nutrient concentrations in needles are sufficient for the nutritive requirements, but some low concentrations of Mg and P found in 1-year-old needles, indicate that some trees may show signs of deficiency in the near future. In turn, N concentrations are, in many cases, higher than those usually found in this species and may originate growth disorders. These concentrations may be related to NO3 − and NH4 + deposition. Soil nutrients are sufficient for trees requirements, but the levels of K and Mg are low. Soil pH values are not very acid, and the value of the Ca/Al ratio is, in general, near 1. An arrangement of sites and physiographical and nutritional parameters based on correlation and principal component analysis is also presented.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Heavy metals ; precipitation ; throughfall ; stemflow ; soil ; metabolic activity ; trees ; uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Content of copper, manganese, lead, and zinc in samples of bulk precipitation, throughfall and stemflow has been studied in a forest area in central Bohemia. The sampling localities are situated on two types of bedrock, granite and cenomaniau sandstones. The content in bulk precipitation reflects the impact of fossil fuel emission sources and the vehicular sources of lead. The deposition rate of elements in throughfall, in comparison with that of the deposition on an open land, exhibits increased values in essential microelements (in Mn approx. 45 times, Zh-5 times, Cu and Cd-2 times), with significant seasonal fluctuations. The value of the same ratio for ecotoxic lead is 0.23. The enhanced flux of elements in throughfall is ascribed mainly to the metabolic processes of the trees. Differences in the chemical composition of throughfall and stemflow collected on stands with different kind of bedrock are ascribed to various degree of accessibility of the micronutrients and various intensity of their vegetation uptake.
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  • 29
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    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 823-828 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: fish ; mercury ; lake chemistry ; biomagnification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract We determined mercury in fish (perch Perca fluviatilis) from 26 Russian lakes in three regions over four years. The lakes ranged in size from 2 to 395,000 ha, in pH from 4.5 to 10.0, and in color from 3 to 190 hazen. Sixteen lakes were drainage lakes, with permanent outlets, and 10 were seepage lakes, with no permanent inlets or outlets. The lakes were generally located in forested regions with little or no human habitation in the watershed. The three regions were geologically distinct: Precambrian Shield granitic bedrock covered with thin soil; Triassic bedrock covered with thick glacial tills; and Triassic bedrock covered with thin sediments. At each lake water samples were collected and analyzed for pH, add neutralizing capacity (ANC), major cations, and anions. Dissolved mercury species were estimated with a thermodynamic equilibrium model (MINTEQA2). Mercury content of dorsal muscle varied from 0.04 to 1.0 μg/g wet weight, and was linearly related to calculated HgCH3Cl (r20.68, p〈0.001). Lake HgCH3Cl, in turn, was related to lake pH (r2=0.86, p〈0.001). Stepwise multiple regression selected lake HgCH3Cl and color as the factors most highly related to fish mercury content, with the model accounting for 75% of the variation.
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  • 30
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    Water, air & soil pollution 76 (1994), S. 133-161 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: biome ; climate ; crop yield ; global data bases ; land cover ; potential vegetation ; simulation models ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The terrestrial biosphere component of the Integrated Model to Assess the Greenhouse Effect (IMAGE 2.0) uses changes in land cover to compute dynamically the greenhouse gas fluxes between the terrestrial biosphere and the atmosphere. Potential land cover for both natural ecosystems and agrosystems, are determined with the Terrestrial Vegetation Model (TVM). TVM consists of separate submodels for the water-balance, global vegetation patterns, crop distribution and potential rain fed crop yield. All these submodels are based on local climatic, hydrological and soil characteristics and appropriate global data bases for those parameters are collected or compiled. The structure of all models, data bases and linkages between them and other modules of IMAGE 2.0 are described. Although computationally demanding, the models give an adequate description of the global vegetation and agricultural patterns. The only discrepancy occurs in regions where the vegetation and agricultural distribution depends on causes other than climatic, such as additional water storage and supply, anthropogenic influence and natural disturbance. Despite this discrepancy, we conclude that TVM simulates satisfactory global vegetation characteristics and that it can be adequately integrated with other models of IMAGE 2.0.
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    Water, air & soil pollution 80 (1995), S. 325-335 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Atmospheric chemistry ; mercury ; plume model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A reactive plume model that includes atmospheric chemical reactions of mercury was developed. The model simulates advective transport with the mean wind flow; horizontal and vertical turbulent diffusion; gas phase; aqueous-phase and particulate chemistry; cloud microphysics; wet deposition and dry deposition. The model was applied to the simulation of clear sky, non-precipitating cloud and precipitating cloud scenarios. No significant mercury chemistry occurs in the absence of droplets. In clouds, Hg(II) is reduced to Hg(0) with more reduction taking place in precipitating clouds than in non-precipitating clouds.
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    Water, air & soil pollution 80 (1995), S. 1209-1216 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: gaseous ; particulate ; mercury ; sampling ; silver ; gold ; denuder
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A denuder-based method for sampling and separating gaseous and participate mercury in the air is described. Two different denuder configurations developed in Vilnius, Lithuania (silver) and in Gothenburg, Sweden (gold) are compared. Data were acquired at different sampling locations around the cities of Vilnius and Gothenburg. The concentration of particulate Hg was found to be 0.04 to 0.40 ng m−3 in the Vilnius region, and 0.11 to 0.57 ng m−3 in the Gothenburg region. Intel-calibration results for the silver and gold denuders are presented. The results obtained by the two different denuder configurations and sampling set-ups display satisfactory agreement.
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  • 33
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acidification ; buffering ; groundwater ; monitoring ; precipitation ; seasalt ; soil ; soilwater ; throughfall
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Chemical time trends for precipitation, throughfall, and soilwater (1986–1992), and groundwater (1980–1993) at Birkenes, southern Norway, are compared to gain insights into possible causes for the recent increase in groundwater acidification there. Precipitation and throughfall trends do not show evidence for an increase in anthropogenic acids (e.g. sulphate), but seasalt deposition (e.g. chloride) has been marginally greater in 1990–1992 than in most previous years on record. Soilwater composition partly indicates increasing acidification in recent years (pH, Al and ANC), but hardness and sulphate content are decreasing. Soilwater ANC became negative in 1989, revealing a lasting deficit in its potential to buffer acidity. Groundwater shows clear signs of intensifying acidification (pH, Al, ANC, hardness and sulphate), and this may result partly from climatic conditions (mild winters, ‘seasalt episodes’) and partly from the deterioration of an acid buffering system within the soil cover. Acidification via sulphate deposition certainly is not a direct cause. The declining hardness of soilwater suggests that the ion-exchange buffer in the soil may have ceased to function properly. The necessity for obtaining long-term time-series of water chemistry is underscored by this study.
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  • 34
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: biogeochemistry ; watershed ; watershed analysis ; model ; budget ; input-output ; base cations ; dynamics ; weathering ; forest floor ; nutrient cycles ; soil ; acidification ; depletion ; ecosystem
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Watershed ecosystem analysis has been used to study aspects of nutrient cycles in many regions of the US. Here we quantify watershed input-output budgets and intrasystem cycling of the base cations Ca, K and Mg in a montane Virginia ecosystem. The intrasystem fluxes of uptake, return, canopy leaching and mineralization were simulated over the period of forest aggradation. A forest-dynamics model, based on previous models, was created to model biotically-driven fluxes at this site; biomass nutrient concentrations were parameterized with a field study. A two-year watershed mass-balance study was then conducted to estimate geologic fluxes for comparison with modeled biotic fluxes. Results show the major biotic fluxes to be much greater, highlighting the importance of considering biomass dynamics in ecosystem nutrient-cycling studies. Mineralization from forest-floor biomass compartments proved to be an increasingly important avenue for internal recycling during aggradation. Accumulation of base cations in biomass also corresponded to a production of H+ in soil at three times the H+ levels in atmospheric deposition at this location. Such high levels of base removal in soils could exceed weathering rates and may result in a depletion of bases from the soil exchange complex.
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  • 35
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    Water, air & soil pollution 89 (1996), S. 267-275 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: mercury ; forest trees ; biomonitors ; contaminants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The concentration of mercury has been determined in assimilation organs of forest trees from 10 main industrial regions of Slovakia, four mountain forests and one military area and compared with concentration of mercury from 1356 permanent monitoring plots of Slovakia. The mercury concentration ranges for 2 yr old needles of Picea abies Karst. were (in mg kg−1): 1.249–4.402 (Rudnany iron ore mines), 0.013–0.749 (nine other industrial regions), 0.021–0.737 (four mountain forests) and 0.053–0.538 (military area). The mercury content in the soil (0–5 cm) from a mercury smelting plant ranged from 9.9 to 130 mg kg−1, and the moss Pleurozium schreberi contained 3.8–9.1 mg kg−1. The values obtained were compared with the available literature data.
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  • 36
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: petrochemicals ; adsorption ; soil ; multi-components ; fixed-column-reactor ; experiment ; breakthrough
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Present-day massive exploration, extraction, transport, and use of petrochemicals pose a real threat of continuous or occasional accidental contamination of precious groundwater. However, the knowledge of the pathways and mechanisms involved in the transport, retention, and degradation of such chemicals once they are within the soil matrix is very limited. One of the important means of petrochemical retention in the soil is through the process of chemical adsorption onto the soil. An investigation was conducted to observe the adsorption phenomena of several components of petrochemicals (benzene, toluene, and xylene) solved in hexane utilizing the columnar continuous plug-flow configuration of a fixed bed of sands. Three types of soils were investigated for the time variation of the adsorption of the organic chemicals. The results are the indicative values of the adsoption of the principal components of petrochemicals in paacked-soil-bed subjected to tortuous seepage flow conditions of the fluids. The adsorption results are presented in the form of breakthrough curves. The paper includes the analytical methodology of UV spectroscopy which was utilized to measure the concentrations of various chemical components of the petrochemical mixture.
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  • 37
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acid rain ; batch experiment ; Freundlich isotherm ; lysimeter experiment ; mercury ; simulation model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Increasing mercury contents are reported from freshwater systems and fish in northern Europe and North America. Mercury input from soils is a major source with the leaching being affected by increased atmospheric mercury deposition compared to pre-industrial times and by other environmental conditions such as acid rain. The results of a mathematical model-calculation of vertical inorganic Hg(II) leaching in a Scandinavian iron-humus podzol under different atmospheric input rates of mercury are presented. Leaching under background rain conditions was calculated to be considerably stronger than under acid rain conditions. Increasing fractions of deposited soluble or solute atmospheric mercury were leached from the O f(h)-horizon with decreasing soil content of soluble mercury under acid rain conditions; this effect was less pronounced under background rain conditions. The steady state concentrations of soluble mercury of the upper soil horizons were calculated and compared with the actual concentrations of total (= soluble + insoluble mercury) and extractable (= estimate of soluble) mercury measured in these horizons. The results indicate that even if the deposition of airborne mercury to soil is strongly reduced, the total mercury content of the soil decreases only slowly. It may take decades or even centuries before a new steady state concentration of total mercury is established in the soil. The decrease of the mercury concentration in the O f(h)-horizon is probably largely dependent on the turnover of organic matter, binding most of the deposited airborne mercury in an insoluble form. Hence, present day mercury leaching is likely to be dominated by mercury deposited during former times and temporarily retained in an insoluble form in the organic matter.
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  • 38
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: mercury ; foodplains ; humic substances ; complexation ; speciation ; mobilization ; risk assessment ; water solubility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The water-mobilizability of mercury from contaminated floodplain soils of the river Elbe in Northern Germany was evaluated by batch extraction experiments. It was shown that only a small amount of the total mercury present (about 1% per extraction) can be mobilized by water. This mercury is transported entirely in the form of a complex bound to humic acids (HA); particulates and fulvic acids (FA) did not seem to contribute to the process. It could not be removed from the HA even at pH 1, indicating an extremely strong complexation e.g. by sulfur-containing ligands. Furthermore, the influence of pH on the mobilization was investigated. It was found that in the range of natural pH-values, there was no observable effect of pH on the mobilization of either mercury or dissolved organic carbon (DOC). This surprising finding is explained by an unexpectedly high buffering capacity of the humics, both in the acidic and in the alkaline region. Only at extreme pH-values there was deviation from this behaviour. In contrast to other heavy metals, the amount of mobilized mercury decreases at pH 〈 3; and at pH 〉 12, an increased mobilization of mercury was observed because the humics are mobilized completely, accompanied by the total amount of mercury bound to them.
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  • 39
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    Water, air & soil pollution 90 (1996), S. 543-556 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: heavy metals ; solubility ; redox potential ; pH ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract To assess the mobilities of Pb, Cd, and Zn from a contaminated soil, the effects of redox potential and pH value on metal solubilities were investigated. Both redox potential and pH were found to greatly affect heavy metal solubility in the soil. Results showed that the soil suspension under continuous oxygen aeration for 21 days resulted in increases of redox potential from 290 to 440 mV and pH value from 6.9 to 7.0, respectively. Soluble concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Zn varied with time, and were all lower than 1 mg kg−1. When the soil suspension was aerated with nitrogen, final redox potential was −140 mV and pH value of 7.1. The soluble metal concentrations were slightly higher than those aerated with oxygen. The equilibrium solubility experiments were conducted under three different pH values (3.3, 5.0, 8.0) and three redox potential (325, 0, −100 mV). Results showed that metals were sparingly soluble under alkaline conditions (pH = 8.0). Metal solubilities were higher when under slightly acidic conditions (pH = 5.0), and increased drastically when pH was kept at 3.3. When solubilities were compared under same pH values, it was observed that metal solubilities increased as redox potential decreased. Generally speaking, acidic and reducing conditions were most favorable for metal solubilization, and the effect of pH was more significant than that of redox potential. It was proposed that heavy metals were mostly adsorbed onto Fe-Mn oxyhydroxides. The pH-dependent metal adsorption reaction and the dissolution of Fe-Mn oxyhydroxides under reducing conditions was the mechanism controlling the release of heavy metals from soils.
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  • 40
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    Water, air & soil pollution 97 (1997), S. 205-207 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: mercury ; gold mining ; ecosystems ; methyl-Hg ; cycling ; global sources
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract As described by Jemelov and Ramel (1995), the Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment (SCOPE) sponsored an investigation of Hg in ecosystems with special emphasis on tropical regions. In these regions small-scale gold mining activities have occupied about 10 million people worldwide who use Hg for extracting gold.
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  • 41
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    Water, air & soil pollution 97 (1997), S. 257-263 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: mercury ; atmosphere ; rainwater ; marine
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Total gaseous mercury (TGM) and rainwater were collected on board of two research vessels (F. S. ALKOR and R.V. BELGICA) positioned 200 km apart in the center of the North Sea during the North Sea Experiment, September 1991. On the F. S. ALKOR (up-wind ship) TGM concentrations ranged from 0.7 to 2.6 ng·m−3 with an average of 1.5 ng m−3 and on the R. V. BELGICA (down-wind ship) TGM ranged from 0.7 to 1.9 ng·m−3 with an average of 1.2 ng·m−3. An average 20% decrease is observed from the up-wind to the down wind ship. which may largely be affected by entrainment into the free troposphere. An overall removal (entrainment) velocity of 0.95 cm·s−1 was calculated for the whole experiment. The average removal velocity was 0.5 cm·s−1 for dry periods and varied between 1 to 5 cm·s−1 during rain events. Rainwater concentrations varied between 5 and 25 ng·1−1. Based on these data an annual wet deposition flux of 1.08 ng Hg cm−2 yr1− was estimated for the North Sea.
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  • 42
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: soil ; pollution ; heavy metals ; smelters ; factoranalysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A combined statistical and computergraphic approach is proposed for apportionment and attribution of soil contaminants in complex areas. The field test site lies north of Swansea, south Wales and contains two major pollutant sources, an active nickel refiner and (4 km away) the site of major base metal smelting in the nineteenth century (the Lower Swansea Valley reclamation study area). Soil samples (70 samples, 0–15 cm) were collected on a regular grid of 1000 m interval. They were extracted using 0.05 M diammonium EDTA and the extracts analysed for Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn. Soil pH and %organic content were also determined. Factor analysis yielded three groups which explained 73.8% of the data variance (1: Cd, Cu, %OM, Pb, Zn, Ni; 2: Cd, Zn, Mn, pH; 3: Cu, Mn, Co, Ni, Fe). Isoline plots were classifiable into the same three groups. It was concluded that factor 3 contained those elements associated with smelter emissions, factor 1 with contamination from the Lower Swansea Valley and in factor 2 pedogenetic processes control the occurrence of the elements.
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  • 43
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: mercury ; methylmercury ; sediment ; polychaete ; Nereis diversicolor ; methylation ; bioaccumulation ; Scheldt estuary
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Total mercury (Hg) and methylmercury (MeHg) concentrations were determined in sediments and in the polychaete worm Nereis diversicolor at 13 stations of a brackish water intertidal mudflat of the Scheldt estuary. Hg and MeHg concentrations in sediments ranged from 144 to 1192 ng g−1 dw and from 0.8 to 6 ng g−1 dw, respectively. Both Hg and MeHg concentrations increased with an increase of organic matter (OM) content and fine grain fraction. In contrast, Hg accumulation by N. diversicolor was significantly (p 〈 0.05) higher at stations with sandy sediments (mean value: 125 ng g−1 dw) than at stations with muddy sediments (mean value, 80 ng g−1), probably because Hg availability for bioaccumulation at muddy stations was reduced by high OM content of the muddy sediments. MeHg accounted for an average of 0.7% of the total Hg in sediments and 18% of the total Hg in N. diversicolor. Seasonal variations significantly affected Hg concentrations in sediments and MeHg in N. diversicolor. Total Hg concentrations in sediments were significantly (p 〈 0.05) higher in autumn and winter than in spring and summer whereas MeHg concentrations were lowest in winter compared to the other seasons. On the other hand, total Hg concentrations in the worms were lowest in spring whereas MeHg concentrations were significantly (p 〈 0.01) higher in spring and summer than in autumn and winter.
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  • 44
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    Water, air & soil pollution 94 (1997), S. 163-180 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acid deposition ; liming ; catchment ; lake ; water chemistry ; fish ; soil ; model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In June 1983 a whole-catchment liming experiment was conducted at Tjønnstrond, southernmost Norway, to test the utility of terrestrial liming as a technique to restore fish populations in remote lakes with short water-retention times. Tjønnstrond consists of 2 small ponds of 3.0 and 1.5 ha in area which drain a 25-ha catchment. The area is located at about 650–700 meters above sea-level in sparse and unproductive forests of spruce, pine and birch with abundant peatlands. A dose of 3 ton/ha of powdered limestone were spread by helicopter to the terrestrial area. No limestone was added to the ponds themselves. The ponds were subsequently stocked with brown and brook trout. Liming caused large and immediate changes in surface water chemistry; pH increased from 4.5 to 7.0, Ca increased from 40 to 200 μeq/L, ANC increased from –30 to +70 μeq/L, and reactive-Al decreased from about 10 to 3 μmol/L. During the subsequent 11 years the chemical composition of runoff has decreased gradually back towards the acidic pre-treatment situation. The major trends in concentrations of runoff Ca, ANC, pH, Al and NO3 in runoff are all well simulated by the acidification model MAGIC. Neither the measured data nor the MAGIC simulations indicate significant changes in any other major ion as a result of liming. The soils at Tjønnstrond in 1992 contained significantly higher amounts of exchangeable Ca relative to those at the untreated reference catchment Storgama. In 1992 about 75% of the added Ca remains in the soil as exchangeable Ca, 15% has been lost in runoff, and 10% is unaccounted for. The whole-catchment liming experiment at Tjønnstrond clearly demonstrates that this liming technique produces a long-term stable and favourable water quality for fish. Brown trout in both ponds in 1994 have good condition factors, which indicate that the fish are not stressed by marginal water quality due to re-acidification. The water quality is still adequate after 11 years and 〉20 water renewals. Concentrations of H+ and inorganic Al have gradually increased and approach levels toxic to trout, but the toxicity of these are offset by the continued elevated Ca concentrations. Reduced sulphate deposition during the last 4 years (1990–94) has also helped to slow and even reverse the rate of reacidification. The experiment at Tjønnstrond demonstrates that for this type of upland, remote terrain typical of large areas of southern Norway, terrestrial liming offers a suitable mitigation technique for treating acidified surface waters with short retention times.
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  • 45
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    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 217-223 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: selective leach ; organic ; humic ; fulvic ; analysis ; mercury ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The international reference lake sediment, LKSD-4, was used to compare Hg, organic C and Zn extracted from its ‘soluble organic’ phase by two commonly used reagents: 0.1 M Na4P2O7 solution at pH 10 and 0.5 M NaOH solution at pH 12. While recoveries of Hg and Zn by 0.1 M Na4P2O7 are not affected by changes in sample weight to reagent volume ratio (W/V) or contact time, those by NaOH show a marked dependency. In general, the NaOH leach extracts more organic C and Hg from LKSD-4 but less Zn. Over the range of conditions studied, the NaOH-based method extracted 4.7–9.8% C, 27–103 ng g−1 Hg and 19–69 μg g−1 Zn from LKSD-4, compared to 2.3–2.8% C, 17–24 ng g−1 Hg and 64–72 μg g−1 Zn by the Na4P2O7 leach. Clearly, different groups of organic substances are being dissolved by these two reagents and therefore a comparison of data from different laboratories becomes meaningless. This paper suggests that more research is needed into the exactNature of metal-organic associations extracted by selective leaches and into associated artifacts of extraction such as readsorption phenomena.
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  • 46
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    Environmental monitoring and assessment 59 (1999), S. 191-209 
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: estimation ; geostatistics ; interpolation ; radionuclides ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Many environmental surveys require the implementation of estimation techniques to determine the spatial distribution of the variable being investigated. Traditional methods of interpolation and estimation, for example, inverse distance squared and triangulation often ignore features of the data set such as anisotropy which may have a significant impact on the quality of the estimates produced. Geostatistical techniques may offer an improved method of estimation by modelling the spatial continuity of the variable using semi-variogram analysis. The theoretical model fitted to the semi-variogram is then used in the assignation of weighting factors to the samples surrounding the location to be estimated. This paper outlines the results of a comparison between three common estimation methods, polygonal, triangulation and inverse distance squared and a geostatistical method, in the estimation of soil radionuclide activities. The geostatistical estimation method known as kriging performed best over a range of parameters used to test the performance of the methods. Kriging exhibited the best correlation between actual and estimated values, the narrowest error distribution and the lowest overall estimation error. Polygonal estimation was best at reproducing the data set distribution. Conditional bias was evident in all the methods, low values being over-estimated and high values being under-estimated.
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  • 47
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: copper-nickel smelter ; ICP mass spectrometry ; Kola peninsula ; pollution ; soil ; trace elements ; vegetation
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Concentrations of 34 elements determined by ICP mass spectrometry were studied in surface soil and vegetation along a north–south gradient through the ‘Pechenganickel’ smelter complex in Kola peninsula, northern Russia. Strong influence from the smelter was evident for Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu, mainly associated with dry deposition of large particles. Also for As, Se, Mo, Sb, Te, Bi, and Pb the smelter or associated sources appeared to be distinct contributors of contamination consisting presumably of smaller particles. Significant but less distinct effects leading to enhanced concentration levels were observed for P, S, V, Cr, Zn, and Tl. In the case of Mn, Rb, Sr, Cs, and Ba the concentrations in vegetation were generally lower near the source, which may be due to cation exchange with protons or heavy metal cations in the soil and subsequent leaching from the root zone. For Li, Be, B, Na, Mg, Al, Ca, Y, Cd, La, Th, and U no particular influence from the smelter complex was observed. Some characteristic differences observed in element concentrations in different plant species and between different years of Pinus sylvestris needles are discussed. The high concentrations observed for many trace elements in the humus horizon indicates that it acts as an active biogeochemical barrier against downward transport of these elements.
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  • 48
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    Environmental monitoring and assessment 64 (2000), S. 583-590 
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: biological activity of soil ; constantpressure volumetric respirometer ; flow-through respirometer ; respirometry methods ; soil ; soil respiration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Among commonly employed methods of fast estimation of the soil biological activity a method of the oxygen consumption determination is used. The main goal of this research was an estimation of a soil respiratory metabolism using the constant pressure volumetric respirometer and also using the flow-through respirometer UNI-RES10.Soil respiration measurements were done using both types of respirometers in temperatures 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 °C, keeping up the constant humidity. The investigated soil was a soil humus belonged to organic soils from the Dziekanów Leśny field. The soil respiration was also measured for 8 plant communities in Sudeten Mountains with various respiration intensity.After the experiments it was stated that both measuring instruments could be used for the soil metabolism evaluation. Readouts obtained from the UNI-RES10 respirometer are smaller then readouts when using the constant pressure volumetric respirometer. The flow-through respirometers have to be calibrated to obtain results comparable with these from volumetric ones. The volumetric and flow-through respirometry methods are useful for the comparative analysis of metabolism levels.
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  • 49
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    Environmental and ecological statistics 4 (1997), S. 49-64 
    ISSN: 1573-3009
    Keywords: soil ; pollution ; threshold ; geostatistics ; indicators ; kriging ; risk ; Swiss Jura
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The probability that the concentrations of toxic substances in soil or other medium exceed tolerablemaxima at any unsampled place can be estimated by indicator geostatistics. The method is developed and used to estimate and map the risk of contamination by cadmium, copper and lead in the topsoil of a 14.5 km 2 region in the Swiss Jura. It combines both direct measurements of metal concentrations and thecalibration of a geological map, and it shows that the risk of toxicity is least on Argovian rocks. Two approaches are proposed to divide a region into safe' and 'hazardous' zones on the basis of probability maps. The first declares as contaminated all places where the risk of contamination exceeds a given threshold. The second approach first evaluates the financial costs that might result from a wrongdeclaration, after which the site is allocated to a class so as to minimize that cost. The risk of exposure for humans and animals is generally greater for contaminated agricultural land than for forest soil, and so land use is taken into account in both procedures.
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  • 50
    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: mercury ; body distribution ; feather concentrations ; body burden ; tern chicks
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: We studied mercury concentrations and amounts in tissues of 19 starved young Common Tern chicks (median age 4 days) and in eggs from the same colony. Concentrations and burden were similar between eggs and newly hatched chicks. Mercury concentrations were highest in down, which contained at least 38% of the body mercury. The mercury burden of the whole body and of the tissues as well as the concentration in down increased with age and body mass, indicating the importance of down as an elimination pathway. Conversion ratios between mercury concentrations in tissues and the whole chick body varied according to the contamination level.
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  • 51
    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: fish ; mercury ; natural selection ; allozyme ; population
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Measurements of the differential tolerance between enzyme genotypes and shifts in allozyme frequencies in populations from contaminated habitats have prompted the use of allozymes as markers of population-level toxicant effects. However, such studies often do not consider other factors that influence allele frequencies, including natural clines, migration, the intensity and specificity of selection and toxicant-induced genetic bottlenecks. In addition, selection components other than survival are not included. Consequently, the associated conclusions remain speculative. To assess this approach rigorously, a simulation study was conducted with the mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki) GPI-2 locus. Laboratory studies have shown the GPI-238/38 homozygote at this locus to be less tolerant than other genotypes during acute exposure to mercury. The GPI-2100/100 genotype has also been shown to have a reproductive disadvantage at lower mercury concentrations. Simple and then more complex models were used to quantify the relative effects of viability selection, random genetic drift and migration on the GPI-238 allele frequency. Simulations were also performed to assess the contribution of sexual and fecundity selection. A simple population model suggested that viability selection plays a greater role than does mortality-driven, genetic drift in the decrease of the sensitive allele under the conditions of this study. A more complex, stochastic model indicated that no significant mortality-driven drift was taking place in this system. In both models, migration mitigated the effect of selection. Sexual and fecundity selection had little effect on the allele frequencies in these simulations. We conclude that, provided the system under study is clearly understood, shifts in allele frequency can indicate the population-level effects of pollutants.
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  • 52
    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: earthworm ; nickel ; soil ; toxicology ; eisenia veneta
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The toxic effects of nickel on survival, growth, and reproduction of Eisenia veneta were investigated following 4 weeks of exposure to a nickel-chloride spiked loamy sand soil. The ability of a simple earthworm biomarker, the lysosomal membrane stability of coelomocytes, to reflect nickel exposure was also studied. Nickel caused a significant toxic effect on E.veneta at soil concentrations above 85 mg Ni/kg. Reproduction (cocoon production) was the most sensitive parameter being reduced at soil concentrations above 85 mg Ni/kg (EC10 = 85 mg Ni/kg). Survival of adults was only reduced at concentrations above 245 mg Ni/kg, while adult and cocoon wet weight were not affected by soil nickel concentrations up to 700 mg Ni/kg. The lysosomal membrane stability, measured as neutral-red retention time, was reduced at soil nickel concentrations similar to those that reduced reproduction, and demonstrated a dose-response relationship. The neutral-red retention time showed large individual variation for the earthworms within each exposure concentration. It was concluded that the lysosomal membrane stability, measured as neutral red retention time, has a potential role in risk assessment, but care should be taken conducting this test.
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  • 53
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    Plant and soil 127 (1990), S. 103-106 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: environmental sites ; Nigeria ; rice hull discoloration disease ; soil ; soil water
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In West Africa, discoloration of the rice hull is influenced by water availability and soil properties. These two critical environmental factors were examined in controlled pot experiments in contrasting environments. Coarse upland soils and free-draining soil-water regimes increased hull discoloration disease severity, while lowland soils and water saturation minimized disease severity. However, with all soils tested, the humid, high-rainfall environment of S.E. Nigeria was found to increase hull discoloration in comparison to the drier West Nigerian environment.
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  • 54
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    Plant and soil 126 (1990), S. 203-208 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: moisture ; nitrification ; nitrifiers ; pH ; soil ; variability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of pH on the activity of nitrifying organisms was examined in pasture soils ranging in pH from 4.9 to 7.3, using a short-term nitrification assay (SNA). The optimum pH for nitrifier activity (pHopt) was generally close to the soil pH, suggesting that the indigenous nitrifier populations adjusted to the prevailing soil pH. A consequence was that the SNA at the soil pH (SNApH) bore a near 1:1 relationship with the SNA at the pHopt (SNAopt) over a wide range of SNA values. The effect of soil moisture tension on the SNA was less pronounced than that of pH, but an optimum occurred around pF 3.4.
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  • 55
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    European journal of plant pathology 100 (1994), S. 137-156 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: biological control ; mycoparasite ; potato black scurf ; Rhizoctonia solani ; sclerotia ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Verticillium biguttatum cannot utilise cellulose or nitrate-nitrogen and it requires biotin for growth, yet it grew and sporulated abundantly onRhizoctonia solani on cellulose, obtaining at least organic carbon, nitrogen and biotin fromR. solani. Videomicroscopy of inter-hyphal interactions on films of water agar showed thatV. biguttatum behaved as a biotrophic mycoparasite. From germinating spores, it penetrated the hyphae ofR. solani and formed haustorium-like branches without killing the host cells, and the haustoria supported an external mycelial network of the mycoparasite. Later the mycoparasite sporulated, and the infected host cells died. On cellulosic substrataV. biguttatum did not reduce the growth ofR. solani, and often enhanced the rate of cellulose degradation. However,V. biguttatum drastically reduced the production of sclerotia byR. solani, often completely suppressing sclerotium production when the mycoparasite infected only a localized region of the host colony. This is ascribed to the creation of a nutrient sink by the parasite, consistent with biotrophy. On plates of cellulose agar the suppression of sclerotia was not confined to parasitized colonies but extended to adjacent colonies ofR. solani that had successfully anastomosed with the parasitized colony. There was no effect on adjacent vegetatively incompatible colonies, where attempted anastomoses caused cytoplasmic death. In comparable experiments the necrotrophic mycoparasiteGliocladium roseum had no long-distance effect on sclerotium production byR. solani. Suppression of sclerotium production may explain the reported success ofV. biguttatum in biocontrol of black scurf of potato in experimental field conditions.
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  • 56
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    Plant and soil 131 (1991), S. 89-96 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ammonium ; mineralization ; nitrate ; nitrification ; 15N ; plant ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Details are presented of a simple mathematical framework that allows 15N tracer experiments to be interpreted in terms of the main processes of the soil/plant nitrogen cycle. The calculations, all of which can be performed on a scientific calculator, yield the rates of gross mineralization and nitrification and the crop nitrogen uptake occurring as ammonium and nitrate. Two procedures are presented. One requires paired experiments with labelled ammonium and unlabelled nitrate as one treatment, and unlabelled ammonium and labelled nitrate as the other. The second procedure requires only the labelled ammonium, unlabelled nitrate treatment. Example calculations are presented using actual experimental data. The interpretative procedure uses the fact that the rate of isotopic dilution in an ammonium pool labelled with 15N is a function of the rate at which unlabelled ammonium is introduced into the pool via mineralization. Similarly, the rate of isotope dilution in an 15N labelled nitrate pool is a function of the rate at which unlabelled nitrate is introduced into the pool via nitrification.
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    Plant and soil 131 (1991), S. 97-105 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ammonium ; mineralization ; nitrate ; nitrification ; 15N ; plant ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A pulse dilution 15N technique was used in the field to determine the effect of the ammonium to nitrate ratio in a fertilizer application on the uptake of ammonium and nitrate by ryegrass and on gross rates of mineralization and nitrification. Two experiments were performed, corresponding approximately to the first and second cuts of grass. Where no substantial recent immobilization of inorganic nitrogen had occurred, mineralization was insensitive to the form of nitrogen applied, ranging from 2.1–2.6 kg N ha-1 d-1. The immobilization of ammonium increased as the proportion of ammonium in the application increased. In the second experiment there was evidence that high rates of immobilization in the first experiment were associated with high rates of mineralization in the second. The implication was that some nitrogen immobilized in the first experiment was re-mineralized during the second. Whether this was nitrogen taken up, stored in roots and released following defoliation was not clear. Nitrification rates in this soil were low (0.1–0.63 kg N ha-1 d-1), and as a result, varying the ratio of ammonium to nitrate applied markedly altered the relative uptake of ammonium and nitrate. In the first experiment, where temperatures were low, preferential uptake of ammonium occurred, but where 〉90% of the uptake was as ammonium, a reduction in yield and nitrogen uptake was observed. In the second experiment, where temperatures and growth rates were higher, the proportion of ammonium to nitrate taken up had no effect on yield or nitrogen uptake.
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  • 58
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: PGPR ; plant growth promotion ; potato ; Pseudomonas ; marker stability ; rhizobacteria ; rifampicin resistance ; root colonization ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The stability of rifampicin resistance in plant growth-promoting Pseudomonas putida strain WCS358 was studied in potato rhizosphere in the field. Three out of seven rifampicin-resistant mutants of strain WCS358 were selected in this study. Their specific growth rate, competitive growth in liquid medium and colonization of potato roots in non-sterile soil, was comparable to that of their parental strain. These rifampicin-resistant mutants were used to treat potato seed tubers, which were thereafter sown in the field. To test the stability of the rifampicin resistance in the field, about 1200 fluorescent Pseudomonas isolates obtained from underground plant parts at 82, 95, 109 and 130 days after seeding, were tested for rifampicin resistance and for agglutination with an antiserum specific for strain WCS358. Ail fluorescent Pseudomonas isolates that showed a positive agglutination reaction with the antiserum, were also rifampicin-resistant. Twelve agglutination-positive isolates, selected at random, were all identified as strain WCS358 from patterns of lipopolysaccharides after sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Thus, rifampicin resistance seems to be a stable marker in the mutants of strain WCS358 tested, also under field conditions. It is concluded that rifampicin resistance can be used as a reliable marker for ecological studies on rhizosphere pseudomonads.
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  • 59
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    Plant and soil 101 (1987), S. 183-187 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: automated ; carbon dioxide ; gas chromatography ; respiration ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract An automated 36 place valve to provide continuous soil respiration measurements was constructed. The valve is fully computer controlled and can sample and purge the soil atmosphere as frequently as every 75 minutes. The concentrations, automatically measured by the valve, are essentially identical to those measured manually by gas chromatography in the concentration range of 0.1 to 1% CO2, and are kept in this range by adjusting the mass of soil and the sampling frequency. Data are transferred automatically to a computer spreadsheet program for data handling and plotting on either a rate or cumulative basis. The system has proved reliable over many thousands of analyses and has made detailed analysis of microbial activity on a continuous basis possible.
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  • 60
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    Plant and soil 157 (1993), S. 19-29 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: acidity ; aluminium ; beech ; biomass ; Fagus sylvatica L. ; H ; pH ; nutrient ; podzol ; regeneration ; roots ; seedlings ; soil ; toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of highly and moderately acid soils on total biomass, biomass partitioning, fine root characteristics and nutritional status of beech seedlings (Fagus sylvatica L.) were studied in a growth chamber experiment. In Haplic Arenosols seedlings grew slowly but equally well without damage symptoms in a highly acid and a moderately acid soil horizon. The moderately acid Ah+Bw-horizon of a Eutric Cambisol was favourable to seedling growth. The fine root development was reduced in the highly acid A+Bw-horizon of a Dystric Cambisol and in the Ah+E-horizon of a Haplic Podzol, the latter of which also caused increased mortality. Seedling growth in the B2-horizon of the Haplic Podzol was vigorous, in spite of a higher level of extractable Al and lower base saturation as compared with the Ah+E-horizon. These results are interpreted in relation to soil acidity, soil Al and nutritional status of the seedlings. We conclude that neither Al-toxicity nor nutrient deficiency cause the damage symptoms observed in the Ah+E-horizon of a Haplic Podzol and the fine root reduction in the A+Bw-horizon of a Dystric Cambisol. The damage symptoms of the PZhA treatment seems to be more the result of H-toxicity or H-related factors other than nutrient shortage or Al-toxicity. Other pH-related toxic factors are discussed.
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  • 61
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aggressive strains ; composted pine bark ; environment ; in vitro ; Rhizoctonia ; soil ; sources ; seedling nursery ; Trichoderma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Trichoderma isolates were collected from different sources and screened for their in vitro parasitism of Rhizoctonia solani. They were grouped according to the different sources and each group compared statistically. 74% of the total isolates collected were regarded as antagonistic to R. solani in vitro. Isolates associated with pine bark source were very aggressive. The most aggressive strains were isolated from soil samples collected under the Speedling® trays of a commercial seedling nursery.
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  • 62
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: bioavailability ; maize ; myo-inositol ; phosphorus ; phytase ; phytin ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of adding phytase to the root medium of maize plants on the P-availability of added myo-inositol hexaphosphate (phytin) has been studied in pot experiments. When 40 mM phytin-P in nutrient solution was incubated in quartz-sand for 15 days in the absence of plants, 80% of it could be recovered from the solution as soluble organic P. Maize plants growing on this mixture assimilated P from phytin at rates comparable to those from inorganic phosphate (Pi). At a lower addition rate (2 mM phytin-P) only 10% was recovered in the soil solution, and plant growth was severely limited by P. At this low phytin level, the addition of phytase (10 enzyme units per kg sand) increased the plants' dry weight yield by 32%. The relative increases of the Pi concentration in the solution and of the amount of P in the plants were even higher, indicating that the observed growth stimulation was due to an increased rate of phytin hydrolysis. The enzyme-induced growth stimulation was also observed with plants growing in pots filled with soil low in P, when phytin was added. However, on three different soils the addition rates of phytin and phytase necessary for obtaining a significant phytase effect were both about 10 times higher than those required in quartzsand. It is concluded that the P-availability from organic sources can be limited by the rate of their hydrolytic cleavage.
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    Plant and soil 157 (1993), S. 19-29 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: acidity ; aluminium ; beech ; biomass ; Fagus sylvatica L. ; H ; pH ; nutrient ; podzol ; regeneration ; roots ; seedlings ; soil ; toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of highly and moderately acid soils on total biomass, biomass partitioning, fine root characteristics and nutritional status of beech seedlings (Fagus sylvatica L.) were studied in a growth chamber experiment. In Haplic Arenosols seedlings grew slowly but equally well without damage symptoms in a highly acid and a moderately acid soil horizon. The moderately acid Ah+Bw-horizon of a Eutric Cambisol was favourable to seedling growth. The fine root development was reduced in the highly acid A+Bw-horizon of a Dystric Cambisol and in the Ah+E-horizon of a Haplic Podzol, the latter of which also caused increased mortality. Seedling growth in the B2-horizon of the Haplic Podzol was vigorous, in spite of a higher level of extractable Al and lower base saturation as compared with the Ah+E-horizon. These results are interpreted in relation to soil acidity, soil Al and nutritional status of the seedlings. We conclude that neither Al-toxicity nor nutrient deficiency cause the damage symptoms observed in the Ah+E-horizon of a Haplic Podzol and the fine root reduction in the A+Bw-horizon of a Dystric Cambisol. The damage symptoms of the PZhA treatment seems to be more the result of H-toxicity or H-related factors other than nutrient shortage or Al-toxicity. Other pH-related toxic factors are discussed.
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  • 64
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    Plant and soil 103 (1987), S. 269-273 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: denitrification ; N2O flux ; organic matter ; root ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The N2O flux from the surface of grass-covered pots was only significant following grass maturing. Removal of the above-ground plant material resulted in an immediate and long-lasting increase in N2O production in the soil. The results suggest that easily available organic matter from the roots stimulates the denitrification when the plants are damaged. Grass cutting might therefore result in a marked nitrogen loss through denitrification. The quantitative effect was equal in soil with and without succinate added. The size of the anaerobic zone around the roots is therefore sufficient to allow for denitrification activity mediated by increased organic matter availability because of plant cutting.
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  • 65
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ammonium ; heterogeneity ; inflow ; localised nutrient ; mineralisation ; 15N ; nitrate ; organic residue ; proliferation ; roots ; soil ; uptake ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract To obtain nutrients mineralised from organic matter in the soil, plants have to respond to its heterogeneous distribution. We measured the timing of nitrogen uptake by wheat from a localised, 15N labelled organic residue in soil, as well as the timing of changes in root length density. We calculated the rates of N uptake per unit root length (inflows) for roots growing through the residue and for the whole root system. A stimulated local inflow appeared to be the main mechanism of exploitation of the residue N during the first five days of exploitation. 8% of the N that the plants would ultimately obtain from the residue was captured in this period. Roots then proliferated in the residue. This, together with a rapidly declining N inflow, contributed to the capture, over the next seven days, of 63% of the N that the plants derived from the residue. After that time, massive root proliferation occurred in the residue, but relatively little further N was captured.
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  • 66
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    Plant and soil 181 (1996), S. 163-167 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: nitrogen transformations ; soil ; volatile organic compound
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The volatile organic compounds produced during a sequence of soil incubations under controlled conditions, with either added NH4 +-N or NO3 --N, were collected and identified. The nature and relative amounts of the volatile organic compounds produced by the microorganisms in the soils were remarkably reproducible and consistent.
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  • 67
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    Plant and soil 185 (1996), S. 259-264 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: growth dynamics ; image processing ; Phalaris arundinacea ; soil ; video
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract To develop and test a system for computer-assisted image analysis, repeated video recordings of reed canary-grass roots (Phalaris arundinacea L.) were made in an 18-window rhizotron. The images were digitized and processed using a Unix computer and the Khoros software development environment. Two image sizes, 126×95 mm and 61×46 mm, both comprising 650 × 490 pixels, were compared. Among image processing techniques used were median filtering, segmentation and skeletonization. Root area and length in both the topsoil and subsoil were estimated using the two image sizes. The resolution (image size) strongly affected the calculated root lengths. The results were compared with root length measurements obtained manually. Statistically significant differences in root length and area in the topsoil were detected between the sampling dates using the computer-assisted methods. Possible sources of error and methods for reducing them are discussed.
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  • 68
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    Plant and soil 187 (1996), S. 57-66 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: compensation ; growth ; heterogeneity ; inflow ; nutrient ; roots ; soil ; variability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In soil, the distributions of nutrients, water, pores, and microbes vary in time and space. These, in turn, contribute to the variations in root form and function that we see when we grow plants in soil and other non-uniform media. This paper addresses three questions about the consequences of non-uniform distributions of nutrients: how do roots respond to variations in nutrient distribution?; how specific are such responses?; to what extent can we predict them? Roots vary both physiologically and structurally in response to nutrient distributions. The first type of response is primarily a stimulation of nutrient uptake rate per unit of root; the second, a stimulation of root growth where and when the nutrient is most readily available. The first tends to be nutrient-specific and its magnitude related to the extent of the non-uniformity in nutrient availability. The second is less-specific in the sense that the magnitude of the response, when there is one, varies little from one nutrient to another. This leads to apparently exaggerated compensatory capacity, especially for ions that are relatively mobile in soil, such as NO3 -. Because the physiological and molecular mechanisms of these responses are largely unknown, we cannot say how they are co-ordinated within individual plants. Nor can we predict a plant's responses precisely. What we can do is generate statistical descriptions of them by comparing data collected in many experiments for many species. This produces general rules that summarise what happens, but which probably cannot be applied a priori to specific cases. H Lambers Section editor
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  • 69
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: flax ; nitrate dissimilation ; Pseudomonas ; rhizosphere ; soil ; tomato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The distribution of nitrogen dissimilative abilities among 618 isolates of fluorescent pseudomonads was studied. These strains were isolated from two uncultivated soils (C and D; collected at Châteaurenard and Dijon, France, respectively) and from rhizosphere, rhizoplane and root tissue of two plant species (flax and tomato) cultivated on these two soils. According to their ability to dissimilate nitrogen, the isolates have been distributed into three metabolic types: non-dissimilators, NO2 - accumulators and denitrifiers. While the three metabolic types were recovered in all the compartments of soil D experiments, only two (non-dissimilators and denitrifiers) were recovered in all the compartments of soil C experiments. Even under the contrasting conditions of the two soil types, both plants were able to select the nitrate dissimilating community among the total community of fluorescent Pseudomonas, but the mode of this selection seems to be dependent on both plant and soil type. The soil type appears to be unable to significantly modulate the strong selective effect of tomato. Indeed, similar dissimilator to non-dissimilator ratios were found in the root tissue of this plant species cultivated in both soils. In contrast, the different dissimilator to non-dissimilator ratios observed in flax roots between soils C and D suggest that the selective effect of flax was modulated by the soil type. Taxonomic identifications showed that the 618 isolates were distributed among three species (P. chlororaphis, P. fluorescens, P. putida) plus an intermediate type between P. fluorescens and P. putida. However, no clear relationship between the distribution of the metabolic types (functional diversity) and the distribution of bacterial species has been found.
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  • 70
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    Keywords: grassland ; N ; P ; sheep urine ; soil ; soil solution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Synthetic sheep urine additions (59 g N m−2) were made to pastures on two soils, at Fasset, a semi-natural grassland, and Strathfinella, an improved pasture. Urine was applied to microplots in May and the soil, grass and soil solution analyzed 1, 2, 4, 5, 12 and 23 weeks after the addition. At Fasset, the grass was scorched by urine and the standing biomass decreased compared to the control, increasing only after 5 weeks. The absence of scorching at the Strathfinella site was attributed to a greater biomass of root mat to buffer the roots from exposure to NH3and a greater rainfall immediately following treatment. Scorching reduced the uptake of N and it was not clear if the greater contents of NH4 + and the increases in soil pH at Fasset compared with Strathfinella were the causes or symptoms of the scorch effect. Amounts of extractable organic N (DON) were similar in both soils and increased during the first 4 weeks and then decreased. Urine addition both increased and decreased DON at different times, but the overall mean values were unchanged. Urine application changed the distribution of P in the two soils, increasing the soil solution P at Fasset by 80 mg P m−2 and raising the P content of herbage at Strathfinella by 600 mg P m−2. In the soil solution, dissolved forms of molybdate reactive P, organic P and condensed P fractions were all increased by the urine addition. After 23 weeks, condensed P made the greatest contribution to soil solution P in both soils indicating that this fraction was the least available for plant uptake.
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    Plant and soil 227 (2000), S. 207-213 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: adsorption ; arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi ; biodegradation ; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ; rhizosphere ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) can be degraded in the rhizosphere but may also interact with vegetation by accumulation in plant tissues or adsorption on root surface. Previous studies have shown that arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi contribute to the establishment and maintenance of plants in a PAH contaminated soil. We investigated the fate of PAH in the rhizosphere and mycorrhizosphere including biodegradation, uptake and adsorption. Experiments were conducted with ryegrass inoculated or not with Glomus mosseae P2 (BEG 69) and cultivated in pots filled with soil spiked with 5 g kg−1 of anthracene or with 1 g kg−1 of a mixture of 8 PAH in a growth chamber. PAH were extracted from root surfaces, root and shoot tissue and rhizosphere soil and were analysed by GC-MS. In both experiments, 0.006 – 0.11‰ of the initial extractable PAH concentration were adsorbed to roots, 0.003 – 0.16‰ were found in root tissue, 0.001‰ in shoot tissue and 36 – 66% were dissipated, suggesting that the major part of PAH dissipation in rhizosphere soil was due to biodegradation or biotransformation. With mycorrhizal plants, anthracene and PAH were less adsorbed to roots and shoot tissue concentrations were lower than with non mycorrhizal plants, which could contribute to explain the beneficial effect of AM fungi on plant survival in PAH contaminated soils.
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    Plant and soil 120 (1989), S. 263-271 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Ferocactus acanthodes ; gas exchange ; Opuntia ficus-indica ; respiration ; root ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Through use of a recently developed technique that can measure CO2 exchange by individual attached roots, the influences of soil O2 and CO2 concentrations on root respiration were determined for two species of shallow-rooted cacti that typically occur in porous, well-drained soils. Although soil O2 concentrations in the rooting zone in the field were indistinguishable from that in the ambient air (21% by volume), the CO2 concentrations 10 cm below the soil surface averaged 540 μLL−1 for the barrel cactusFerocactus acanthodes under dry conditions and 2400 μLL−1 under wet conditions in a loamy sand. For the widely cultivated platyopuntiaOpuntia ficus-indica in a sandy clay loam, the CO2 concentration at 10 cm averaged 1080 μLL−1 under dry conditions and 4170 μLL−1 under wet conditions. For both species, the respiration rate in the laboratory was zero at 0% O2 and increased to its maximum value at 5% O2 for rain roots (roots induced by watering) and 16% O2 for established roots. Established roots ofO. ficus-indica were slightly more tolerant of elevated CO2 than were those ofF. acanthodes, 5000 μLL−1 inhibiting respiration by 35% and 46%, respectively. For both species, root respiration was reduced to zero at 20,000 μLL−1 (2%) CO2. In contrast to the reversible effects of 0% O2, inhibition by 2% CO2 was irreversible and led to the death of cortical cells in established roots in 6 h. Although the restriction of various cacti and other CAM plants to porous soils has generally been attributed to their requirement for high O2 concentrations, the present results indicate that susceptibility of root respiration to elevated soil CO2 concentrations may be more important.
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    Plant and soil 111 (1988), S. 277-281 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: compaction ; lupin ; roots ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    Plant and soil 170 (1995), S. 159-164 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: biodiversity ; ciliates ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The results of soil ciliate frequency studies of 47 field studies, from 12 ecosystem types, were combined with recent concepts and observations to assess the importance of soil ciliate biodiversity in ecosystem functioning. A few species typically furnish most of the individuals; increases in biodiversity, produced by less common species, alters soil ciliate communities. Soil ciliates were grouped according to position on the r/K continuum, with polyhymenophoran species as K, and colpodids as r organisms; and according to degree of soil affinity. Grasslands and hardwood forests were characterized by large numbers of K and intermediate species, whereas pine forests and more stressed ecosystems (e.g., arable lands, deserts) had more colpodid and fewer total species. Within these systems, certain species may become prominent, or be absent, suggesting that many soil ciliates exhibit widely overlapping niches, and that while a soil might function with a few species, high diversity allows systems to respond to changing seasons and climate.
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    Plant and soil 177 (1995), S. 235-247 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: corn ; nitrogen availability ; N simulation ; soil ; tillage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The objective of this study was to determine if a re-calibrated version of the computer model NCSWAP (version 36) could accurately predict corn growth and soil N dynamics in conventionally tilled (CT) and no-till (NT) corn supplied with legume green manure or ammonium nitrate as N sources. We also attempted to ascertain the reasons for limitations in the model's ability to simulate corn growth and soil N dynamics found by our colleagues in a previous study and to propose potential improvements. The model was calibrated to accurately simulate total available N (N in plant above-ground biomass plus soil nitrate in the 0 to 45 cm profile) for a control and a fertilizer CT treatment in the 1992 growing season. To do so, input values defining the quantities of active soil organic N had to be reduced to 19% of the values proposed by the model developers and a solute transport factor defining the mobile vs. immobile fractions of soil nitrate adjusted from 0.8 to 0.2. The discrepancies between the proposed values and the lower values employed in this study might be due to the uncertainties in quantitatively describing soil N mineralization processes and the way they are handled in the model, as well as the lack of a component simulating macroporous-influenced water flow and solute transport in the model. With the current version, until one knows how to predict what these values are, the model needs to be re-calibrated for each experimental site and condition and thus is of limited value as a general model. With no further adjustment of input values, model validation success was mixed. The model accurately predicted total available N for treatments in the second year of the experiment that had the same N source and tillage as the treatments used for the calibration year but with the different weather and growing conditions. However, total available N was underpredicted where legume green manure was the N source and overpredicted with no-till cultivation. The model was accurate in simulating seasonal corn growth for nearly all the treatments, judged by nonsignificant mean difference (MD) values and highly significant correlation coefficients (r). Prediction of seasonal soil nitrate concentration was less accurate compared to total available N and corn growth variables. Potential improvements in the model's simulation of a no-till system as well as for predicting corn harvest yield and seasonal soil nitrate concentration where N deficiency occurs were discussed.
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  • 76
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: bioavailability ; cadmium ; chicory ; chromium ; Cichorium intybus ; contamination ; ecological risk assessment ; Erigeron canadensis ; Eupatorium capillifolium ; horseweed ; index plants ; index species ; metals ; nickel ; soil ; vanadium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Uncultivated plants growing on disturbed sites may be useful for assessing the bioavailability of some metals in soils, and thus the potential for metal mobilization up the terrestrial food chain, an important element in ecological risk assessment. A planted chicory cultivar (Cichorium intybus L. var. foliosum Hegi.) and the uncultivated plants horseweed (Canada fleabane) (Erigeron canadensis L.) and dogfennel (Eupatorium capillifolium (Lam.) Small) were evaluated for their ability to act as index plant species for soil Cd, Cr, Ni, and V at two field sites where these metals had been applied five yr previously to two highly weathered sandy Ultisols. Soil Cd was available to all analyzed plant tissues of all three plant species at both sites, particularly on the sandier Blanton soil. Chicory was an effective index plant for Cd on the finer textured Orangeburg soil but functioned as an indicator plant (toxicity symptoms were observed) on the sandier Blanton soil. Horseweed and dogfennel were effective index plants for Cd in both contaminated soils. Soil Cr, Ni, and V were less bioavailable than soil Cd and plant metal uptake was more sensitive to residual soil Cr, Ni, and V than was soil extraction with double acid. Horseweed and chicory may have potential as index plants for soil Cr. Chicory may have potential as a Ni index plant. Chicory and dogfennel may have potential as V index plants.
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    Plant and soil 201 (1998), S. 285-293 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: deficiency ; pH ; plant ; potassium ; rubidium ; soil ; solution ; uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Earlier studies have demonstrated close inverse relationships between Rb+ concentrations in plants and pH or base (including K+) saturation of soils. This study aims at elucidating conditions in soils influencing plant uptake of Rb+. Growth experiments with Carex pilulifera L. were performed, modifying the acidity and K+ supply of acid soils and solutions. We were unable to assess any reduction in Rb+ uptake by adding precipitated CaCO3 to acid soil unless pH was raised to near neutrality. Though not fully compensating the loss of soil solution K+and exchangeable K+ from uptake by the growing plants, soil treated with 0.5 mM K+ (as KCl) reduced the Rb+ concentration in the shoots by 40% without measurably changing soil pH. Experiments varying the pH and K+ concentration of a nutrient solution (20% Hoagland), spiked with 6 uM Rb+, clearly demonstrated that plant uptake of Rb+ and K+ was unaffected by acidity in the pH range 3.6–5.0 tested, whereas Rb+ uptake was reduced by ca. 50%, when K+ concentration was increased from 1.2 to 3.6 mM. The sensitivity of this reaction indicates that shortage or low availability of K+ controls Rb+ uptake from acid soils, being probably more important than soil acidity per se. Secondary effects of high soil acidity, such as leaching losses of K+, might also be of importance in accounting for the high uptake of Rb+ from such soils. It is suggested that leaf analysis of Rb+ may be used as a method to assess early stages of K+ deficiency in plants on acid soils.
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  • 78
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: cations ; fire ; nitrogen ; nutrients ; phosphorus ; slash-and-burn ; soil ; tropical forests
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The most commonly observed change in soil following slash-and-burn clearing of tropical forest is a short-term increase in nutrient availability. Studies of shifting cultivation commonly cite the incorporation of nutrient-rich ash from consumed aboveground biomass into soil as the reason for this change. The effects of soil heating on nutrient availability have been examined only rarely in field studies of slash-and-burn, and soil heating as a mechanism of nutrient release is most often assumed to be of minor importance in the field. Few budgets for above and belowground nutrient flux have been developed in the tropics, and a survey of results from field and laboratory studies indicates that soils are sufficiently heated during most slash-and-burn events, particularly in dry and monsoonal climates, to cause significant, even substantial release of nutrients from non-plant-available into plant-available forms in soil. Conversely, large aboveground losses of nutrients during and after burning often result in low quantities of nutrients that are released to soil. Assessing the biophysical sustainability of an agricultural practice requires detailed information about nutrient flux and loss incurred during management. To this end, current conceptual models of shifting cultivation should be revised to more accurately describe these fluxes and losses.
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    Plant and soil 199 (1998), S. 267-273 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Ce anomaly ; fractionation ; plants ; rare earth elements ; soil ; soil extracts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Concentrations of the rare earth elements (REEs) La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Yb and Lu were determined in leaves of 6 plant species (Norway spruce, silver fir, maple, ivy, blackberry, and wood fern), and in pertinent soils and soil extracts, also taken from the same site. The distribution of the individual REEs in plants showed little or no agreement with that in the soil or the soil extracts. Ce had a negative anomaly with respect to the soil in all plants. The REE distribution patterns of fir and spruce were almost identical, but differed profoundly from that of the other species. In most cases, concentration ratios between species were a smooth function of the atomic number of the REE. Very similar results were obtained at 2 additional sites.
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    Plant and soil 214 (1999), S. 173-185 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: East Africa ; fire ; plant nutrient concentration ; savanna ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The aim of the present study was to investigate the causes of increased macronutrient concentrations in above-ground post-fire regrowth in an East African savanna (Northern Tanzania). Experiments were set up to discriminate between the following possible causes: (1) increased soil nutrient supply after fire, (2) relocation of nutrients from the roots to the new shoots, (3) rejuvenation and related changes in plant tissue composition and (4) changes in nutrient uptake in relation to above-ground carbon gains. N, P, K, Ca and Mg concentrations in post-burn graminoid vegetation were compared with clipped and with unburned, control vegetation during the post-burn growth season. One month after burning and clipping, nutrient concentrations in live grass shoots in the burned and clipped treatments were significantly higher than in the control. This effect, however, declined in the course of the season and, except for Ca, disappeared three months after onset of the treatments. There were no significant differences in live grass shoot nutrient concentrations between burned and clipped treatments which suggests that the increased nutrient concentration in post-fire regrowth is not due to increased soil nutrient supply via ash deposition. The relatively low input of nutrients through ash deposition, compared to the amount of nutrients released through mineralisation during the first month after burning and to the total nutrient pools, supports this suggestion. There was no difference between burned and unburned vegetation in total root biomass and root nutrient concentrations. Relocation of nutrients from the roots to the new shoots did not, therefore, appear to be a cause of higher post-fire shoot nutrient concentrations. The present study shows that in this relatively nutrient-rich savanna, the increased nutrient concentration in above-ground post-fire regrowth is primarily due to increased leaf:stem ratios, rejuvenation of plant material and the distribution of a similar amount of nutrients over less above-ground biomass.
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    Plant and soil 151 (1993), S. 287-294 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ammonium ; cattle slurry ; nitrogen transformations ; organic manure ; potatoes ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Cattle slurry supplemented with 15N labelled ammonium sulphate was applied to unplanted soil and to soil planted with sprouted potato tubers. For comparison, there was a similar treatment with 15N labelled ammonium sulphate alone. The pots of soil were kept at 20°C and the plants were harvested after 21, 42, 70 and 98 days. Labelled and unlabelled nitrogen were measured in the plants and, after the same intervals, in the soil as mineral, organic and clay-fixed nitrogen. The recovery of labelled nitrogen in plants plus soil by the end of the experiment was 90% with ammonium sulphate alone and 77% with cattle slurry; the corresponding recoveries in unplanted soil were only 65% and 48%. The greater recoveries of the labelled nitrogen in the planted soil are attributed to its greater protection against gaseous loss when within the plants. Another effect of the plants was to decrease the amount of labelled nitrogen that had been initially fixed by the clay. During the first 21 days with cattle slurry almost half of the labelled nitrogen became immobilized in organic matter. In the same period there was mineralization of unlabelled nitrogen, but the overall reaction was net immobilization. In later periods, immobilized labelled nitrogen in the unplanted soil decreased indicating remineralization. Estimates are given of the rates of gross mineralization, but the periods between sampling occasions were too long to yield reliable values. ei]Section editor: R Merckx
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  • 82
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: leaf tip scorch ; 15N recovery ; N uptake and metabolism ; plant ; soil ; urease activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The current study investigated the short-term physiological implications of plant nitrogen uptake of urea amended with the urease inhibitor N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (nBTPT) under both greenhouse and field conditions. 15N labelled urea amended with 0.0, 0.01, 0.1 and 0.5% nBTPT (w/w) was surface applied at a rate equivalent to 100 kg N ha−1 to perennial ryegrass in a greenhouse pot experiment. Root, shoot and soil fractions were destructively harvested 0.75, 1.75, 4, 7 and 10 days after fertilizer application. Urease activity was determined in each fraction together with 15N recovery and a range of chemical analyses. The effect of nBTPT amended urea on leaf tip scorch was evaluated together with the effect of the inhibitor applied on its own on plant urease activity. nBTPT-amended urea dramatically reduced shoot urease activity for the first few days after application compared to unamended urea. The higher the nBTPT concentration the longer the time required for shoot activity to return to that in the unamended treatment. At the highest inhibitor concentration of 0.5% shoot urease activity had returned to that of unamended urea by 10 days. Root urease activity was unaffected by nBTPT in the presence of urea but was affected by nBTPT in the absence of urea. Transient leaf tip scorch was observed approximately 7–15 days after nBTPT + urea application and was greatest with high concentrations of nBTPT and high urea-N application rates. New developing leaves showed no visual sign of tip necrosis. Urea hydrolysis of unamended urea was rapid with only 1.3% urea-N remaining in the soil after 1.75 days. N uptake and metabolism by ryegrass was rapid with 15N recovery from unamended urea, in the plant (shoot + root) being 33% after 1.75 days. Most of the 15N in the soil following the urea+0.5% nBTPT application was still as urea after 1.75 days, yet 15N plant recovery at this time was 25% (root+shoot). This together with other evidence, suggests that if urea hydrolysis in soil is delayed by nBTPT then urea can be taken up by ryegrass as the intact molecule, albeit at a significantly slower initial rate of uptake than NH4 +-N. Protein and water soluble carbohydrate content of the plant were not significantly affected by amending urea with nBTPT however, there was a significant effect on the composition of amino acids in the roots and shoots, suggesting a difference in metabolism. Although nBTPT-amended urea affected plant urease activity and caused some leaf-tip scorch the effects were transient and short-lived. The previously reported benefit of nBTPT in reducing NH3 volatilization of urea would appear to far outweigh any of the observed short-term effects, as dry-matter production of ryegrass is increased.
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  • 83
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: carbon ; fertiliser ; fractionation ; pH ; phosphorus ; soil ; soil solution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The influence of soil acidity and phosphorus fertilization on phosphorus fractions and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in soil solution was quantified experimentally in an iron humus podzol. Soil solution was isolated by centrifugation from top- and sub-soil samples. Total dissolved phosphorus (TDP), dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP), dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) and DOC increased as soil pH and P status increased. DOP was the fraction present at the highest concentration (0.080–0.464 mg P L−1) for the majority of samples. DOC and DOP concentrations which remained relatively constant down the soil profile were also highly correlated. Soluble organic P compounds may make a significant contribution to plant available soil P particularly for soils with low fertility levels. The relatively high DOP concentrations (ca 0.227 mg P L−1) found throughout the soil profile have important consequences with regards to P leaching and plant nutrition.
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  • 84
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    Plant and soil 102 (1987), S. 197-200 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ethylene oxide ; pesticides ; soil ; sterilization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of ethylene oxide (EtO) on survival of soil microflora and on selected chemical properties of a sandy-loam soil were examined. Soil sterilization was achieved after 8 hours exposure to EtO. Ethylene oxide treatment increased soil pH and organic matter content. Extractable Mn and Fe slightly increased whereas P content decreased. Total N was not affected by the treatment.
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  • 85
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    Plant and soil 103 (1987), S. 95-100 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: carbon loss ; pea ; plant growth ; roots ; soil ; tomato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Tomato and pea seedlings were grown for 14d and 28d with shoots in constant specific activity14CO2 and the amounts and distribution of carbon within the plants and of that released into the soil from the roots were measured. The estimates of carbon loss were derived from measurements of14CO2 respired from both the root and the accompanying microbial population and from the root derived14C-labelled organic carbon compounds in the soil. The relationship between plant growth and the loss of carbon and distribution of carbon within the plants are discussed.
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  • 86
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: mercury ; plant-uptake ; selenite ; selenate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Pot culture experiments containing sand and soil, at two levels of mercury (2 and 5 μg mL-1) added through irrigation with increasing supplementation of selenium (selenite and selenate) led to a decrease in the uptake of mercury by tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum) plant. Both the forms of selenium (selenite and selenate) were found to be equally effective in reducing the mercury accumulation by plants. The observed reduction pattern of mercury accumulation in plant tissues has been discussed on the basis of the formation of insoluble HgSe complex in soil-root environment.
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  • 87
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Barro Colorado Island ; base cations ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; seasonal variation ; semideciduous forest ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of seasonal water availability on soil nutrients and soil N transformations was investigated by irrigating two large plots of mature tropical forest on Barro Colorado Island (BCI), Panama, during the dry season for five consecutive years. Methods included (i) nutrient accumulation by ion-exchange resins placed on the surface of the mineral soil for contiguous 21-day periods, (ii) monthly mineral soil (0–10 cm) extractions and incubations for inorganic N and P concentrations, and (iii) leaching loss of nutrients from leaf litter samples. Rates of nutrient accumulation by the resins showed a great deal of variation between sampling dates and among years in control plots; albeit, seasonal patterns were slight, except for the highest Ca values near the end of the wet season and inorganic P (Pi) and SO4 values that peaked during the dry season. Irrigation had remarkably little effect on nutrient accumulation rates by resins, except for an increase in Mg and Na values, but did affect the timing in the temporal variation in K, Na, Ni and Pi values. In contrast, inorganic N (Ni) and Pi pools and N transformation rates in the mineral soil hardly varied among sampling dates and did not show any response to irrigation. We hypothesize that the timing of leaf litterfall and nutrient leaching from forest floor litter can set up temporal patterns in the levels of soil nutrient at the surface of the mineral soil, but the temporal patterns essentially disappear with depth in the mineral soil.
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  • 88
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: adsorption ; Festuca ovina L. ; radiocaesium ; rhizosphere ; root uptake ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Uptake by roots from contaminated soil is one of the key steps in the entry of radiocaesium into the food chain. We have measured the uptake by roots of radiocaesium and its transfer to shoots of a heathland grass, sheep fescue (Festuca ovina L.) from two contrasting agricultural soils, a sandy podzol and a clayey calcareous soil. A culture device which keeps the roots separate from the soil was used thus allowing rhizosphere soil to be obtained easily and enhancing the effect of root action. Biomass production and 137Cs in shoots and roots were recorded. Cs adsorption was studied on both the initial, nonrhizosphere soil and on rhizosphere soil in dilute soil suspension. Cs desorption was measured by resuspending subsamples of contaminated soil in solutions containing various concentrations of stable Cs. The proportion of Cs fixed, i.e. not readily desorbable, was calculated by comparison of the adsorption and desorption isotherms. Uptake by roots varied considerably between soils and did not appear to be diffusion limited. Root-to-shoot transfer did not differ for the two soils studied. Root action considerably enhanced Cs adsorption on the soils, particularly the in sandy podzol with a low Cs affinity. The value of Kd was increased by up to an order of magnitude. A large proportion of adsorbed Cs was found to be fixed, the Kd was up to seven times greater on desorption than adsorption, indicating that up to 80% of adsorbed Cs was not readily exchangeable. Root action had little effect on the fixed fraction.
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  • 89
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: microclimate ; microbial biomass ; soil ; subtropical humid forest ; treefall gaps ; understorey
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract We examined the effects of treefall gap size and soil properties on microbial biomass dynamics in an undisturbed mature-phase humid subtropical broadleaved forest in north-east India. Canopy gaps had low soil moisture and low microbial biomass suggesting that belowground dynamics accompanied changes in light resources after canopy opening. High rainfall in the region causes excessive erosion/leaching of top soil and eventually soil fertility declines in treefall gaps compared to understorey. Soil microbial population was less during periods when temperature and moisture conditions are low, while it peaked during rainy season when the litter decomposition rate is at its peak on the forest floor. Greater demand for nutrients by plants during rainy season (the peak vegetative growth period) limited the availability of nutrients to soil microbes and, therefore, low microbial C, N and P. Weak correlations were also obtained for the relationships between microbial C, N and P and soil physico–chemical properties. Gap size did influence the microbial nutrients and their contribution to soil organic carbon, total Kjeldhal nitrogen and available-P. Contribution of microbial C to soil organic carbon, microbial N to total nitrogen were similar in both treefall gaps and understorey plots, while the contribution of microbial P to soil available-P was lower in gap compared to the understorey. These results indicate that any fluctuation in microbial biomass related nutrient cycling processes in conjunction with the associated microclimate variation may affect the pattern of regeneration of tree seedlings in the gaps and hence be related with their size.
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  • 90
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: abscisic acid ; alkalinity ; exodermis ; rhizosphere ; roots ; soil ; stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The distribution of the phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) between plant and soil and within plants growing on an alkaline substrate has been studied in order to separate the true effect of high soil pH from any effects that might be a result of the high salinity normally observed in alkaline soils. Leaves of a range of plants grown in an alkaline and saline solid substrate (municipal solid waste incinerator bottom slag) exhibited higher ABA levels than leaves of control plants. In contrast, roots of most plants grown on alkaline and saline substrates, particularly those without an exodermis (various species of Fabaceae), had slightly lower than or comparable ABA contents to control roots. However, in corn roots (Zea maysL. cv. Garant FAO 240) which possess a well-developed exodermis, alkaline and saline conditions in the rhizosphere did not reduce the endogenous ABA concentration, because the leaching of ABA from corn roots into the rhizosphere was lower than that from Vicia faba (variety Dreifache Weisse) roots. ABA efflux from corn and Vicia roots into the soil solution was observed only during the first days of the experiments and thereafter became substantially decreased. Because the leaching of ABA from Vicia faba roots into the rhizosphere was higher than that from corn roots, the leaves of Vicia plants grown in alkaline soil at low salinity no longer exhibited an elevated ABA concentration. However, whilst the roots of corn plants grown on desalted slag retained ABA levels that were higher than those of the control, the ABA content of leaves was not significant higher than the controls. For this reason, root ABA retention must be enough to induce tolerance to alkalinity in corn plants and there is no need to implicate changes in ABA concentrations in the aerial parts of the plant as having a role in this tolerance. In alkaline soil substrates, considerable portions of the ABA synthesised in the roots leached out into the soil solution of the rhizosphere according to the anion trap concept. An exodermis substantially reduces this leakage. The transient nature of ABA efflux into the rhizosphere was a result of the fact that the salt stress itself was only a transient phenomenon due to a washout of salt by irrigation. The results match predictions of mathematical models describing the effect of alkaline pH on the distribution of abscisic acid within plants and between roots and the rhizosphere. Species that can retain root ABA in the face of its tendency to leach into the more alkaline compartment are able to tolerate these normally harmful sites.
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  • 91
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: AC 94,377 ; gibberellin ; Triticum ; Hordeum ; Rht ; Gai ; seed ; seedling ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract AC 94,377 caused elongation of seedlings of Triticum aestivum, Triticum durum, and Hordeum vulgare when applied to the soil, or the soil plus seed at planting. Affected were the leaf sheathes and the coleoptiles, and at high compound rates there was premature elongation of the stem internodes. As exemplified by the response of T. aestivum var. Fidel, the influence on coleoptile elongation was greatest under conditions whereby the coleoptile was naturally stimulated to elongate, i.e., when growth was in the dark and temperatures were cool (15°C). All of the stem internodes were capable of elongation except the one below the coleoptile node. The effect on leaf sheath elongation was prolonged when compared to activity of gibberellic acid. Several varieties of the three cereal species were examined in the greenhouse for sensitivity to AC 94,377 in order to evaluate the extent of the response. All of the barley varieties examined were sensitive to AC 94,377, elongating regardless of the planting conditions. Two such conditions were established, including incubation under warm (28/20°C) conditions following planting the grains 1 cm deep, and incubation under cool (22/16°C) conditions following planting the grains 6 cm deep. Wheat varieties distributed into two general categories, those which were sensitive and those which were not. The insensitivity correlated well to the presence of the reduced height (Rht) and GA-insensitive (Gai) genes in Triticum aestivum and Triticum durum, respectively. Thus, AC 94,377 can be used conveniently to evaluate varietal lines for the presence of this phenotype. This correlation also lends support to the notion that the Rht/Gai mutations in wheat are either at the level of a gibberellin receptor or at a step in the signal transduction pathway.
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  • 92
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    Plant and soil 115 (1989), S. 247-259 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: food web ; microarthropods ; microbes ; nematodes ; protozoans ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In semiarid ecosystems, decomposers are active during numerous short periods following rainfall events, and most inactive in the intervening dry periods. Many studies concern season-long dynamics of decomposer populations, but less is known of the short-term dynamics during wet periods. These short-term dynamics may provide the key to understanding interactions between microbes and fauna. The dynamics of populations in the detrital food web were followed after wetting large intact soil cores that had been removed from native shortgrass steppe, winter wheat, and fallow plots. The cores were sampled over a ten day period for bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and various functional groups of microarthropods and nematodes. The native sod had appreciably greater biomass of fungi, nematodes and microarthropods than did the cultivated plots, but there was no difference in bacteria or protozoans. The observed dynamics after wetting were different in two experiments which differed in temperature, soil water level, and the initial sizes of the populations. These results were interpreted in relation to a model of the structure of the detrital food web, and estimates were made of the rates of trophic transfers in the web. Consumption by protozoa was great enough for them to account for bacterial turnover, but consumption by fungivorous nematodes and microarthropods appeared to be too small to account for fungal turnover. Progress in understanding the dynamics of detrital food webs requires a better definition of the functional groups of soil organisms, their resources, predators and population parameters, and the effects of soil structure and water content on trophic relationships.
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  • 93
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    Plant and soil 116 (1989), S. 69-76 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: oxidation ; soil ; sulphur ; temperature ; tetrathionate ; thiosulphate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The rate of oxidation of micronized elemental sulphur in three soils was measured over a range of temperatures between 2 and 20°C. Temperature had a marked effect with a Q10 (temperature coefficient) between 1.9–3.1. The period for 50% oxidation varied between 6–10 days at 20°C to between 36–42 days at 2°C. All the oxidation curves showed an initial lag. At 20°C the oxidation rate was four times that of flowers of sulphur and was related to the smaller particle size. Additives (wetting and dispersing agents) in the commercial micronized sulphur preparation used (‘Thiovit’) were inhibitory at high concentrations but stimulatory at low concentrations. The significance to field conditions is discussed.
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  • 94
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    Plant and soil 116 (1989), S. 147-150 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: earthworm ; Lumbricus ; potato ; potato wart disease ; resting spore ; soil ; Synchytrium endobioticum ; vector
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Zoospore motility favoured infection when sprouts and inoculum source were contigous. Infection from more distant inoculum involved soil fauna; earthworms were associated with infected plants 9 to 25 cm away from the inoculum source.
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  • 95
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 18 (1988), S. 13-17 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Pearl-millet ; response ; zinc ; soil ; plant ; critical level
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The response of pearl-millet (Pennisetum americanum) grown on forty eight diverse soils to applied zinc fertilization was examined in a screenhouse experiment. The DTPA-extractable soil zinc ranged from 0.34 to 1.42 mg kg−1. In many of the soils yield was increased by the addition of zinc and there were large differences in the size of the response. The critical level of zinc in soil and plant — below which response to applied zinc may be expected — was determined by a graphical method. The values found were 0.65 and 18 mg kg−1, respectively. Bray's percent yield was positively and significantly related with both soil Zn (r = 0.88) and plant Zn (r = 0.72).
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  • 96
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 36 (1993), S. 79-90 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: agriculture ; Sahel ; Sudan ; Mali ; cotton ; fertilization ; nutrient ; soil ; soil degradation ; depletion ; nutrient ; nutrient balance ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; potassium ; calcium ; magnesium ; acidification ; sustainability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The degree of soil mining by agricultural production in Southern Mali is assessed by calculating nutrient balances: differences between the amount of plant nutrients exported from the cultivated fields, and those added to the fields. Export processes include extraction by crops, losses due to leaching, to erosion, and to volatilization and denitrification. Inputs include applications of fertilizer and manure, restitution of crop residues, nitrogen fixation, atmospheric deposition of nutrients in rain and dust, and enrichment by weathering of soil minerals. Nutrient balances are calculated for N, P, K, Ca, and Mg. Both pessimistic and optimistic estimates are given. The resulting figures indicate, even when the most optimistic estimates are used, large deficits for nitrogen, potassium and magnesium. For the region as a whole, the calculated deficits are -25 kg N/ha,-20 kg K/ha, and -5 kg Mg/ha. Further, acidification is to be expected, in particular in areas where cotton is grown. The deficits are caused by traditional cereal crops, but also by cotton and especially by groundnut. The latter two crops are fertilized, but insufficiently. It is important to note, that the negative figures are not automatic recommendations for application of a specific amount of additional fertilizer. For phosphorus and calcium the balance of the region as a whole appears to be about in equilibrium, but locally large variations may occur. Erosion and denitrification are important causes of nutrient loss, accounting respectively for 17 and 22% of total nitrogen exports. Atmospheric deposition and weathering of minerals in the soil are still important nutrient inputs that contribute as much as nutrients as organic and mineral fertilizer combined. Nutrient depletion is very large in comparison to the amount of fertilizer applied. Drastic options, such as doubling the application of fertilizer or manure, or halving erosion losses, even if feasible, would still not be enough to make up for the calculated deficits. The annual value of withdrawn nutrients, if related to prices of fertilizers, varies between 10,000 and 15,000 FCFA/ha (40-60 US $/ha). Since the estimated average gross margin from farming in this area is 34,000 FCFA/ha (123 US $/ha), soil mining appears to provide an amount equal to 40% of farmers' total income from agricultural activities.
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  • 97
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 54 (1999), S. 49-56 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: available Zn ; corn stalk and leaf ; P fertilization ; soil ; total Cd content
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The main purpose of the trial established in 1965/66 has been to monitor the effect the use of NPK fertilizers has on yields of cultivated plants and the maintenance of soil fertility. The trial which included 20 fertilization treatments, covers a total of 8 ha and is divided into four fields (2 ha each), where four crop species (wheat, corn, sugar beet, and sunflower) are grown in rotation. The effect of a continuous use of increasing P fertilizer rates on Zn and Cd contents in the soil and corn plants were monitored in 5 different fertilization treatments from the above trial on a chernozem soil. The application of increasing P rates did not decrease the content of available Zn in the soil. However, the uptake of Zn by corn plants (stalk and leaves) was significantly higher in the unfertilized check plot than plots fertilized with increasing P rates. Although P fertilizers are considered a major anthropogenic source of soil pollution with Cd, we found that during the 30-year trial there was no significant increase in the plots treated with 50, 100 and 150 kg P2O5 ha-1 in comparation to the unfertilized check plot.
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  • 98
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 57 (2000), S. 191-193 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: denitrification ; mass balance ; nitrous oxide ; soil ; unaccounted for 15N
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The objective of this work was to investigate a possible reason for the `unaccounted for 15N' fraction, of 15N mass balances, being so large in pasture systems, namely: the displacement and physical release of entrapped N2O gas from within a soil profile. A soil core was placed inside a purpose built perspex glovebox and the internal N2O concentration was continuously monitored. KNO3 was applied followed by periodic applications of distilled water. After 256 h the soil core was physically broken open in an attempt to release any N2O which may have been entrapped in the soil core. Instantaneous increases in glovebox N2O concentrations occurred when surface applied water displaced N2O from the base of the soil core and when the soil core was broken open (equal to 9.5% of N applied). The relative contribution these two mechanisms make will depend on the concentration of denitrification products present, the frequency and volume of irrigation/rainfall and the duration of the experiment.
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  • 99
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 57 (2000), S. 207-214 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: ADF ; animal manure ; carbon mineralization ; lignin ; NDF ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract It is difficult to predict plant availability of N in faeces because most faecal N is bound in organic form. In this study the influence of diet and faeces composition on mineralization of sheep faeces in soil were investigated. Net mineralization of C and N from 16 different samples of sheep faeces originating from sheep fed different known diets was studied after incubation in a sandy soil. After 4 weeks net mineralization of N ranged from −41 to 9% of faeces N and after 12 weeks −28 to 43% was net mineralized. Mineralization was related to different feed and faeces characteristics (apparent digestibility, NDF, ADF, crude fibre, lignin, C/N ratio and N concentration) by regression analysis. The two single factors showing the highest correlation with N mineralization after 12 weeks were the log transformed N concentration of faeces and the C/N ratio (r=0.84 and r=−0.87). The N concentration and C/N of faeces were closely related to apparent digestibility of the feed (r=0.88 and r=−0.93), and apparent digestibility was the feed characteristic showing the highest correlation with faeces N mineralization after 12 weeks (r=0.81). The estimate of faeces N mineralization was not improved when chemical characteristics of the feed were combined in a multiple linear regression analysis. Mineralization of sheep faeces C showed the highest correlation with NDF of the feed (r=−0.89) and N concentration of faeces (r=0.88). The study showed that it is difficult to make reliable predictions of the mineralization of sheep faeces N in soil based on chemical analyses of the feed. However, when using a biological measure of the feed quality (apparent digestibility) a robust prediction of faeces N mineralization was possible.
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  • 100
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid ; bacterial growth ; biodegradation ; Pseudomonas cepacia ; soil ; survival
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) degrading pseudomonad, Pseudomonas cepacia DBO1(pRO101), was inoculated at approximately 107 CFU/g into sterile and non-sterile soil amended with 0, 5 or 500 ppm 2,4-D and the survival of the strain was studied for a period of 44 days. In general, the strain survived best in sterile soil. When the sterile soil was amended with 2,4-D, the strain survived at a significantly higher level than in non-amended sterile soil. In non-sterile soil either non-amended or amended with 5 ppm 2,4-D the strain died out, whereas with 500 ppm 2,4-D the strain only declined one order of magnitude through the 44 days. The influence of 0,0.06, 12 and 600 ppm 2,4-D on short-term (48 h) survival of P. cepacia DBO1(pRO101) inoculated to a level of 6×104, 6×106 or 1×108 CFU/g soil was studied in non-sterile soil. Both inoculum level and 2,4-D concentration were found to have a positive influence on numbers of P. cepacia DBO1(pRO101). At 600 ppm 2,4-D growth was significant irrespective of the inoculation level, and at 12 ppm growth was stimulated at the two lowest inocula levels. P. cepacia DBO1(pRO101) was able to survive for 15 months in sterile buffers kept at room temperature. During this starvation, cells shrunk to about one third the volume of exponentially growing cells.
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