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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Application of Synchrotron X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy and Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis To Identify Contaminant Metals on Groundwater Colloids (1994)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Environmental science & technology 28 (1994), S. 1186-1189 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-5851
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00055a027
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluation of three herbaceous index plant species for bioavailability of soil cadmium, chromium, nickel and vanadium (1996)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 182 (1996), S. 199-207 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: bioavailability ; cadmium ; chicory ; chromium ; Cichorium intybus ; contamination ; ecological risk assessment ; Erigeron canadensis ; Eupatorium capillifolium ; horseweed ; index plants ; index species ; metals ; nickel ; soil ; vanadium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Uncultivated plants growing on disturbed sites may be useful for assessing the bioavailability of some metals in soils, and thus the potential for metal mobilization up the terrestrial food chain, an important element in ecological risk assessment. A planted chicory cultivar (Cichorium intybus L. var. foliosum Hegi.) and the uncultivated plants horseweed (Canada fleabane) (Erigeron canadensis L.) and dogfennel (Eupatorium capillifolium (Lam.) Small) were evaluated for their ability to act as index plant species for soil Cd, Cr, Ni, and V at two field sites where these metals had been applied five yr previously to two highly weathered sandy Ultisols. Soil Cd was available to all analyzed plant tissues of all three plant species at both sites, particularly on the sandier Blanton soil. Chicory was an effective index plant for Cd on the finer textured Orangeburg soil but functioned as an indicator plant (toxicity symptoms were observed) on the sandier Blanton soil. Horseweed and dogfennel were effective index plants for Cd in both contaminated soils. Soil Cr, Ni, and V were less bioavailable than soil Cd and plant metal uptake was more sensitive to residual soil Cr, Ni, and V than was soil extraction with double acid. Horseweed and chicory may have potential as index plants for soil Cr. Chicory may have potential as a Ni index plant. Chicory and dogfennel may have potential as V index plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00029051
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Uptake of multielements by corn from fly ash-compost amended soil (1994)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 72 (1994), S. 285-295 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Fly ash was collected from a coal-fired power plant in and near the U.S. Department of Energy Savannah River Site to study the feasibility of the application of fly ash compost mixture to soils for the availability and uptake of various elements by corn (Zea mays L.). The crop was grown in potted Ogeechee sandy loam soil using eight treatments: soil alone, soil amended with 15% compost, and soil amended with 2, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25% of fly ash-amended compost. It was observed that 20–25% fly ash and compost soil ratio treatments generally increased plant growth and the yield. The plant uptake of K, Mn, and Cu increased with increasing percentages (2–25%) of fly ash+compost: soil ratios. The total content of K in plants was positively correlated with the dry matter yield of corn. This study indicates that the application of fly ash blended with compost to soil is beneficial to corn production without causing any deleterious effects on plant growth and plant composition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01257130
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Response of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seedlings to soil-applied organo-borates (1988)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 37 (1988), S. 73-83 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Sodium tetraphenylboron (NaTPB) is used to precipitate radiocesium from high-level nuclear wastes. Processing of these wastes will intensify in the future thereby increasing the possibility of the accidental release of NaTPB into the environment. Two greenhouse pot experiments using loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seedlings were conducted to evaluate the effects of NaTPB and one of its degradation by-products, diphenylboric acid (DPBA), on pine B nutrition and growth. The needle and root tissue concentrations of B were higher for NaTPB than DPBA treatments. Consequently, NaTPB but not DPBA had detrimental effects on plant growth. Seedlings that had significant yield detriments displayed typical B toxicity symptoms due to high-B stress. The distribution of B among the needles, stems and roots, expressed as percent of total B in the seedlings, remained relatively constant irrespective of the soil B level or B source. The peak of hot-water extractable soil B from the NaTPB treatments lagged about 20 days behind the DPBA treatments, suggesting a faster hydrolysis for the latter compound.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226481
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) and dandelion (Taraxacum officinale Web.) as phytoindicators of cadmium contamination (1996)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 91 (1996), S. 351-362 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Chicory ; dandelion ; cadmium contamination ; chlorophyll ; phytoindicator
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) and dandelion (Taraxacum officinale Web.) were demonstrated to be potential indicator plants for heavy metal contaminated sites. Chicory, grown with 0.5–50 μM cadmium (Cd) in nutrient solution, accumulated 10–300 μM Cd g−1 in shoots and 10–890 μg Cd μg−1 in roots and rhizomes. With dandelion, 20–410 μg Cd μg−1 was found in shoots and 20–1360 μg Cd μg−1 in roots and rhizomes. An inverse correlation existed between chlorophyll and Cd concentrations in shoots of both species. Accumulation of Cd from nutrient solution was similar with the counter-anions SO4 2−, Cl1− and NO3 − in chicory. In chicory grown in Cd-amended (11.2 kg Cd ha−1 applied five years previously) soils, Cd concentrations were substantially higher than in controls in all plant parts following the order: leaf 〉 caudex 〉 stem 〉 root and rhizome. The above trend was the opposite of that observed in solution culture, where Cd accumulation was higher in roots and rhizomes than in shoots. Higher cadmium accumulation was found from a Cd-treated sand (Grossarenic Paleudult) than from a loamy sand (Typic Kandiudult) soil type. Chicory and dandelion are proposed indicator plants of cadmium contamination, and both have the potential to be an international standard heavy phytomonitor species of heavy metal contaminantion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00666269
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Abundance of Iron-Oxidizing Thiobacilli and Biological Sulfur Oxidation Potential from Soil Impacted by Coal and Coal Refuse Piles (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 106 (1998), S. 1-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Coal leachate ; coal rufuse ; iron-oxidizing thiobacilli ; biological thiosulfate oxidation potential
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This study was conducted to assess the abundance of iron-oxidizing bacteria and biological sulfur oxidation potential from soil impacted by coal and coal refuse from two coal-burning electric power facilities located at the U.S. Department of Energy's Savannah River Site (Aiken, S.C.) and the South Carolina Electric and Gas Site at Beech Island, S. C. Significantly higher MPN counts of iron-oxidizing bacteria were obtained from samples collected at the confluence of a coal storage runoff containment basin, a coal reject (refuse) pile, and an adjacent wetland at the Savannah River Site. Significant differences in pH, sulfate-S, ferrous- and ferric-iron were also obtained between sampling locations. No significant differences in ferric/ferrous ratios were determined. These ratios however, exceeded a value of 2.0 when sample pH values were less than 4.5. Under optimal conditions, biological thiosulfate-S oxidation potentials (in vitro) showed a 4- to 7-day lag in the appearance of sulfate-S, and a final pH (after twenty-four days of perfusion) of 1.97 to 3.90. These results indicate that contamination of subsurface water by acidic leachate derived from thionic bacterial activity will occur if coal and coal refuse piles are not confined by an impermeable surface or containment facility.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004996815896
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Vanadium: Toxicity and accumulation by beans (1990)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 49 (1990), S. 81-91 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Hydroponic and rhizotron studies were conducted to determine the effect of V on soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] and bush bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) biomass and mineral nutrition. In the hydroponic study, 6 mg V L−1 (as VOSO4) in the nutrient solution drastically altered soybean nutrition, and significantly reduced plant biomass. Vanadium accumulated in the roots but not in the aerial portions of the plants. The data support the hypothesis that tissue V and Ca contents are related with high concentrations of both elements in the roots, and low concentrations in the aerial portions of the plant. Analysis of data with the Diagnostic and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) identified Ca as deficient in aerial tissues. The changes in Ca concentrations induced by V treatment may also have antagonized the concentrations of others macronutrients, most notably K and Mg. DRIS also indicated that K, Mg, and Zn levels were relatively high. The rhizotron study, which dealt with bush beans grown in metal-treated soils, further showed that V was primarily concentrated in the roots of the plants, with very little accumulated in the aerial portions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00279512
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Physico-chemical characterization of water extracts of different coal fly ashes and fly ash-amended composts (1990)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 50 (1990), S. 343-353 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The pH, conductivity and the concentration of 15 selected elements were measured in the water extracts of five coal fly ash samples collected from Savannah River Site (SRS) and one from South Carolina Electric and Gas (SCE & G) power plant. This work was intended to study the differences in the physico-chemical properties of SRS fly ash samples relative to those of a reference sample (SCE & G) and to make fly ash-amended composts for agricultural use. Similar analyses were also performed in water extracts of a commercial organic manure, ‘Gotta Grow’, that was composted with one of the fly ash samples (SRS 484-D) in different proportions. Our results show that fly ash samples used in this study differ considerably in pH, conductivity, and elemental composition and that transition metals appear to bind more tightly on smaller particles than on larger ones. The elementally rich manure, ‘Gotta Grow’, is not suitable to study the effects of fly ash on the elemental release from fly ash-amended composts. Low grade or home-made organic composts are being investigated as possible choice for making ly ash-amended composts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00280634
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phytoavailability and toxicity of beryllium and vanadium (1990)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 53 (1990), S. 203-212 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Greenhouse and laboratory studies were conducted to evaluate the toxic effects of Be and V on collards (Brassica oleracea, var. acephala L.). In the laboratory germination study, incremental increases in the Be concentrations of the growing medium induced a steady decline in the radicle length of seven-day-old collard seedling. Beryllium concentrations greater than or equal to 8 mg Be L−1 totally inhibited seed germination. The presence of V in the growing medium had no effect on collard germination; however, it had a profound effect on subsequent radicle elongation. Concentrations of V less than 1 mg V L−1 stimulated radicle elongation, while concentrations greater than or equal to 3 mg V L−1 caused severe toxicity. In the greenhouse study, Be toxicity was observed in collards grown in a Blanton sand (Grossarenic Paleudult) received treatments greater than or equal to 150 mg Be kg −1 (as BeSO4). Irrespective of treatment level, 97% of the Be taken up by the plants remained in the roots while only 3% was translocated to aboveground plant parts. Vanadium tissue concentrations and toxicity to collards varied with soil type. Additions as low as 80 mg V kg−1 to the Blanton sand significantly reduced collard biomass while additions as high as 100 mg V kg−1 to an Orangebury loamy sand (Typic Paleudult) had no effect on plant biomass. The differential response was attributed to greater accumulation of V by plants grown in the Blanton soil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00170737
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparative availability to wheat of metals from sewage sludge and inorganic salts (1991)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 55 (1991), S. 397-408 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate the availability of metals from sewage sludge and inorganic salts, and the effect of pH and soil type on yield and metal (Zn, Cu, Cd and Ni) uptake by wheat (Triticum aestivum L. var. ‘holly’). Soils used in this study were Hartsells sandy loam (fine-loamy, siliceous Thermic Typic Hapludult) and Decatur silty clay loam (Clayey, kaolinitic, Thermic Rhodic Paleudult). Two treatments of sewage sludge containing metals were applied at the rate of 20 and 100 mt ha−1. Inorganic Salts of Zn, Cu, Cd, and Ni were applied (as sulfate salts) at concentrations equivalent to those found in the 20 and 100 mt ha−1 sludge. One treatment consisted of inorganic metals plus sewage at the 20 Mg ha−1 rate. Two soil pH levels, one at field pH (below 6.0) and another pH adjusted between 6.5 and 7.0 were used. Wheat plants were harvested four weeks after germination. Two more subsequent harvests were made at four week intervals. For each harvest, dry matter yield increased as the rate of sludge application increased for both soil types. The soil pH also influenced the dry matter yield. High yield was observed when the pH was adjusted between 6.5 to 7.0 for both soils. An increase in yield was also observed at each subsequent harvest for most of the treatments. Inorganic salt treatments produced lower dry matter yields when compared with the sludge. Both sludge application and metal salts increased plant tissue concentration of Zn, Cu, Cd, and Ni at field pH for both soils. However, increasing the pH of the soil for both sludge and inorganic salt treatments generally decreased the tissue concentration of the above metals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00211202
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