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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology 48 (1992), S. 762-767 
    ISSN: 1432-0800
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Theoretical studies have shown that variation in density regulation strongly influences population dynamics, yet our understanding of factors influencing the strength of density dependence in natural populations still is limited. Consequently, few general hypotheses have been advanced to ...
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology 42 (1989), S. 721-727 
    ISSN: 1432-0800
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naturwissenschaften 65 (1978), S. 338-338 
    ISSN: 1432-1904
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The temporary reduction of clutch size, egg size and breeding success of the Common Tern during the breeding period of 1983 at the Lower Saxonian Wadden Sea (West Germany) was correlated with heavy rainfalls on the days preceding egg-laying (Figs. 2–4). Possible effective mechanisms and the result that the reduction of clutch size was not observed for colonies at the mainland coast are being discussed (Fig. 4).
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Sterna hirunda ; Foraging flights ; Wadden Sea ; Foraging areas ; Tides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In 1989, 313 foraging flights of common terns in the Wadden Sea were radio-tracked. The feeding trips lasted on average 115 min covering about 30 km per flight. Completely tracked flights had a mean radius of 6.3 km. The terns preferred distinct foraging areas in the Wadden Sea. These were visited at site-specific phases of the tidal cycle resulting in a temporal and spatial pattern of foraging, caused by the site-specific and tide-related fluctuations of food availability.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Helgoland marine research 43 (1989), S. 395-403 
    ISSN: 1438-3888
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In the 1980s, significant regional, interspecific and annual differences in contamination with toxic chemicals were found in eggs of breeding birds along the German North Sea coast. In some regions residue levels approached a range endangering breeding success, especially in terns. In 1987, a three-year monitoring-program for common ternSterna hirundo and oystercatcherHaematopus ostralegus was started, in order to recognize such contamination trends. Eggs from 9–14 areas along the coast are now being analysed for chlororganic residues and mercury. First results on geographical and year-to-year variation are presented here, and the advantages of seabird eggs as spatial and temporal monitors of marine pollution are discussed. The suggestion is made to include a shore-breeding bird species in the European monitoring programs.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1439-0361
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary 1. The song forms of the Chiffchaff in Central Europe, in Spain and on the Canary Islands are clearly distinct from each other. 2. Chiffchaff males of Tenerife (Canary Islands) and Central Europe react to the playback of each other songs in the same way, as to songs of other species, i. e. only a few males being attracted. 3. Chiffchaff males of Central Europe behave in the same way to the Spanish song form of the Chiffchaff as to songs of another species. A high % of Spanish Chiffchaff males are attracted to song forms of the Chiffchaff of Central Europe (86,6) and of the Canary Islands (66,6). 4. Chiffchaff populations in Central Europe, Spain and on the Canary Islands should stay split as they are different evolutionary stages. 5. Interspecific contrast reinforcement is probably not the cause of the differences between the song of the Willow Warbler and the song of the Chiffchaff of Central Europe.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 1. Die mitteleuropäische, die spanische und die kanarische Gesangsform des Zilpzalps sind voneinander klar verschieden. 2. Die Zilpzalp-♂ von Teneriffa (kanarische Inseln) und aus Mitteleuropa reagieren auf ihre vom Tonband vorgespielten Gesänge wechselseitig wie ♂ verschiedener Arten, d. h., nur einzelne ♂ werden angelockt. 3. Zilpzalp- ♂ aus Mitteleuropa verhalten sich gegenüber der spanischen Gesangsform des Zilpzalps wie gegenüber artfremdem Gesang. Spanische Zilpzalp- ♂ werden von Gesangsformen des Zilpzalps aus Mitteleuropa und den kanarischen Inseln zu einem hohen Prozentsatz angelockt (86,6 und 66,6%). 4. Die Zilpzalp-Populationen in Mitteleuropa, Spanien und auf den kanarischen Inseln befinden sich vermutlich auf verschieden weit fortgeschrittenen Stufen der Artaufspaltung. 5. Interspezifische Kontrastbetonung ist wahrscheinlich nicht die Ursache für die großen Unterschiede zwischen dem Gesang des Fitis und des mitteleuropäischen Zilpzalps.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1439-0361
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Songs of Blue Tit populations from Central Europe, Spain, Morocco and Tenerife (fig. 1) were compared. Playback experiments were made in South Germany and on Tenerife. 1. Blue Tit songs from Morocco and Tenerife are very similar. They differ from songs of Blue Tits in Europe (Central Europe and Spain) in the following characteristics (2–4): 2. Lack of phrased songs (fig. 2 a–c, e, 3, 4 a, b, f, g), i. e. songs with the same notes repeated successively at least four times. 3. A greater number of different types of notes (fig. 5, 7). 4. Greater interindividual variation (fig. 6, 7). 5. Differences between Blue Tit song from Europe and from Tenerife cannot be explained by the hypothesis of contrast reinforcement and loss of contrast, according toLack &Southern (1949) andMarler (1960). The “withdrawal of learning” hypothesis is a better explanation. 6. Blue Tits on Tenerife and Morocco are very closely related to each other but are probably not a different species from the Blue Tits of Europe.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der Gesang von Blaumeisen-Populationen in Mitteleuropa, Spanien, Marokko und auf Teneriffa wurde miteinander verglichen (Abb. 1). In Süddeutschland und auf Teneriffa wurden Klang-Attrappen-Versuche durchgeführt. 1. Der Blaumeisen-Gesang ist in Marokko und auf Teneriffa sehr ähnlich. Er unterscheidet sich vom Blaumeisengesang in Europa (Mitteleuropa und Spanien) in folgenden Eigenschaften (2.–4.): 2. Ihm fehlen „phrasierte“ Strophen (Abb. 2 a–c, e, 3, 4 a, b, f, g), also Strophen, in denen dasselbe Element mindestens viermal nacheinander wiederholt wird. 3. Er enthält mehr verschiedene Elemente (Abb. 5, 7). 4. Die interindividuelle Variation ist größer (Abb. 6, 7). 5. Die Unterschiede zwischen dem Blaumeisen-Gesang in Europa und auf Teneriffa lassen sich nicht mit der Kontrast-Betonungs- und der Kontrast-Verlust-Hypothese nachLack &Southern (1949) undMarler (1960) erklären. Die Lernentzugs-Hypothese erklärt sie besser. 6. Die Blaumeisen von Teneriffa und Marokko sind sehr nahe miteinander verwandt, aber vermutlich sind sie von den europäischen Blaumeisen artlich nicht getrennt.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of ornithology 126 (1985), S. 253-261 
    ISSN: 1439-0361
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Regional and interspecific differences of mercury residues were investigated in the eggs of seven species breeding at the German North Sea Coast (Tadorna tadorna, Haematopus ostralegus, Charadrius hiaticula, Larus argentatus, L. ridibundus, Sterna hirundo, S. sandvicensis). We found distinct geographical differences in contamination (Fig. 1): In eggs from the Elbe Eastuary (region V) maximum residues of mercury were ascertained. Eggs of Oystercatcher and Common Tern from the Bay of Helgoland (region VI) contained larger quantities than eggs from Northern Frisia (region VII). 353 from 355 eggs examined showed a value exceeding the legal standard value for eggs which is 0,03 mg/kg in Germany. Common Tern and Sandwich Tern eggs had the highest, Shelduck, Oystercatcher and Blackheaded Gull eggs the lowest mercury contamination (Fig. 2, 4.2.). With the exception of Shelduck and Herring Gull, residues in many eggs of the other species — at the river Elbe in all eggs — came up to a range endangering breeding success, especially in Common Terns.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Regionale und artliche Unterschiede der Rückstände von Quecksilber in Eiern von sieben Brutvogelarten der deutschen Nordseeküste wurden untersucht. Bei vier Arten stellten wir deutliche geographische Unterschiede in der Kontamination fest (Abb. 1). Höchstgehalte fanden wir in Eiern von der Elbmündung (Region V). Austernfischer- und Flußseeschwalbeneier von der inneren Deutschen Bucht (Region VI) enthielten größere Mengen als solche von Nordfriesland (Region VII). Der gesetzliche Richtwert für Eier (0,03 mg/kg) wurde von 353 der 355 untersuchten Eier überschritten. Fluß- und Brandseeschwalbe waren am stärksten, Brandgans, Austernfischer und Lachmöwe am wenigsten mit Quecksilber kontaminiert (Abb. 2, 4.2.). Mit Ausnahme von Brandgans und Silbermöwe erreichten die Rückstände in vielen Eiern der anderen Arten, an der Elbe sogar in allen Eiern, eine den Bruterfolg gefährdende Größenordnung, insbesondere bei der Flußseeschwalbe.
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