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  • 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.07. Satellite geodesy
  • 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques
  • 05. General::05.09. Miscellaneous::05.09.99. General or miscellaneous
  • Bacteria
  • Springer  (179)
  • Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia  (15)
  • Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). Contact: bco-dmo-data@whoi.edu  (7)
  • American Chemical Society
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  • 1
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    Microorganisms in the Deterioration and Preservation of Cultural Heritage (2021)
    Springer Nature | Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: This open access book offers a comprehensive overview of the role and potential of microorganisms in the degradation and preservation of cultural materials (e.g. stone, metals, graphic documents, textiles, paintings, glass, etc.). Microorganisms are a major cause of deterioration in cultural artefacts, both in the case of outdoor monuments and archaeological finds. This book covers the microorganisms involved in biodeterioration and control methods used to reduce their impact on cultural artefacts. Additionally, the reader will learn more about how microorganisms can be used for the preservation and protection of cultural artefacts through bio-based and eco-friendly materials. New avenues for developing methods and materials for the conservation of cultural artefacts are discussed, together with concrete advances in terms of sustainability, effectiveness and toxicity, making the book essential reading for anyone interested in microbiology and the preservation of cultural heritage.
    Keywords: Microbiology ; Cultural Heritage ; Microbial Ecology ; Microbial Genetics and Genomics ; Enzymology ; Applied Microbiology ; Microbial Genetics ; Industrial Microbiology ; Open Access ; Restoration ; Conservation ; Biodeterioration ; Bioweathering ; Bioremediation ; Biocleaning ; Biotechnology ; Green Chemistry ; Fungi ; Bacteria ; Artwork ; Antimicrobial protection ; Biocides ; Microbiology (non-medical) ; Cultural studies ; Social & cultural history ; Ecological science, the Biosphere ; Genetics (non-medical) ; Biochemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSG Microbiology (non-medical) ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JB Society and culture: general::JBC Cultural and media studies::JBCC Cultural studies ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues::PSAF Ecological science, the Biosphere ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSB Biochemistry
    Language: English
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    E-BOOK
  • 2
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    CTD Depth Profile Cast Data for the InVirT-2019-BATS (Bermuda Atlantic Time Series) project taken in the on board of the R/V Atlantic Explorer AE1926 in 2019. (2021)
    Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). Contact: bco-dmo-data@whoi.edu
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-31
    Description: Dataset: CTD Profile Casts
    Description: CTD Depth Profile Cast Data for the InVirT-2019-BATS (Bermuda Atlantic Time Series) project taken in the on board of the R/V Atlantic Explorer AE1926 in 2019. For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/835593
    Description: NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-1829636
    Keywords: Bermuda Atlantic Time Series ; BATS ; Virus ; Phage ; Metatranscriptomics ; Bacteria ; Diel ; Sargasso Sea
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Dataset
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  • 3
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    Coral associated microbes on coral, sediment and water sampled from coral reefs in Mo'orea, French Polynesia in 2017 and 2018 (2021)
    Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). Contact: bco-dmo-data@whoi.edu
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-31
    Description: Dataset: Coral Associated Microbes on Mo'orean Coral Reefs
    Description: Three species of coral, plus water and sediment, were sampled at 21 sites around the island of Mo’orea, French Polynesia during the dry and rainy seasons in 2017 and 2018. Coral associated microbes (bacteria and archaea) were investigated and their community composition characterized through sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/845039
    Description: NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-1635798, NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-1635913
    Keywords: Bacteria ; Archaea ; Moorea Coral Reef LTER ; Holobiont ; Microbiome ; Earth Microbiome Project
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Dataset
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  • 4
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    Phytoplankton and bacteria abundance from flow cytometry from samples collected in the Gulf of Mexico on R/V Nancy Foster cruises NF1704 and NF1802 in May 2017 and May 2018 (2021)
    Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). Contact: bco-dmo-data@whoi.edu
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-31
    Description: Dataset: BLOOFINZ-GoM flow cytometry abundance
    Description: Phytoplankton and bacteria abundance from flow cytometry from samples collected in the Gulf of Mexico on R/V Nancy Foster cruises NF1704 and NF1802 in May 2017 and May 2018 For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/835414
    Description: NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-1851558, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) NA16NMF4320058
    Keywords: Phytoplankton ; Bacteria ; Prochlorococcus ; Synechococcus ; Gulf of Mexico
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 5
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    Production of two highly abundant 2-methyl-branched fatty acids by blooms of the globally significant marine cyanobacteria Trichodesmium erythraeum (2021)
    American Chemical Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-27
    Description: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Gosselin, K. M., Nelson, R. K., Spivak, A. C., Sylva, S. P., Van Mooy, B. A. S., Aeppli, C., Sharpless, C. M., O’Neil, G. W., Arrington, E. C., Reddy, C. M., & Valentine, D. L. Production of two highly abundant 2-methyl-branched fatty acids by blooms of the globally significant marine cyanobacteria Trichodesmium erythraeum. ACS Omega, 6(35), (2021): 22803–22810, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.1c03196.
    Description: The bloom-forming cyanobacteria Trichodesmium contribute up to 30% to the total fixed nitrogen in the global oceans and thereby drive substantial productivity. On an expedition in the Gulf of Mexico, we observed and sampled surface slicks, some of which included dense blooms of Trichodesmium erythraeum. These bloom samples contained abundant and atypical free fatty acids, identified here as 2-methyldecanoic acid and 2-methyldodecanoic acid. The high abundance and unusual branching pattern of these compounds suggest that they may play a specific role in this globally important organism.
    Description: This work was funded with grants from the National Science Foundation grants OCE-1333148, OCE-1333162, and OCE-1756254 and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (IR&D). GCxGC analysis made possible by WHOI’s Investment in Science Fund.
    Keywords: Lipids ; Alkyls ; Bacteria ; Genetics ; Chromatography
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 6
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    Transcriptome data for bacteria collected eight hours after individual inoculation into a diatom Thalassiosira psuedonana culture (2020)
    Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). Contact: bco-dmo-data@whoi.edu
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-31
    Description: Dataset: Diatom Matrix RNAseq
    Description: Transcriptome data for bacteria Ruegeria pomeroyi DSS-3, Stenotrophomonas sp. SKA14, Polaribacter dokdonensis MED152, and Dokdonia MED134 collected eight hours after individual inoculation into a diatom Thalassiosira psuedonana culture. The sequence data description for PRHNA448168 is at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioproject/?term=PRJNA448168. For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/818765
    Description: NSF Division of Integrative Organismal Systems (NSF IOS) IOS-1656311
    Keywords: Phytoplankton ; Bacteria ; Co-cultures ; Transcriptomes ; RNAseq
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 7
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    Biogeochemical and microbial field surveys from the BATS site, Bermuda from R/V Atlantic Explorer cruises from 2009-2013 (Ocean Microbial Observatory project) (2020)
    Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). Contact: bco-dmo-data@whoi.edu
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-31
    Description: Dataset: MO - biogeochemical and microbial field surveys
    Description: Biogeochemical and microbial field surveys from the BATS site, Bermuda from R/V Atlantic Explorer cruises from 2009-2013. This dataset includes water samples collected from 2009-2013 at the Bermuda Hydrostation that were analyzed for DOC, POC, bacterial abundance, leucine, and thymidine incorporation. For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/543314
    Description: NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-0802004
    Keywords: Hydrography ; Bacteria ; Organic matter ; Sargasso Sea
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 8
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    Quantitative PCR data from sediment samples from MPSV GREATSHIP MANISHA IODP-347 cruise in the Baltic Sea in 2013 (IODP-347 Microbial Quantification project) (2016)
    Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). Contact: bco-dmo-data@whoi.edu
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-31
    Description: Dataset: qPCR
    Description: These data include the quantification of specific microbial taxa within the sediments collected during Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Expedition 347: Baltic Sea. DNA was extracted from the interior of frozen whole round cores sampled from Little Belt, Anholt Loch, Landsort Deep, and Bornholm Basin at The University of Tennessee. For a more detailed description of drill sites, access the data set, "IODP-347 drill site locations". Primers specifically targeting the 16S rRNA gene of bacteria, archaea, anaerobic methane oxidizers (ANME-1), and Miscellaneous Crenarchaeota Group (MCG; taxonomically reassigned as the Bathyarchaeota phylum of Archaea) were used to assess abundance of these microbial groups. Abundance data was generated using quantitative-PCR (qPCR) and a non-specific, intercalating DNA stain, SYBR Green. Values were compared against a standard curve to generate copies/uL. These data were collected by Alex Shumaker as part of Dr. Karen Lloyd and Dr. Andrew Steen’s project funded by the National Science Foundation entitled, "Quantifying the contribution of the deep biosphere in the marine sediment carbon cycle using deep-sea sediment cores from the Baltic Sea". For a complete list of measurements, refer to the supplemental document 'Field_names.pdf', and a full dataset description is included in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: http://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/641358
    Description: NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-1431598
    Keywords: qPCR ; Bacteria ; Archaea ; Baltic Sea ; Marine sediment
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  • 9
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    Proteins identified from the black smoker chimney Inferno hydrothermal vent plume meta-proteome - replicate Av1 - on the Axial seamount off the coast of Washington in 2011. (2016)
    Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). Contact: bco-dmo-data@whoi.edu
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-31
    Description: Dataset: Inferno vent plume proteins-Av1
    Description: Proteins identified from the black smoker chimney Inferno hydrothermal vent plume waters at Axial Seamount, an active volcano along the Juan de Fuca Ridge spreading center, were identified using tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). These data are reported as Supplementary Table 3 and discussed in the on-line publication “Sulfur oxidizers dominate carbon fixation at a biogeochemical hot spot in the dark ocean” by Mattes, et al., 2013. doi for that publication: 10.1038/ismej.2013.113. This is the first of two replicate datasets. For a complete list of measurements, refer to the supplemental document 'Field_names.pdf', and a full dataset description is included in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: http://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/627835
    Description: NSF Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-1232840
    Keywords: Bacteria ; Proteomics ; Hydrothermal
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  • 10
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    Laboratory activities for seismic and volcanic hazards education: a challenge for scientists (2015)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Balanced information and education are fundamental prerequisites for risk prevention and preparedness. Among others, children embody our best chance to implant appropriate behaviors that will be recalled during hazardous situations and to involve adults according to a knowledge chain reaction. In this work, scientists challenge their communication skills to built a set of hands-on and learn-by-play based laboratory activities, for primary and secondary schools, addressing three major issues: (1) the location of earthquakes and volcanoes on Earth; (2) earthquakes and eruptions mechanisms; (3) earthquakes unpredictability. Students are asked to place volcanoes and earthquakes epicenters (issue 1) on a wooden plate puzzle according to Plate dynamics. To addresses eruption mechanisms (issue 2) and related hazard, we use backing soda forced blowing out from a volcano vent and suggest that a pyroclastic flow is fast, it can spread over a large area and raise high up to the stratosphere. Earthquake mechanisms (issue 2) are discussed describing the energy buildup, release, and transfer, using a wooden sticks bendand- break analogy. The display of acoustic waves caused by the breakage in different situations allows understanding of both the rupture energy and the wave attenuation. Earthquakes occurrence (issue 3) is addressed using steadily pulled blocks sliding on a frictional surface, where pins simulate asperities. These activities were tested, involving thousands of students. Discussions with students and teachers and the analysis of the answers to specific questionnaires gave us confidence that we proposed proper tools to raise risk awareness
    Description: Published
    Description: 89-93
    Description: 3T. Pericolosità sismica e contributo alla definizione del rischio
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Seismic and volcanic hazards, Outreach, Education ; 05. General::05.09. Miscellaneous::05.09.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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  • 11
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    Perception of risk for volcanic hazard in Indian Ocean: La Réunion Island case study. (2015)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-24
    Description: In 2011 a research project on volcanic risk assessment at La Réunion Island (Project Aléa, Institute de Physique du Globe de Paris, France) was conducted in order to determine more efficient strategies to manage future volcanic crises. The project included the evaluation of volcanic scenarios through field and historical data analysis, as well as a survey on volcanic risk perception in resident population. A clear scientific information and an effective communication with public play a crucial role in risk mitigation strategies. In particular, the evaluation of the public perception during both volcanic crises and dormant periods is an important element in developing actions focused on specific social and cultural contexts. A questionnaire was developed based on the ones used in similar researches conducted on Italian active volcanoes. Items were designed to measure variables connected with personal perception of hazard and risk, trust in mitigation actions and in information received about these aspects. In addition, specific items related to the peculiarities of La Réunion Island environment were included. A total of 2,000 questionnaires were distributed taking into account factors such as the proximity to the volcano and the involvement of communities in recent volcanic emergencies. Main results coming out from this survey, if on the one hand show an adequate residents’ perception of natural hazards, on the other hand highlight their poor knowledge of the island’ active volcano, a similar lacking knowledge of emergency plan for volcanic crises, but also a high confidence in scientists to provide accurate and reliable information on volcanic risk and hazards in contrast with Local Authorities. Remarkable findings of this study assess some key elements that should be considered by the institutions in charge for defining policies aimed to volcanic risk mitigation and management of future volcanic crises.
    Description: Unpublished
    Description: 1V. Storia e struttura dei sistemi vulcanici
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: risk perception, volcanic hazards ; 05. General::05.09. Miscellaneous::05.09.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 12
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    Engineering Geology for Society and Territory - Volume 7: Education, Professional Ethics and Public Recognition of Engineering Geology (2015)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: This book is one out of 8 IAEG XII Congress volumes, and deals with education and the professional ethics, which scientists, regulators, and practitioners of engineering geology inevitably have to face through the purposes, methods, limitations, and findings of their works. This volume presents contributions on the professional responsibilities of engineering geologists; the interaction of engineering geologists with other professionals; recognition of the engineering geological profession and its particular contribution to society, culture, and economy; and implications for the education of engineering geologists at tertiary level and in further education schemes. Issues treated in this volume are: the position of engineering geology within the geo-engineering profession; professional ethics and communication; resource use and re-use; managing risk in a litigious world; engineering and geological responsibility; and engineering geology at tertiary level. The Engineering Geology for Society and Territory volumes of the IAEG XII Congress held in Torino from September 15-19, 2014, analyze the dynamic role of engineering geology in our changing world and build on the four main themes of the congress: Environment, processes, issues, and approaches.
    Description: Published
    Description: 3T. Pericolosità sismica e contributo alla definizione del rischio
    Description: 5A. Energia e georisorse
    Description: 6A. Monitoraggio ambientale, sicurezza e territorio
    Description: open
    Keywords: Geoethics ; Geoeducation ; Professional Ethics ; Engineering Geology ; Communication ; Society ; Risks management ; Georesources ; Geological responsibility ; 05. General::05.03. Educational, History of Science, Public Issues::05.03.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.09. Miscellaneous::05.09.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book
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  • 13
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    Geoethical aspects in the natural hazards management (2015)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The defence against natural hazards involves many actors with different roles: geoscientists, decision makers, local authorities, mass media, citizens. A proper management of georisks requires that each role is well-defined and governed by shared operational protocols, especially during the emergency phase, so that overlapping and misunderstanding don’t jeopardize population safety and economic activities. To achieve good results in this direction, it is necessary to undertake a careful evaluation of the limits and expectations of each component of society and the respect of legitimate aspirations and prerogatives. An effective defence system against natural hazards should be planned rationally and based on scientific data, in order to avoid alarmism among citizens, misleading sensationalism by media, careless decisions by politicians, as well as approximation in managing different phases of the risk cycle. Taking into consideration geoethical aspects related to natural hazards can be helpful to make geoscientists aware of their responsibilities towards society and to clarify the role they can play in the interaction with other actors, aiming at more efficacious actions for georisk mitigation.
    Description: Published
    Description: 59-62
    Description: 4T. Fisica dei terremoti e scenari cosismici
    Description: 4V. Vulcani e ambiente
    Description: 4A. Clima e Oceani
    Description: 6A. Monitoraggio ambientale, sicurezza e territorio
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Geoethics ; Natural hazards ; Risks ; Society ; Responsibility ; 05. General::05.03. Educational, History of Science, Public Issues::05.03.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.08. Risk::05.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.09. Miscellaneous::05.09.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 14
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    The seismic monitoring network of Mt. Vesuvius (2015)
    Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Mt. Vesuvius (southern Italy) is one of the most hazardous volcanoes in the world. Its activity is currently characterized by moderate seismicity, with hypocenters located beneath the crater zone with depth rarely exceeding 5 km and magnitudes generally less than 3. The current configu- ration of the seismic monitoring network of Mt. Vesuvius consists of 18 seismic stations and 7 infrasound microphones. During the period 2006- 2010 a seismic array with 48 channels was also operative. The station distribution provides appropriate coverage of the area around the volcanic edifice. The current development of the network and its geometry, under conditions of low seismic noise, allows locating seismic events with M〈1. Remote instruments continuously transmit data to the main acquisition center in Naples. Data transmission is realized using different technological solutions based on UHF, Wi-Fi radio links, and TCP/IP client-server applications. Data are collected in the monitoring center of the Osservatorio Vesuviano (Italian National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology, Naples section), which is equipped with systems for displaying and analyzing signals, using both real-time automatic and manual procedures. 24-hour surveillance allows to immediately communicate any significant anomaly to the Civil Protection authorities.
    Description: Published
    Description: S0450
    Description: 5V. Sorveglianza vulcanica ed emergenze
    Description: 1IT. Reti di monitoraggio e Osservazioni
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: Vesuvius ; seismic network ; volcano monitoring ; network performance ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.06. Surveys, measurements, and monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques
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  • 15
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    Geoscientific Communication Problem with Communities for Disaster Prevention and Land Planning in Peru (2015)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-24
    Description: The communication process between the geoscientists and native communities in risk areas can significantly affect disaster prevention and land use planning. In Peru, the problem of disaster prevention is a fundamental policy due to unfamiliarity and deficiency of the associate information on the population. It is possible that talk of disaster prevention it will be an unlikely ideal in a country where most towns have settled on unplanned projects by the constant change and the lack of interest from the authorities in such topics. However, it is anachronistic that the rural communities and towns continue to live without a plan to enable them to improve their quality of life. The correct use of geoscience information in the mass media can help in this work. The characteristics of the enterprise in Peru require more training by professionals in the geosciences and support communication specialists. In this paper, we analyze the problem of communication for disaster prevention in Peru, with the aim of contributing to the articulation of a disaster prevention strategy.
    Description: Published
    Description: 81-83
    Description: 3T. Pericolosità sismica e contributo alla definizione del rischio
    Description: 4V. Vulcani e ambiente
    Description: 6A. Monitoraggio ambientale, sicurezza e territorio
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Communication process ; Disaster prevention ; Risk management ; Peru ; Geoethics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.11. Seismic risk ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk ; 05. General::05.03. Educational, History of Science, Public Issues::05.03.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.08. Risk::05.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.09. Miscellaneous::05.09.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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  • 16
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    Studio di fattibilità per il monitoraggio delle deformazioni del fondo marino tramite GPS su una meda elastica (Golfo di Pozzuoli – Campi Flegrei) (2013)
    Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The continuous measurement of ground deformations is an important contribution to the monitoring of volcanic areas. When the volcano is totally or partially submerged, the traditional geodetic methods cannot be applied and the measures of seafloor deformation are extremely difficult and expensive. This paper describes the installation of a continuous GPS station on an elastic beacon. The measurements were conducted in the Campi Flegrei Caldera (Gulf of Pozzuoli, Naples), whose vertical displacements are related to the bradyseismic phenomenon. Experimental observations show that it’s possible to monitor vertical displacement of seafloor with a resolution of a few centimeters, also taking into account for measurement errors (due to weather and sea conditions acting on the elastic beacon). This non expensive technique is relevant at Campi Flegrei area, because it extends the ground deformation monitoring at sea, contributing to a better modeling of the deformation field.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-18
    Description: 1.3. TTC - Sorveglianza geodetica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Description: open
    Keywords: GPS ; Campi Flegrei caldera ; monitoraggio ; deformazioni verticali fondale marino ; 04. Solid Earth::04.02. Exploration geophysics::04.02.07. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.07. Satellite geodesy ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 17
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    The recording stations of the Italian strong motion network: geological information and site classification (2012)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-10-26
    Description: One of the main objectives of the ITACA (ITalian ACcelerometric Archive) strong motion database, promoted by the Italian Department of Civil Protection, was to improve the characterization of the recording sites from a geological and geophysical point of view and to provide their seismic classification according to the seismic norms pertinent to Italy, namely the Eurocode 8 and the National Technical Norms for Constructions. A standard format to summarize the available information for the recording stations was first produced, in terms of a technical report dynamically linked to the database, i.e., some of the relevant information is automatically updated when the corresponding fields of the database are modified. Then, an important activity of collection, qualification and synthesis of available data was carried out, especially for stations that recorded the strongest earthquakes in Italy in the last 40 years, and for which a relevant number of studies have been published. In spite of this activity, among the more than 700 strong motion stations present in the ITACA database, only a limited number of them could be characterized by quantitative information on subsurface soil properties. For this reason, a dual seismic site classification criterion was implemented, either based on the standard Vs,30 scheme, or, in the absence of such information, based on an expert opinion supported by shallow geology maps, mostly at 1:100,000 scale, and when available on the H/V ratios calculated on recordings. Owing to the relevance in the Italian geographic and morphological context, a special care was also given to the topographic classification of stations, based on suitable criteria developed within a GIS environment.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1779-1796
    Description: 4.1. Metodologie sismologiche per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: ITACA database ; Strong motion station ; General characterization ; Site classification ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.04. Ground motion ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.06. Surveys, measurements, and monitoring ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.02. Seismological data ; 05. General::05.09. Miscellaneous::05.09.99. General or miscellaneous
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  • 18
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    On Speech and Gestures Synchrony (2012)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Previous research works proved the existence of a synchronization between speech and holds in adults and in 9 year old children with a rich linguistic vocabulary and advanced language skills. When and how does this synchrony develop during child language acquisition? Could it be observed also in children younger than 9? The present work aims to answer the above questions reporting on the analysis of narrations produced by three different age groups of Italian children (9, 5 and 3 year olds). Measurements are provided on the amount of synchronization between speech pauses and holds in the three different groups, as a function of the duration of the narrations. The results show that, as far as the reported data concerns, in children, as in adults, holds and speech pauses are to a certain extent synchronized and play similar functions, suggesting that they may be considered as a multi-determined phenomenon exploited by the speaker under the guidance of a unified planning process to satisfy a communicative intention. In addition, considering the role that speech pauses play in communication, we speculate on the possibility that holds may serve to similar purposes supporting the hypothesis that gestures as speech are an expressive resource that can take on different functions depending on the communicative demand. While speech pauses are likely to play the role of signalling mental activation processes aimed at replacing the “old spoken content” of the communicative plan with a new one, holds may signal mental activation processes aimed at replacing the “old visible bodily action” with new ones reflecting the representational and/or propositional contribution of gestures to the new communicative plan.
    Description: Published
    Description: 252-272
    Description: 5.9. Formazione e informazione
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Speech pauses, holds, synchrony, child narrations ; 05. General::05.09. Miscellaneous::05.09.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 19
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    Foreword and Acknowledgements (2012)
    Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: This is the first volume of an international scientific journal that is dedicated to issues of geoethics and geological culture. Its goal is to inform the Italian and international scientific communities about what emerged at the GeoItalia 2011 conference, attended by not only Italian geoscientists. At this conference, the geoscientists questioned their role in society and the responsibilities that they have to assume as scholars of the planet Earth and experts of the territory. They highlighted the need for rediscovery of the cultural values of geology as a science that can contribute to the construction of correct social knowledge, and the need to be aware that geoethics cannot exist without a real awareness among geoscientists of the cultural value of the Earth sciences.
    Description: Published
    Description: 331
    Description: 5.9. Formazione e informazione
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: Geoethics ; Geoetica ; Geological Culture ; Earth Sciences ; Philosophy ; Education ; 05. General::05.03. Educational, History of Science, Public Issues::05.03.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.09. Miscellaneous::05.09.99. General or miscellaneous
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  • 20
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    Ethical and cultural value of the Earth sciences. Interview with Prof. Giulio Giorello (2012)
    Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Prof. Giulio Giorello is amongst the most prominent philosophers of science in Italy and in the world. He is currently Professor of the Philosophy of Science at the University of Milan, Director of the Series ‘Science and Ideas’ (Raffaele Cortina Books Editor), and Literary Journalist of the cultural pages of the Corriere della Sera, one of the most important of the Italian newspapers. In this keynote presentation, in interview form, he talks about the value that the Earth sciences have had through history, framing this group of disciplines in ethical and epistemological terms, and highlighting some important elements that have to be considered in geological activities.
    Description: Published
    Description: 343-346
    Description: 5.9. Formazione e informazione
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: Geoethics ; Geological Culture ; Geoetica ; Giulio Giorello ; Earth Sciences ; Interview ; Philosophy ; Epistemology ; 05. General::05.03. Educational, History of Science, Public Issues::05.03.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.09. Miscellaneous::05.09.99. General or miscellaneous
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  • 21
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    Geoethics and geological culture: awareness, responsibility and challenges (2012)
    Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The international debate in the field of geoethics focuses on some of the most important environmental emergencies, while highlighting the great responsibilities of geoscientists, whatever field they work in, and the important social, cultural and economic repercussions that their choices can have on society. The GeoItalia 2009 and 2011 conferences that were held in Rimini and Turin, respectively, and were organized by the Italian Federation of Earth Science, were two important moments for the promotion of geoethics in Italy. They were devoted to the highlighting of how, and with what tools and contents, can the geosciences contribute to the cultural renewal of society. They also covered the active roles of geoscientists in the dissemination of scientific information, contributing in this way to the correct construction of social knowledge. Geology is culture, and as such it can help to dispel misconceptions and cultural stereotypes that concern natural phenomena, disasters, resources, and land management. Geological culture consists of methods, goals, values, history, ways of thinking about nature, and specific sensitivity for approaching problems and their solutions. So geology has to fix referenced values, as indispensable prerequisites for geoethics. Together, geological culture and geoethics can strengthen the bond that joins people to their territory, and can help to find solutions and answers to some important challenges in the coming years regarding natural risks, resources, and climate change. Starting from these considerations, we stress the importance of establishing an ethical criterion for Earth scientists, to focus attention on the issue of the responsibility of geoscientists, and the need to more clearly define their scientific identity and the value of their specificities.
    Description: Published
    Description: 335-341
    Description: 5.9. Formazione e informazione
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: Geoethics ; Education ; History of science ; Public issues ; General (Philosophy of Earth sciences) ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.03. Educational, History of Science, Public Issues::05.03.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.09. Miscellaneous::05.09.99. General or miscellaneous
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  • 22
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    Social aspects of the Earth sciences. Interview with Prof. Franco Ferrarotti (2012)
    Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Franco Ferrarotti, Professor emeritus at ‘La Sapienza’ University of Rome; since winning the first Chair in this discipline in Italy in 1961, he has been considered the Father of Italian Sociology. An independent Member of Italian Parliament in the third government (1958-1963), a member of the New York Academy of Sciences, and a ‘visiting Professor’ at many universities in Europe, North America, Russia, Japan and Latin America. Franco Ferrarotti has taught and still teaches in Europe and America, and he has received many awards throughout his career. In this interview, he talks about the social aspects and consequences of Earth sciences studies.
    Description: Published
    Description: 347-348
    Description: 5.9. Formazione e informazione
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: Geoethics ; Geological Culture ; Geoetica ; Social aspects ; Geologists activity ; Scientific information ; Society ; 05. General::05.03. Educational, History of Science, Public Issues::05.03.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.09. Miscellaneous::05.09.99. General or miscellaneous
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  • 23
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    A Hippocratic Oath for geologists? (2012)
    Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: We argue here that the introduction of an ethical code of conduct that follows the example of the Hippocratic Oath of physicians will help geologists to acquire binding awareness of their professional and social responsibilities. The ethical behavior and obligations of modern geologists involve, but are not limited to, the following issues: correct land/ environment use and management; respect of truth and science; and protection of the Earth systems, on both the local and global scales, and therefore, of our well-being. We believe that for geoligists, the explicit acceptance of an ethical code will help to promote: (i) an awareness of their social role, expertise and sense of belonging to a professional community; (ii) an understanding of the expectations of citizens and society; and (iii) cultural growth, with better use of research and implementation of scientific and professional skills. All this should enhance the public recognition of the social mission of geologists, which is essential for the well-being of society. Therefore, we suggest that like in the majority of medical schools, ethical training should be a part of the university curriculum for students in geology.
    Description: Published
    Description: 365-369
    Description: 5.9. Formazione e informazione
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: Geoethics ; Geological Culture ; Geoetica ; Hippocratic Oath ; Geologists ; Social responsibility ; 05. General::05.03. Educational, History of Science, Public Issues::05.03.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.09. Miscellaneous::05.09.99. General or miscellaneous
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  • 24
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    GPS Permanent Network Solution: the Impact of Temporal Correlations (2012)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-12-09
    Description: . In this work we analysed the time series of daily solutions of 4 Italian GPS permanent stations with the aim of investigating the presence of temporal correlations and their impact on the estimation of weekly solution and velocity field precisions. We found that precisions are remarkably lower when temporal correlations are considered; in particular, the mean horizontal precisions of weekly solutions are up to 5 times lower and the horizontal velocity precisions are about 1.5-2 times lower. This topic has 2 relevant applications: the assessment of the quality of a reference system maintenance by GPS permanent stations and the coordinate differences significance test for geodynamical applications.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1.9. Rete GPS nazionale
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: GPS permanent network,temporal correlations, autocovariance functions ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.07. Satellite geodesy ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.08. Theory and Models
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  • 25
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    Geochemical evidence of the renewal of volcanic activity inferred from CO2 soil and SO2 plume fluxes: the 2007 Stromboli eruption (Italy) (2011)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: On 27 February 2007, a new eruption occurred on Stromboli which lasted until 2 April. It was characterized by effusive activity on the Sciara del Fuoco and by a paroxysmal event (15 March). This crisis represented an opportunity for us to refine the model that had been developed previously (2002–2003 eruption) and to improve our understanding of the relationship between the magmatic dynamics of the volcano and the geochemical variations in the fluids. In particular, the evaluation of the dynamic equilibrium between the volatiles (CO2 and SO2) released from the magma and the corresponding fluids discharged from the summit area allowed us to evaluate the level of criticality of the volcanic activity. One of the major accomplishments of this study is a 4-year database of summit soil CO2 flux on the basis of which we define the thresholds (low–medium–high) for this parameter that are empirically based on the natural volcanological evolution of Stromboli. The SO2 fluxes of the degassing plume and the CO2 fluxes emitted from the soil at Pizzo Sopra la Fossa are also presented. It is noteworthy that geochemical signals of volcanic unrest have been clearly identified before, during and after the effusive activity. These signals were found almost simultaneously in the degassing plume (SO2 flux) and in soil degassing (CO2 flux) at the summit, although the two degassing processes are shown to be clearly different. The interpretation of the results will be useful for future volcanic surveillance at Stromboli.
    Description: Published
    Description: 443-456
    Description: 1.2. TTC - Sorveglianza geochimica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: 2.4. TTC - Laboratori di geochimica dei fluidi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Stromboli volcano ; CO2 soil flux ; Geochemical monitoring ; 2007 eruption ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.01. Geochemical data ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.03. Volcanic eruptions
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  • 26
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    La rete GPS dell'isola d'Ischia: Deformazioni del suolo in un'area vulcanica attiva (1998-2010). (2011)
    Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-24
    Description: This work shows the experience acquired by the INGV-Osservatorio Vesuviano GPS Team to study the displacement field at Ischia island. After the last GPS survey, carried out in June 2010, we decided to reorganize and to reprocess the GPS data. The results were integrated with those of the three permanent GPS stations operating on the island. Data quality and repeatability have been evaluated. In order to define the GPS velocity field, we combined multi-year solutions in the period from 1998 to 2010.We defined a local reference system and analyzed the time series for a realistic error estimate. After a description of recent volcanic history and dynamics of Ischia, we describe the data-set, data processing strategy, and finally, some considerations on the achieved results are exposed.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-61
    Description: 1.3. TTC - Sorveglianza geodetica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Description: open
    Keywords: GPS, Ischia Island, velocity field ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.07. Satellite geodesy
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  • 27
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    S.A.G.NET: Rete GPS dell'Appennino meridionale. (2011)
    Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The Matese carbonatic massive occupies the northernmost part of the campanian Apennine while Sannio mounts, located to the East of massive, consists primarily of quaternary deposits and represent the area of Apennine chain degrading to East towards the Bradanica foredeep. The area was affected in historical time by several destructive earthquakes. The first ground deformation studies in this area started from 1990-2000 with the definition of geodetic networks, covering all or part of the massive Matese, with the aim of evaluating seismogenic sources responsible for the seismicity of the area. In 2002, a careful inspection of the existing GPS benchmarks was carried out; those which had a good state of preservation and a good level of reliability were included into a new geodetic Matese network, consisting of 38 3D benchmarks. Several surveys were conducted in 2000, 2002 and 2004,with the aim of defining the strain field, defined by plano-altimetric components. In 2005, an intensive work of gathering and validating available data started, integrating data collected by previous surveys with those collected during the new survey carried out in 2006. This work describes in detail the various stages of implementing the final network S.A.G.NET, whose geometry was also bound to the distribution of the known seismogenic sources present in the area. We also show the first results obtained from data collected from2000 to 2006 and the resulting kinematic model for this area.
    Description: Published
    Description: 3.2. Tettonica attiva
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Description: open
    Keywords: GPS, Matese, SAGNet ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.07. Satellite geodesy
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  • 28
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    Long time-series of chemical and isotopic compositions of Vesuvius fumaroles: evidence for deep and shallow processes (2011)
    Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Long time-series of chemical and isotopic compositions of Vesuvius fumaroles were acquired in the framework of the volcanic surveillance in the 1998-2010 period. These allow the identification of processes that occur at shallow levels in the hydrothermal system, and variations that are induced by deep changes in volcanic activity. Partial condensation processes of fumarolic water under near-discharge conditions can explain the annual 18O and deuterium variabilities that are observed at Vesuvius fumaroles. Significant variations in the chemical compositions of fumaroles occurred over the 1999-2002 period, which accompanied the seismic crisis of autumn 1999, when Vesuvius was affected by the most energetic earthquakes of its last quiescence period. A continuous increase in the relative concentrations of CO2 and He and a general decrease in the CH4 concentrations are interpreted as the consequence of an increment in the relative amount of magmatic fluids in the hydrothermal system. Gas equilibria support this hypothesis, showing a PCO2 peak that culminated in 2002, increasing from values of ~40 bar in 1998 to ~55-60 bar in 2001- 2002. We propose that the seismic crisis of 1999 marked the arrival of the magmatic fluids into the hydrothermal system, which caused the observed geochemical variations that started in 1999 and culminated in 2002.
    Description: Published
    Description: 137-149
    Description: 1.2. TTC - Sorveglianza geochimica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: 2.4. TTC - Laboratori di geochimica dei fluidi
    Description: 4.5. Studi sul degassamento naturale e sui gas petroliferi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: Vesuvius ; Hydrothermal system ; Geochemical monitoring ; Stable isotopes. ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.02. Hydrology::03.02.04. Measurements and monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.12. Fluid Geochemistry ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques
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  • 29
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    Defining high-detail hazard maps by a cellular automata approach: application to Mount Etna (Italy) (2011)
    Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The individuation of areas that are more likely to be affected by new events in volcanic regions is of fundamental relevance for the mitigation of the possible consequences, both in terms of loss of human life and material properties. Here, we describe a methodology for defining flexible high-detail lava-hazard maps and a technique for the validation of the results obtained. The methodology relies on: (i) an accurate analysis of the past behavior of the volcano; (ii) a new version of the SCIARA model for lava-flow simulation (based on the macroscopic cellular automata paradigm); and (iii) high-performance parallel computing for increasing computational efficiency. The new release of the SCIARA model introduces a Bingham-like rheology as part of the minimization algorithm of the differences for the determination of outflows from a generic cell, and an improved approach to lava cooling. The method is here applied to Mount Etna, the most active volcano in Europe, and applications to landuse planning and hazard mitigation are presented.
    Description: This study was sponsored by the Italian National Civil Defence Department and the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), project V3_6/09 "V3_6 – Etna".
    Description: Published
    Description: 568-578
    Description: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Description: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei vulcani ed evoluzione dei magmi
    Description: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Description: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: volcanic risk ; cellular automata ; Algorithms and implementation ; Statistical analysis ; Data processing ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.03. Magmas ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk ; 05. General::05.01. Computational geophysics::05.01.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.01. Computational geophysics::05.01.01. Data processing ; 05. General::05.01. Computational geophysics::05.01.02. Cellular automata, fuzzy logic, genetic alghoritms, neural networks ; 05. General::05.01. Computational geophysics::05.01.04. Statistical analysis ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.03. Volcanic eruptions ; 05. General::05.08. Risk::05.08.99. General or miscellaneous
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  • 30
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    Rapid terrain-based mapping of some volcaniclastic flow hazard using Gis-based automated methods: a case study from southern Campania, Italy (2011)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Destructive volcaniclastic flows are among the most recurrent and dangerous natural phenomena in volcanic areas. They can originate not only during or shortly after an eruption (syn-eruptive) but also during a period of volcanic quiescence (inter-eruptive), when heavy and/or persistent rains remobilize loose pyroclastic deposits. The area in Italy most prone to such flows is that of the Apennine Mountains bordering the southern Campania Plain. These steep slopes are covered by pyroclastic material of variable thickness (a few cm to several m) derived from the explosive activity of the Somma-Vesuvius and Campi Flegrei volcanoes a few tens of kilometers to the west. The largest and most recent devastating event occurred on May 5, 1998, causing the death of more than 150 people and considerable damage to villages at the foot of the Apennine Mountains. This tragic event was only the most recent of a number of volcaniclastic flows affecting the area in both historical and prehistoric times. Historical accounts report that more than 500 events have occurred in the last five centuries and that more than half of these occurred in the last 100 years, causing hundreds of deaths. In order to improve volcaniclastic flow hazard zonation and risk mitigation in the study area, we produced a zonation map that identifies the drainage basins potentially prone to disruption. This map was obtained by combining morphological characteristics (concavity and basin shape factor) and the mean slope distribution of drainage basins derived from a digital elevation model with a 10-m resolution. These parameters allowed for the classification of 1,069 drainage basins, which have been grouped into four different classes of proneness to disruption: low, moderate, high and very high. The map compiled in a GIS environment, as well as the linked database, can be rapidly queried.
    Description: Published
    Description: 371-387
    Description: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei vulcani ed evoluzione dei magmi
    Description: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Volcaniclastic flow hazard ; GIS ; Vesuvian area ; Southern Campania Plain ; Slope instability ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
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  • 31
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    First 13C/12C isotopic characterisation of volcanic plume CO2 (2011)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: We describe analytical details and uncertainty evaluation of a simple technique for the measurement of the carbon isotopic composition of CO2 in volcanic plumes. Data collected at Solfatara and Vulcano, where plumes are fed by fumaroles which are accessible for direct sampling, were first used to validate the technique. For both volcanoes, the plume-derived carbon isotopic compositions are in good agreement with the fumarolic compositions, thus providing confidence on the method, and allowing its application at volcanoes where the volcanic component is inaccessible to direct sampling. As a notable example, we applied the same method to Mount Etna where we derived a δ13C of volcanic CO2 between −0.9 ± 0.27‰ and −1.41 ± 0.27‰ (Bocca Nuova and Voragine craters). The comparison of our measurements to data reported in previous work highlights a temporal trend of systematic increase of δ13C values of Etna CO2 from ~ −4‰, in the 1970’s and the 1980’s, to ~ −1‰ at the present time (2009). This shift toward more positive δ13C values matches a concurrent change in magma composition and an increase in the eruption frequency and energy. We discuss such variations in terms of two possible processes: magma carbonate assimilation and carbon isotopic fractionation due to magma degassing along the Etna plumbing system. Finally, our results highlight potential of systematic measurements of the carbon isotopic composition of the CO2 emitted by volcanic plumes for a better understanding of volcanic processes and for improved surveillance of volcanic activity.
    Description: In press
    Description: 1.2. TTC - Sorveglianza geochimica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: 2.4. TTC - Laboratori di geochimica dei fluidi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Volcanic plume ; Carbon isotope ; Etna ; Magmatic degassing ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques
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  • 32
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    The distal segment of Etna’s 2001 basaltic lava flow (2011)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Etna’s 2001 basaltic lava flow provided a good example of the distal flow segment between the flow front and stable channel, across which the flow evolves from channel-contained to dispersed. This zone was mapped with meter precision using LIDAR data collected during 2004 and 2005. These data, supported by field mapping, show that the flow front comprised eight lobes each 10 to 20 m high. The flow front appears to have advanced not as a single unit, but as a series of lobes moving forward one lobe at a time. Primary lobes were centered on the channel axis and marginal lobes were off-axis. The lobes advanced as breakouts of low-yield-strength lava from the flow core of the stalled flow front. Marginal lobes were abandoned and contributed to marginal levees flanking the transitional channel. For Etna’s 2001 flow, the transitional channel is 140 m wide, 700 m long and fed a 240-m-long zone of dispersed flow; the change from stable to transitional channel occurred at a major reduction in slope. Above this, the stable channel is 5.2 km long, 55 to 105 m wide and bounded by 15- to 25-m-high levees, and the stable channel is located over a previous channel. In a final stage of activity, lava ponding at the break-in-slope that marks the terminus of the stable channel put pressure on the eastern levee, causing it to fail. Liberated lava then fed a final break-out to the east. Similar flow front-features occur at other volcanoes, indicating that similar processes are characteristic of dispersed flow zones.
    Description: Published
    Description: 119-127
    Description: 1.10. TTC - Telerilevamento
    Description: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei vulcani ed evoluzione dei magmi
    Description: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Basalt lava ; Channelised lava flow ; Flow front ; Zone of dispersed flow ; Flow dynamics ; LIDAR ; Etna ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.05. Volcanic rocks ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
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  • 33
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    The RING network: improvements to a GPS velocity field in the central Mediterranean (2010)
    Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Since 2004, a continuous Global Positioning System (GPS) network has been operated by the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) to investigate active tectonic processes in Italy and the surrounding regions, which are still largely debated. This important infrastructure is known as Rete Integrata Nazionale GPS (RING) network, and it consists of about 130 stations that are deployed all over Italy. The development and realization of a stable GPS monumentation, its integration with seismological instruments, and the choice of both satellite and internet data transmission, make this network one of the most innovative and reliable CGPS networks in the world. The technologically advanced development of the RING network has been accompanied by the development of different data processing strategies, which are mainly dependent on the use of different GPS analysis software. The different software-related solutions are here compared at different scales for this large network, and the consistency is evaluated and quantified within an RMS value of 0.3 mm/yr.
    Description: Published
    Description: 39-54
    Description: 1.9. Rete GPS nazionale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: Geodesy ; Seismotectonics ; CGPS network ; GPS data analysis ; Central Mediterranean ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.07. Satellite geodesy ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.09. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.02. Geodynamics
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  • 34
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    Towards an Automatic Monitoring System of Infrasonic Events at Mt. Etna: Strategies for Source Location and Modeling (2010)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Active volcanoes characterized by open conduit conditions generate sonic and infrasonic signals, whose investigation provides useful information for both monitoring purposes and studying the dynamics of explosive processes. In this work, we discuss the automatic procedures implemented for a real-time application to the data acquired by a permanent network of five infrasound stations running at Mt. Etna volcano. The infrasound signals at Mt. Etna consist in amplitude transients, called infrasound events. The adopted procedure uses a multi-algorithm approach for event detection, counting, characterization and location. It is designed for an efficient and accurate processing of infrasound records provided by single-site and array stations. Moreover, the source mechanism of these events can be investigated off-line or in near real-time by using three different models: (1) Strombolian bubble; (2) resonating conduit and (3) Helmholtz resonator. The infrasound waveforms allow us to choose the most suitable model, to get quantitative information about the source and to follow the time evolution of the source parameters.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1215–1231
    Description: 1.4. TTC - Sorveglianza sismologica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Infrasound ; monitoring system ; Mt. Etna volcano ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.08. Volcano seismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques
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  • 35
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    Non-permanent GPS data for regional-scale kinematics: reliable deformation rate before the 6 April, 2009, earthquake in the L'Aquila area (2010)
    Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: A GPS-based geodetic study at a regional scale requires the availability of a dense network that is characterized by 10 km to 30 km spacing, typically followed in a few continuous GPS stations (CGPSs) and several nonpermanent GPS stations (NPSs). As short observation times do not allow adequate noise modeling, NPS data need specific processing where the main differences between NPSs and CGPSs are taken into account: primarily time-series length and antenna repositioning error. The GPS data collected in the 1999-2007 time-span from non-permanent measurement campaigns in the central Apennine area (Italy) that was recently hit by the Mw 6.3 L'Aquila earthquake (April 6, 2009) are here further analyzed to compute a reliable strain-rate field at a regional scale. Moreover, areas characterized by different kinematics are recognized, and a complete characterization of the regional-scale kinematics is attempted. These new data can be interpreted as indicators from the viewpoint of seismic risk assessment.
    Description: Published
    Description: 55-68
    Description: 3.3. Geodinamica e struttura dell'interno della Terra
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: GPS ; Non-permanent station ; Subsampling ; Velocity ; Strain field ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.07. Satellite geodesy
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  • 36
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    Conserved synteny at the protein family level reveals genes underlying Shewanella species’ cold tolerance and predicts their novel phenotypes (2010)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Authors 2009. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License. The definitive version was published in Functional & Integrative Genomics 10 (2010): 97-110, doi:10.1007/s10142-009-0142-y.
    Description: Bacteria of the genus Shewanella can thrive in different environments and demonstrate significant variability in their metabolic and ecophysiological capabilities including cold and salt tolerance. Genomic characteristics underlying this variability across species are largely unknown. In this study, we address the problem by a comparison of the physiological, metabolic, and genomic characteristics of 19 sequenced Shewanella species. We have employed two novel approaches based on association of a phenotypic trait with the number of the trait-specific protein families (Pfam domains) and on the conservation of synteny (order in the genome) of the trait-related genes. Our first approach is top-down and involves experimental evaluation and quantification of the species’ cold tolerance followed by identification of the correlated Pfam domains and genes with a conserved synteny. The second, a bottom-up approach, predicts novel phenotypes of the species by calculating profiles of each Pfam domain among their genomes and following pair-wise correlation of the profiles and their network clustering. Using the first approach, we find a link between cold and salt tolerance of the species and the presence in the genome of a Na+/H+ antiporter gene cluster. Other cold-tolerance-related genes include peptidases, chemotaxis sensory transducer proteins, a cysteine exporter, and helicases. Using the bottom-up approach, we found several novel phenotypes in the newly sequenced Shewanella species, including degradation of aromatic compounds by an aerobic hybrid pathway in Shewanella woodyi, degradation of ethanolamine by Shewanella benthica, and propanediol degradation by Shewanella putrefaciens CN32 and Shewanella sp. W3-18-1.
    Description: This research was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Biological and Environmental Research under the Genomics: GTL Program via the Shewanella Federation consortium.
    Keywords: Phenotypic trait ; Bacteria ; Molecular mechanisms of cold tolerance ; Shewanella ; Protein families
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 37
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    Surface roughness of pyroclastic deposits at Mt. Etna by 3D laser scanning (2008)
    Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: The terrestrial 3D Laser Scanning technique has been applied to analyse the surface roughness of pyroclastic deposits on volcanic surfaces at Mt. Etna. This technique allowed the construction of high accuracy digital elevation models of small surfaces, about 1 m across. Sampled surfaces differ for percentage of coverage and for grain size of the pyroclastic deposits. The change in grain size distribution for the pyroclastic unconsolidated deposits affects the surface roughness. The roughness of the site where the finest pyroclastic deposits occur is mainly governed by large scale wavelength morphology (Hurst exponent H = 0.77 for lengths larger than 16 mm). The other sampled surfaces have self-affine characters with low (0.15) to intermediate (0.35 - 0.38) Hurst exponents for lengths higher than 10 – 22 mm. Here we show results of the analysis of the surface roughness of the pyroclastic deposits emplaced during the 2001 and 2002-2003 eruptions at Mt. Etna. Grain size and thickness of pyroclastic deposits mainly control the overall roughness of such as volcanic surface.
    Description: Published
    Description: 813-822
    Description: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Description: 1.10. TTC - Telerilevamento
    Description: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei sistemi vulcanici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: surface roughness ; pyroclastic deposits ; Laser 3D ; Mount Etna ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.03. Geomorphology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.10. Stratigraphy ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.11. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.05. Volcanic rocks ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.03. Volcanic eruptions
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  • 38
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    Lava effusion rate definition and measurement: a review (2007)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Measurement of effusion rate is a primary objective for studies that model lava flow and magma system dynamics, as well as for monitoring efforts during on-going eruptions. However, its exact definition remains a source of confusion, and problems occur when comparing volume flux values that are averaged over different time periods or spatial scales, or measured using different approaches. Thus our aims are to: (1) define effusion rate terminology; and (2) assess the various measurement methods and their results. We first distinguish between instantaneous effusion rate, and time-averaged discharge rate. Eruption rate is next defined as the total volume of lava emplaced since the beginning of the eruption divided by the time since the eruption began. The ultimate extension of this is mean output rate, this being the final volume of erupted lava divided by total eruption duration. Whether these values are total values, i.e. the flux feeding all flow units across the entire flow field, or local, i.e. the flux feeding a single active unit within a flow field across which many units are active, also needs to be specified. No approach is without its problems, and all can have large error (up to ∼50%). However, good agreement between diverse approaches shows that reliable estimates can be made if each approach is applied carefully and takes into account the caveats we detail here. There are three important factors to consider and state when measuring, giving or using an effusion rate. First, the time-period over which the value was averaged; second, whether the measurement applies to the entire active flow field, or a single lava flow within that field; and third, the measurement technique and its accompanying assumptions.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-22
    Description: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Lava ; Instantaneous effusion rate ; Time-averaged discharge rate ; Eruption rate ; Monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques
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  • 39
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    Blackening of Pompeian Cinnabar paintings: X-ray micro-spectroscopy analysis (2007)
    American Chemical Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Red Pompeian paintings, very famous for their deep intensity, are currently suffering from darkening. The origins of this darkening degradation are not clearly identified yet and remain a major issue for curators. In the specific case of cinnabar (HgS)-based red pigment, a photoinduced conversion into black metacinnabar is usually suspected. This work is focused on the blackening of red cinnabar paintings coated on a sparry calcite mortar. Different samples exhibiting different levels of degradation were selected upon visual observations and analyzed by synchrotron-based microanalytical techniques. Atomic and molecular compositions of the different debased regions revealed two possible degradation mechanisms. On one hand, micro X-ray fluorescence elemental maps show peculiar distributions of chlorine and sulfur. On the other hand, X-ray absorption spectroscopy performed at both Cl and S K-edges confirms the presence of characteristic degradation products: (i) Hg- Cl compounds (e.g., corderoite, calomel, and terlinguaite), which may result from the reaction with exogenous NaCl, in gray areas; (ii) gypsum, produced by the calcite sulfation, in black coatings. Metacinnabar is never detected. Finally, a cross section was analyzed to map the in-depth alteration gradient. Reduced and oxidized sulfur distributions reveal that the sulfated black coating consists of a 5-ím-thick layer covering intact cinnabar.
    Description: Published
    Description: 7484-7492
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Microspectroscopy Analysis ; 05. General::05.09. Miscellaneous::05.09.99. General or miscellaneous
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  • 40
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    The morphology and evolution of the Stromboli 2002–2003 lava flow field: an example of a basaltic flow field emplaced on a steep slope (2007)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The use of a hand-held thermal camera during the 2002–2003 Stromboli effusive eruption proved essential in tracking the development of flow field structures and in measuring related eruption parameters, such as the number of active vents and flow lengths. The steep underlying slope on which the flow field was emplaced resulted in a characteristic flow field morphology. This comprised a proximal shield, where flow stacking and inflation caused piling up of lava on the relatively flat ground of the vent zone, that fed a medial–distal lava flow field. This zone was characterized by the formation of lava tubes and tumuli forming a complex network of tumuli and flows linked by tubes. Most of the flow field was emplaced on extremely steep slopes and this had two effects. It caused flows to slide, as well as flow, and flow fronts to fail frequently, persistent flow front crumbling resulted in the production of an extensive debris field. Channel-fed flows were also characterized by development of excavated debris levees in this zone (Calvari et al. 2005). Collapse of lava flow fronts and inflation of the upper proximal lava shield made volume calculation very difficult. Comparison of the final field volume with that expecta by integrating the lava effusion rates through time suggests a loss of ~70% erupted lava by flow front crumbling and accumulation as debris flows below sea level. Derived relationships between effusion rate, flow length, and number of active vents showed systematic and correlated variations with time where spreading of volume between numerous flows caused an otherwise good correlation between effusion rate, flow length to break down. Observations collected during this eruption are useful in helping to understand lava flow processes on steep slopes, as well as in interpreting old lava–debris sequences found in other steep-sided volcanoes subject to effusive activity.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Lava flow field ; Morphology ; Tumuli ; Lava tubes ; Effusion rate ; Rheology ; Stromboli volcano ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
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  • 41
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    Atmospheric anomalies over Mt.Etna using GPS signal delays and tomography of radio wave velocities (2007)
    Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: Due to the prominent topography of Mt. Etna, the use of satellite geodetic techniques may significantly suffer from atmospheric heterogeneities. This problem mainly affects the DInSAR technique. To overcome these drawbacks the present study attempts to make headway in measuring and interpreting atmospheric anomalies. We used the GAMIT software to obtain the ZTD (Zenith Total Delay) values for the GPS sessions performed on 1996-97, during ERS-2 passes at Mt. Etna. GAMIT software also allows to characterize the statistical behaviour of the tropospheric effects, by using residuals for each station-satellite pair, and to locate the atmospheric anomalies, present mostly at low altitudes. The attempt at using these results to produce a tomography of radio waves velocity of the troposphere suggests that the number of GPS stations used to investigate atmosphere is a critical point in such a study. The three stations are too few to invert anomalies eventually existing in the lower atmosphere. This result is a good starting point for better direct future study to verify the applicability of this tomographic technique to a geodetic network with a higher number of stations, with the aim of characterizing the lower atmosphere of Mt. Etna for a more accurate monitoring of ground deformations.
    Description: Published
    Description: 267-282
    Description: 1.3. TTC - Sorveglianza geodetica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: GPS ; atmospheric anomalies ; tropospheric delays ; tomography of radio wave velocities ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.07. Satellite geodesy
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  • 42
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    Comparison of Integrated Geodetic Data Models and Satellite Radar Interferograms to Infer Magma Storage During the 19911993 Mt. Etna Eruption (2005)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-03
    Description: We compare the results obtained from the modelling of EDM, GPS, levelling and tilt data measured in the first part of the 19911993 eruption at Etna to the InSAR data acquired during the second part. The geodetic changes are very marked in the first half of the eruption and constrain a deflation source located at a few kilometers of depth ( 3 km b.s.l.), in agreement with other independent geophysical evidence. SAR data, available during the second part of the eruption, were analysed for different time intervals in the second part of the eruption. The interpretation of SAR interferograms reveals a large-scale but less marked deflation of the volcano that could be caused by a deeper source. This second source is in accord with a second deeper anomaly revealed by recent seismic investigations. The combination of geodetic data modelling and SAR images suggests a complex plumbing system composed at least of two possible storage regions located at different depths.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1345-1357
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: Geodesy ; SAR Interferometry ; ground deformation ; Mt. Etna volcano ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.06. Measurements and monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.07. Satellite geodesy ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.09. Instruments and techniques
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 43
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    A syn-eruptive ground deformation episode measured by GPS, during the 2001 eruption on the upper southern flank of Mt Etna (2005)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Ground deformation occurring on the southern flank of Mt Etna volcano during the JulyAugust 2001 eruption was monitored by GPS measurements along an EW profile crossing the fissure system. This profile was measured eight times during the eruption, using the 'stop and go' semi-kinematic technique. Horizontal and vertical displacements between GPS surveys are reported for each station. The most significant event is a deformation episode occurring during the first week of the eruption, between 2527 July. Displacements were measured on benchmarks close to the eruptive fissure and the tensile 1989 fracture. Data inversions for measured displacements were performed using the Okada model. The model shows the narrowing of the 2001 dyke accompanied by a dextral dislocation along an east-dipping fault, parallel to the 1989 fracture.
    Description: Published
    Description: 336-341
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: GPS ; Ground deformation ; Modelling ; Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.07. Satellite geodesy ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.09. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring
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  • 44
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermosipho japonicus sp. nov., an extremely thermophilic bacterium isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent in Japan (2000)
    Springer
    Extremophiles 4 (2000), S. 9-17 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-4909
    Keywords: Key words Extreme thermophile ; Thermosipho ; Thermotogales ; Deep-sea hydrothermal vent ; Bacteria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A novel barophilic, extremely thermophilic bacterium was isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney at the Iheya Basin, in the Okinawa area, Japan. The cells were found to be rod shaped and surrounded by a sheath-like outer structure; the organism did not possess flagella and was not motile. Growth was observed between 45° and 80°C (optimum, 72°C, 45 min doubling time), pH 5.3 and 9.3 (optimum, pH 7.2–7.6), 6.6 and 79 g/l sea salts (optimum, 40 g/l), and 0.1 and 60 MPa (optimum, 20 MPa). Strain IHB1 was found to be a strictly anaerobic chemoorganotroph capable of utilizing yeast extract and proteinaceous substrates such as peptone and tryptone. Elemental sulfur or thiosulfate acted as electron acceptors improving growth. The isolate was able to utilize casein as a sole carbon and energy source in the presence of thiosulfate. The G + C content of the genomic DNA was 31.4 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rDNA sequences and DNA–DNA hybridization analysis indicated that the isolate is closely related to Thermosipho africanus; however, it represents a species distinct from the previously described members of the genus Thermosipho. On the basis of the physiological and molecular properties, we propose that the new isolate represents a new species, which we name Thermosipho japonicus sp. nov. (type strain: IHB1; JCM10495).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007920050002
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  • 45
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of solid waste compost on microbiological and physical properties of a burnt forest soil in field experiments (2000)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 32 (2000), S. 410-414 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Keywords Aggregate stability ; Bacteria ; Burnt soil ; Compost ; Fungi
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  The restoration of soil microbial activities is a basic step in the reclamation of burnt soils. For this reason, the ability of municipal solid waste compost to accelerate the re-establishment of bacterial and fungal populations, as well as to re-establish physical properties in a burnt soil, was evaluated in a field experiment. Four treatments were performed by adding different doses of compost (0, 0.5, 1 and 2 kg compost m–2 soil) to a burnt Calcic Rodoxeralf soil, and the changes in microbial populations, salt content, aggregate stability and bulk density were evaluated for 1 year. Initially, the addition of compost had a negative effect on soil microbial populations, but 3 months after compost addition, the number of viable fungal propagules increased in all the amended soils. This positive effect lasted until the end of the experiment. From 30 days onwards, all the amended soils showed a greater total number of bacterial cell forming units than the unamended burnt soil. Organic amendment increased the percentage of 2- to 4-mm aggregates, although the effect on the stability of the 0.2- to 2-mm aggregates and on bulk density was less noticeable.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740000270
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  • 46
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular ecology of hydrothermal vent microbial communities (2000)
    Springer
    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 77 (2000), S. 117-133 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Keywords: Archaea ; Bacteria ; hydrothermal vents ; in situ hybridization ; molecular ecology ; probes ; 16S rRNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The study of the structure and diversity of hydrothermal vent microbial communities has long been restricted to the morphological description of microorganisms and the use of enrichment culture-based techniques. Until recently the identification of the culturable fraction required the isolation of pure cultures followed by testing for multiple physiological and biochemical traits. However, peculiar inhabitants of the hydrothermal ecosystem such as the invertebrate endosymbionts and the dense microbial mat filaments have eluded laboratory cultivation. Substantial progress has been achieved in recent years in techniques for the identification of microorganisms in natural environments. Application of molecular approaches has revealed the existence of unique and previously unrecognized microorganisms. These have provided fresh insight into the ecology, diversity and evolution of mesophilic and thermophilic microbial communities from the deep-sea hydrothermal ecosystem. This review reports the main discoveries made through the introduction of these powerful techniques in the study of deep-sea hydrothermal vent microbiology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1002463825025
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  • 47
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Role of the furrow of the proximal colon in the production of soft and hard feces in nutrias, Myocastor coypus (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 170 (2000), S. 531-535 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-136X
    Keywords: Key words Large intestine ; Furrow of proximal colon ; Digesta ; Bacteria ; Soft and hard feces ; Nutrias ; Myocastor coypus ; AbbreviationsN nitrogen ; TAA total amino acids ; DAP diaminopimelic acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The bacterial level of soft feces is higher than that of hard feces in nutrias. This suggests the heterogeneity of bacterial density in the large intestine. To show the heterogeneity of bacteria in the contents of the large intestine in nutrias, we divided the contents of the large intestine into 12 regions, then measured the nitrogen (N), total amino acids (TAA) and diaminopimelic acid (DAP), a bacterial marker, of these regions. Levels of N, TAA and DAP varied along the cross section of the proximal colon. The greater curvature of the main lumen and furrow had higher N, TAA and DAP concentrations than the lesser curvature. We also examined the involvement of the furrow in producing two types of feces differing in bacterial nitrogen content by surgically preventing the flow of the furrow contents. We compared the concentrations of N, TAA and DAP between soft and hard feces among operated, sham-operated and intact animals. Surgical closure of the furrow abolished the difference in levels of N, TAA and DAP between soft and hard feces, suggesting that the furrow of the proximal colon is responsible for making the bacterial density higher in soft feces than in hard feces.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003600000131
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  • 48
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Isolation and characterization of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid-catabolizing bacteria and their biodegradation efficiency in soil (2000)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 16 (2000), S. 495-497 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Bacteria ; biodegradation ; 2,4-D ; soil microcosm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Bacterial isolates (NJ 10 and NJ 15) capable of degrading the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) were isolated from agricultural soil by enrichment culture technique. The isolates exhibited substantial growth in mineral salt medium supplemented with 0.1–0.5% of 2,4-D as a sole source of carbon and energy. Based on their morphological, cultural and biochemical characteristics, the isolates NJ 10 and NJ 15 have been identified as Pseudomonas species and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, respectively. Biodegradation studies in a soil microcosm enriched with pure cultures of the isolates demonstrated a time-dependent disappearance of 2,4-D from the 100 mg/kg herbicide-amended soil. The HPLC data analysis revealed 96.6 and 99.8% degradation in the soil inoculated with the pure cultures of isolates NJ 10 and NJ 15, respectively with in 20 days of incubation at 30 °C. Both the isolates showed significant solubilization of inorganic phosphate [Ca3(PO4)2] on the specific Pikovskaya's medium.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008945720327
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    Compost: A study of the development process and end-product potential for suppression of turfgrass disease (2000)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 16 (2000), S. 115-134 
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    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Bacteria ; biocontrol ; biological control ; compost ; disease ; fungi ; microbiology ; pathogen ; suppression ; turf ; turfgrass
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract The relationships among the chemical, physical and biological aspects of compost and their role in suppression of turfgrass pathogens are reviewed. The composting process, mediated by microbial activity, is affected by physical and chemical characteristics which include temperature, aeration, moisture content, C:N ratio and pH. In the absence of parameter restrictions, the microbial community follows a predictable successional pattern resulting in the re-colonization of compost with metabolically active mesophilic populations that can be suppressive towards plant pathogens. Although mechanisms of suppression are not fully understood, those postulated include physiochemical and biological characteristics. The physiochemical characteristics of composts can alter suppressive properties through direct effects on pathogens and antagonistic microorganisms, or indirect effects on host systems through the supply of nutrients, improvement of soil structure, porosity and water retention capabilities, along with other factors. Biological characteristics centre on microbial community involvement in suppressive mechanisms, which can include one or a combination of competition for nutrients, antibiosis, lytic and other extracellular enzyme production, parasitism, predation and host-mediated induction of resistance. As a result of the potential benefits of compost, there is considerable interest in determining the capacity for composts to suppress turfgrass pathogens. Although the exact mechanisms of suppression are largely unknown, there appear to be several factors that play an integrated role. The use of composts that successfully suppress turfgrass diseases will permit a reduction in the use of chemical controls, and slow the development of fungicide resistance.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008901420646
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    The measurement of soil fungal:bacterial biomass ratios as an indicator of ecosystem self-regulation in temperate meadow grasslands (1999)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 29 (1999), S. 282-290 
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    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Grasslands ; Management ; Microbial biomass ; Bacteria ; Fungi ; Nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  There is much interest in the development of agricultural land management strategies aimed at enhancing reliance on ecosystem self-regulation rather than on artificial inputs such as fertilisers and pesticides. This study tested the usefulness of measures of soil microbial biomass and fungal:bacterial biomass ratios as indicators of effective conversion from an intensive grassland system, reliant mainly on fertilisers for crop nutrition, to a low-input system reliant mainly on self-regulation through soil biological pathways of nutrient turnover. Analysis of soils from a wide range of meadow grassland sites in northern England, along a gradient of long-term management intensity, showed that fungal:bacterial biomass ratios (measured by phospholipid fatty acid analysis; PLFA) were consistently and significantly higher in the unfertilised than the fertilised grasslands. There was also some evidence that microbial biomass, measured by chloroform fumigation and total PLFA, was higher in the unfertilised than in the fertilised grasslands. It was also found that levels of inorganic nitrogen (N), in particular nitrate-N, were significantly higher in the fertilised than in the unfertilised grasslands. However, microbial activity, measured as basal respiration, did not differ between the sites. A field manipulation trial was conducted to determine whether the reinstatement of traditional management on an improved mesotrophic grassland, for 6 years, resulted in similar changes in the soil microbial community. It was found that neither the cessation of fertiliser applications nor changes in cutting and grazing management significantly affected soil microbial biomass or the fungal:bacterial biomass ratio. It is suggested that the lack of effects on the soil microbial community may be related to high residual fertility caused by retention of fertiliser N in the soil. On the basis of these results it is recommended that following the reinstatement of low-input management, the measurement of a significant increase in the soil fungal:bacterial biomass ratio, and perhaps total microbial biomass, may be an indicator of successful conversion to a grassland system reliant of self-regulation.
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    Response of the chitinolytic microbial community to chitin amendments of dune soils (1999)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 29 (1999), S. 170-177 
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    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Chitin degradation ; Succession ; Fungi ; Bacteria ; Actinomycetes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  The dynamics of culturable chitin-degrading microorganisms were studied during a 16-week incubation of chitin-amended coastal dune soils that differed in acidity. Soil samples were incubated at normal (5% w/w) and high (15% w/w) moisture levels. More than half of the added chitin was decomposed within 4 weeks of incubation in most soils. This rapid degradation was most likely due to fast-growing chitinolytic fungi (mainly Mortierella spp. and Fusarium spp.) at both moisture levels, as dense hyphal networks of these fungi were observed during the first 4 weeks of incubation. Chitin N mineralization was inhibited by cycloheximide, and fast-growing fungal isolates were capable of rapid chitin decomposition in sterile sand, further suggesting that these fungi play an important role in initial chitin degradation. The strong increase in fast-growing fungi in chitin-amended dune soils was only detected by direct observation. Plate counts and microscopic quantification of stained hyphae failed to reveal such an increase. During the first part of the incubation, numbers of unicellular chitinolytic bacteria also increased, but their contribution to chitin degradation was indicated to be of minor importance. During prolonged incubation, colony forming units (CFU) of chitinolytic streptomycetes and/or slow-growing fungi increased strongly in several soils, especially at the 5% moisture level. Hence, the general trend observed was a succession from fast-growing fungi and unicellular bacteria to actinomycetes and slow-growing fungi. Yet, the composition of chitinolytic CFU over time differed strongly between chitin-amended dune soils, and also between the two moisture levels. These differences could not be attributed to pH, organic matter or initial microbial composition. The possible consequence of such unpredictable variation in microbial community composition for the use of chitin-amendments as a biocontrol measure is discussed.
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    Effect of organic nitrogen fertilizers on microbial populations associated with bermudagrass putting greens (1999)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 28 (1999), S. 431-435 
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    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Actinomycetes ; Bacteria ; Cynodon spp. ; Fungi ; Turfgrass
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  Four natural organic fertilizers, alone or in combination with the synthetic organic fertilizer isobutylidene diurea (IBDU), were compared with IBDU alone for their effect on soil/root microbial populations associated with bermudagrass grown on a golf course putting green in southern Florida, USA. Populations of total fungi, total bacteria, fluorescent pseudomonads, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, actinomycetes and heat-tolerant bacteria were monitored every 3 months during the 2-year study. On only one sampling date and for only one bacterial population (S. maltophilia) was a significant difference in microbial populations obtained among the fertilizer treatments. However, the S. maltophilia populations associated with the natural organic fertilizer treatments were not significantly different from the synthetic organic IBDU fertilizer treatment.
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    Cold seep deposits of Beauvoisin (Oxfordian; southeastern France) and Marmorito (Miocene; northern Italy): microbially induced authigenic carbonates (1999)
    Springer
    International journal of earth sciences 88 (1999), S. 60-75 
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    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Keywords: Key words Carbonates ; Cold seeps ; Methane ; Petroleum ; Archaea ; Bacteria ; Sponges ; Tube worms ; Epifluorescence ; Biomarkers ; Jurassic ; Tertiary ; France ; Italy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The relation of two well-known ancient carbonate deposits to hydrocarbon seepage was confirmed by this study. Archaea are found to be associated with the formation of Oxfordian seep carbonates from Beauvoisin and with a Miocene limestone from Marmorito ("tube-worm limestone"). Carbonates formed due to a mediation by archaea exhibit extremely positive or extremely negative δ13Ccarbonate values, respectively. Highly positive values (+15‰) reflect the use of 13C-enriched CO2 produced by methanogenesis. Low δ13C values of the Marmorito carbonates (–30‰) indicate the oxidation of seepage-derived hydrocarbons. Likewise, the δ13C content of specific tail-to-tail linked isoprenoids, biomarkers for archaea, was found to be strikingly depleted in these samples (as low as –115‰). The isotopic signatures corroborate that archaea were involved in the cycling of seepage-derived organic carbon at the ancient localities. Another Miocene limestone ("Marmorito limestone") shows a strong imprint of methanotrophic bacteria as indicated by δ13C values of carbonate as low as –40‰ and biomarker evidence. Epifluorescence microscopy and field-emission scanning electron microscopy revealed that bacterial biofilms were involved in carbonate aggregation. In addition to lucinid bivalves previously reported from both localities, we infer that sponges from Beauvoisin and tube worms from Marmorito depended on chemosynthesis as well. Low δ13C values of nodules related to sponge taphonomy (–27‰) indicate that sponges might have been linked to an enhanced hydrocarbon oxidation. Tube worm fossils from Marmorito closely resemble chemosynthetic pogonophoran tube worms from Recent cold seeps and are embedded in isotopically light carbonate (δ13C –30‰).
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    Novel 16S rRNA gene sequences retrieved from highly saline brine sediments of Kebrit Deep, Red Sea (1999)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 172 (1999), S. 213-218 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Key words 16S rRNA gene sequences ; Phylogeny ; Bacteria ; Archaea ; Brines ; Kebrit Deep ; Red Sea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In this study, we report on first 16S rRNA gene sequences from highly saline brine sediments taken at a depth of 1,515 m in the Kebrit Deep, northern Red Sea. Microbial DNA extracted directly from the sediments was subjected to PCR amplification with primers specific for bacterial and archaeal 16S rRNA gene sequences. The PCR products were cloned, and a total of 11 (6 bacterial and 5 archaeal) clone types were determined by restriction endonuclease digestion. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that most of the cloned sequences were unique, showing no close association with sequences of cultivated organisms or sequences derived from environmental samples. The bacterial clone sequences form a novel phylogenetic lineage (KB1 group) that branches between the Aquificales and the Thermotogales. The archaeal clone sequences group within the Euryarchaeota. Some of the sequences cluster with the group II and group III uncultivated archaea sequence clones, while two clone groups form separate branches. Our results suggest that hitherto unknown archaea and bacteria may thrive in highly saline brines of the Red Sea under extreme environmental conditions.
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    Model and analysis of chemotactic bacterial patterns in a liquid medium (1999)
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    Journal of mathematical biology 38 (1999), S. 359-375 
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    ISSN: 1432-1416
    Keywords: Key words: Chemotaxis ; Partial differential equations ; Bacteria ; Mathematical Modeling ; Pattern formation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract.  A variety of spatial patterns are formed chemotactically by the bacteria Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium. We focus in this paper on patterns formed by E. coli and S. typhimurium in liquid medium experiments. The dynamics of the bacteria, nutrient and chemoattractant are modeled mathematically and give rise to a nonlinear partial differential equation system. We present a simple and intuitively revealing analysis of the patterns generated by our model. Patterns arise from disturbances to a spatially uniform solution state. A linear analysis gives rise to a second order ordinary differential equation for the amplitude of each mode present in the initial disturbance. An exact solution to this equation can be obtained, but a more intuitive understanding of the solutions can be obtained by considering the rate of growth of individual modes over small time intervals.
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    Stability of buprenorphine, haloperidol and glycopyrrolate mixture in a 0.9 % sodium chloride solution (1999)
    Springer
    Pharmacy world & science 21 (1999), S. 272-274 
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    ISSN: 1573-739X
    Keywords: Stability ; Buprenorphine ; Glycopyrrolate ; Haloperidol ; Polypropylene ; Polyvinyl chloride ; PVC ; Syringes ; Cassettes ; Bacteria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Combinations of opioids and adjuvant drug solutions are often used in clinical practice while little information is available on their microbiological or chemical stability. Currently there are no commercially available, prepacked, ready‐to‐use epidural or subcutaneous mixtures. Thus, epidural and subcutaneous analgesic mixtures must be prepared in the pharmacy on an as‐needed basis. Such mixtures are typically used for the treatment of severe pain in cancer patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the microbiological and chemical stability of a buprenorphine, haloperidol and glycopyrrolate mixture in a 0.9% sodium chloride solution. A high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method and pH‐meter were used to conduct the analyses. Antimicrobial activity of each component was studied by an agar dilution method. According to the results from the chemical and microbiological stability studies, this mixture can be stored in polypropylene (PP) syringes and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) medication cassettes for at least 30 days at either 21 °C or 4 °C, and for 16 days in PP syringes at 36 °C, and for 9 days in PVC medication cassettes at 36 °C.
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    Recognition and molecular evolution in bacteria (1999)
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    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1999), S. 7-10 
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    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Bacteria ; evolution ; molecular ; pairing ; recognition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract One principal function of biological molecules in bacteria is to recognize other molecules. This allows cells to assemble for regulated enzymatic catalysis and the integration of biochemical pathways. Recognition is also an essential and a specific property in base pairing of DNA in the double helix. Therefore, recognition events must have been central to early self-assembly of primitive genetic material, genomes, cells, genetic recombination and especially in enzyme-substrate-product recognition events. Molecular recognition events are examined with an emphasis on their central role in early prokaryotic evolution.
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    Why on Earth: Self-assembly of the first bacterial cell to abundantand diverse bacterial species (1999)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1999), S. 297-304 
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    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Bacteria ; cell ; diversity ; division ; Earth ; evolution ; metabolism ; self-assembly ; surfaces
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract About 80% of the evolutionary history of life on Earth is restricted to microorganisms which have had several billion years to speciate. The reasons for the origin (self-assembly) of life on Earth, bacterial cell division and why there are so many different bacteria and their global dispersal are discussed from an evolutionary perspective.
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    Evolution of gene transfer in bacteria (1999)
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    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1999), S. 1-6 
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    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Bacteria ; conjugation ; DNA ; evolution ; gene transfer ; transduction ; transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract The transfer of genetic information by transformation, conjugation and transduction in bacteria occurs frequently in nature. These diverse gene transfer mechanisms in bacteria are the result of evolution and are not linked to reproduction as in eukaryotic organisms. In this review, gene transfer in bacteria will be considered from an evolutionary perspective.
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    Dynamics and stratification of bacteria and fungi in the organic layers of a scots pine forest soil (1998)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 26 (1998), S. 313-322 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Fungi ; Bacteria ; Nitrogen ; Scots pine ; Stratification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The abundance and micro-stratification of bacteria and fungi inhabiting the organic layers of a Scots pine forest (Pinus sylvestris L.) were investigated. An experiment using stratified litterbags, containing organic material of four degradation stages (fresh litter, litter, fragmented litter and humus) was performed over a period of 2.5 years. Dynamics and stratification of fluorescent stained bacteria and fungi, ratios between bacterial and fungal biomass, and relationships with moisture and temperature are described. Average bacterial counts in litter and fragmented litter were similar, i.e., approximately 5×109 bacteriag–1 (dry weight) organic matter, and significantly exceeded those in humus. The mean bacterial biomass ranged from 0.338 to 0.252mg carbon (C) g–1 (dry weight) organic matter. Lengths of mycelia were significantly below the usually recorded amounts for comparable temperate coniferous forests. The highest average hyphal length, 53mg–1 (dry weight) organic matter, was recorded in litter and decreased significantly with depth. The corresponding mean fungal biomass ranged from 0.050 to 0.009mg Cg–1 (dry weight). The abundance of bacteria and fungi was influenced by water content, that of fungi also by temperature. A litterbag series with freshly fallen litter of standard quality, renewed bimonthly, revealed a clear seasonal pattern with microbial biomass peaks in winter. The mean hyphal length was 104mg–1 (dry weight) and mean number of bacteria, 2.40×109 bacteria g–1 (dry weight). Comparable bacterial and fungal biomass C were found in the freshly fallen litter [0.154 and 0.132mgCg–1 (dry weight) organic material, respectively]. The ratio of bacterial-to-fungal biomass C increased from 1.2 in fresh litter to 28.0 in humus. The results indicate the existence of an environmental stress factor affecting the abundance of fungi in the second phase of decomposition. High atmospheric nitrogen deposition is discussed as a prime factor to explain low fungal biomass and the relatively short lengths of fungal hyphae in some of the forest soil layers under study.
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    Effects of marigold (Tagetes sp.) roots on soil microorganisms (1998)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 27 (1998), S. 149-154 
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    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Marigold ; Tagetes ; Rhizosphere ; Nematode suppression ; Bacteria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  Marigolds (genus Tagetes) suppress populations of soil endopathogenic nematodes such as Pratylenchus penetrans and Meloidogyne species. Nematode suppression by marigolds is thought to be due to thiophenes, heterocyclic sulfur-containing molecules abundant in this plant. When activated, thiophenes such as α-terthienyl produce oxygen radicals. If marigold roots release such a powerful biocidal agent and it is activated in soil, microbial populations in the marigold rhizosphere should be substantially perturbed. We made various measurements of microbial population size and activity in soils that had been cropped to marigolds (Crackerjack, Creole) in the field and in the greenhouse, and compared these with bare soil and soil cropped to rye (Secale cereale L.). Total extractable microbial biomass (measured by the fumigation extraction method), total bacteria (measured by epifluorescence microscopy on 5-(4,6-dichlorotriazine-2-γl) aminofluorescein-stained preparations), heterotrophic bacteria (measured by plate count on various media), and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (measured by the most-probable-number method) were not significantly different in any of the treatments. Residues of 14C-labelled rye were mineralized slightly more rapidly in rye-cropped soil than in the other treatments, which were comparable. The rates of die-back of introduced cells of the bacteria Escherichia coli and Rhodococcus TE1 were similar in marigold-cropped and control soils, suggesting that there was not a noteworthy accumulation of biocidal agents in soils cropped to marigolds. We conclude that marigolds do not cause a general depression in the numbers of microorganisms in soils, and that nematode control by this plant may not be due to the release of a biocidal agent into the soil.
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    Forest soil community responses to plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and spruce seedlings (1998)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 26 (1998), S. 179-186 
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    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Inoculation ; Bacteria ; Soil ; Community ; Changes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The influence of plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and spruce seedlings on the composition and activity of forest soil microbial communities was studied in a microcosm experiment in which sterile, sand-filled 25mm×150mm glass tubes were treated with a forest soil suspension containing Bacillus or Pseudomonas PGPR and 2-week-old spruce seedlings. Eighteen weeks after treatments were established, bacterial, actinomycete and fungal population sizes were determined by dilution plating, as were seedling dry weights and soil carbon substrate utilization profiles using Biolog plates. PGPR inoculation had little influence on the population sizes of actinomycetes or fungi. However, significant effects were detected on the total bacterial population size, primarily in microcosms without seedlings. Euclidean distances between treatments plotted on two dimensions by multidimensional scaling showed that the introduction of PGPR strains changed the type of microbial community, particularly when inoculated into soil without seedlings. Significant changes were also detected in one soil type in the presence of seedlings. Our results suggest that the type of soil community and the presence of seedlings are significant factors influencing the responses of soil communities to bacterial inoculation, and that for some soil communities, the presence of seedlings may mitigate perturbations caused by the introduction of PGPR.
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    Characterization of natural colloids from a river and spring in a karstic basin (1998)
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    Environmental geology 34 (1998), S. 257-269 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Key words Colloids ; Particle size distribution ; Karstic aquifer ; Analytical techniques ; Bacteria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  Colloids are known to transport contaminants over long distances in natural media. Despite this potentially harmful effect, very few studies have been undertaken in subsurface aquifers. This paper presents the first results of a study of natural colloids and particles in a karstic aquifer. The site was chosen for its coverage by clay layers and peat which deliver various and numerous particle types in water. The methodological part describes three methods used for size determination and sample fractionation of surface water and spring water. These methods have been adapted for the treatment of multiple samples due to the rapid discharge variation typical of karstic aquifers. The analysis of many particle size distributions (PSD) shows that they can be described by a Pareto law. The variation of the slope of the PSD at the spring is mainly dependent on discharge. This behavior is interpreted as a washing of the karstic drains during the first phase of high flow events. Fractionation of the samples allowed application of various characterization techniques to particle size classes. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns showed that most of the mineral particles originated from Quaternary deposits and limestones. However the use of scanning electron micrsocopy with energy-dispersive spectrometer (SEM-EDS) detailed the composition of individual particles and revealed particles not found by XRD. These techniques also showed the high complexity of the natural particles and the important place of coprecipitation in their formation. Consequences on the fluxes of particulate matter and its potential role as a carrier of contaminants are discussed.
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    The effect of distribution of iron-oxyhydroxide grain coatings on the transport of bacterial cells in porous media (1998)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 33 (1998), S. 243-248 
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    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Key words Transport ; Bacteria ; Iron ; Groundwater
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  Among the demonstrated processes influencing the transport of bacteria through aquifers, the deposition of cells on mineral surfaces is one of the most important. For example, understanding the transport of introduced bacteria through aquifers is essential to designing some in situ bioremediation schemes. The impact of the presence and distribution of Fe(III)-oxyhydroxide-coated sand grains on bacterial transport through porous media was evaluated in column experiments in which bacteria (short rods; 1.2 μm length) were eluted through columns of quartz sand (0.5–0.6 mm in diameter) for several conditions of chemical heterogeneity of mineral substrate. Fe(III)-oxyhydroxide-coated sand was present as 10% of the mass, and it was arranged in three treatments: (1) homogeneously distributed, and present as a discrete layer (2) at the top and (3) at the bottom of 14-cm-long sand columns. A pulse input of 108 cells ml–1 was introduced in an artificial groundwater solution flowing at 14 cm h–1 through the column, and eluted cells were counted. Peak breakthrough occurred at 1.0 pore volume. A large proportion of cells were retained; 14.7–15.8% of the cells were recovered after three pore volumes of solution had eluted through clean quartz sand, and only 2.1–4.0% were recovered from the Fe(III)-oxyhydroxide-coated sand mixtures. The three physical arrangements of the chemical heterogeneity resulted in essentially the same breakthrough of cells, indicating that the spatial distribution of iron coating does not affect the transport of bacteria. The results of the column transport experiments, which mimic hydrogeological conditions encountered in field problems, are consistent with our mechanistic understanding of bacterial sorption.
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    Cell-based panning as a means to isolate phage display Fabs specific for a bacterial surface protein (1998)
    Springer
    Methods in cell science 20 (1998), S. 241-249 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0603
    Keywords: Adhesin ; Antibody ; Bacteria ; Fab ; Phage display
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Surface proteins provide a multitude of functions for the bacterial cell. Antibodies to these proteins can provide tools for tagging bacteria and characterizing protein function. Phage display technology has emerged as a powerful method for producing monoclonal Fabs in Escherichia coli. In an effort to study the adhesion mechanisms of Streptococcus parasanguis FW213, Fabs specific for the surface adhesin protein Fap1 were produced using phage display. The immune repertoire of a mouse injected with purified Fap1 was cloned into the phagemid vector pCOMB3, and a combinatorial Fab library was expressed in E. coli. A cell-based panning method using whole S. parasanguis cells was developed and has been shown to be a means for enriching for Fabs specific for the Fap1 protein.
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    Bacterial Biodiversity in Soil with an Emphasis on Chemically-Contaminated Soils (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 101 (1998), S. 45-67 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Bacteria ; biodiversity ; chemically-contaminated ; ecology ; microorganisms ; molecular ; PCR ; soil ; toxic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Microorganisms isolated from soil are sources of known and new microorganisms and genetic material. This review examines general principles of soil bacterial biodiversity, limitations in sampling soils, and examples of bacterial diversity in chemically-contaminated soils. Both conventional and molecular methods used to assess microbial biodiversity in soils will be addressed as well as selected examples of the effects of organic and inorganic pollutants on soil microbial diversity.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004953404594
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    Enhancement of bacterial efficiency for metal removal using mutation techniques (1998)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 14 (1998), S. 853-856 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Bacteria ; heavy metals ; mutation ; enhancement
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract The objective of the present study was to obtain by mutation and selection techniques bacterial strains capable of removing heavy metals at high efficiency. Four of the bacteria most promising in metal uptake, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus Sphaericus, B. licheniformis and Arthrobacter sp. were selected after isolation from water heavily polluted with heavy metals. Two mutagenic agents were used: U.V. irradiation at 245nm (physical) and 1% ethidium bromide (chemical). Optimum conditions for metal removal by most of the tested bacteria were: pH 9, 50°C and 200rev/min agitation speed. Induction of mutation both physically or chemically resulted in mutants that were superior over their wild types in removing heavy metals under investigation. The highest removal efficiencies (REs) achieved were in the following order: Cd(89.9–100%); Cr(87.3–99.7%); Zn(47.7–100%); Cu(40.8–84.7%); Pb(40.2–51%); Fe(17.5–28.7%); Ni(13.8–23.9%) and finally Co(17.2–18.4%). Using mixed cultures of the wild and the selected mutants enhanced the RE(s) of some metals compared to those obtained by individual species, and the time required to achieve the highest RE was reduced.
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    Evaluation of the selective respiratory inhibition method for measuring the ratio of fungal:bacterial activity in acid agricultural soils (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 25 (1997), S. 354-360 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Substrate-induced respiration ; Selective ; inhibition ; Prokaryote:eukaryote ratio ; Arable soils ; Fungi ; Bacteria ; Cycloheximide ; Streptomycin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A procedure for the measurement of the fungal and bacterial contribution to substrate-induced respiration was tested in three arable soils. Glucose and different amounts of cycloheximide (eukaryote inhibitor) and streptomycin sulfate (prokaryote inhibitor) were added to soil suspensions, and respiration (CO2 evolution) was measured. Streptomycin sulfate concentrations from 10 to 120 mg ml–1 soil solution caused a stable inhibition of respiration. Amounts of cycloheximide ranging from 5 to 35 mg ml–1 showed an increasing inhibition. In a test with separate and combined addition of the antibiotics at maximum inhibitory concentrations, inhibition by streptomycin was completely overlapped by cycloheximide. This indicated non-target inhibition which may lead to overestimation of fungal respiration. Experiments with sterilized soils inoculated with either fungi or bacteria confirmed that streptomycin selectively inhibited bacteria. Cycloheximide, however, did not only inhibit fungal respiration already at 2 mg ml–1, but also increasingly inhibited bacterial respiration at increasing concentrations. Only at less than 5 mg cycloheximide ml–1 was the condition of selective fungal inhibition fulfilled. When 2 mg cycloheximide and 10 mg streptomycin sulfate ml–1 were applied, the sum of the separate inhibitions almost equalled the combined inhibition by the mix of both inhibitors in field samples. This method yielded fungal:bacterial respiration ratios of 0.50 to 0.60, and confirmed the dominance of bacteria in Dutch arable soils. The ratios obtained by the selective inhibitors were not correlated with, and were higher than, ratios of fungal:bacterial biovolume (0.19 to 0.46) as determined by microscopy and image analysis. Similar measurements in a forest soil (A-horizon) raised doubts on the reliability of the fungal inhibition by cycloheximide in this soil. It is concluded that the separate:combined inhibition ratio should always be checked, and comparison with other approaches is recommended.
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    Glycoproteins in prokaryotes (1997)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 168 (1997), S. 169-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Key words Glycoprotein ; Glycosylation ; Bacteria ; Archaea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Rather recently it has become clear that prokaryotes (Archaea and Bacteria) are able to glycosylate proteins. A literature survey revealed the different types of glycoproteins. They include mainly surface layer (S-layer) proteins, flagellins, and polysaccharide-degrading enzymes. Only in a few cases is structural information available. Many different structures have been observed that display much more variation than that observed in eukaryotes. A few studies have given evidence for the function of the prokaryotic glycoprotein glycans. Also from the biosynthetic point of view, information is rather scarce. Due to their different cell structure, prokaryotes have to use mechanisms different from those found in eukaryotes to glycosylate proteins. However, from the fragmented data available for the prokaryotic glycoproteins, similarities with the eukaryotic system can be noticed.
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    The theory of everything and molecular evolution (1997)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 14 (1997), S. 171-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Bacteria ; DNA ; evolution ; molecular ; optimization ; RNA ; theory ; time
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract The theory of everything is discussed in relationship to early bacterial molecular evolution. The emphasis is on time, space (or location at the molecular level), the universal construction kit (elements contained in periodic table) and change per units of time that were necessary for early bacterial molecular evolution to occur.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008817726536
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    The effect of fumonisin B1 on the growth of bacteria (1997)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 13 (1997), S. 539-543 
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    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Bacteria ; fumonisins ; metabolism ; mycotoxins ; toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Fumonisins are mycotoxins produced by several Fusarium species which are common contaminants of maize and maize products. Their toxicity and carcinogenicity for animals ingesting these toxins have been clearly demonstrated, but, there are no studies on the effect of fumonisins on bacteria. In this study various Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria including typical representatives of the human intestinal flora were grown in the presence of 50 to 1000 μM fumonisin B1 and the fumonisin concentrations in the culture medium were determined after incubation for a certain period. No inhibition of bacterial growth was observed, indicating that this mycotoxin is non-toxic for the bacteria investigated. There was no indication that fumonisin B1 was metabolized by the bacteria as its concentration in the culture medium did not decrease during the incubation period.
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    Isolation of polyhydroxyalkanoate-producing bacteria from an integrated-farming pond and palm-oil mill effluent ponds (1997)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 13 (1997), S. 707-709 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Bacteria ; integrated-farming pond ; isolation ; palm-oil mill effluent ; PHA ; screening
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Bacterial isolates from two environments, an integrated-farming pond in the university and palm-oil mill effluent (POME) ponds at a local palm-oil-processing factory, were screened for polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs). Initially Sudan Black B staining was performed to detect lipid cellular inclusions. Lipid-positive isolates were then grown in a nitrogen-limiting medium containing 2% (w/v) glucose to promote accumulation of PHA before the subsequent Nile Blue A staining. The PHA extracted from positive isolates was confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The proportion of PHA-positive bacterial isolates was higher in the POME ponds compared to the integrated-farming pond.
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    Bacterial population genetics (1997)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 14 (1997), S. 1-5 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Bacteria ; DNA ; evolution ; genetics ; genome ; molecular ; population
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Bacterial population genetics is the study of natural bacterial genetic diversity arising from evolutionary processes. The roles of molecular mistakes, restriction–modification, plasmids and gene transfer in bacteria are also important components of population genetics. These aspects are of considerable scientific importance from a fundamental perspective, because of the short generation times of bacteria, their microscopic cell size, the large population sizes bacteria can achieve and their different mechanisms of gene transfer.
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    The use of laser scanning confocal microscopy to characterize mycorrhizas of Pinus strobus L. and to localize associated bacteria (1996)
    Springer
    Mycorrhiza 6 (1996), S. 431-440 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1890
    Keywords: Key words Ectomycorrhizas ; Pinus strobus ; Bacteria ; Confocal microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM), light microscopy (LM) and epifluorescence microscopy (FM) were used to observe the extramatrical hyphae, mantle patterns and associated bacteria on mycorrhizal tips of Pinus strobus L. seedlings grown in pot cultures. Laccaria sp. and Tuber sp. formed ectomycorrhizas with Pinus strobus, while Phialophora finlandia Wang & Wilcox and E-strain (sensu Danielson 1982) formed ectendomycorrhizas. Distinct mantle patterns and cystidia were observed with greater resolution using LSCM, and intracellular hyphae were visualized in three dimensions. Trypan blue penetrated fresh whole mounts to 20 μm and was an excellent stain for visualizing fungal hyphae and bacteria with LSCM. Fluorescein isothiocyanate and acridine orange were used in conjunction with LSCM and FM to localize bacteria on ectomycorrhizal tips. With LSCM, bacteria were visible in the surface mucigel, and optical sectioning through the root tip showed that bacteria were also present within the mantle. LSCM is a non-intrusive and fast method for visualizing mycorrhizal structures and their associated bacteria on fresh, whole root tips.
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    Biodegradation of chlorothalonil in soil after suppression of degradation (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 23 (1996), S. 340-345 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Biodegradation ; Cometabolism ; Bacteria ; Soil ; Fungicide ; Chlorothalonil ; Acclimation ; Repeated application
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract the degradation rate of chlorothalonil (2,4,5,6-tetrachloroisophthalonitrile) was significantly decreased after repeated application in field experiments. However, the degradation rate completely recovered after further application of chlorothalonil. Chlorothalonil was also degraded in a laboratory study, forming a stoichiometric amount of chloride anion. 4-Hydroxy-2,5,6-trichloroisophthalonitrile (TPN-OH) was also detected as a metabolite in the study. Bacterial which degrade chlorothalonil rapidly were isolated from the soil. The cell suspension of the bacteria transformed chlorothalonil to TPN-OH and chloride anion, but did not utilize chlorothalonil (=cometabolism). It seems that microbial acclimation has occurred during repeated application because the bacteria could not be detected in soil which was not treated with chlorothalonil.
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    Continuous defoliation of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and white clover (Trifolium repens) and associated changes in the composition and activity of the microbial population of an upland grassland soil (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 24 (1996), S. 52-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Defoliation ; Microbial biomass ; Microbial populations ; Dehydrogenase activity ; Respiration ; Bacteria ; Fungi ; Upland grassland ; Upland soil ; Pseudomonas spp.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A microcosm study was conducted to investigate the effect of continuous plant defoliation on the composition and activity of microbial populations in the rhizosphere of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and white clover (Trifolium repens). Continuous defoliation of ryegrass and clover resulted in significant (P〈0.01) increases in soil microbial biomass, although whilst increases were measured from day 2 in soil sown with clover significant increases were only seen from day 21 in soil sown with ryegrass. These increases were paralleled, from day 10 onwards, by increases in the numbers of culturable bacteria. Numbers of Pseudomonas spp. also increased in the later stages of the study. No influence on culturable fungal populations was detected. Whilst shifts in the composition of the microbial populations were measured in response to defoliation there was little effect on microbial activity. No changes in either dehydrogenase activity or microbial respiration in the rhizosphere of ryegrass or clover were measured in response to defoliation, but both dehydrogenase activity and microbial respiration were greater in ryegrass than clover when values over the whole study were combined. Continuous defoliation resulted in significant (P〈0.001) reductions in the root dry weight of ryegrass and clover, of the order 19% and 16%, respectively.
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    Biodegradation of chlorothalonil in soil after suppression of degradation (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 23 (1996), S. 340-345 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Biodegradation ; Cometabolism ; Bacteria ; Soil ; Fungicide ; Chlorothalonil ; Acclimation ; Repeated application
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The degradation rate of chlorothalonil (2,4,5,6-tetrachloroisophthalonitrile) was significantly decreased after repeated application in field experiments. However, the degradation rate completely recovered after further application of chlorothalonil. Chlorothalonil was also degraded in a laboratory study, forming a stoichiometric amount of chloride anion. 4-Hydroxy-2,5,6-trichloroisophthalonitrile (TPN-OH) was also detected as a metabolite in the study. Bacterial which degrade chlorothalonil rapidly were isolated from the soil. The cell suspension of the bacteria transformed chlorothalonil to TPN-OH and chloride anion, but did not utilize chlorothalonil (=cometabolism). It seems that microbial acclimation has occurred during repeated application because the bacteria could not be detected in soil which was not treated with chlorothalonil.
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    Protease and deaminase activities in wheat rhizosphere and their relation to bacterial and protozoan populations (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 23 (1996), S. 99-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Rhizosphere effect ; Protease activity ; Deaminase activity ; Bacteria ; Protozoa ; Nitrogen mineralization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Protease and deaminase activities and population dynamics of bacteria and protozoa were measured in the rhizosphere of wheat to study their interactions with the mineralization of nitrogen. The experimental design allowed the separation of roots and soil material by means of a gauze. The most pronounced “rhizosphere effect” was detected for all the measured variables in the soil closest to the gauze. The number of bacteria was significantly higher in the presence than in the absence of plants up to 4 mm away from the soil-root interface and the closer to this interface the higher the number. Protozoan and bacterial population dynamics were positively correlated; generally, populations of flagellates and amoebae were comparable and their sum accounted for the population of total protozoa. For both enzyme activities the rhizosphere effect extended up to 2 mm away from the soil-root interface. The histidinase activity was of bacterial origin, while it is likely that bacteria, protozoa and root hair all contributed to the overall caseinase activity. Decomposition of root exudates and native organic matter in the rhizosphere, reflected by a growing microbial population, is associated with nitrogen mineralization through increases in caseinhydrolysing and L-histidine-deaminating activities. The adopted soil-plant microcosm is suitable for the study of the rhizosphere effect over time of incubation and distance gradient from the soil-root interface.
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    Protease and deaminase activities in wheat rhizosphere and their relation to bacterial and protozoan populations (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 23 (1996), S. 99-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Rhizosphere effect ; Protease activity ; Deaminase activity ; Bacteria ; Protozoa ; Nitrogen mineralization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Protease and deaminase activities and population dynamics of bacteria and protozoa were measured in the rhizosphere of wheat to study their interactions with the mineralization of nitrogen. The experimental design allowed the separation of roots and soil material by means of a gauze. The most pronounced „rhizosphere effect” was detected for all the measured variables in the soil closest to the gauze. The number of bacteria was significantly higher in the presence than in the absence of plants up to 4mm away from the soil-root interface and the closer to this interface the higher the number. Protozoan and bacterial population dynamics were positively correlated; generally, populations of flagellates and amoebae were comparable and their sum accounted for the population of total protozoa. For both enzyme activities the rhizosphere effect extended up to 2mm away from the soil-root interface. The histidinase activity was of bacterial origin, while it is likely that bacteria, protozoa and root hair all contributed to the overall caseinase activity. Decomposition of root exudates and native organic matter in the rhizosphere, reflected by a growing microbial population, is associated with nitrogen mineralization through increases in casein-hydrolysing and l-histidine-deaminating activities. The adopted soil-plant microcosm is suitable for the study of the rhizosphere effect over time of incubation and distance gradient from the soil-root interface.
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    Changes in soil fungal:bacterial biomass ratios following reductions in the intensity of management of an upland grassland (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 22 (1996), S. 261-264 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Phospholipid fatty acids ; Substrate-induced respiration ; Fungi ; Bacteria ; Sheep-grazing ; Fertiliser ; Lime ; Microbial biomass ; Soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In this study we examined the effect on soil fungal:bacterial biomass ratios of withholding fertiliser, lime, and sheep-grazing from reseeded upland grassland. The cessation of fertiliser applications on limed and grazed grassland resulted in a reduction in soil pH from 5.4 to 5.1. The cessation of fertiliser applications and liming on grazed grassland resulted in a fall in pH from 5.4 to 4.7, whereas withholding fertiliser and lime and the removal of grazing resulted in a further reduction to pH 4.5. Substrate-induced respiration was reduced in the unfertilised grazed (21%; P〈0.01) and unfertilised ungrazed (36%; P〈0.001) treatments. Bacterial substrate-induced respiration and bacterial fatty acids were unaffected by the treatments. The relative abundance of the fungal fatty acid 18:2ω6 increased by 39 and 72% (P〈0.05) in the limed grazed and unfertilised grazed treatments, respectively. Fungal substrate-induced respiration increased in the limed grazed (18%) and unfertilised grazed (65%; P〈0.05) treatments. The ratio of 18:2ω6: bacterial fatty acids was correlated with the ratio of fungal:bacterial substrate-induced respiration (r=0.69; P〈0.001).
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    Changes in soil fungal:bacterial biomass ratios following reductions in the intensity of management of an upland grassland (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 22 (1996), S. 261-264 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Phospholipid fatty acids ; Substrate-induced respiration ; Fungi ; Bacteria ; Sheep-grazing ; Fertiliser ; Lime ; Microbial biomass ; Soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In this study we examined the effect on soil fungal:bacterial biomass ratios of withholding fertiliser, lime, and sheep-grazing from reseeded upland grassland. The cessation of fertiliser applications on limed and grazed grassland resulted in a reduction in soil pH from 5.4 to 5.1. The cessation of fertiliser applications and liming on grazed grassland resulted in a fall in pH from 5.4 to 4.7, whereas withholding fertiliser and lime and the removal of grazing resulted in a further reduction to pH 4.5. Substrate-induced respiration was reduced in the unfertilised grazed (21%; P〈0.01) and unfertilised ungrazed (36%; P〈0.001) treatments. Bacterial substrate-induced respiration and bacterial fatty acids were unaffected by the treatments. The relative abundance of the fungal fatty acid 18:2ω6 increased by 39 and 72% (P〈0.05) in the limed grazed and unfertilised grazed treatments, respectively. Fungal substrate-induced respiration increased in the limed grazed (18%) and unfertilised grazed (65%; P〈0.05) treatments. The ratio of 18:2ω6: bacterial fatty acids was correlated with the ratio of fungal:bacterial substrate-induced respiration (r=0.69; P〈0.001).
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    The ruminant digestion model using bacteria already employed early in evolution by symbiotic molluscs (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 43 (1996), S. 523-527 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Symbiotic molluscs ; Ruminent digestion model ; Bacteria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The purification and some molecular properties of six lysozymes from the gills of different mytilids and vesicomyids are described: they belong to the previously described Invertebrate lysozyme family. The predominance of the bacterial nutrition in these organisms seems to necessitate the presence of a lysozyme as in the case of the ruminant digestion model.
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    The distance between bacterial species in sequence space (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 42 (1996), S. 617-630 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Bacteria ; Species ; Sequence space ; Cytochromec ; Azurin ; Pseudomonas ; Rhodospirillaceae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Despite the revolution caused by information from macromolecular sequences, the basis of bacterial classification remains the genus and the species. How do these terms relate to the variety of bacteria that exist on earth? In this paper, the inter- and intraspecies differences in amino acid sequence of several bacterial electron transport proteins, cytochromesc, and blue copper proteins are compared. For the soil and water organisms studied, bacterial species can be classed as “tight” when there is little intraspecies variation, or “loose” when this variation is large. For this set of proteins and organisms, interspecies variation is much larger than that within a species. Examples of “tight” species arePseudomonas aeruginosa andRhodobacter sphaeroides, whilePseudomonas stutzeri andRhodopseudomonas palustris are loose species. The results are discussed in the context of the origin and age of bacterial species, and the distribution of genomes in “sequence space.” The situation is probably different for commensal or pathogenic bacteria, whose population structure and evolution are linked to the properties of another organism.
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    The rhizosphere effect of tea on soil microbes in a Himalayan monsoonal location (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 21 (1996), S. 131-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Rhizosphere ; Non-rhizosphere ; R:S ratio ; Tea ; Colony-forming unit ; Actinomycetes ; Bacteria ; Fungi ; Camellia sinensis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Monthly investigations of the microbial population associated with tea soils, in terms of colony-forming units assessed by the plate-count method, were carried out at three different soil depths for a period of 12 months. Three groups of microbes, bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi, were examined. Contrary to general observations, the rhizosphere:soil ratios were found to be consistently below 1 in samples taken from established tea bushes, indicating an overall negative rhizosphere effect. Interactions among certain microorganisms may also have contributed to this effect. Nevertheless, the rhizosphere of young tea plants and that of a number of other perennial plants, of different ages, growing in established tea fields, appeared to stimulate microbial growth. The negative effect of the rhizosphere of older tea bushes does not appear to be a common phenomenon that is related to the aging of plants in general, but seems to be unique and specific to tea plants.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00335924
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    Bacterial nutrition of great scallop larvae (1996)
    Springer
    Aquaculture international 4 (1996), S. 215-223 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-143X
    Keywords: Bacteria ; Nutrition ; Great scallop (Pecten maximus) ; Larvae ; Tracer technique
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Bacterial nutrition of great scallop, Pecten moximus, larvae was investigated using the radioactive tracer technique. The bacterial labelling was studied initially to obtain a high and stable specific radioactivity (14C) of bacterial cells. A higher bacterial specific 14C activity was obtained when the tracer (amino acid) was introduced in the culture medium at the beginning of the exponential growth phase. After a 12 h labelling period in a rich nutritive medium, the bacteria were depurated in seawater for 5 h (chase) to prevent further 14C excretion and then added to larval rearing vessels. The larval labelling was followed for 12 h and then larvae were placed in new vessels without radioactive bacteria. The depuration of larvae was followed for 3 days. Data obtained on ingestion and assimilation efficiency show that bivalve larvae are able to ingest and digest bacteria.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00117383
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    Examination of Antarctic prokaryotic diversity through molecular comparisons (1996)
    Springer
    Biodiversity and conservation 5 (1996), S. 1295-1305 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9710
    Keywords: Archaea ; Bacteria ; Antarctica ; biodiversity ; 16S rRNA ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Prokaryotes perform key functions in Antarctic ecosystems, and knowledge of the taxonomy of Antarctic prokaryotes is a prerequisite for the transfer of information between fields of scientific inquiry. The taxonomy of prokaryotes has been greatly revised and improved due to the refinements afforded by molecular techniques such as 16S rRNA sequencing. Past inventories of Antarctic microbial diversity are difficult to reconcile with the developing, phylogenetically-based taxonomy. Antarctic prokaryotes are considerably diverse and most evolutionary groups are represented, including representatives of both Archaea and Bacteria. The diversity appears unique due to the ease with which new species can be isolated; however, that may be a result of our vastly incomplete knowledge of both Antarctic and non-Antarctic prokaryotic diversity. Use of the 16S rRNA gene as a molecular clock would suggest that the majority of Antarctic prokaryotes diverged from their nearest known non-Antarctic relatives long before a stable ice-sheet developed in Antarctica. The time of colonization (or recolonization) of Antarctic environments by individual species may have been very recent in evolutionary time scales.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00051980
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    Vitamin requirements in great scallop larvae (1996)
    Springer
    Aquaculture international 4 (1996), S. 315-324 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-143X
    Keywords: Bacteria ; Great scallop Pecten maximus ; Microalgae ; Nutrition ; Vitamins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Vitamins were analysed in food (microalgae) and larvae of great scallop, Pecten maximus, during larval development. Microalgae used to feed larvae in hatcheries show great variability in their vitamin composition depending on both the species and culture condition (phase of growth). The microalgae used to feed Pecten maximus larvae were rich in vitamins; their content compared with diets used in fish culture appeared sufficient, with the possible exceptions of pyridoxine, biotin and pantothenic acid. Vitamins in bacteria, isolated from the larval rearing tank were also analysed, as they can also contribute to the diet. Vitamin B12, α-tocopherol and Β-carotene were detected in very low concentration in bacteria; however, some bacterial strains were rich in pantothenic acid, and the pattern of other vitamins was similar to that from microalgae. The presence of bacteria can complement the diet in panthothenic acid, as it has been demonstrated that bacteria are ingested by larvae. The vitamin content of Pecten maximus larvae was analysed from the second day after hatching to just before metamorphosis. The content of some vitamins, ascorbic acid (C), α-tocopherol and Β-carotene, increased during larval development, suggesting that their requirement was satisfied. However, thiamin and riboflavin decreased during larval development and further studies, possibly using microencapsulated vitamins supplements, are needed to determine whether these vitamins are limiting during larval development.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00120948
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    Short communication: Isolation of a bacterium capable of limited degradation of industrial and labelled, natural and synthetic lignins (1996)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 12 (1996), S. 111-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Bacteria ; degradation ; Kraft-lignin ; lignocellulose ; synthetic lignin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Pseudomonas putida, isolated from decomposing plant materials, degraded several lignin-related aromatic compounds. After 30 days of incubation in media containing polymeric Kraft-lignin (PKL), the amount of Klason lignin had decreased by about 13%. When 14C-labelled dehydropolymers of coniferyl alcohol (DHP) lignins and 14C-lignin-lignocelluloses were used as substrates, mineralization to 14CO2 by the P. putida strain ranged from 1.4% to 2.1%.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00327817
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    Factors determining rock phosphate solubilization by microorganisms isolated from soil (1996)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 12 (1996), S. 567-572 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Bacteria ; fungi ; rock phosphate ; solubilization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Forty two soil isolates (31 bacteria and 11 fungi) were studied for their ability to solubilize rock phosphate and calcium phosphate in culture medium. Eight bacteria and 8 fungi possessed solubilizing ability. Pseudomonas cepacia and Penicillium purpurogenum showed the highest activity. There was a correlation between final pH value and titratable acidity (r=−0.29 to −0.87) and between titratable acidity and soluble phosphate (r=0.22 to 0.99). Correlation values were functions of insoluble phosphate and of the group of microorganisms considered. A high correlation was observed between final pH and soluble phosphate only for the rock phosphates inoculated with the highest concentration of solubilizing bacteria (r=−0.73 to −0.98).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00327716
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    Use of agricultural surpluses for production of biomass by marine microalgae (1996)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 12 (1996), S. 47-49 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Bacteria ; fermentation ; flour ; microalgal biomass ; potato ; rye ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract The marine microalga Phaeodactylum tricornutum was cultivated in semi-continuous culture under mixotrophic conditions with the soluble fractions of potato, rye and wheat flours that had been naturally fermented, at 2% or 4% (w/v). The rye flour produced the highest microalgal cellular density of 90×106 cells.ml-1 when supplemented with NaNO3 and NaH2PO4. The autotrophic control only gave 57×106 cells.ml-1. The value of agricultural surpluses, such as rye flour, can therefore be increased by its use in the production of valuable, microalgal biomass which is rich in protein, pigments and fatty acids.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00327799
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    The RecA protein as a model molecule for molecular systematic studies of bacteria: Comparison of trees of RecAs and 16S rRNAs from the same species (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 41 (1995), S. 1105-1123 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: RecA ; Small-subunit rRNA ; Bacteria ; Molecular evolution ; Molecular systematics ; Congruence ; Protein ; Phylogeny ; Gram-positive ; Proteobacteria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The evolution of the RecA protein was analyzed using molecular phylogenetic techniques. Phylogenetic trees of all currently available complete RecA proteins were inferred using multiple maximum parsimony and distance matrix methods. Comparison and analysis of the trees reveal that the inferred relationships among these proteins are highly robust. The RecA trees show consistent subdivisions corresponding to many of the major bacterial groups found in trees of other molecules including the α, β, γ, δ, ε proteobacteria, cyanobacteria, high-GC gram-positives, and the Deinococcus-Thermus group. However, there are interesting differences between the RecA trees and these other trees. For example, in all the RecA trees the proteins from gram-positive species are not monophyletic. In addition, the RecAs of the cyanobacteria consistently group with those of the high-GC gram-positives. To evaluate possible causes and implications of these and other differences phylogenetic trees were generated for small-subunit rRNA sequences from the same (or closely related) species as represented in the RecA analysis. The trees of the two molecules using these equivalent species-sets are highly congruent and have similar resolving power for close, medium, and deep branches in the history of bacteria. The implications of the particular similarities and differences between the trees are discussed. Some of the features that make RecA useful for molecular systematics and for studies of protein evolution are also discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00173192
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    Evolution according to large ribosomal subunit RNA (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 41 (1995), S. 366-375 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Large ribosomal subunit RNA ; Small ribosomal subunit RNA ; Archaea ; Bacteria ; Eucarya ; Plastids ; Mitochondria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Evolutionary trees were constructed, by distance methods, from an alignment of 225 complete large subunit (LSU) rRNA sequences, representing Eucarya, Archaea, Bacteria, plastids, and mitochondria. A comparison was made with trees based on sets of small subunit (SSU) rRNA sequences. Trees constructed on the set of 172 species and organelles for which the sequences of both molecules are known had a very similar topology, at least with respect to the divergence order of large taxa such as the eukaryotic kingdoms and the bacterial divisions. However, since there are more than ten times as many SSU as LSU rRNA sequences, it is possible to select many SSU rRNA sequence sets of equivalent size but different species composition. The topologies of these trees showed considerable differences according to the particular species set selected. The effect of the dataset and of different distance correction methods on tree topology was tested for both LSU and SSU rRNA by repetitive random sampling of a single species from each large taxon. The impact of the species set on the topology of the resulting consensus trees is much lower using LSU than using SSU rRNA. This might imply that LSU rRNA is a better molecule for studying wide-range relationships. The mitochondria behave clearly as a monophyletic group, clustering with the Proteobacteria. Gram-positive bacteria appear as two distinct groups, which are found clustered together in very few cases. Archaea behave as if monophyletic in most cases, but with a low confidence.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01215184
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    Faster evolutionary rates in endosymbiotic bacteria than in cospeciating insect hosts (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 41 (1995), S. 727-731 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Aphid ; Bacteria ; Buchnera ; Cospeciation ; Endosymbiosis ; Evolutionary rates ; Molecular clock ; Prokaryote ; Ribosomal DNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The hypothesis of a universal molecular clock holds that divergent lineages exhibit approximately constant rates of nucleotide substitution over evolutionary time for a particular macromolecule. We compare divergences of ribosomal DNA for aphids (Insecta) and Buchnera, the maternally transmitted, endosymbiotic bacteria that have cospeciated with aphids since initially infecting them over 100 million years ago. Substitution rates average 36 times greater for Buchnera than for their aphid hosts for regions of small-subunit rDNA that are homologous for prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Aphids exhibit 18S rDNA substitution rates that are within the range observed in related insects. In contrast, 16S rDNA evolves about twice as fast in Buchnera as in related free-living bacterial lineages. Nonetheless, the difference between Buchnera and aphids is much greater, suggesting that rates may be generally higher in bacteria. This finding adds to evidence that molecular clocks are only locally rather than universally valid among taxonomic groups. It is consistent with the hypothesis that rates of sequence evolution depend on generation time.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00173152
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    Evolution according to large tribosomal subunit RNA (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 41 (1995), S. 366-375 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Large ribosomal subunit RNA ; Small ribosomal subunit RNA ; Archaea ; Bacteria ; Eucarya ; Plastids ; Mitochondria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Evolutionary trees were constructed, by distance methods, from an alignment of 225 complete large subunit (LSU) rRNA sequences, representing Eucarya, Archaea, Bacteria, plastids, and mitochondria. A comparison was made with trees based on sets of small subunit (SSU) rRNA sequences. Trees constructed on the set of 172 species and organelles for which the sequences of both molecules are known had a very similar topology, at least with respect to the divergence order of large taxa such as the eukaryotic kingdoms and the bacterial divisions. However, since there are more than ten times as many SSU as LSU rRNA sequences, it is possible to select many SSU rRNA sequence sets of equivalent size but different species composition. The topologies of these trees showed considerable differences according to the particular species set selected. The effect of the dataset and of different distance correction methods on tree topology was tested for both LSU and SSU rRNA by repetitive random sampling of a single species from each large taxon. The impact of the species set on the topology of the resulting consensus trees is much lower using LSU than using SSU rRNA. This might imply that LSU rRNA is a better molecule for studying wide-range relationships. The mitochondria behave clearly as a monophyletic group, clustering with the Proteobacteria. Gram-positive bacteria appear as two distinct groups, which are found clustered together in very few cases. Archaea behave as if monophyletic in most cases, but with a low confidence.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00186549
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    Morphological variation inBemisia endosymbionts (1995)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 189 (1995), S. 194-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Bacteria ; Bemisia tabaci ; Bemisia argentifolii ; Endosymbionts ; Microorganism ; Symbiosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the endosymbionts of several populations of whitefly (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) was examined using transmission electron microscopy. Consistent differences in morphology and relative number of endosymbionts were observed between species and biotypes of whitefly within the Bemisia taxon.Bemisia argentifolii (=B. tabaci B biotype) individuals from Hawaii, Florida, and Arizona contained two morphological types of microorganisms housed within the mycetocyte cells of immature whiteflies. In contrast, individuals from populations ofB. tabaci A biotype from Arizona and Mexico, andB. tabaci Jatropha biotype from Puerto Rico, consistently contained three distinct morphological types of microorganisms within their mycetocytes. Organisms fromB. tabaci A and Jatropha biotypes differed from each other in the relative frequency of each type of microorganism. These observations suggest that different whitefly biotypes may have variable combinations of micro-fauna, with some possibly unique to each group, and furthers the hypothesis that variation in whitefly endosymbionts may be associated with the development of biotypes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01280174
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    Selective digestive decontamination in multiple trauma patients: Cost and efficacy (1995)
    Springer
    Pharmacy world & science 17 (1995), S. 12-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-739X
    Keywords: Antibiotics ; Bacteria ; Clinical trials ; Costs and cost analysis ; Drug utilization ; Infection ; Multiple trauma ; Selective digestive decontamination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study was carried out to evaluate the efficacy and the cost of selective digestive decontamination (SDD) to prevent nosocomial pneumonia in multiple-trauma patients. Nosocomial infections, particularly pneumonia, were more frequent in the placebo group. The most common infectious agent wasStaphylococcus: Staphylococcus aureus in the placebo group andStaphylococcus epidermidis in the SDD group. Methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus epidermidis was detected more often in the SDD group. No methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus was observed in this study. Fewer patients in the SDD group required antibiotherapy. SDD resulted in a saving of about 41% in drug expenditure.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01875552
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    A rapid screening method for the isolation of metal-accumulating microorganisms (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 14 (1995), S. 213-217 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Screening ; Method ; Heavy metal ; Bioaccumulation ; Biosorption ; Microorganisms ; Bacteria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary An agar plate screening method was developed for the rapid isolation of heavy metal-accumulating microorganisms and preliminary estimation of their biosorption capacity. The test is based on the visulaization and interpretation of the metal distribution between agar and colonies by chemical preciptitation with hydrogen sulphide or ammonium sulphide. The heavy metals silver, thallium, lead, copper, nickel and cadmium have been tested successfully. The efficiency of the method is demonstrated for isolating silver-accumulating bacterian and estimating silver biosorption capacity.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569930
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    Metabolism of hyperthermophiles (1995)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 11 (1995), S. 26-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Acetate formation ; acetyl-CoA oxidation ; Archaea ; Bacteria ; chemolithoautotroph ; chemoorganoheterotroph ; glycolytic pathway ; hyperthermophiles ; metabolic pathways ; peptide metabolism ; sugar metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Hyperthermophiles are characterized by a temperature optimum for growth between 80 and 110°C. They are considered to represent the most ancient phenotype of living organisms and thus their metabolic design might reflect the situation at an early stage of evolution. Their modes of metabolism are diverse and include chemolithoautotrophic and chemoorganoheterotrophic. No extant phototrophic hyperthermophiles are known. Lithotrophic energy metabolism is mostly anaerobic or microaerophilic and based on the oxidation of H2 or S coupled to the reduction of S, SO inf4 sup2- , CO2 and NO inf3 sup- but rarely to O2. the substrates are derived from volcanic activities in hyperthermophilic habitats. The lithotrophic energy metabolism of hyperthermophiles appears to be similar to that of mesophiles. Autotrophic CO2 fixation proceeds via the reductive citric acid cycle, considered to be one of the first metabolic cycles, and via the reductive acetyl-CoA/carbon monoxide dehydrogenase pathway. The Calvin cycle has not been found in hyperthermophiles (or any Archaea). Organotrophic metabolism mainly involves peptides and sugars as substrates, which are either oxidized to CO2 by external electron acceptors or fermented to acetate and other products. Sugar catabolism in hyperthermophiles involves non-phosphorylated versions of the Entner-Doudoroff pathway and modified versions of the Embden-Meyerhof pathway. The ‘classical’ Embden-Meyerhof pathway is present in hyperthermophilic Bacteria (Thermotoga) but not in Archaea. All hyperthermophiles (and Archaea) tested so far utilize pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase for acetyl-CoA formation from pyruvate. Acetyl-CoA oxidation in anaerobic sulphur-reducing and aerobic hyperthermophiles proceeds via the citric acid cycle; in the hyperthermophilic sulphate-reducer Archaeoglobus an oxidative acetyl-CoA/carbon monoxide dehydrogenase pathway is operative. Acetate formation from acetyl-CoA in Archaea, including hyperthermophiles, is catalysed by acetyl-CoA synthetase (ADP-forming), a novel prokarvotic enzyme involved in energy conservation. In Bacteria, including the hyperthermophile Thermotoga, acetyl-CoA conversion to acetate involves two enzymes, phosphate acetyltransferase and acetate kinase.
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    The turning of magnetotactic bacteria (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of statistical physics 80 (1995), S. 23-33 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: Bacteria ; singular Fokker-Planck equation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A magnetotactic bacterium aligns itself along the magnetic field. When the field is reversed the bacterium makes a U-turn in the surrounding water. The turning is described by a Fokker-Planck equation for the angle ν, which is singular at the endpoints ν=0 and ν=π. The time needed for turning can be found exactly as a first-passage time. The probability distribution itself can be found in terms of an approximation for low temperature. To cover the regions near the endpoints singular perturbation theory is needed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02178351
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    Deposition of anthropogenic compounds on monuments and their effect on airborne microorganisms (1995)
    Springer
    Aerobiologia 11 (1995), S. 161-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3025
    Keywords: Air pollutants ; Diesel soot ; Bacteria ; Fungi ; Cyanobacteria ; Algae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Monuments and buildings act as repositories of airborne organic and inorganic pollutants, which accumulate at the surfaces in zones protected from direct rainwater. This enriches the substratum and anthropogenic compounds may influence to a great extent the colonization and growth pattern of microorganisms in polluted urban environments. This paper reviews recent and ongoing research on the deposition of pollutants on building stones and their possible utilization by microorganisms.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02450035
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