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  • Polymers
  • energy economics
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (77)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (63)
  • Cambridge University Press  (2)
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  • 1
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    The Great Reconfiguration (2022)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-08-09
    Description: This book is for researchers, policymakers, and practitioners who want to understand the dynamics and governance of low-carbon transitions. It shows how UK electricity, heat, and mobility systems are being reconfigured and explains the varying speed, depth, and scope of change. Available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
    Keywords: climate change ; low-carbon energy transitions ; sustainability ; energy ; transport ; energy economics ; energy policy ; renewable energy ; environmental studies
    Language: English
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    E-BOOK
  • 2
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    The Politics of Fossil Fuel Subsidies and their Reform (2022)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-08-09
    Description: This comprehensive volume focuses on the politics of fossil fuel subsidies and provides insights from numerous case studies, applying a variety of political and economic theoretical approaches. Ideal for researchers, practitioners, and students of political science, international relations, and public policy. This title is also available as Open Access.
    Keywords: energy policy ; energy economics ; environmental policy ; environmental science ; climate change ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government::JPS International relations ; bic Book Industry Communication::L Law::LN Laws of Specific jurisdictions::LNK Environment, transport & planning law::LNKJ Environment law ; bic Book Industry Communication::L Law::LN Laws of Specific jurisdictions::LNC Company, commercial & competition law::LNCR Energy & natural resources law ; bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning::RN The environment::RNF Environmental management ; bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning::RN The environment::RNT Social impact of environmental issues
    Language: English
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis, Characterization and Polymerization Behavior of {(1R, S)-2-(η5-9-Fluorenyl)-1-[η5-(1R,S)-indenyl]-1-phenylethane}zirconium dichloride and {(1R,S)-Cyclohexyl-2-(η5-octahydro-9-fluorenyl)-1[η5-tetrahydro-(1R,S)-indenyl]ethane}zirconium Dichloride (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 747-751 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Epoxides ; Fluorenyl ligands ; ansa-Zirconocenes, non-symmetrical ; Polymers ; Polymerizations ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Epoxystyrene (1a) were converted into their corresponding alcohols, 2a-c, by treatment with either fluorenyl- or indenyllithium. These alcohols were then further converted into their trifluoromethanesulfonate derivatives, 3a-c. Subsequent reaction of the triflates with fluorenyl-, indolyl-, or tetraphenylcyclopentadienyllithium resulted in formation of 2-(9-fluorenyl)-1(1-indenyl)-1-phenylethane (4a), and 1-(9-fluorenyl)-2-(5-tetraphenylcyclopentadienyl)ethane (4c). The ansa-metallocene (1-(R,S)-2(η5-9-fluorenyl)-1-[η5-1(R,S)-indenyl]-1-phenylethane]ZrCl2 (5a) was prepared from the dilithio salt of 4a. Hydrogenation of 5a with H2/PtO2 leads to {1(R,s)-cyclohexyl-2-(η5-octahydro-9-fluorenyl)-1-[η5-tetrahydro-1(R,S)-indenyl]ethane]ZrCl2 (6a. The complexes 5a and 6a were activated with methylalumoxane (MAO) and used for propene polymerization. The solid state structures of 4b, 4c, and 5a are reported.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.19971300612
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chiral Polysiloxane-Fixed Metal 1,3-Diketonates (Chirasil-Metals) as Catalytic Lewis Acids for a Hetero Diels-Alder Reaction -Inversion of Enantioselectivity Upon Catalyst -Polymer Binding (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 879-885 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Asymmetric catalysis ; Cycloadditions ; Lewis acids ; Polymers ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A dimethylpolysiloxane chain is covalently bound to the monomeric Lewis acid catalyst (1R)-(+)-oxovanadium(1V) bis[3- heptafluorobutanoylcamphorate] [(+)-5a] at the C-10 position of the camphor moiety yielding the novel chiral polymeric (1S)-( +)-oxovanadium(1V) bis[3-heptafluorobutanoylcamphorate] -dimethylpolysiloxane [( +)-6a][1]. The Lewis acid promoted hetero Diels-Alder reaction of trans-l-methoxy-3-(trimethylsilyloxy)- 1,3-butadiene (1) and benzaldehyde (2) is studied in the presence of the enantiomerically pure monomeric (5a, 5b) and polymeric (6a, 6b) catalysts. The monomeric and polymeric catalysts of identical chirality[1] invoke opposite enantioselectivities toward the formation of 2-phenyl- 2,3-dihydro-4H-pyrone (4). This remarkable result is corroborated by numerous control experiments. Thus, it is demonstrated that the environment of the active site of the catalyst is changed when the complex is fixed to a polymeric chain. In contrast to 5 and 6, the monomeric 12 and polymeric 13 europium(III) tris[3-heptafluorobutanoylcamphorates] of identical chirality invoke the same enantioselectivity toward the formation of 4. The concept of polymer attachment is utilized to recover the catalyst from the reaction mixture by precipitation and to recycle it for subsequent catalytic runs.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.19971300711
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis, X-ray Structure Analysis and Topochemical Photopolymerization of Substituted 1,6-Bis(2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)hexa-2,4-diynes (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1999 (1999), S. 917-922 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Crystal engineering ; Diynes ; Photochemistry ; Solid-state chemistry ; Polymers ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: -The 1,6-bis(2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)hexa-2,4-diynes 4a-c were obtained from the corresponding 2,5-dimethoxybenzenes 1 by bromination followed by a copper-catalyzed Grignard reaction with 3-bromoprop-1-yne. Catalyzed coupling of the resulting 3-(2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)prop-1-ynes 3 under Hay conditions gave the hexa-2,4-diynes 4a-c in good yields. The molecular structures of the diynes 4a and 4b were determined by X-ray diffraction analysis. In each crystal structure, an unusual 1,6-synperiplanar conformation of the hexa-2,4-diyne unit is observed, with the 1,6-diphenyl substituents arranged in a coplanar orientation. According to the crystal structure data obtained, irradiation of diynes 4a and 4b afforded the deeply-colored, highly-ordered polymers 5a and 5b under topochemical control. Oxidation of 4a and 4b with cerium(IV) ammonium nitrate gave the corresponding 1,6-bis(2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)hexa-2,4-diyne-1,6-diones 6a and 6b.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New Boronic-Acid- and Boronate-Substituted Aromatic Compounds as Precursors of Fluoride-Responsive Conjugated Polymer Films (2000)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 2000 (2000), S. 1703-1710 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Conjugation ; Boron ; Sensors ; Cyclic voltammetry ; Polymers ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---New electropolymerizable aromatic compounds (i.e. pyrrole, thiophene, aniline) bearing boronic acid and ester substituents have been synthesized and their electrochemical behavior has been investigated. Functionalized polythiophene and polypyrrole films could be anodically generated in acetonitrile, whereas the polyaniline derivative was electroformed in an acidic aqueous solution. The electrochemical responses of some of these materials were changed when fluoride ions were added to the electrolytic solutions. The strongest modifications, caused by binding of fluoride by the immobilized boron, were observed for the polypyrrole derivative in hydroorganic media.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Focused cryogenic trapping for dynamic headspace and pyrolytic analysis of polymers on a fused silica capillary column (1981)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 4 (1981), S. 603-611 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary, fused silica ; Gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer/data system ; Dynamic headspace analysis ; Focused cryogenic trapping ; Pyrolysis ; Polymers ; Adhesives ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Focused cryogenic trapping has been used to maximize the high resolution capabilities of fused silica capillary columns during dynamic headspace and pyrolytic polymer analyses. Mass spectrometric detection with data system recording/processing provide sensitive, selective, and rapid results. The techniques described herein demonstrate the power of both dynamic headspace and pyrolytic analyses for troubleshooting applications with complex industrial polymer products.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240041202
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analysis of volatile organic compounds in polymers by dynamic headspace and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (1984)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 7 (1984), S. 185-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary columns ; Mass spectrometry ; Dynamic headspace ; Deans switching ; Cold trap ; Reinjection ; Polymers ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An experimental method for the analysis of volatile organic compounds in polymers is described. The technique involves dynamic headspace sampling, collection, and concentration of the volatiles in a cold trap, followed by capillary column gas chromatography/mass spectometry. Flow switching is carried out by the Deans switching technique. Four technical polymers used as pharmaceutical packaging materials have been analyzed in order to demonstrate the method.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240070403
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Classification of polymer batch variations by dynamic headspace/capillary gas chromatography/multivariate data analysis (1988)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 11 (1988), S. 46-50 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary gas chromatography ; Dynamic headspace ; Multivariate data analysis ; Pattern recognition ; Polymers ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Gas chromatographic profiles have been generated from different batches of a polypropylene/polyethylene copolymer. The profiles generated from polymer pellets have been obtained by dynamic headspace/capillary gas chromatography analysis. Initially 10 to 40 peaks were chosen at random from the quantitative reports and transferred to a data table. After appropriate scaling the table has been analyzed by a multivariate statistic program, SIMCA (Soft Independent Modeling of Class Analogy) a pattern recognition technique. The method has been used to differentiate batches according to sensory qualities of the final packaging product and changes in polymer peilet production.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240110113
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quantitative determination of volatiles in polyolefins by dynamic headspace/capillary gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (1988)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 11 (1988), S. 830-836 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary gas chromatography ; Dynamic headspace ; Mass spectrometry ; Polymers ; Polyolefins ; Quantitative determination ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The possibilities of quantitative dynamic headspace by use of a multiple extraction method and an internal gas standard system for various classes of organic compounds in polyethylene and polypropylene are demonstrated. Numerous compounds can be analyzed over wide ranges of concentration and vapor pressure. However, the present study shows that the precision of the desorption parameters is of critical importance for assuring good quantitative results. The possibilities of using a theoretical model are also described. The recovery may be determined and the use of repeated desorption cycles can be reduced.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240111116
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Syntheses of Chiral Cyclotriphosphazenes and Their Use in Cyclolinear Polymers (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1999 (1999), S. 1673-1684 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Phosphazenes ; Polymers ; Chirality ; Urethanes ; TGA ; Thermochemistry ; Asymmetric synthesis ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The reaction of hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene with two equivalents of the chelating diols 2,2′-dioxybiphenyl and 2′,2′′-dioxy-1′,1′′-bi-2-naphthyl was investigated. Although a mixture of different stereoisomers may be expected, only the formation of the meso-compounds [(R,S)-(O,O)2Cl2P3N3] is found (O,O stands for the diolate). Interestingly, when the remaining PCl2 group undergoes reaction with hard nucleophiles like 4-methoxy phenolate, a change of configuration at one phosphorus center is observed and racemic mixtures of chiral [(R,R)-(O,O)2(RO)2P3N3] and [(S,S)-(O,O)2(RO)2P3N3] phosphazenes are observed. Enantiomerically pure cyclotriphosphazenes were obtaines from either the (R)- or (S)-form of 2′,2′′-dioxy-1′,1′′-bi-2-naphthyl. Soft nucleophiles like amines, however, do not affect the configuration at the phosphorus centers and allow the synthesis of meso-[(R,S)-(O,O)2(R1RN)2P3N3] compounds. the bifunctional cyclotriphosphazenes [(O,O)2(4-OH-C4H4O)2P3N3] and [(R,S)-(O,O)2(H2N)2P3N3] were used in polyaddition reactions with hexymethylene di(isocyanate) to give cyclolinea polymers of different stereochemical compositions corresponding to the stereochemistry of the phosphazene precursor (i.e. either a racemic mixture of homochiral polymer strands, enantiomerically pure polymers, or the meso-form of polymers was obtained). The properties of these polymers are discussed and a mechanism for the change of stereochemistry is proposed.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis of Spacer-Armed Glucodendrimers Based on the Modification of Poly(propylene Imine) Dendrimers (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1998 (1998), S. 1879-1886 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Amphiphiles ; Carbohydrates ; Dendrimers ; Cluster glucosides ; Neoglycoconjugates ; Polymers ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The use of preformed poly(propylene imine) dendrimers [DAB(Pa)x] with reactive primary amine end groups proved to be very useful for the construction of saccharide surface-coated dendrimers. For this purpose, amide bonds were introduced by a reaction between the primary amine end groups of the dendrimers with N-succinimidyl-activated esters of spacer-armed acetyl-protected thioglucopyranoside units. The linear alkyl chain spacers between the dendrimer surface and the saccharide units was increased in length with 1, 5 and 10 carbon atoms. These spacer arms were introduced to determine the influence of local saccharide surface concentration variations on the dendrimer properties. After modification of the dendrimers with these saccharide units, the acetyl protecting groups were removed. Purification of these derivatives was accomplished by using dialysis either in water or in aqueous methanol. The solubility behavior of the resulting glucodendrimers proved to be strongly dependent on the hydrophobic part, i.e. the alkyl chain spacers in the molecule. Therefore, these nanosized multivalent structures, appropriate for studying carbohydrate-protein interactions, are also proposed useful for investigating amphiphilic properties.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palladium(0) Complexes of a 15-Membered Macrocyclic Triolefin as a Recoverable Catalyst - Monomer- and Polystyrene-Anchored Versions (2000)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 2000 (2000), S. 239-243 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Macrocycles ; Palladium ; Polymers ; Catalysis ; C-C coupling ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Preparation of the 15-membered cycle (E,E,E)-1,6,11-tris[(2,4,6-triisopropylphenyl)sulfonyl]-1,6,11-triazacyclopentadeca3,8,13-triene (8) is reported. This cyclic triolefin forms a stable Pd0 complex 9 which catalyzes several cross-coupling reactions and can be recovered. Anchoring to a polystyrene framework affords a solid version of the catalyst, which is recovered by simple filtration and reused without loss of catalytic activity.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis of Soluble 1,3-Bridged Ferrocene-Acetylene Polymers and the Divergent-Convergent Synthesis of Defined Oligomers (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 2063-2069 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Alkynes ; Polymers ; 1,2,3-Substituted ferrocene ; Directed ortho metallation ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A -CH2NMe2 group attached to ferrocene can be used as an ortho/ortho-directing group to selectively synthesize 1,2,3-substituted ferrocenes, which are used as starting materials for novel 1,3-linked ferrocene polymers and oligomers. The Sonogashira coupling reaction of 1-(I),2-(CH2NMe2)-ferrocene with HC≡CSiEt3 results in 1-(C≡CSiEt3),2-(CH2NMe2)-ferrocene (1b), which - following an ortho-lithiation/iodination sequence - is converted into 1-(I),2-(CH2NMe2),3-(C≡CSiEt3)-ferrocene (1d). Removal of the -SiEt3 protective group yields 1-(I),2-(CH2NMe2),3-(C≡CH)-ferrocene, which can be polymerized under Sonogashira conditions to yield a soluble, bimodal ferrocene-acetylene polymer of MW = 3700/7100 and Mn = 4272. To understand the properties of the polymer better and to evaluate the effect of 1,3-substitution on the electronic communication between the metal centers, a divergent-convergent approach was used to synthesize defined di-, tri- and tetranuclear ferrocenes. Accordingly, 1d was cross-coupled with 1-(CH2NMe2),2-(C≡CH)-ferrocene to give [2-(CH2NMe2)-ferrocene-1-yl]-C≡C-[2-(CH2NMe2),3-(C≡CSiEt3)-ferrocene-1-yl] (2a). Removal of the protective group in 2a led to [2-(CH2NMe2)-ferrocene-1-yl]-C≡C-[2-(CH2NMe2),3-(C≡CH)-ferrocene-1-yl] (2b), which was treated with [1-(I),2-(CH2NMe2)ferrocene-3-yl]-C≡C-[2-(CH2NMe2),3-(C≡CSiEt3)-ferrocene-1-yl] (2c) to result in the corresponding tetrameric ferrocene (4a).
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electropolymerization of amphiphilic monomers for designing amperometric biosensors (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Electroanalysis 9 (1997), S. 894-902 
    Details
    ISSN: 1040-0397
    Keywords: Amperometric enzyme electrodes ; Biosensors ; Electropolymerization ; Microelectrode ; Polymers ; Polypyrrole ; Wired enzymes ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The principle and potentialities of an original electrochemical procedure of biosensor construction based on amphiphilic pyrrole derivatives are reviewed. The two-step procedure consists of the adsorption of an aqueous amphiphilic pyrrole monomers-biomolecule mixture on an electrode surface followed by the electrochemical polymerization of the adsorbed amphiphilic monomers. This method is compared with the more conventionally used electrochemical procedures of biosensor construction. Examples of multienzyme and additive entrapments, organic phase enzyme electrode, microelectrode functionalization and the electrical wiring of immobilized enzymes are presented.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elan.1140091206
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis of an Oligo(phenylenevinylene)-Bridged Phthalocyanine Dimer (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1999 (1999), S. 1687-1691 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Nickel phthalocyanines ; Phthalocyanines ; Diels-Alder reactions ; Polymers ; Wittig reactions ; Cycloadditions ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The nickel phthalocyanine 4, which is soluble in common organic solvents, has been synthesized from the corresponding tetracyclone monoadduct 1 and acrolein (3). Reaction of 4 with p-toluenesulfonic acid leads to the modified phthalocyanine monoaldehyde 5. The capability of 5 to undergo a Wittig reaction has been demonstrated with benzyltriphenylphosphonium bromide (6). Furthermore, a dimer 9 has been synthesized by treating 5 with 0.5 equiv. of xylylenebis(triphenylphosphonium bromide) (8). Dimer 9 constitutes a model compound for corresponding PPV polymers containing phthalocyanine subunits.
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Small Libraries of Polymer-Supported Amino Alcohols: An Application to the Enantioselective Reduction of Acetophenone by LAH (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1999 (1999), S. 2263-2267 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Amino alcohols ; Polymers ; Enantioselective reagents ; Catalysis ; Merrifield resins ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Starting from simple amino acid esters and Merrifield resins, a small library of polymer-bound chiral-β-amino alcohols can be prepared. By reaction with LiALH4 the corresponding chiral reducing agents are obtained, having structural variations at both the α and β positions. All supported reagents are able to reduce acetophenone to 1-phenylethanol. Enantioselectivity is observed when the steric hindrance in the chiral fragment is increased. Best results are obtained for the supported derivative of α,α-diphenyl phenylalaninol.
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Collective and molecular dynamics in ferroelectric liquid crystals: from low molar to polymeric and elastomeric systems (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymers for Advanced Technologies 3 (1992), S. 249-255 
    Details
    ISSN: 1042-7147
    Keywords: Ferroelectric liquid crystals ; Polymers ; Dielectric spectroscopy ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Broadband dielectric spectroscopy delivers in the frequency range from 10 Hz to 1010 Hz two collective dielectric loss processes (soft and Goldstone modes) and one molecular relaxation (β-relaxation). The soft mode and Goldstone mode are assigned to the fluctuation of the amplitude and the phase of the helical superstructure. The β-relaxation corresponds to the libration (hindered rotation) of the mesogene around its long molecular axis. At the SmA-SmC* phase transition this process does not split or broaden, and the temperature dependence of its relaxation rate does not show any deviation from an Arrhenius-like behavior. Its dielectric strength does not decline at the SmA-SmC* phase transition. These experimental findings are in contrast to the common explanation of the origin of the saturation polarization (“induced spontaneous polarization”), which is based on the existence of a “free” rotation inside the SmA phase and its strong hindrance in the ferroelectric SmC* phase. Furthermore, the high frequency results require a reformulation for the (generalized) Landau theory as applied to the SmA-SmC* phase transition. In comparing low molar mass and polymeric (elastomeric) FLC, the collective and molecular dynamics are qualitatively similar, independent of the molecular architecture (e.g. side-chain, combined main- and side-chain or crosslinked systems).
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pat.1992.220030509
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Helical unwinding in polymer-dispersed ferroelectric liquid crystals (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymers for Advanced Technologies 3 (1992), S. 231-235 
    Details
    ISSN: 1042-7147
    Keywords: Liquid crystals ; Polymers ; Ferroelectricity ; Electro-optical effects ; Disperse systems ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: We demonstrate that ferroelectric liquid crystals dispersed in a polymer matrix can form uniaxially aligned elliptical droplets. The alignment is controlled by mechanical shear during the polymerization of a UV-curable adhesive. The possibility of prealignment makes polymer-dispersed ferroelectric liquid crystals suitable for application in flexible electro-optical displays. In contrast to surface stabilized ferroelectric liquid crystal displays, the electro-optical effect in our system is due to the deformed-helix ferroelectric (DHF) effect.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pat.1992.220030506
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Composite polymer ionics: advanced electrolyte materials for thin-film batteries (1993)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymers for Advanced Technologies 4 (1993), S. 198-204 
    Details
    ISSN: 1042-7147
    Keywords: Polymers ; Ionics ; Batteries ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In recent years there has been a continuously growing interest in the development and characterization of polymeric materials having a fast ionic transport. If prepared in the form of thin films, these materials behave as very convenient electrolytic separators for the realization of advanced design, plastic-like, electrochemical power sources. Various classes of these polymer ionics have been developed and today many choices are available for the realization of devices with different energy and power capabilities. In this paper we describe the properties of a class of composite polymer ionic conductors having improved mechanical and electrochemical properties and which appear particularly suitable for the realization of high-energy, rechargeable lithium batteries.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pat.1993.220040221
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    Advanced polymers for electrooptics (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymers for Advanced Technologies 6 (1995), S. 10-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 1042-7147
    Keywords: Polymers ; nonlinear optics ; pyroelectric imaging ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Polymers have been in use for a long time as passive materials for components in electronics and electrooptics. They combine the possibility of easy processing with an infinite potential of functionalization. They can be conductors or semiconductors, ferroelectrics and can exhibit interesting properties such as photoconductivity, piezo, pyroelectricity or nonlinear optical properties. As a consequence they are now used for merging active components in the field of electrooptics such as displays, sensors or modulators for optical signal treatment.This paper describes the properties and applications of some recent polymers in the field of electroptics.In the first part of this paper the properties of amorphous copolymers with a pending group with large hyperpolarizability are described. These amorphous copolymers show high optical nonlinear coefficients after poling under an electric field. We have used these copolymers for the manufacture of an electrooptic modulator working at 1.3 μm at a frequency of 1 GHz.The second part deals with ferroelectric polymers and their pyroelectric properties. The realization and performance of an IR pyroelectric sensor using copolymers of polyvinylidene fluoride-ethylene trifluride are described. Some new results concerning polymersdispersed liquid crystals are also described.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pat.1995.220060102
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    Preparation of polymer nanocomposites with “ultrahigh” refractive index (1991)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymers for Advanced Technologies 2 (1991), S. 75-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1042-7147
    Keywords: Polymers ; Nanocomposites ; Refractive index ; Lead sulfide ; Precipitation ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Nanocomposites of lead sulfide and several polymers, especially poly(ethyleneoxide), were prepared by coprecipitation of lead sulfide and polymer, followed by a drying and pressing procedure. Such nanocomposites consist of ca. 90% w/w (or ca. 50% v/v) lead sulfide, of particle dimensions of 2-40 nm. The refractive index of these materials is on the order of 3 and therefore, to the authors' best knowledge, is the highest reported for any polymer composite.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pat.1991.220020204
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    Mesomorphic and ferroelectric properties of FLCP/FLC binary mixtures (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymers for Advanced Technologies 3 (1992), S. 197-203 
    Details
    ISSN: 1042-7147
    Keywords: Ferroelectric liquid crystals ; Polymers ; Binary mixtures ; Polarization ; Response time ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: We have prepared several ferroelectric polysiloxanes with two and three benzenic ring moieties. The siloxane backbone is favorable to ferroelectric S*C phase formation, and the chiral S*C phase is observed in all of the polymers. Some of the spontaneous polarizations are very high, more than 100 nC/cm2 (10-3 C/m2) and the response times are less than 1 ms near the I-S*C or Sa-SS*C transition. Several binary mixtures between FLC copoly-siloxanes and different low molar mass LC have been studied, and have shown the complete miscibility of these two components and richer mesomorphic sequences than for the polymers alone; for example, an N*-Sa sequence.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pat.1992.220030502
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    Electrochemical Oxidation of 4-Ethenyl[22]paracyclophane: Cyclic Voltammetry, Electrosynthesis of Polymers, Analysis by Liquid Chromatography, and Mass SpectrometryDedicated to Professor Ernst Bayer on the occasion of his 70th birthday. (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1997 (1997), S. 2255-2264 
    Details
    ISSN: 0947-3440
    Keywords: Cyclophanes ; Electrochemical oxidation ; Polymers ; Mass spectrometry ; Mechanism ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 4-Ethenyl[22]paracyclophane is oxidized electrochemically at a platinum electrode in acetonitrile/0.1 M tetra-n-butylammonium hexafluorophosphate. Its behavior in electro-oxidation is compared to that of styrene. Cyclic voltammetry proves diffusion controlled, direct one-electron oxidation of the hydrocarbon. The product of preparative scale electrolysis is analyzed by elemental analysis and various spectroscopic techniques. Bond formation occurs at the vinyl group, resulting in analogues of polystyrene. Polymers are separated on a reversed phase chromatography column, and online coupling to electrospray ionization mass spectrometry as well as a combination of size exclusion chromatography and MALDI-MS prove the formation of species up to the undecamer. The determination of the molecular product masses allows the assignment of the polymer end groups. A mechanistic hypothesis for the radical cation induced electropolymerization of the monomer is developed from the electro-chemical and structural results.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jlac.199719971112
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    Polymer-Supported Catalytic Asymmetric Sharpless Dihydroxylations of Olefins (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1998 (1998), S. 21-27 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Heterogeneous catalysis ; Homogeneous catalysis ; Asymmetric catalysis ; Dihydroxylation ; Polymers ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The need for catalyst systems for the asymmetric dihydroxylation of olefins (AD) that combine the positive characteristics of the original homogeneous osmium catalysts with the ease of separation of heterogeneous catalysts led to the introduction of polymer-supported alkaloid ligands. Two major strategies for ligand recovery will be discussed here: (a) Attachment of the alkaloids to a solid support, such as an organic polymer or silica gel. After catalysis the ligands can easily be recycled by simple filtration. (b) The alkaloids are anchored to a polymeric unit which allows catalysis to be performed under homogeneous conditions. After the reaction is complete, the ligand is isolated by precipitation upon addition of solvent followed by filtration. Recent results of investigations of both strategies will be presented.
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    Determination of the structure of alkoxysilane polymers in solution by natural abundance two dimensional 29Si-29Si INEPT DQF COSY NMR (1993)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Organic Magnetic Resonance 31 (1993), S. 623-631 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-1581
    Keywords: 29Si NMR ; Siloxane ; Alkoxysilane ; Diethoxydimethysilane ; Polymers ; Oligomers ; 2D NMR INEPT DQF COSY ; 29Si—29Si natural abundance NMR correlations ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In order to determine the nature and the structure of polymers formed by condensation of alkoxysilanes, a two-dimensional INEPT double quantum filtered COSY NMR experiment was developed to observe 29Si—29Si correlations at 29Si natural abundance. This experiment was tested on a mixture containing a trimer, [(CH3)3SiO]2Si(CH3)2, and a tetramer, [(CH3)3SiOSi(CH3)2]2O. This 2D INEPT DQF COSY experiment was then used to investigate the nature and the structure of the polymers which are formed in the early stages of the condensation reaction of diethoxydimethylsilane (DEDMS) in a DEDMS-water mixture containing a small amount of water at low pH (1.0).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrc.1260310704
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    Amended heteronuclear correlations by multiple-quantum evolution. Stereosequence assignments of polymers with improved sensitivity (1990)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Organic Magnetic Resonance 28 (1990), S. 759-764 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-1581
    Keywords: Heteronuclear correlation ; Multiple-quantum coherences ; Polymers ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: It is demonstrated that the Müller and Bolton type of multiple-quantum heteronuclear shift correlation is a promising tool for stereosequence assignments of polymers. Slight modification of the basic MQ pulse sequence results in a 2-3-fold gain in sensitivity compared with the conventional single-quantum spectra while retaining the one-quantum frequency scale in the F1 dimension.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrc.1260280906
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    Chemiluminescence Techniques for the Characterization of Materials [New Analytical Methods (41)] (1990)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 29 (1990), S. 362-373 
    Details
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Chemiluminescence ; Polymers ; Analytical methods ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Photons are emitted at low levels from a wide variety of organic materials at wavelengths ranging from the visible to infrared. This light emission accompanies free-radical autoxidation and charge-recombination processes and is particulary useful in assessing thermal oxidation and radiation damage as well as polymer curing reactions. IR chemiluminescence, which offers advantages because of reduced self-absorption, has been shown to mark the end of induction periods in inhibited systems. With the introduction of sensitive solid-state devices, the chemiluminescence technique has been extended to two-dimensional imaging and presentation.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.199003621
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    Two-Dimensional Model Networks (1990)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 29 (1990), S. 439-448 
    Details
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Monolayers ; Networks ; Polymers ; Membranes ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: This article is concerned with the structure and dynamic properties of thin films that have been chemically stabilized by polymerization and cross-linking reactions. By using different types of monomers it is possible to construct networks with rubber-like elasticity or with glassy properties, or temporary networks, in the interfacial region between oil and water. The systematic study of these ultrathin membrances offers new insights into aspects of current research, and opens up a wide range of potential new applications.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.199004393
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    Main-Chain Chirality and Optical Activity in Polymers Consisting of C—C ChainsOn the Chirality of Polyvinyl Compounds, Part 8. Part 7:[1]. (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 28 (1989), S. 21-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Chirality ; Optical activity ; Polymers ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Main-chain chirality is the optical activity resulting from the configurational or conformational arrangement in the main chain of a polymer. The chirality of the most important types of structures has been investigated on the basis of systematic considerations of symmetry. This has led to the surprising result that even in polymers derived from 1-substituted or nonsymmetric 1,1-disubstituted olefins (the technologically most important polymers) several types of chiral structures exist, which are expected to result in optical activity if a particular enantiomer is favorably formed. By carrying out an asymmetric cyclopolymerization, it has been possible to obtain certain structural types in the form of optically active copolymers or homopolymers (e.g., copolymers of styrene with methyl methacrylate, or even the homopolymer of styrene). Another new group of optically active polymers consists of the atropisomeric helical polyisocyanides, poly(trityl methacrylates), and polychlorals. Optically active polymers are already used as adsorbents for the chromatographic separation of racemic mixtures. Further applications are likely to emerge.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.198900211
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    Towards the Chemical Synthesis of Proteins (1991)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 30 (1991), S. 113-129 
    Details
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Copolymers ; Polymers ; Solid-phase synthesis ; Proteins ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The chemical total synthesis of proteins using solid supports has made great progress. It is therefore becoming a reality what E. Fischer already predicted in 1902Cited from Nobel Lectures - Chemistry 1901-1921, Elsevier, Amsterdam 1966, p. 34.: “I foresee the time when physiological chemistry… is able to prepare synthetic enzymes.” The synthesis of peptides of up to 20 amino acids by the well-established solid-phase procedure on polymeric supports (SPPS) has made great progress through the development of newer supports. At the same time, methods have emerged which facilitate the separation and characterization of peptides, thus allowing optimization of the synthesis of pure materials. The new supports which enable one to synthesize peptides by a rapid continuous flow procedure are characterized by hydrophilicity, beads of approximately equal size, similar swelling properties in the solvents used for peptide synthesis, and stability at high pressure. With graft copolymers of weakly cross-linked polystyrene and linear polyethylene glycol (PEG), the synthetic cycle for coupling of one amino acid can routinely be reduced to 10-20 min with a concomitant higher yield. With beads of monodispersed graft copolymer of 10 μm diameter, a synthetic cycle can, in principle, be shortened to 1-5 min. By utilizing this high-speed solid-phase procedure, larger peptides up to the size of proteins could also be prepared in a few hours. With newer mass spectroscopic methods such as ion-spray mass spectrometry, peptides of up to a molecular mass of 100 kDa can be characterized, and with the advent of capillary electrophoresis, another very efficient separation tool, besides HPLC, is at our disposal.
    Additional Material: 27 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.199101133
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    A 119mSn variable-temperature Mössbauer study of tin(IV) chloride and dibutyltin dichloride when dispersed in a poly(vinyl chloride) matrix (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 1 (1987), S. 319-323 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: Mössbauer ; Dibutyltin dichloride ; PVC ; Polymers ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Variable-temperature Sn-119m Mössbauer studies of tin(IV) chloride (SnCl4) and dibutyltin dichloride (Bu2SnCl2) when dispersed in a poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) matrix have been interpreted using a Debye model. Recoilless fractions have been determined which indicate that at 80 K the Mössbauer technique is nearly three times as sensitive to the presence of SnCl4 compared with Bu2SnCl2 within the poly(vinyl chloride) matrix. These observations have been explained in terms of structural changes occurring on dispersion in the polymer matrix which result in the tin atom in tin(IV) chloride becoming six-coordinate whereas that in dibutyltin dichloride reduces its coordination to five. The implications of these results for future applications of Mössbauer spectroscopy to the study of organotin compounds present in polymers are considered.
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    Chemical Reactions and Mircotacticity of High PloymersPresented at the GDCh-Hauptversammlung Aachen, Sept. 21st. 1961. (1962)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 1 (1962), S. 306-311 
    Details
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Tacticity ; Polymers ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The reaction course and kinetics of interfunctional reactions with polymers are determined by the microtacticity of the polymer chain. Among other things, this is shown by the hydrolysis of ester and amide polymers of different tacticities, and by ring-closure reactions (anhydride formation). The physical and physico-chemical properties are also governed by the tacticity.
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    Sequence Distribution in Copolymers. Chemical StudiesAn article on phyical investigations of the sequence distribution in copolymers will appear shortly in this journal. (1965)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 4 (1965), S. 394-401 
    Details
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Copolymers ; Polymers ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Various chemical procedures are available for studying the sequence distribution in copolymers, but none can be applied routinely. The run-number approach permits the results of such studies to be treated with ease; all results obtained to date are consistent with classical copolymerization theory.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.196503941
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    Sequence Distribution in Copolymers (1965)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 4 (1965), S. 1051-1060 
    Details
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Copolymers ; Polymers ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The physical properties of copolymers are determined by their compostions and by the distribution of monomeric sequences in their chains. In some cases, sequence distributions can be determined from or correlated with physical properties observed for copolymers. Such determinations or correlations are relatively simple when calculations are based on run numbers.
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    Penetration and Crosslinking of MacromoleculesBased on lectures to the Bezirksgruppe Niedersachsen of the Deutsche Kautschukgesellschaft at Hannover (Jan. 15, 1974), Regional Meetings at Stuttgart (Jan. 9, 1975) and Krefeld-Uerdingen (May 19, 1975), and the General Meeting of the Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker, Köln (Sept. 10, 1975), and the Chemische Gesellschaft der DDR, Dresden-Freiberg Regional Group (Oct. 30, 1975). (1976)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 15 (1976), S. 451-459 
    Details
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Crosslinking ; Macromolecules ; Polymers ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: One of the topical problems of macromolecular chemistry is the question of the extent to which macromolecules in solution or in the amorphous solid state can engage in mutual interpenetration. The present article is concerned primarily with recent investigations on cross-linking copolymerization and with inter-and intramolecular reactions of polymers as a contribution to the study of molecular shape.
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    Poly(organophosphazenes) - Unusual New High Polymers (1977)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 16 (1977), S. 147-156 
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    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Poly(organophosphazenes) ; Phosphazenes ; Polymers ; Polyphosphazenes ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An inorganic-backbone high polymer system based on alternating phosphorus and nitrogen atoms promises to solve many of the problems hitherto associated with conventional organic polymers. The chemistry, structure, biomedical, and technological aspects of these polymers are reviewed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.197701471
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    Photodielectric Polymers for Holographic Use (1977)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 16 (1977), S. 441-448 
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    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Photodielectric polymers ; Polymers ; Holography ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The use of polymeric materials as “thick” recording media for holographic applications is discussed. These materials offer some interesting applications owing to their high diffraction efficiency, high storage density, excellent angular and spectral discrimination, as well as in situ real-time recording. The present state of art is outlined, as are prospects for the future.
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    Macromolecular Chemistry Today - Aging Roots, Sprouting Branches (1981)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 20 (1981), S. 303-304 
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    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Macromolecules ; Polymers ; History of chemistry ; Chemistry today ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.198103033
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    Diene, Alkyne, Alkene, and Alkyl Complexes of Early Transition Metals: Structures and Synthetic Applications in Organic and Polymer Chemistry (1987)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 26 (1987), S. 723-742 
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    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Transition metals ; Polymers ; Alkene ligands ; Electrocatalysis ; Complexes ; Alkyne ligands ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An unprecedented series of highly reactive alkene-and diene-complexes of the early transition metals (Groups 3A-5A of the periodic system) have been isolated recently. Diene complexes of this sort (M = Ti, Zr, Hf, Nb, Ta) prefer, besides the (η4-s-cis-diene)metal structure, either a novel bent η4-metallacyclo-3-pentene structure or the unique (η4-s-trans-diene)metal structure. In bis(diene)metal complexes of Nb and Ta the η4-s-cis-dienes assume an unusual exo-endo (supine-prone) geometry. The M—C bonds in these diene-metal complexes generally exhibit highly polarized σ-bonding along with π-bonding character. The complexes therefore undergo a variety of regio- and stereoselective carbometalations with substrates containing C—C, C—O, or C—N multiple bonds. Examples of the products that can be obtained include ketones, vinyl ketones, unsaturated primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols, as well as diols and unsaturated acids. Mechanistic studies on the stoichiometric and catalytic conversions of unsaturated hydrocarbons provides, inter alia, some insights into the course of polymerization reactions.
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    Fractals and Related Hierarchical Models in Polymer Science (1990)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 29 (1990), S. 113-125 
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    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Polymers ; Fractals ; Theoretical chemistry ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Polymer science, an interdisciplinary science well-rooted in organic chemistry and in materials science, encompasses an inordinate number and diversity of substance classes and thus has far-reaching applications. Interestingly, polymers also represent a great challenge to the theoreticians, since their theoretical treatment often necessitates appropriate extensions of the classical methods from solid state physics and from statistical physics. Thus, new concepts often have to be invoked when considering the special properties of polymers. In this review we concentrate on one of the modern concepts in the theory of polymers, namely on scaling. Scaling is closely associated with new developments in the field of fractals and of hierarchical structures. Such concepts are invaluable for the modeling of complex geometries and for describing dynamical processes in polymeric materials. Here, we focus on a presentation of these ideas and we outline examples of recent research in which these concepts have been successfully applied.
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    Growth Processes due to Reactions in Swellable Cellular MatrixesDedicated to Professor Otto Bayer on the occasion of his 70th birthday (1972)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 11 (1972), S. 990-997 
    Details
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Growth processes ; Polymers ; Polyurethanes ; Cellular matrices ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In matrix reactions in swellable cellular matrixes, the solids formed are oriented in space and arranged in the form of cells in strong three-dimensional growth processes. Open-cell, flexible, elastic polyurethanes have a particularly good matrix action. The principle is of general validity, and can be realized with a wide variety of matrixes and reaction types. The dimensional changes, which are always symmetrical, are largely determined by the chemical constitution of the matrix, segment structure, degree of crosslinking, and solvation and hydration behavior. One-component reactions having high rates give sigmoid growth curves and exhibit parallels with growth curves of plant cell walls containing cellulose.
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    Entanglement of Thread Molecules and Its Influence on the Properties of PolymersDedicated to Professor Otto Bayer on his 75th birthday (1977)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 16 (1977), S. 751-766 
    Details
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Entanglement ; Thread molecules ; Polymers ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: This article shows the extent to which the entanglement of threadlike molecules can influence many of the properties of deformable polymers and of solutions of macromolecular substances. Thus, the molecular concept of entanglement leads to quantitative predictions of the dependence of the entanglement number on the nature of the polymer, its concentration, and extension. Experimental values of the relaxation modulus confirm these predictions for melts and solutions. The influence of entanglemnt on relaxation and flow processes leads to very simple relationships for the magnitudes of the structural viscosity and the shear stress at which the structural viscosity starts to become measurable. Osmotic pressures, light scattering intensities, and diffusion coefficients of concentrated solutions can be derived quantitatively from the conformational constraints due to entanglement. Entanglement is effective above a concentration at which the three-dimensional coils fill the solution volume, and probably also at lower concentrations. At very high concentrations entangled structures may be formed which drastically reduce the number of possible conformations. The swelling and extension behavior of cross-linked deformable polymers can be understood only if entanglement is taken into account.
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    Interpenetrating Polymer Networks (1978)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 17 (1978), S. 97-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Polymers ; Interpretation ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Besides mechanical blending and copolymerization there is a third possible way in which two polymers can be combined. Each polymer forms its own network, while both networks interpenetrate each other. There are no covalent bonds between the polymers. Such interpenetrating networks have been synthesized sequentially (from polymer A and monomer B) and simultaneously (from monomer A and monomer B). It is preferable that the polymers be of different chemical type; usually, an elastomer and a glass are combined, e.g. a polyurethane and a polyacrylate. Depending upon the ratio of component polymers either a strengthened elastomer or a glass having impact strength is formed. So far, there are no direct methods for establishing the degree of interpenetration.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.197800971
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    Liquid Crystalline Polymers (1987)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 26 (1987), S. 816-824 
    Details
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Liquid crystals ; Crystalline polymers ; Polymers ; Optoelectronics ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The liquid crystalline behavior of low molecular weight compounds has been known for more than a century; synthetic polymers have been manufactured on a large scale for several decades, but just recently it was found possible to produce polymers using the structural principles of liquid crystalline compounds. The resulting materials have, as expected, unusual properties. Numerous applications, not only in opto-electronics, are already anticipated for such materials.
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    Molecular Architecture and Function of Polymeric Oriented Systems: Models for the Study of Organization, Surface Recognition, and Dynamics of BiomembranesThe preceding page shows Figure 24. (1988)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 27 (1988), S. 113-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Surface recognition ; Molecular recognition ; Self-assembly ; Biological membranes ; Membranes ; Polymers ; Micelles ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The Part and the Whole. The principle of self-organization for the creation of functional units is not an invention of modern natural sciences. It was already a basic idea of the ancient philosophies in Asia and Europe: only the mutuality of the parts creates the whole and its ability to function. Translated into the language of chemistry this means: the self-organization of molecules leads to supramolecular systems and is responsible for their functions. Thermotropic and lyotropic liquid crystals are such functional units, formed by self-organization. As highly oriented systems, they exhibit new properties. The importance of lyotropic liquid crystals for the life sciences has been known for a long time. They are a prerequisite for the development of life and the ability of cells to function. In materials sciences this concept of function through organization led to the development of new liquid-crystalline materials. From the point of view of macromolecular chemistry, this review tries to combine these two different fields and especially hopes to stimulate their interaction and joint treatment. To exemplify this, the molecular architecture of polymeric organized systems will be discussed. Polymeric liquid crystals combine the ability to undergo spontaneous self-organization-typical of liquid-crystalline phases-with the polymer-specific property of stabilizing these ordered states. As new materials, polymeric liquid crystals have already been investigated intensively. As model systems for biomembranes as well as for the simulation of biomembrane processes, they so far have been little discussed. The intention of this review article is to show that polymer science is able to contribute to the simulation of cellular processes such as the stabilization of biomembranes, specific surface recognition, or even the “uncorking” of cells. Polymer science, having an old tradition as an inter-disciplinary field, can no longer restrict itself to common plastics. Attempts to reach new horizons have already begun. The borderland between liquid crystals and cells will certainly play an important role. Basic requirements to work in this frontier area between organic chemistry, membrane biology, life science, and materials science will be the delight in scientific adventures as well as the courage to go ahead. The most important prerequisite will be the willingness to cooperate with disciplines which so far have not really accepted each other. From this point of view, this review does not aim at giving defined answers. It wants instead to encourage the scientific venture: too often we cling to painfully acquired knowledge, fearing adventures.
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    High-Resolution Solid-State 13C-NMR Spectroscopy of Polymers [New Analytical Methods (37)]Dedicated to Professor Helmut Dörfel on the occasion of his 60th birthday (1988)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 27 (1988), S. 1468-1483 
    Details
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: NMR spectroscopy ; 13C NMR spectroscopy ; Polymers ; Analytical methods ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Until a few years ago, solid-state nuclear resonance yielded spectra containing broad lines only. Meanwhile, CP/MAS-NMR spectroscopy has provided a method which gives narrow nuclear resonance lines from a solid-state specimen as well. Using this technique, it is now possible to produce spectra of “rare” nuclei (13C, 29Si, 15N etc.) which are resolved in terms of chemical structure. The analytical capabilities of NMR spectroscopy can be applied to the solid state: it may be that it is necessary to identify compounds in the solid state because, for example, a solvent would alter the coordination sphere, or that it is desired to monitor chemical reactions in the solid state, for example the baking of an enamel. Where a substance in the solid state is concerned, high-resolution 13C-NMR spectroscopy provides not only information about the chemical structure, but also about the solid state itself. To mention just a few examples, information on the conformation, crystal structure and molecular dynamics, as well as molecular miscibility is given. This opens up a broad spectrum of applications, from a statement concerning the crystal modification of an active substance in ready-to-use pharmaceutical preparations, e.g. tablets, to the question of whether two polymers are miscible with one another at a molecular level.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.198814681
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    Two-Dimensional Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy: New Possibilities for the Investigation of the Structure and Dynamics of Solid Polymers [New Analytical Methods (38)]Dedicated to Professor Dr. Helmut Dörfel on the occasion of his 60th birthday (1988)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 27 (1988), S. 1655-1672 
    Details
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: NMR spectroscopy ; NMR spectroscopy ; Polymers ; Analytical methods ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: NMR spectroscopy is an effective method not only for examining liquid samples but also for characterizing molecular sturcture, order and dynamics in amorphous and ordered solids. Recent developments in the area of solid-state NMR spectroscopy span from model-dependent studies of conventional one-dimensional spectra to the more definitive two-dimensional (2D) spectra which provide more specific information. For example, with 2D-NMR spectroscopy it is possible to determine the orientational distribution functions of molecular segments in drawn polymers and to distinguish different mechanisms of complex molecular motions. Following an introduction to basic NMR spectroscopy, an overview of the current state-of-the-art of 2D methods in solid-state NMR spectroscopy is presented and demonstrated with selected examples.
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    Polymers with Metal-Like Conductivity - A Review of their Synthesis, Structure and Properties (1981)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 20 (1981), S. 361-381 
    Details
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Polymers ; Conducting materials ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Polymers such as polyacetylene, which have an extended π-electron system in their backbone, or like poly(p-phenylene) consist of a sequence of aromatic rings are excellent insulators in their native state and can be transformed by oxidation or reduction in the solid state into conductive CT-complexes which exhibit metal-like conduction characteristics. The chemical and physical processes involved and the reasons for the observed quasimetallic conductivity are not yet fully understood. The real structure of these materials in chemical and physical terms, i. e. their complicated morphology and texture, as well as the results available on the structure-property relationships of the “organic metals” must be considered when discussing their properties. In other words, a discussion of conductive polymers should be based on what is known of the highly conducting CT-complexes of low-molecular weight compounds. The discovery of the highly conducting polymer complexes has opened up a new interdisciplinary field of research which borders on polymer science, solid-state and semiconductor physics and on organic solid-state chemistry. It is hoped that this area will lead to numerous novel materials and technical applications.
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    Thio- and Seleno-Compounds of Main Group Elements - Novel Inorganic Oligomers and PolymersDedicated to Professor Harald Schäfer on the occasion of his 70th birthday (1983)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 22 (1983), S. 113-134 
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    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Oligomers ; Polymers ; Main group elements ; Solid-state reactions ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: During the last decade modern preparative and structural methods have led to novel and often unexpected oligomeric and polymeric main group element-sulfur compounds having remarkable bonding and structural properties and reactivities. Examples of important new developments in this area are: the discovery of boron sulfides B8S16 and (BS2)n and of ion-conducting air-stable thioborates with tetrahedrally coordinated boron; the successful use of boron sulfides in organic and inorganic syntheses; the preparation of different homologous series of molecular polynuclear thio- and selenoanions of Ga, In, Si, Ge and Sn, and of new polynuclear sulfide- and selenide-halides of Si and Ge as interesting reagents for inorganic and organic reactions; the synthesis of argyrodite(Ag8GeS6)-like phases with remarkable solid-state properties; and the characterization of the S—H…S type hydrogen bridge in thiocarbonic acid and thiophosphinic acids, which is of importance for an understanding of certain interactions in sulfur-containing biomolecules.
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    Raw Materials and Energy: A Challenge for Polymer ResearchBased on a plenary lecture delivered at the 25th anniversary celebrations of the Society of Polymer Science, Japan, Tokyo, 29th May, 1982.Dedicated to Professor Karl Winnacker on the occasion of his 80th birthday (1983)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 22 (1983), S. 764-771 
    Details
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Raw materials ; Energy requirements ; Polymers ; Chemistry today ; Industrial chemistry ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The substantial rapid growth of synthetic polymers - plastics, man-made fibers, films, rubbers, and coatings - which continued unabated over many years, suffered a severe setback for the first time in 1973-1974 followed by another in 1980. A major cause of these reverses was the changed situation with respect to raw materials and energy. For industrial polymer research, in particular, this presents a fresh challenge with considerably changed priorities. The individual ways of meeting this challenge are highlighted and illustrated by examples: the search for alternative raw material sources for monomers; the development of economic methods for production and processing of polymers; the recycling of polymers; and finally the development of new raw material-saving and energy-saving technologies based on the use of polymers. In the future, the applications of polymers to new technologies such as communication- and information-systems or biotechnology will join the traditional uses. But the efforts required in research and development to achieve this demand wide-ranging interdisciplinary cooperation on an even greater scale than hitherto.
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    Photochemical Hole Burning: A Spectroscopic Study of Relaxation Processes in Polymers and Glasses (1984)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 23 (1984), S. 113-140 
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    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Hole burning ; Relaxation ; Polymers ; Glasses ; Photochemistry ; Spectroscopy ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Photochemical hole burning is a special type of saturation spectroscopy in the optical domain having many analogies with NMR methods. The holes, which are burnt with laser irradiation, appear as small indentations in the absorption spectra of dye molecules which are doped into a polymer or glass in minute concentrations. Based on their narrow line width, photochemical holes can be regarded as highly sensitive spectroscopic probes. They can be used to detect small perturbations of the system by external parameters, giving rise to line-shifts and broadenings. Besides the many well documented, spectroscopic applications of hole burning, it may offer interesting future developments for the spectroscopy of biomolecules and for high-density data storage.
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    Cyclic Compounds as Configurational Models for Stereoregular Polymers (1965)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 4 (1965), S. 107-112 
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    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Configuration ; Polymers ; Tacticity ; Stereochemistry ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: It is possible to draw analogies between linear polymers and cyclic compounds. Stereochemical considerations developed in this connection led to the recognition of new aspects of importance for the systematic classification of both classes of compounds; for example, asymmetric structures can be predicted which had hitherto never been suspected. - The concept of “diasteric centers” is introduced, and the definition of an “asymmetric center” is expressed in more general terms.
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    Formation and Properties of Medium and High Molecular Weight Compounds of Elements of Groups 3, 4, and 5Lecture at the Conference of the Gesellschaft Deutscher Naturforscher und Ärzte e.V. in Vienna on September 27th, 1966. (1968)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 7 (1968), S. 1-6 
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    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Aluminum ; Silicon ; Boron nitride ; Phosphorus ; Polymers ; Silicic acid ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The differences between compounds of carbon and of silicon are discussed, and the role of silicon as a fundamental structural component in inanimate nature is described. Starting with silicic acid and silicates, the structure and properties of the silicones and of compounds having Si—C—Si skeletons are described. The possibilities for the formation of high molecular-weight compounds between elements of Groups 3 and 5 of the periodic system are considered, with particular reference to boron nitride and to aluminum-phosphorus compounds.
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    Studies of the degradation of organotin stabilizers in poly(vinyl chloride) during gamma irradiation (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 1 (1987), S. 311-317 
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    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: Organotin stabilizers ; Dibutyltin ; PVC ; Polymers ; Gamma irradiation ; Degradation ; Dealkylation ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Organotin stabilizers of the type Bu2SnX2 (X = SCH2CO2C8H17 or O2CCH=CHCO2C8H17) present in poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) and subjected to varying doses of gamma irradiation in the range 1-200 kGy (0.1-20 Mrad) are shown to suffer degradation with dealkylation to form monobutyltin trichloride and tin(IV) chloride, which have been characterized by a subsequent alkylation procedure followed by gas chromatographic analysis. The extent of degradation of the stabilizers on prolonged gamma irradiation is much more severe than during thermal degradation leading to comparable blackening of the polymer.
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    Organometallic Homogeneous Catalysis - Quo vadis?“Organometallic Homogeneous Catalysis - Where Now?”: revised and updated version of chapter 4.1 from ref. [26a], pp. 1167-1197. Essays on Organometallic Chemistry, part. 8, Part 7: W. A. Herrmann, J. Organomet. Chem. 1995, 500, 149-174.In memory of Sir Geoffroy Wilkinson, a true pioneer of organometallic chemistry and catalysis (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 36 (1997), S. 1048-1067 
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    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: homogeneous catalysis ; industrial chemistry ; organometallic chemistry ; polymers ; reagents ; Homogeneous catalysis ; Industrial chemistry ; Organometallic compounds ; Polymers ; Reagents ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Homogeneous catalysis is the success story of organometallic chemistry. Otto Roelen's initial discovery of hydroformylation in 1938 not only entailed large-capacity production plants but was later followed by systematic research into the catalytic chemistry of the ever-growing class of organometallic compounds. Further developments in industrial chemistry towards clean, low-temperature, low-pressure, and economic processes - in feedstock or in the fine chemicals and polymer area - clearly depend on improved catalysts. Molecularly defined, tailor-made structures are the safest prerequisites for chemical selectivity; hence, organometallic compounds with their overwhelming variety of compositions and structures offer the most promising approach. Wilkinson's catalysts [HRh(CO){P(C6H5)3] and [ClRh{P(C6H5)}3}3] are outstanding examples. On the other hand, process technology has to be considered also (for example catalyst-product separation and hear-exchange problems). The following review attempts to critically assess the future trends and present demands in the applied area of orgnometallic catalysis-a “gentle art” that is far from being a mature field.
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    Novel High-Performance Ceramics - Amorphous Inorganic Networks from Molecular Precursors (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 36 (1997), S. 328-343 
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    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: boron ; ceramics ; nitrides ; polymers ; silicon ; Boron ; Ceramics ; Nitrides ; Polymers ; Silicon ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Materials research is an interdisciplinary field in which engineers and physical scientists work together. Since the major binary oxides, nitrides, and carbides, which are currently used as high-performance ceramics, were discovered in the last century, the role of chemistry in the development of materials has become barely noticeable. This has changed only in the recent past as, for example, purity and defined morphology of starting powders were recognized as crucial parameters for enhancing the reliability of ceramic workpieces. While the application of chemical methods led to gradual-though significant-improvements, the true potential of chemistry lies rather in the exploitation of new chemical systems and the development of new preparative routes to already known materials. Such an approach is the preparation of ceramics from molecular or polymeric precursors. Herein we survey the most important contributions to those preparative routes starting from the pioneering work in the 1960s and the 1970s; a certain emphasis is placed on the concepts that we have applied to the preparation of multinary, nonoxide materials and amorphous inorganic networks. The name “amorphous high-performance ceramics” is in fact a contradiction in terms. Such materials are thermodynamically unstable with respect to the transformation or decomposition to crystalline phases, thus excluding their application in sensitive areas at high temperatures. However, the selection of element combinations for which the binding energies are derived from strong, local covalent bonds and which are therefore less dependent on a long-range crystalline order, can yield amorphous materials of remarkable thermal and mechanical durability. This is exemplified by novel quaternary ceramics in the Si/B/N/C system, for which an efficient synthesis, starting from raw materials suitable for industrial production, has been developed. For instance, a material of the composition SiBN3C remains amorphous up to 1900°C, which is unique, and, with respect to oxidation, is the most stable nonoxide ceramic known to date. Another advantage of this in several respects unsurpassed material is the simple way, in which the viscosity of the polymeric precursors can be adjusted to various methods of shaping. So far infiltrations and coatings have been realized. Most developed is the preparation of fibers, which in terms of their performance characteristics are significantly better than those currently available.
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    Applications of freeze-fracture replication to problems in materials and colloid science (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 13 (1989), S. 309-334 
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    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: Freeze-fracture ; Electron microscopy ; Rapid freezing ; Dispersions ; Polymers ; Gels ; Liquid crystals ; Emulsions ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Understanding the relationship between the molecular structure and the macroscopic properties of polymer solutions and gels, oil-water-surfactant emulsions, lyotropic and thermotropic liquid crystals, colloidal dispersions, detergents, and other such “microstructured fluids” is essential to the optimal use of these commercially important materials. Modern rapid-freezing methods followed by freeze-fracture replication techniques are ideally suited to allow the direct visualization of the three-dimensional structure of the particles or units that make up the dispersion, while simultaneously revealing their orientation and distribution with molecular resolution. This paper reviews the necessary experimental conditions required to successfully exploit the freeze-fracture technique as it applies to microstructured fluid systems. The benefits and limitations of structural studies by freeze-fracture techniques as opposed to the more commonly used light, X-ray, and neutron-scattering methods are discussed. Freeze-fracture replicas can also be imaged by scanning tunneling microscopy to reveal directly three-dimensional fracture contours with improved resolution.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1060130406
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    Advanced Materials: Trends and Possibilities in Liquid Crystalline Polymers (1990)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 29 (1990), S. 1256-1261 
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    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Polymers ; Liquid crystals ; Crystalline polymers ; Materials science ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: During the past ten years there has been a sharp increase in interest in the opportunities afforded by R & D in the field of specialty polymers. Interest is mainly being shown in two distinct categories of polymers, namely, (a) polymers which are used in very small quantities to fulfill critical needs as a part of device system, and (b) high-performance engineering polymers which significantly extend their mechanical and thermal properties for structural applications. The first category ranges from advanced resists and insulating layers for microelectronic devices to membranes for filtration systems. The second category encompasses improved matrices for advanced composites as well as liquid crystalline polymers. In the present paper an overview is first given of the emerging opportunities for advanced materials and particularly specialty polymers. The status of work on liquid crystalline copolyesters is then discussed with special emphasis on one of the major problems confronting this field, namely interpreting the microstructure of the copolyesters.
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    Starburst Dendrimers: Molecular-Level Control of Size, Shape, Surface Chemistry, Topology, and Flexibility from Atoms to Macroscopic MatterSTARBURST is a registered trademark of The Dow Chemical Company. (1990)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 29 (1990), S. 138-175 
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    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Polymers ; Starburst dendrimers ; Dendrimers ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Starburst dendrimers are three-dimensional, highly ordered oligomeric and polymeric compounds formed by reiterative reaction sequences starting from smaller molecules - “initiator cores” such as ammonia or pentaerythritol. Protecting group strategies are crucial in these syntheses, which proceed via discrete “Aufbau” stages referred to as generations. Critical molecular design parameters (CMDPs) such as size, shape, and surface chemistry may be controlled by the reactions and synthetic building blocks used. Starburst dendrimers can mimic certain properties of micelles and liposomes and even those of biomolecules and the still more complicated, but highly organized, building blocks of biological systems. Numerous applications of these compounds are conceivable, particularly in mimicking the functions of large biomolecules as drug carriers and immunogens. This new branch of “supramolecular chemistry” should spark new developments in both organic and macromolecular chemistry.
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    Physical Causes of Aging in Plastics (1967)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 6 (1967), S. 844-851 
    Details
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Aging in plastics ; Polymers ; Materials science ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A number of physical changes that take place in a polymer below the glass transition temperature without the action of a medium are first described, and are then explained on the basis of changes in supramolecular order. Pure stress crazing with the characteristic self-limitation of craze growth is then considered. Models are developed to explain stress crazing under the influence of a wetting medium. Attempts to reduce stress crazing are then treated and the article closes with a discussion of the influence of morphological structure on crazing and cracking.
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    Stiff-Chain Polymers - Structure, Phase Behavior, and Properties (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 28 (1989), S. 253-267 
    Details
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Stiff-chain polymers ; Polymers ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Most of the industrial plastics used up to now consist of flexible macromolecules in which the repeat units are joined together in a nonlinear fashion by rotating bonds. Stiff-chain polymers, which in the ideal case have a rodlike shape, have received much less attention. The reason for this is that such polymers usually exhibit an exceedingly low solubility. Very often, they are absolutely insoluble and do not melt. However, in recent years these polymers have aroused technical interest because high-modulus fibers and moldings can be fabricated from them. These favorable mechanical properties are directly related to the nearly parallel arrangement of the rodlike macromolecules in the solid state which is achieved through spinning or extrusion from a liquid crystalline (nematic) state. It is therefore evident that a thorough understanding of the phase behavior and the structure is required for a universal technical utilization of these materials. The great variety of methods used in polymer science today has led to a deeper understanding of stiff-chain polymers. Experimental results together with theoretical modeling of the phase behavior have direct implications for the practical use of these macromolecular materials.
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    Perspectives in the Development of High-Temperature Polymers (1990)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 29 (1990), S. 1262-1268 
    Details
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Polymers ; High-temperature polymers ; Materials science ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Research on high-temperature organic polymers was initiated in the late 1950s primarily to meet the needs of the aerospace and electronics industry. Since then, many different heat-resistant polymer systems have been reported, of which several are now commercially available. These polymers are used in many diverse applications such as circuitry in microelectronic components, coatings on cookware, binders in brake systems, sealants for fuel tanks in high-speed aircraft, gears in copying machines, structural components in high-speed aircraft, and space vehicles, films and wire coatings for electrical insulation. Worldwide use for high-temperature polymers in 1988 was estimated at 90 million kilograms with a value of $ 2.3 billion. This market is expected to double by the end of this decade. The major polymer classes discussed in the present paper are polyimides and poly(aryl ethers).
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    Soft Matter (Nobel Lecture)Copyright © The Nobel Foundation 1992. We thank the Nobel Foundation, Stockholm, for permission to print this lecture. (1992)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 31 (1992), S. 842-845 
    Details
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Soft matter ; Nobel lecture ; Fluids ; Polymers ; Surfactants ; Liquid crystals ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.199208421
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    Routes to New Aromatic Polycarbonates with Special Material Properties (1991)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 30 (1991), S. 1598-1610 
    Details
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Materials science ; Polymers ; Polycarbonates ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Polycarbonate together with the acrylonitrile/butadiene/styrene copolymers, and the poly amides constitute the leading groups of engineering thermoplastics; for polycarbonate in particular, continued dynamic growth is prophesized.The underlying reason for this lies not only in its outstanding combination of technical properties and excellent price/performance balance, but also in the chemical and physical potential inherent in the basic structure of polycarbonate. The following review demonstrates with examples how this potential can be used in the development of new polycarbonates through the incorporation of alternative monomers, changes in the linear structure, end group variation, addition of special additives, and blending. The main emphasis of this articles lies in the development of polycarbonates resistant to high temperature, with a good balance of technologically valuable properties. For scientific and practical interests a new criterion is offered for polycarbonates having both high-temperature stability and impact strength.“One must not only make a discovery, but also realize that a discovery has been made.”Hermann Schnell [1]
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    Molecular Imprinting in Cross-Linked Materials with the Aid of Molecular Templates -  A Way towards Artificial Antibodies (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 34 (1995), S. 1812-1832 
    Details
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: catalysis ; enantiomeric resolution ; imprinting ; molecular recognition ; polymers ; Imprinting ; Molecular recognition ; Polymers ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Can binding sites be produced in organic or inorganic polymers - similar to those in antibodies - which are able to recognize molecules and which may have catalytic action? In this article we review a method, analogous to a mechanism of antibody formation proposed earlier, by which in the presence of interacting monomers a cross-linked polymer is formed around a molecule that acts as a template. After removal of the template, an imprint containing functional groups capable of chemical interaction remains in the polymer. The shape of the imprint and the arrangement of the functional groups are complementary to the structure of the template. If chiral templates are used, the success of the imprinting process can be assessed by the ability of the polymer to resolve the racemate of the template molecule. Through optimization of the process has led to chromatographic separation factors of α = 4-8, and to base line separations. There is also great interest in the surface imprinting of solid materials and monolayers. In all cases, the structure of the polymeric matrix in the imprinted materials and the function of the binding groups are of crucial importance. The mechanisms of imprinting and molecular recognition of substrates are by now well understood. A large number of potential applications for this class materials are being intensively developed, for example in the chromatogrphic resolution of recemates, and as artificial antibodies, chemosensors, and selective catalysts. The use of similarly produced materials as enzyme models is also of great interest.
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    Synthetic Paper (1971)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 10 (1971), S. 287-294 
    Details
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Synthetic paper ; Paper ; Polymers ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Synthetic paper can be made either by forming a web from synthetic fibers or by extruding a film from thermoplastic polymers. With suitable starting materials and appropriate treatment it is possible to equal the properties of conventional cellulose paper; in some respects, as in wet strength and dimensional stability, the synthetic papers are clearly superior.
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    Chemical Analysis of Synthetic FibersExpanded version of a lecture to the 4th Textile Technical Forum, Schloss Elmau, 1972; 7th report in the series: Synthetic Fibers in the Wool Industry. 6th report: W. L. Lindner, Polymer 14, 9 (1973).Dedicated to Professor Paul Schlack on the occasion of his 75th birthday (1973)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 12 (1973), S. 602-617 
    Details
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Analytical methods ; Fibers ; Polymers ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The analytical characterization of synthetic fibers has not kept pace with their development and production. Whereas the “second-generation” fibers have already conquered the market, the chemical investigation methods used until now for the three classical fiber polymers of the polyester, polyamide, and polyacrylonitrile types are still frequently unsatisfactory. Though they satisfy the requirements of production supervision and quality control, they do not supply enough information to enable us to understand and to explain the degradation of and damage to the polymers under hydrolytic, thermal, or thermooxidative influences. This report presents methods of chemical analysis that open up new possibilities for investigations of this nature on synthetic fibers. The results reported for commercial products must not be taken as an assessment of quality. They are simply intended to show the diversity to be expected in the chemical properties and to emphasize the practical basis of the chemical analysis of synthetic fibers.
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    Polymers as Reagents in Organic Synthesis (1974)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 13 (1974), S. 99-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Polymers ; Solid-phase synthesis ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Polymeric reagents offer a range of unique advantages. Intramolecular reactions, such as the cyclization of peptides or Dieckmann cyclizations, can be brought about by attaching the reactive molecules at remote points along a polymer chain. In contrast, if the reactive molecules are anchored in close proximity on a polymeric support then intermolecular reactions occur, as demonstrated for a ketone synthesis. Apart from such proximity effects, cooperative effects can also be exploited, e.g. in the formation of a 2:1 complex of a crown ether and an alkali metal ion. The hydrolysis of an ester with polyvinylimidazole provides a detailed illustration of hydrophobic interactions. The simple separation of polymer-bound and low-molecular compounds by filtration is another significant advantage.
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    The Challenge to Macromolecular ScienceBased on an address delivered at the dedication of Midland Macromolecular Institute, Midland, Michigan (USA), on September 28, 1972. The text will also appear in the International Journal of Polymeric Materials and in H.-G. Elias: Trends in Macromolecular Science (Midland Macromolecular Monographs, Vol. 1), published by Gordon & Breach, New York - London. (1974)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 13 (1974), S. 97-98 
    Details
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Macromolecules ; Polymers ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.197400971
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    Polymers in MedicineLecture presented at the Scientific Symposium “Trends in Macromolecular Science”, at the Dedication Ceremony of the Midland Macromolecular Institute, September 29, 1972. All lectures of this symposium will appear in the International Journal of Polymeric Materials and in H.-G. Elias: Trends in Macromolecular Science (Midland Macromolecular Monographs, Vol. 1), Gordon and Breach, New York - London. (1974)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 13 (1974), S. 108-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Polymers ; Medicinal chemistry ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The problems encountered in the use of artificial materials in the body are discussed, using as example the artificial heart. In the quest for suitable materials, numerous investigations have been carried out, including, inter alia, studies on the adsorption of proteins on polymer surfaces and on the passivation of such surfaces by coating with proteins or by the growth of cell cultures. The development of passive artificial substances is also discussed.
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    Mechanical Fabrication of Thermoplastic PolymersLecture at the occasion of the dedication of Midland Macromolecular Institute, September 28 and 29, 1972. The text will also appear in the International Journal of Polymeric Materials and in H.-G. Elias: Trends in Macromolecular Science (Midland Macromolecular Monographs, Vol. 1), Gordon & Breach, New York - London. (1974)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 13 (1974), S. 105-107 
    Details
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Thermoplastic polymers ; Polymers ; Industrial chemistry ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: One of the most important features influencing the mechanical behavior of a fabricated thermoplastic item is the spatial arrangement of the polymer molecules. Inter alia processes developed for controlling the pattern of orientation of the polymer molecules are discussed.
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    Structure-Property Relationships in a PolymerBased on a lecture given on the occasion of the dedication of Midland Macromolecular Institute, Midland, Michigan (USA), on September 29, 1972. The text will also appear in the International Journal of Polymeric Materials and in H.-G. Elias: Trends in Macromolecular Science (Midland Macromolecular Monographs, Vol. 1) published by Gordon & Breach, New York - London. (1974)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 13 (1974), S. 113-121 
    Details
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Structure-property relationships ; Polymers ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The way in which polymer molecular structure controls structure on higher levels of organization in a solid polymer is briefly reviewed, as is also the way in which structure, on all levels, controls physical properties. The “line of descent” from molecular structure to physical properties is then illustrated for cis-polyisoprene (natural rubber). It is shown how the crystalline-amorphous morphology in the solid is controlled both by the chemical microstructure of the polymer and by the physical conditions (temperature, time, strain) under which solidification occurs. By changing these “processing conditions” great changes can be effected in the morphology.
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    Microencapsulation (1975)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 14 (1975), S. 539-550 
    Details
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Microencapsulation ; Capsules ; Polymers ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Microencapsulation is the enveloping of liquid droplets or fine solid particles to form microscopic capsules 1 to 5000 μm in diameter. For the fabrication of such capsules special techniques have been developed which take into account the substance to be encapsulated and the intended use of the capsules. The envelopes, consisting of natural or synthetic polymers, may be made permeable, semipermeable, or impermeable. Thus, there are several possibilities for controlled release of an encapsulated reactive substance, for example by destruction of the envelope or by permeation: alternatively, reactions can be allowed to take place within the microcapsules. Microencapsulation facilitates delivery of many substances to their site of utilization in a novel form of preparation and novel mode of dosage, the solids being dispersed very finely and having a very large surface area.
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    Raw Material-Polymer Interrelationships  -  Today and TomorrowExtended version of the paper delivered at the plenary session of the 26th International Symposium on Macromolecules, September 20, 1979 in Mainz.Dedicated to Professor Rolf Sammet on the occasion of his 60th birthday (1980)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 19 (1980), S. 79-87 
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    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Polymers ; Raw materials ; Chemistry today ; Industrial chemistry ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Against the background of increasing demand and limited availability of fossil, non-regenerative fuel reserves and resources, ways are indicated of ensuring future supplies of raw materials and energy. The ambivalence of petroleum, natural gas, and coal in the energy and chemical sectors is demonstrated and opportunities for the gradual separation of their dual function are indicated. Taking into account the time factor, the necessary restructuring processes are analyzed critically with respect to their impact on the raw material-polymer relationship.
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    Analysis of Low Molecular Weight Homologues of Fiber-Forming PolycondensatesBased on a lecture delivered at the GDCh Extension Course, “Schutzgruppenchemie  -  Methoden zur Umsetzung polyfunktioneller Moleküle”, October 11, 1979 in Aachen (Germany).Dedicated to Professor Helmut Zahn on the occasion of his 65th birthday (1981)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 20 (1981), S. 831-840 
    Details
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Analytical methods ; Fibers ; Oligomers ; Polymers ; Synthetic fibers ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Oligomers belong to the gray area between low molecular weight chemistry and macromolecular chemistry. Although they represent an undesirable “natural impurity” in fiber-forming polycondensates, they serve as useful model compounds for the corresponding polymers in fundamental research. Whereas for many years new classes of oligomers were being made preparatively accessible and the isolation of higher oligomers in pure form was being pursued, at the present time the emphasis is on analysis. By a combination of classical chemical and instrumental methods of analysis from polymer and organic chemistry, the identification of oligomers of unknown structure, the analytical control of their synthesis and the determination of their content in technical polymers has meanwhile become a routine task.
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    The Chemistry of New Heat-Resistant Films and Fibers (1964)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 3 (1964), S. 460-470 
    Details
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Heat resistance ; Fibers ; Polymers ; Materials science ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: This survey is principally concerned with papers published since 1959 on hydrocarbon polymers, aliphatic poly(terephthalamide) fibers, poly(hydroxybenzoic acid) films, poly(oxadiazole) fibers, poly(benzimidazole) films, poly(phenyltriazole) films, poly(pyromellitimide) films, and fibers from cyclized poly(acrylonitrile). All these materials have extremely high melting points and satisfactory in-use characteristics at high temperatures.
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    Oligomers and Pleionomers of Synthetic Fiber-Forming Polymers (1963)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 2 (1963), S. 410-420 
    Details
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Oligomers ; Pleionomers ; Polymers ; Fibers ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The term “oligomer” is defined, and a survey of methods for the isolation and synthesis of cyclic and linear oligoesters, oligourethanes, oligo(acrylonitriles), and oligoamides is presented. The oligomers serve a valuable function as model substances for the investigation of many properties of the corresponding high polymers. This is shown using several examples (infrared spectroscopy, X-ray spectroscopy, viscosity).
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    Methods for the Synthesis of Uniform Polymers (1966)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 5 (1966), S. 862-870 
    Details
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Polymers ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The difficulties encountered in the preparation of polymers that are uniform chemically, structurally, and in their molecular weight are due mainly to the wide variety of possible polymers. This arcticle gives a review of attempts to synthesize homogeneous polymers by chain reactions and by stepwise synthesis. Syntheses on templates are extremely important in living cells; methods have recently been found for syntheses of this type that are independent of natural processes. Uniform polymers can also be obtained by reactions on existing polymers. In replicating polymers, this in principle requires the modification of only one polymer molecule.
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    [This Week in Science] Highly branched polymers deliver (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-24
    Description: Author: Philip Yeagle
    Keywords: Polymers
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Microtubule disassembly by ATP-dependent oligomerization of the AAA enzyme katanin (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-10-26
    Description: Katanin, a member of the AAA adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) superfamily, uses nucleotide hydrolysis energy to sever and disassemble microtubules. Many AAA enzymes disassemble stable protein-protein complexes, but their mechanisms are not well understood. A fluorescence resonance energy transfer assay demonstrated that the p60 subunit of katanin oligomerized in an adenosine triphosphate (ATP)- and microtubule-dependent manner. Oligomerization increased the affinity of katanin for microtubules and stimulated its ATPase activity. After hydrolysis of ATP, microtubule-bound katanin oligomers disassembled microtubules and then dissociated into free katanin monomers. Coupling a nucleotide-dependent oligomerization cycle to the disassembly of a target protein complex may be a general feature of ATP-hydrolyzing AAA domains.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hartman, J J -- Vale, R D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Oct 22;286(5440):782-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉The Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10531065" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Triphosphatases/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Adenosine Triphosphate/analogs & derivatives/*metabolism ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Centrifugation, Density Gradient ; Fluorescence ; Hydrolysis ; Luminescent Proteins ; Microtubules/*metabolism ; Models, Biological ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Polymers ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Tubulin/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    A phase separation model for the nanopatterning of diatom biosilica (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-03-30
    Description: Diatoms are encased in an intricately patterned wall that consists of amorphous silica. Species-specific fabrication of this ornate biomineral enables taxonomists to identify thousands of diatom species. The molecular mechanisms that control this nanofabrication and generate the diversity of patterns is not well understood. A simple model is described, in which repeated phase separation events during wall biogenesis are assumed to produce self-similar silica patterns in smaller and smaller scales. On the basis of this single assumption, the apparently complex patterns found in the valves of the diatom genus Coscinodiscus can be predicted. Microscopic analysis of valves in statu nascendi from three different Coscinodiscus species supports the conclusions derived from the model.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sumper, Manfred -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Mar 29;295(5564):2430-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Lehrstuhl Biochemie I, Universitat Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany. manfred.sumper@vkl.uni-regensburg.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11923533" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cell Wall/*chemistry/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Chemical Precipitation ; Diatoms/*chemistry/classification/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Models, Biological ; Morphogenesis ; Polyamines/analysis/metabolism ; Polymers ; Silicic Acid/chemistry/metabolism ; Silicon Dioxide/*chemistry/metabolism ; Species Specificity
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  • 83
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    Micro/nano encapsulation via electrified coaxial liquid jets (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2002-03-02
    Description: We report a method to generate steady coaxial jets of immiscible liquids with diameters in the range of micrometer/nanometer size. This compound jet is generated by the action of electro-hydrodynamic (EHD) forces with a diameter that ranges from tens of nanometers to tens of micrometers. The eventual jet breakup results in an aerosol of monodisperse compound droplets with the outer liquid surrounding or encapsulating the inner one. Following this approach, we have produced monodisperse capsules with diameters varying between 10 and 0.15 micrometers, depending on the running parameters.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Loscertales, I G -- Barrero, A -- Guerrero, I -- Cortijo, R -- Marquez, M -- Ganan-Calvo, A M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Mar 1;295(5560):1695-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Escuela Tecnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales, Universidad de Malaga, Plaza El Ejido, S/N Malaga 29013, Spain. loscertales@uma.es〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11872835" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Aerosols ; Capsules ; Chemistry, Physical ; Drug Compounding/*methods ; Electric Conductivity ; Electricity ; Emulsions ; *Nanotechnology ; Olive Oil ; Particle Size ; Physicochemical Phenomena ; Plant Oils ; Polymers ; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization ; Water
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  • 84
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    Using selective withdrawal to coat microparticles (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2001-04-17
    Description: We report a method that uses the process of selective withdrawal of one fluid through a second immiscible fluid to coat small particles with polymer films. Fluid is withdrawn through a tube with its orifice slightly above a water-oil interface. Upon increasing the flow rate, there is a transition from a state where only oil is withdrawn to a state where the water, containing the particles to be coated and appropriate prepolymer reagents, is entrained in a thin spout along with the oil. The entrained particles eventually cause the spout interface to break, producing a thin coat of controllable thickness around each particle, which can be subsequently polymerized using chemical reagents, light, or heat. This method allows flexibility in the chemical composition and thickness of the conformal coatings.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cohen, I -- Li, H -- Hougland, J L -- Mrksich, M -- Nagel, S R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Apr 13;292(5515):265-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉James Frank Institute and Department of Physics, Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11303097" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Benzoates ; Chemistry, Physical/*methods ; Deuterium Oxide ; Microscopy, Confocal ; Microspheres ; Mineral Oil ; Papaver ; Plants, Medicinal ; *Pollen ; *Polyethylene Glycols ; Polymers ; Seeds ; Viscosity ; Water ; Zea mays
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  • 85
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    Materials Research Society meeting. Assembling the supersmall and ultrasensitive (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-12-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Service, R F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Dec 21;294(5551):2462-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11752554" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Bacteriophages/genetics ; Crystallization ; *Electric Conductivity ; *Microchemistry ; Miniaturization ; Mutation ; *Nanotechnology ; Polymers ; Pressure ; Selenium Compounds ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Temperature ; Zinc Compounds
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  • 86
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    Microrobots for micrometer-size objects in aqueous media: potential tools for single-cell manipulation (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-07-06
    Description: Conducting polymers are excellent materials for actuators that are operated in aqueous media. Microactuators based on polypyrrole-gold bilayers enable large movement of structures attached to these actuators and are of particular interest for the manipulation of biological objects, such as single cells. A fabrication method for creating individually addressable and controllable polypyrrole-gold microactuators was developed. With these individually controlled microactuators, a micrometer-size manipulator, or microrobotic arm, was fabricated. This microrobotic arm can pick up, lift, move, and place micrometer-size objects within an area of about 250 micrometers by 100 micrometers, making the microrobot an excellent tool for single-cell manipulation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jager, E W -- Inganas, O -- Lundstrom, I -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jun 30;288(5475):2335-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physics and Measurement Technology, Division of Applied Physics, Linkopings universitet, S-581 83, Linkoping, Sweden. edjag@ifm.liu.se〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10875911" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Benzenesulfonates ; Body Fluids ; Cytodiagnosis ; *Cytological Techniques ; Electrochemistry ; Glass ; Gold ; Humans ; Medical Laboratory Science/instrumentation/*methods ; Microelectrodes ; Micromanipulation/instrumentation/*methods ; Microspheres ; Microsurgery ; Miniaturization ; Polycyclic Compounds ; Polymers ; Polyurethanes ; Pyrroles ; *Robotics ; Silicon ; Water
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 87
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    Automated solid-phase synthesis of oligosaccharides (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-02-27
    Description: Traditionally, access to structurally defined complex carbohydrates has been very laborious. Although recent advancements in solid-phase synthesis have made the construction of complex oligosaccharides less tedious, a high level of technical expertise is still necessary to obtain the desired structures. We describe the automated chemical synthesis of several oligosaccharides on a solid-phase synthesizer. A branched dodecasaccharide was synthesized through the use of glycosyl phosphate building blocks and an octenediol functionalized resin. The target oligosaccharide was readily obtained after cleavage from the solid support. Access to certain complex oligosaccharides now has become feasible in a fashion much like the construction of oligopeptides and oligonucleotides.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Plante, O J -- Palmacci, E R -- Seeberger, P H -- RR-00995/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Feb 23;291(5508):1523-7. Epub 2001 Feb 1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11222853" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Automation ; Carbohydrate Conformation ; Carbohydrate Sequence ; Chemistry, Organic/instrumentation/methods ; Glucans/chemical synthesis/chemistry ; Glycosylation ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular ; Oligosaccharides/*chemical synthesis/*chemistry/isolation & purification ; Polymers ; Resins, Plant ; Temperature
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  • 88
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    Reversible hydrogels from self-assembling artificial proteins (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-07-17
    Description: Recombinant DNA methods were used to create artificial proteins that undergo reversible gelation in response to changes in pH or temperature. The proteins consist of terminal leucine zipper domains flanking a central, flexible, water-soluble polyelectrolyte segment. Formation of coiled-coil aggregates of the terminal domains in near-neutral aqueous solutions triggers formation of a three-dimensional polymer network, with the polyelectrolyte segment retaining solvent and preventing precipitation of the chain. Dissociation of the coiled-coil aggregates through elevation of pH or temperature causes dissolution of the gel and a return to the viscous behavior that is characteristic of polymer solutions. The mild conditions under which gel formation can be controlled (near-neutral pH and near-ambient temperature) suggest that these materials have potential in bioengineering applications requiring encapsulation or controlled release of molecular and cellular species.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Petka, W A -- Harden, J L -- McGrath, K P -- Wirtz, D -- Tirrell, D A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Jul 17;281(5375):389-92.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9665877" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Carrier Proteins/*chemistry/isolation & purification ; Chemistry, Physical ; Circular Dichroism ; Dimerization ; Electrolytes ; *Gels ; Genes, Synthetic ; Hydrogel ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Leucine Zippers ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Physicochemical Phenomena ; Polyethylene Glycols/*chemistry/isolation & purification ; Polymers ; *Protein Engineering ; Protein Folding ; *Protein Structure, Secondary ; Recombinant Proteins/*chemistry/isolation & purification ; Temperature ; Viscosity
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  • 89
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    The atom economy--a search for synthetic efficiency (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1991-12-06
    Description: Efficient synthetic methods required to assemble complex molecular arrays include reactions that are both selective (chemo-, regio-, diastereo-, and enantio-) and economical in atom count (maximum number of atoms of reactants appearing in the products). Methods that involve simply combining two or more building blocks with any other reactant needed only catalytically constitute the highest degree of atom economy. Transition metal-catalyzed methods that are both selective and economical for formation of cyclic structures, of great interest for biological purposes, represent an important starting point for this long-term goal. The limited availability of raw materials, combined with environmental concerns, require the highlighting of these goals.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Trost, B M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Dec 6;254(5037):1471-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, CA 94305-5080.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1962206" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chemical Phenomena ; *Chemistry ; Isomerism ; Methylation ; Polymers
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  • 90
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    The actin-binding protein profilin binds to PIP2 and inhibits its hydrolysis by phospholipase C (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1990-03-30
    Description: Profilin is generally thought to regulate actin polymerization, but the observation that acidic phospholipids dissociate the complex of profilin and actin raised the possibility that profilin might also regulate lipid metabolism. Profilin isolated from platelets binds with high affinity to small clusters of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) molecules in micelles and also in bilayers with other phospholipids. The molar ratio of the complex of profilin with PIP2 is 1:7 in micelles of pure PIP2 and 1:5 in bilayers composed largely of other phospholipids. Profilin competes efficiently with platelet cytosolic phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C for interaction with the PIP2 substrate and thereby inhibits PIP2 hydrolysis by this enzyme. The cellular concentrations and binding characteristics of these molecules are consistent with profilin being a negative regulator of the phosphoinositide signaling pathway in addition to its established function as an inhibitor of actin polymerization.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Goldschmidt-Clermont, P J -- Machesky, L M -- Baldassare, J J -- Pollard, T D -- GM 26338/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Mar 30;247(4950):1575-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2157283" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Actins/*metabolism ; Chromatography, Gel ; *Contractile Proteins ; Humans ; Hydrolysis ; Micelles ; Microfilament Proteins/*metabolism ; Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-Diphosphate ; Phosphatidylinositols/*metabolism ; Polymers ; Profilins ; Type C Phospholipases/*antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 91
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    Diffuse-double layer at a membrane-aqueous interface measured with x-ray standing waves (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1990-04-06
    Description: The ion distribution in an electrolyte solution in contact with a charged polymerized phospholipid membrane was directly measured with long-period x-ray standing waves. The 27-angstrom-thick lipid monolayer was supported on a tungsten/silicon mirror. X-ray standing waves were generated above the mirror surface by total external reflection of a 9.8-kiloelectron volt x-ray beam from a synchrotron undulator. The membrane surface, which contained negatively charged phosphate headgroups, was bathed in a dilute ZnCl2 solution. The concentration of Zn2+ in the condensed layer at the membrane surface and the Zn2+ distribution in the diffuse layer were measured as a function of headgroup charge. The Debye length of the diffuse layer varied between 3 and 58 angstroms. The results qualitatively agree with the Gouy-Chapman-Stern model.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bedzyk, M J -- Bommarito, G M -- Caffrey, M -- Penner, T L -- DK-36849/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Apr 6;248(4951):52-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2321026" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chemistry, Physical ; *Electrochemistry ; Electrolytes ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; *Membranes, Artificial ; Particle Accelerators ; Phospholipids ; Physicochemical Phenomena ; Polymers ; Solutions ; Water ; X-Rays ; Zinc/analysis
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  • 92
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    Chemical and biological microstructures as probed by dynamic processes (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1991-03-29
    Description: The dynamic process of electronic energy transfer is shown to be an important tool for probing the microstructure of molecular systems, particularly those in which donors and acceptors occupy specifically labeled sites of spatially confining host matrices. Special attention is given to analyzing the temporal behavior of the direct energy transfer reaction for systems in which the dipolar coupling is between a donor and randomly distributed acceptors. This dynamic process is dependent on two competing lengths when the donor and acceptor distribution is determined by the microstructure of the confining system: Rp, the dominant length characterizing the size of the confinement, and R0, which scales the strength of the dipolar coupling. When energy transfer processes are viewed in the context of these two competing lengths, a picture emerges of the microstructure of the confinement that is consistent with and corroborated by other structural probes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Drake, J M -- Klafter, J -- Levitz, P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Mar 29;251(5001):1574-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Exxon Research and Engineering Company, Clinton Township, Annandale, NJ 08801.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2011737" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Energy Transfer ; Mathematics ; Models, Biological ; *Models, Theoretical ; Polymers ; Probability
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  • 93
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    Molecular analysis of protein assembly in muscle development (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1991-03-01
    Description: The challenge presented by myofibril assembly in striated muscle is to understand the molecular mechanisms by which its protein components are arranged at each level of organization. Recent advances in the genetics and cell biology of muscle development have shown that in vivo assembly of the myofilaments requires a complex array of structural and associated proteins and that organization of whole sarcomeres occurs initially at the cell membrane. These studies have been complemented by in vitro analyses of the renaturation, polymerization, and three-dimensional structure of the purified proteins.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Epstein, H F -- Fischman, D A -- AR-32147/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- GM-33223/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- HL-42267/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Mar 1;251(4997):1039-44.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1998120" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Actins/physiology ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Macromolecular Substances ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Morphogenesis ; Muscle Contraction ; *Muscle Development ; Muscle Proteins/*physiology ; Myofibrils/*physiology ; Myosins/physiology ; Polymers ; Sarcolemma/physiology
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  • 94
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    DNA: a model compound for solution studies of macromolecules (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1991-02-22
    Description: Well-defined, monodisperse, homologous series of oligonucleotides and DNA restriction fragments may now be produced and used as models of rigid and semirigid rodlike molecules in solution. Information from optical experiments on these model systems aids in the formulation and testing of theories of macromolecular dynamics in both dilute and concentrated solution.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pecora, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Feb 22;251(4996):893-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Stanford University, CA 94305-5080.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2000490" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Base Sequence ; DNA/*chemistry ; *Models, Chemical ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Oligodeoxyribonucleotides/*chemistry ; Plasmids ; Polymers ; Restriction Mapping
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  • 95
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    American Chemical Society meeting. Dipstick test flags spoiling food (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2007-09-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Service, Robert F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Sep 7;317(5843):1319.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17823329" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biogenic Amines/*analysis ; Copper/chemistry ; *Fishes/microbiology ; *Food ; Food Contamination ; Food Microbiology ; Food Technology/*methods ; Humans ; Polymers
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  • 96
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    Step-growth polymerization of inorganic nanoparticles (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2010-07-10
    Description: Self-organization of nanoparticles is an efficient strategy for producing nanostructures with complex, hierarchical architectures. The past decade has witnessed great progress in nanoparticle self-assembly, yet the quantitative prediction of the architecture of nanoparticle ensembles and of the kinetics of their formation remains a challenge. We report on the marked similarity between the self-assembly of metal nanoparticles and reaction-controlled step-growth polymerization. The nanoparticles act as multifunctional monomer units, which form reversible, noncovalent bonds at specific bond angles and organize themselves into a colloidal polymer. We show that the kinetics and statistics of step-growth polymerization enable a quantitative prediction of the architecture of linear, branched, and cyclic self-assembled nanostructures; their aggregation numbers and size distribution; and the formation of structural isomers.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Liu, Kun -- Nie, Zhihong -- Zhao, Nana -- Li, Wei -- Rubinstein, Michael -- Kumacheva, Eugenia -- 1-R01-HL077546-03A2/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Jul 9;329(5988):197-200. doi: 10.1126/science.1189457.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20616274" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cetrimonium Compounds/chemistry ; Colloids ; Cyclization ; Gold ; Isomerism ; Kinetics ; Metal Nanoparticles/*chemistry ; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission ; Nanotechnology/methods ; Physicochemical Processes ; Polymers ; Polystyrenes/chemistry
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  • 97
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    Nanotechnology. Nanoparticle Trojan horses gallop from the lab into the clinic (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-10-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Service, Robert F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Oct 15;330(6002):314-5. doi: 10.1126/science.330.6002.314.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20947742" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antineoplastic Agents/*administration & dosage ; Clinical Trials as Topic ; *Drug Carriers ; Humans ; Nanomedicine/methods ; *Nanoparticles ; Neoplasms/diagnosis/*drug therapy ; Polymers ; RNA, Antisense/administration & dosage ; Vaccines/administration & dosage
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 98
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    Artificial muscles from fishing line and sewing thread (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-02-22
    Description: The high cost of powerful, large-stroke, high-stress artificial muscles has combined with performance limitations such as low cycle life, hysteresis, and low efficiency to restrict applications. We demonstrated that inexpensive high-strength polymer fibers used for fishing line and sewing thread can be easily transformed by twist insertion to provide fast, scalable, nonhysteretic, long-life tensile and torsional muscles. Extreme twisting produces coiled muscles that can contract by 49%, lift loads over 100 times heavier than can human muscle of the same length and weight, and generate 5.3 kilowatts of mechanical work per kilogram of muscle weight, similar to that produced by a jet engine. Woven textiles that change porosity in response to temperature and actuating window shutters that could help conserve energy were also demonstrated. Large-stroke tensile actuation was theoretically and experimentally shown to result from torsional actuation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Haines, Carter S -- Lima, Marcio D -- Li, Na -- Spinks, Geoffrey M -- Foroughi, Javad -- Madden, John D W -- Kim, Shi Hyeong -- Fang, Shaoli -- Jung de Andrade, Monica -- Goktepe, Fatma -- Goktepe, Ozer -- Mirvakili, Seyed M -- Naficy, Sina -- Lepro, Xavier -- Oh, Jiyoung -- Kozlov, Mikhail E -- Kim, Seon Jeong -- Xu, Xiuru -- Swedlove, Benjamin J -- Wallace, Gordon G -- Baughman, Ray H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Feb 21;343(6173):868-72. doi: 10.1126/science.1246906.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉The Alan G. MacDiarmid NanoTech Institute, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75083, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24558156" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Cotton Fiber ; Humans ; Muscles/chemistry/ultrastructure ; *Nylons ; Polymers ; Porosity ; *Tensile Strength ; *Torsion, Mechanical
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 99
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    Microtubule treadmilling in vivo (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-01-10
    Description: In vivo, cytoplasmic microtubules are nucleated and anchored by their minus ends at the centrosome and are believed to turn over by a mechanism termed dynamic instability: depolymerization and repolymerization at their plus ends. In cytoplasmic fragments of fish melanophores, microtubules were shown to detach from their nucleation site and depolymerize from their minus ends. Free microtubules moved toward the periphery by treadmilling-growth at one end and shortening from the opposite end. Frequent release from nucleation sites may be a general property of centrosomes and permit a minus-end mechanism of microtubule turnover and treadmilling.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rodionov, V I -- Borisy, G G -- GM25062/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jan 10;275(5297):215-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA. ggborisy@facstaf.wisc.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8985015" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Centrosome/metabolism ; Cytoplasm/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Fishes ; Kinetics ; Melanophores/ultrastructure ; Microtubules/metabolism/*physiology/ultrastructure ; Movement ; Pigments, Biological/metabolism ; Polymers
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 100
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    Ste5 RING-H2 domain: role in Ste4-promoted oligomerization for yeast pheromone signaling (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-10-06
    Description: Ste5 is a scaffold for the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade components in a yeast pheromone response pathway. Ste5 also associates with Ste4, the beta subunit of a heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding protein, potentially linking receptor activation to stimulation of the MAPK cascade. A RING-H2 motif at the Ste5 amino terminus is apparently essential for function because Ste5(C177S) and Ste5(C177A C180A) mutants did not rescue the mating defect of a ste5Delta cell. In vitro Ste5(C177A C180A) bound each component of the MAPK cascade, but not Ste4. Unlike wild-type Ste5, the mutant did not appear to oligomerize; however, when fused to a heterologous dimerization domain (glutathione S-transferase), the chimeric protein restored mating in an ste5Delta cell and an ste4Delta ste5Delta double mutant. Thus, the RING-H2 domain mediates Ste4-Ste5 interaction, which is a prerequisite for Ste5-Ste5 self-association and signaling.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Inouye, C -- Dhillon, N -- Thorner, J -- CA09041/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- GM21841/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Oct 3;278(5335):103-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3202, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9311911" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Binding Sites ; Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases/metabolism ; *Carrier Proteins ; Dimerization ; Fungal Proteins/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; *GTP-Binding Protein beta Subunits ; GTP-Binding Proteins/*metabolism ; Genetic Complementation Test ; Glutathione Transferase/chemistry ; *Heterotrimeric GTP-Binding Proteins ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Peptides/*physiology ; Pheromones/physiology ; Point Mutation ; Polymers ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; *Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins ; *Signal Transduction ; Transformation, Genetic
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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