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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 2 (1980), S. 491-496 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary For esterification of its carboxyl end groups in heterogeneous phase, polyethylene terephthalate was treated with boron trifluoride/methanol and with diazomethane in chlorobenzene, respectively. Whereas treatment with boron trifluoride/ methanol in some cases was accompanied by polymer degradation, reacting the polyester with diazomethane resulted in complete methyl esterification without any detectable side reaction.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zur chemischen Bestimmung der Aminoendgruppen in Polyamiden wird das Polymere in 2,2,2-Trifluoräthanol (TFÄ) mit 1-Fluor-2,4-dinitrobenzol (FDNB) umgesetzt. Das Nω-[2,4-Dinitrophenyl(1)]- (DNP-) Polyamid wird in Wasser von pH 3 ausgefällt, von anhaftendem Reagenz befreit, in TFÄ gelöst und bei λmax = 350 nm photometriert ( ε350: 17 300 [ 1000 cm2/mol]). Diese endgruppenspezifische Analysenmethode erlaubt eine Differenzierung in primäre und sekundäre Aminogruppen und deren Bestimmung nebeneinander, denn DNP-Derivate sekundärer Aminogruppen zeigen ein nach 390 nm verschobenes Absorptionsmaximum (ε390: 18 000 [1 000 cm2/mol]). Dieses Spektralverhalten wird mit Hilfe einer Zweikomponentenanalyse, die anhand von Messungen an dinitrophenylierten primären Aminen, sekundären Aminen und Polyamid-6- und -6,6-Oligomeren entwickelt wurde, quantitativ ausgewertet: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \begin{array}{l} {\rm c}_1 = (7,49 \times {\rm E}_{350} - 3,62 \times {\rm E}_{390} ) \times 10^{ - 5} ; \\ {\rm c}_2 = (7,21 \times {\rm E}_{390} - 3,41 \times {\rm E}_{350} ) \times 10^{ - 5} ; \\ \end{array} $\end{document} (c1: Konzentration an primären Aminogruppen in mol/l; c2: Konzentration an sekundären Aminogruppen in moll; E350, E390: Extinktion bei 350 nm bzw. 390 nm).Die Variationskoeffizienten für die Bestimmungen betragen bei vier unmodifizierten und modifizierten Polyamid-6-Handelsfasern 2,7 bis 6,0%. Die nachweisbare Grenzkonzentration liegt bei 6 × 10 mol DNP-Aminogruppen/l TFÄ.Für die Umsetzung von FDNB mit Polyamid-6 und ε-Aminocapronsäure als Modell-substanz für das Polymere ergibt die kinetische Analyse mit der Eyring'schen „Theorie des aktivierten Komplexes“, daß das „Prinzip der gleichen Reaktivität“ für Polymeres und Monomeres erfüllt ist. Die Aktivierungsparameter für die Reaktion betragen: ΔH≠: 15.9 k 0,9 kcal/mol; ΔG≠: 22.9 ± 0.3 kcal/mol und ΔS≠: -22,1 ± 1,9 cal/Grad × mol.
    Notes: In order to determine chemically the amino end groups present in a polyamide, the polymer was treated with a solution of 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (FDNB) in 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol (TFE). The resulting Nω-[2,4-dinitrophenyl-(1)]-(DNP-) polyamide was precipitated in water at pH 3, washed free of excess reagent, redissolved in TFE, and the optical density of the solution measured at λmax = 350 nm (ε350: 17300 [1000 cm2/mole]). Both the primary and secondary amino groups could be simultaneously determined by this method, since the absorption maximum of dinitrophenylated secondary amino groups is shifted to 390 nm (ε390: 18000 [1000 cm2/mole]). Using this spectroscopic phenomenon a two-component analytical procedure was developed. With known concentrations of dinitrophenylated primary amines, secondary amines, and nylon-6 and nylon-6,6 oligomers, the following analytical equations were derived: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \begin{array}{l} {\rm c}_1 = (7.49 \times {\rm D}_{350} - 3.62 \times {\rm D}_{390} ) \times 10^{ - 5} ; \\ {\rm c}_2 = (7.21 \times {\rm D}_{390} - 3.41 \times {\rm D}_{350} ) \times 10^{ - 5} ; \\ \end{array} $\end{document}〈\UEQN〉 \begin{array}{l} {\rm c}_1 = (7.49 \times {\rm D}_{350} - 3.62 \times {\rm D}_{390} ) \times 10^{ - 5} ; \\ {\rm c}_2 = (7.21 \times {\rm D}_{390} - 3.41 \times {\rm D}_{350} ) \times 10^{ - 5} ; \\ \end{array} $\end{document} (c1: concentration of primary amino groups in mole/l; c2: concentration of secondary amino groups in mole/l; D350, D390: optical density at 350 nm and 390 nm resp.).The coefficients of variation for four different commercially available nylon-6 fibres (unmodified and modified for dyeability) were in the range of 2.7 to 6.0%. The limiting concentration detectable was 6 × 10-7 mole DNP-amino groups/l TFE.A kinetic analysis was performed for the reaction of FDNB with nylon-6 and with a model compound, ε-aminocaproic acid. Using the “absolute rate theory of Eyring”, it was found that the polymer and monomer both fulfilled the “principle of equal reactivity”. The activation parameters for the reaction were: ΔH≠ : 15.9 ± 0.9 kcal/mole, ΔG≠: 22.9 ±0.3 kcal/mole, and ΔS≠: -22.1 ± 1.9 e.u./mole.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: In handelsüblichen Polyamidfasern lassen sich bis zu 9 mäq/kg Carbonylgruppen nachweisen, die in die Makromoleküle eingebaut sind. Die Bildung von Carbonylgruppen ist bei der industrieüblichen Polyamidherstellung und -verspinnung offensichtlich eine normale Erscheinung, da in Autoklavendeckel- und Spinnkopfrückständen noch weitaus mehr Carbonylgruppen (36 bzw. 43 mäq/kg) vorkommen. Durch Thermobehandlungen während der Faserverarbeitung und -veredlung kann der Carbonylgruppengehalt noch weiter ansteigen.
    Notes: In commercially available polyamide fibres carbonyl groups, linked to the polymer, are detectable in a concentration up to 9 mEq/kg. Their formation during polycondensation and spinning is obviously a normal event under conditions applied in industry since residual polymer in covers of autoclaves as well as in spinning heads shows even higher amounts of carbonyl groups (36 and 43 mEq/kg, respectively). Even more carbonyl groups can be introduced into the polymer by thermal treatment during fibre processing and finishing.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 23 (1985), S. 1819-1832 
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Model reactions for the sequential analysis of polyesters, especially those of the poly(ethylene terephthalate) and poly(butylene terephthalate) type, by stepwise chemical degradation were performed. The cyclic degradation products, containing the reagent and an ethylene terephthalate or butylene terephthalate unit, terephthalic acid mono(2-{o{N-〈N′-[4-(iminomethyl-) benzoyl-]〉 2′-(imino)ethoxycarbonyl-}iminobenzoyl-} oxyalkyl) ester N″-lactams, were deliberately synthesized.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: On complete hydrazinolysis of poly(ethylene terephthalate), terephthalomonohydrazide is formed from carboxyl-end terephthaloyl residues in a quantity equivalent to the content of carboxyl endgroups in the polymer. The compound is separated from the reaction mixture by ion exchange and determined photometrically [epsiv;240 in 0.1 N HCl = 16,700 (1000 cm2/mole)]. A COOH determination carried out in this way is endgroup specific and, unlike titration, is not subject to interference by ionogenic fiber additives. Aromatic comonomers with acidic substituents (e.g., 5-sulfoisophthalic acid) in chemically modified, cationically dyeable poly(ethylene terephthalate) are determined simultaneously with the carboxyl endgroups by the same analytical method. In this case, the terephthalamonohydrazide and 5-sulfoisophthalodihydrazide are separated by ion exchange, and the difference in their spectral behavior is used for quantitative determination with the aid of a two-component analysis: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \begin{array}{l} c_1 {\rm = (6}{\rm .21 }D_{240} {\rm - 1}{\rm .04 }D_{212} ){\rm } \times {\rm 10}^{{\rm - 5}} {\rm mole/l}{\rm .} \\ c_2 {\rm = (2}{\rm .62 }D_{212} {\rm - 0}{\rm .51 }D_{240} ){\rm } \times {\rm 10}^{{\rm - 5}} {\rm mole/l} \\ \end{array} $$\end{document} where c1c2 = concentration of terephthalomonohydrazide and 5-sulfoisophthalodihydrazide, respectively; and D240 D212 = optical density at 240 and 212 nm, respectively. The content of carboxyl endgroups in polyether esters poly(p-(2-ethyleneoxy)-benzoate), is determined on the basis of the p-(β-hydroxyethoxy)benzoic acid [epsiv;258 in 0.1 N HCl = 16,100 (1000 cm2/mole)] liberated from carboxyl-end monomer units by hydrazinolysis. For copolyether esters with p-(β-hydroxyethoxy)benzoic acid as a comonomer, the contents of carboxyl-end terephthalic acid and p-(β-hydroxyethoxy)benzoic acid are determined simultaneously with the acid of a spectrophotometric twocomponent analysis: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \begin{array}{l} c_1 {\rm = (7}{\rm .65 }D_{240} {\rm - 3}{\rm .27 }D_{258} ){\rm } \times {\rm 10}^{{\rm - 5}} {\rm mole/l}{\rm .} \\ c_2 {\rm = (7}{\rm .91 }D_{258} {\rm - 3}{\rm .49 }D_{240} ){\rm } \times {\rm 10}^{{\rm - 5}} {\rm mole/l.} \\ \end{array} $$\end{document} where c2, c2 = concentration of terephthalomonohydrazide and p-(β-hydroxyethoxy)-benzoic acid, respectively; and D240, D258 = optical density at 240 and 258 nm, respectively.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: In heat-treated polyamide 6 and polyamide 6,6 fibres UV/VIS-active chromophores are found, which originate from two different sources: one type of chromophore (structured UV spectrum) arises during polycondensation and the spinning of the fibres (molten phase), the other (nonstructured UV spectrum) occurs as a result of a thermo-oxidation is based on conjugated oligoenimies , as is shown by a combination of UV/VIS spectroscopy and fluorescence excitation and emission spectroscopy with chemical analysis. The concentration of the various oligoenimine species depends upon the temperature and duration of the thermooxidation. For a temperature of 160°C and a duration of 2 hours, for example, the following oligoenimine concentrations were found (UV spectroscopy with computer-aided evaluation): for i = 0: 44; i = 1: 13; i = 2: 4; i = 3: 1; i = 4: 0,3 (values expressed in mmol/kg).
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 83 (1971), S. 926-926 
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Kinetik der Verseifungsreaktion von Terephthalsäure-bis(2-hydroxyäthyl)ester (3) und Natrium-3,5-bis(2-hydroxyäthoxycarbonyl)benzolsulfonat (6) wird mit Hilfe der pH-stat-Technik im alkalischen pH-Bereich gemessen (pH 8 bis 10 bei 50 bis 80°C), um die Geschwindigkeitskonstanten der hydrolytischen Konsekutivreaktion für die Diester und die intermediär entstehenden Monoester zu bestimmen. Die experimentell ermittelten Gesamtreaktionsgeschwindigkeitskonstanten werden zerlegt in die einzelnen Geschwindigkeitskonstanten für die durch das Lösungsmittel, die OH--Ionen, die SO-3 ;-Gruppen, bzw. die COO--Gruppen katalysierten Teilreaktionen der Hydrolyse (k0, kOH-, kSO-3, kCOO-). Es wurde weder eine „Autokatalyse“ durch das Lösungsmittel noch eine intermolekulare Katalyse durch die Sulfonato- oder Carboxylatogruppen festgestellt. Die Aktivierungsparameter der Hydrolyse sind für die entsprechenden Ester beider Sauren gleich; für die Diester 3 und 6: ΔH†= 73,7 (72,0) kJ mol-1 17,6 (17,2) kcal mol-1, ΔG†=103,8 (104,7)kJ mol-1 [24,8 (25,0) kcal mol-1], ΔS†= -89,6 (-97,6) J mol-1 K-1 [-21,4 (- 23,3) cal mol-1 K-1]; für die Monoester (Terephthalsäure-mono(2-hydroxyathy1)-ester, bzw. 5-Natriumsulfonatoisophthalsäure-mono(2-hydroxyäthyl)ester): ΔH† = 80,4 (78,7) kJ mol-1 [19,2 (18,8) kcal mol-1], ΔG†= 109,3 (109,7) kJ mol-1 [26,1 (26,2) kcal mol-1], ΔS† = -86,3 (-93,0)J mol-1 K-1 [-20,6(-22,2) cal mol-1 K-1]. Für die geringere hydrolytische Stabilität von Polyesterfasern, die mit sulfonatogruppenhaltigen Comonomeren modifiziert sind, diirften aufgrund der Befunde überwiegend Fehlstellen in der Feinstruktur und nicht katalytische Effekte der Säuregruppen verantwortlich sein.
    Notes: The saponification reaction of bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate (3) and sodium 3,5-bis(2-hydroxyethoxycarbonyl)benzenesulfonate (6) was followed under pH-stat conditions in the alkaline pH range (pH 8 to 10 at 50 to 80°C) to determine the consecutive reaction rate constants for the hydrolysis of the diesters and the intermediate monoesters. The observed overall reaction rate constants were split into the individual rate constants for the hydrolysis catalyzed by the solvent, the OH- ions, the SO-3 groups and the COO- groups (k0, kOH-, kSO-3, kCOO-, respectively). No intermolecular catalysis by either the sulfonato or the carboxylato groups and no “autocatalysis” by the solvent was found. The activation parameters for the hydrolysis of the corresponding esters of both acids are equal; for the diesters 3 and 6: ΔH† = 73,7 (72,0) kJ mol-1 [17,6 (17,2) kcal mol-1], ΔG† = 103,8 (104,7) kJ mol-1 [24,8 (25,0) kcal mol-1], ΔS† = -89,6 (-97,6) J mol-1 K-1 [-21,4 (-23,3) cal mol-1 K-1]; for the monoesters [terephthalic acid mono(2-hydroxyethyl) ester and 5-sodiumsulfonatoisophthalic acid mono(2-hydroxyethyl) ester]: ΔH† = 80,4 (78,7) kJ mol-1 [19,2 (18,8) kcal mol-1], ΔG† = 109,3 (109,7) kJ mol-1 [26,1 (26,2) kcal mol-1], ΔS† = -86,3 (-93,0) J mol-1 K-1 [-20,6 (-22,2) cal mol-1 K-1]. It is concluded that disorders in the fine structure of polyester fibers modified with sulfonato group containing comonomers may primarily be responsable for their lower hydrolytic stability and not any catalytic effects of these groups.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Samples of polyamides 6 and 6,6 were reacted with the bifunctional reagent 1,5-difluoro2,4-dinitrobenzene at different temperatures in heterogeneous phase (swelling agents: 1,4-dioxane/water and acetone/water). From the yields determined experimentally for the mono-and bifunctional reaction of the reagent with the amino end groups of the polyamides the activation energies for the motion of the amino end groups were determined. The values are 30 to 67 kj/mol for the system acetone/water and 15 to 22 kj/mol for the system 1,4-dioxane/water. Additionally, for both reaction media calculations were made to determine relative values of the temperatures at which the amino end groups are beginning to move.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: N-{2-[4-(N-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino)benzoylamino]ethoxycarbonyl}anthranilic acid (1) was synthesized as a reagent for the stepwise elimination of monomeric units from the chain ends of oligoesters and polyesters, especially of poly(ethylene terephthalate) and poly(tetramethylene terephthalate) type. The reagent is supposed to be applied for a stepwise chemical degradation and thus for a sequential analysis of these polyesters.
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