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  • Articles  (63,823)
  • 1955-1959  (63,823)
  • Medicine  (63,823)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Histochemistry and cell biology 1 (1958), S. 48-96 
    ISSN: 1432-119X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The present paper deals with the application of azo dye methods in enzyme histochemistry for the demonstration of phosphatases and esterases. After a discussion of general technical problems the results of systematic experiments on artifacts, autolysis, fixation and enzyme reactions are reported. By application of new diazonium salts an improvement in enzyme localization has been achieved. These improved methods have been applied to a comparative study on the enzyme pattern in normal liver, kidney, spleen, pancreas and tuberculous lesions in lymphnodes. As a result the organs of different species show a marked variation in enzyme content and distribution.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 1. Die vorliegende Arbeit berichtet über systematische histoenzymatische Untersuchungen und befaßt sich mit grundsätzlichen und methodischen Problemen sowie mit Untersuchungen zur vergleichenden Histoenzymatik beim Menschen und verschiedenen warmblütigen Wirbeltieren. 2. Der histochemische Nachweis hydrolytischer Enzyme (Phosphatasen und Esterasen) erfolgt mit Hilfe derAzofarbstoffmethoden. Dieselben beruhen im Prinzip auf der Sichtbarmachung der enzymatisch abgespaltenen phenolischen Komponente geeigneter Substratester durch direkte Kupplung mit einer Diazoniumverbindung zu einem Azofarbstoff. 3. Auf diemethodischen Grundlagen histochemischer Enzymnachweise wird durch Besprechung derArtefaktbildungen, derautolytischen Veränderungen sowie der Methoden zurGewebsfixierung undSchnittherstellung auf Grund eigener systematischer experimenteller Untersuchungen eingegangen. 4. Die eigentlichen Nachweisreaktionen werden unter theoretischen und praktischen Aspekten im einzelnen dargestellt. Untersuchungen mit zahlreichen verschiedenenDiazoniumverbindungen führten zu einer Verbesserung einiger Enzymnachweise, vor allem im Hinblick auf eine exakte topographische Lokalisation der Enzymaktivität im Gewebe. 5. Die auf diese Weise fundierten Methoden wurden zum Studium dervergleichenden Histotopik von Phosphatasen und Esterasen in Milz, Leber, Niere und Pankreas des Menschen und verschiedener warmblütiger Wirbeltiere herangezogen. Dabei werden zum Teil auffallend unterschiedliche Enzymmuster in den gleichen Organen verschiedener Tierarten festgestellt. Besonders auffallende und neuartige Befunde konnten in bezug auf die Enzymverteilung in Milz und Pankreas erhoben werden. Diese Untersuchungen sind Grundlagen für weitere experimentelle Arbeiten im Rahmen allgemein-pathologischer Studien. 6. Es wird auf die Bedeutung der Enzymhistochemie im Rahmen einer funktionellen Morphologie und Pathologie hingewiesen und in diesem Zusammenhang über Enzymbefunde bei derTuberkuloseinfektion des Menschen und der Laboratoriumstiere berichtet. Die unterschiedliche Enzymverteilung in den Epitheloidzellen verschiedener Arten scheint Beziehungen zwischen konstitutiver Enzymausrüstung und natürlicher Resistenz gegenüber der Infektion aufzuzeigen.
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  • 2
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    Histochemistry and cell biology 1 (1958), S. 109-112 
    ISSN: 1432-119X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The use of polyethylene (density 0.92) instead of polystyrene (density 1.05) as cap material permits the easy construction of relatively strong diver balances of small “Reduced Weight”. Both Reduced Weight and volume limit the sensitivity of the diver balance.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Robuste Taucherwaagen von geringem „Reduzierten Gewicht“ lassen sich leicht herstellen, wenn als Material für den Plastikkopf statt Polystyrol (Dichte 1,05) das spezifisch leichtere Polyäthylen (Dichte 0,92) verwendet wird. Sowohl das Reduzierte Gewicht als auch das Volumen begrenzen die Empfindlichkeit der Taucherwaage.
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  • 3
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    Histochemistry and cell biology 1 (1958), S. 123-150 
    ISSN: 1432-119X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 4
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    Histochemistry and cell biology 1 (1958), S. 119-122 
    ISSN: 1432-119X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Application of polarised light allows a much more distinct and complete demonstration of the formazan crystals, which are formed following the treatment of tissue sections by neotetrazolium in order to reveal the sites of dehydrogenase activity. At certain places the distribution of the ferment, as revealed by examination with the polarisation microscope, differs from the picture as observed in unpolarised light. Most probably the application of polarised light will also enable us to improve all the other histochemical methods, which lead to the formation of formazans.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Anwendung von polarisiertem Licht ermöglicht prägnantere und vollständigere Darstellung der Formazankristalle, die beim histochemischen Nachweis des Fermentes Succinodehydrogenase mittels Neotetrazoliumchlorid ausfallen. Das Bild der Fermentverteilung weicht bei Betrachtung der Präparate im polarisierten Licht stellenweise von den bisher angenommenen Verhältnissen ab. Es ist zu erwarten, daß sich durch die Anwendung von polarisiertem Licht auch alle anderen histochemischen Nachweise verfeinern lassen, bei denen als Endprodukt Formazan auftritt.
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  • 5
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    Histochemistry and cell biology 1 (1959), S. 185-189 
    ISSN: 1432-119X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Qualitative und quantitative Studie der in vitro-Markierung von Schliffen aus Knochen-Compacta. Bestimmung der Rolle der Diffusions-, Adsorptions- und Austauschprozesse für diese Vorgänge.
    Notes: Résumé Etude qualitative et quantitative du marquage in vitro de coupes d'os compact. Détermination du rôle joué par les processus de diffusion, d'adsorption et d'échange dans ces phénomènes.
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  • 6
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    Histochemistry and cell biology 1 (1959), S. 206-209 
    ISSN: 1432-119X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary By varying the conditions of the periodic-acid-Schiff-method for staining polysaccharides on paper it has been able, to eliminate glycogen from the reaction and to stain only galactogen.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Durch Verändern der Bedingungen der Perjodsäure-Schiff-Methode zur Anfärbung von Polysacchariden konnte auf Papier aufgetragenes Glykogen von der Färbung ausgeschaltet werden und Galaktogen in gewissen Grenzen allein zur Darstellung gebracht werden.
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  • 7
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    Histochemistry and cell biology 1 (1959), S. 210-212 
    ISSN: 1432-119X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Glykogen after partial oxidation with periodic acid and subsequent addition of Leukofuchsin-groups is still attacked by α-Amylase and thus separated from “galaktogenfuchsin”, the latter being practically insoluble in water.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Glykogen kann nach Anoxydation mit Perjodsäure und nach Anlagerung von Leukofuchsingruppen durch α-Amylase noch angegriffen werden und auf diese Weise vom „Galaktogenfuchsin“, welches praktisch unlösbar in Wasser ist, abgetrennt werden.
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  • 8
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    Histochemistry and cell biology 1 (1959), S. 257-267 
    ISSN: 1432-119X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Distribution of cholinesterase in the adrenal medulla of the rat was studied using acetylthiocholine, butyrylthiocholine and α-naphtyl acetate as substrates and eserine, di-isopropylfluorophosphate (DFP), 1:5-bid-(4-trimethylammoniumphenyl)-pentan-3-one di-iodide (62. C. 47) and tetra-isopropylpyrophosphoramide (iso-OMPA) as inhibitors. Acetylcholinesterase was observed in the nerve trunks, the ganglion cells, the coarse and the fine nerve fibers. The fine medullary network showed along the fibers small strongly positive ovoid bodies. Non-specific cholinesterase was detected in the capsule, the nerve trunks, the coarse nerve fibers and the fibers surrounding the noradrenaline-containing, fluorescent medullary cell islets. A weak reaction was also seen in the cytoplasm of the medullary cells. The fine medullary fibers with the ovoid bodies were essentially negative. A method was developed to demonstrate first non-specific cholinesterase and then acetylcholinesterase in the same section. The different distributions of the two cholinesterases were confirmed with this method.
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  • 9
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    Histochemistry and cell biology 1 (1959), S. 213-224 
    ISSN: 1432-119X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei Gewebsfärbungen lassen einige anionische Farbstoffe eine „positive Temperaturwirkung“ erkennen, d. h. eine Zunahme der Farbstoffbindung beim Steigen der Temperatur von 50 auf 450. Bei kationischen Farbstoffen liegt dagegen meist eine „negative Temperaturwirkung“ vor, d. h. eine Verminderung der Farbstoffbindung bei höherer Temperatur. Dieser Effekt kann nur bei niedriger Farbstoffkonzentration und längerer Färbedauer (etwa 24 Std) erzielt werden. Die Temperaturwirkung hängt wohl z. T. vom Grad der Ionisation der Gewebsbestandteile ab wie vom Wettbewerb zwischen Gewebsbestandteil und Farbstoff für Chromotrope. Desaminierung vermindert die Acidophilie und steigert die Basophilie entsprechender Gewebebezirke. Die Temperaturwirkung bleibt erhalten. Trotz Minderung der Anfärbbarkeit von stark sauren Verbindungen bei hoher Temperatur bleibt die Metachromasie mit metachromatisch wirkenden basischen Farbstoffen im histologischen Schnitt erhalten. Im Reagensglasversuch liegen andere Ergebnisse vor. Dieser Unterschied erklärt sich wahrscheinlich aus der ziemlich festen Bindung zwischen Chromotrop und Gewebe.
    Notes: Summary With a number of anionic dyes, a positive temperature effect occurs in the staining of tissues, whereas with a number of cationic dyes, a negative temperature effect occurs. The positive effect involves increased dye binding at 450 as compared to 50; the negative effect involves decreased dye binding at the higher temperature. To obtain these effects, dye concentration must be low and staining must be continued to equilibrium, i. e., for about 24 hours. These facts suggest that the temperature effects may depend in part on the degree of ionization of tissue components and also on competition between tissue components and dye for chromotrope. Deamination of sections depresses acidophilia and enhances basophilia but fails to obliterate the temperature effects. With metachromatic basic dyes, despite reduction in staining of highly acidic compounds at high temperature, the color remains metachromatic. This result differs from that obtained in the test tube and is probably explained by the fact that the chromotropes are relatively fixed in position in tissue sections.
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  • 10
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    Histochemistry and cell biology 1 (1959), S. 274-310 
    ISSN: 1432-119X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 11
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    Histochemistry and cell biology 1 (1959), S. 331-342 
    ISSN: 1432-119X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The ribonuclease activity in sections from freeze-dried Carnoy-fixed rat pancreas has been characterized through studies on the products of interaction with synthetic nucleoside derivatives, nucleotide esters, and of the polynucleotide synthetic properties. 2. Homogenates of the sections in McIlvaine's buffer atph 7.0 degrade pyrimidine 2′:3′-phosphates to the corresponding 3′-dihydrogen phosphate, and the purine derivatives at a much slower rate. 3. Synthetic cytidylyl-cytidine, and benzyl- and ethyl-3′-esters of pyrimidine nucleotides are degraded to nucleoside 3′-phosphates. All the purine, and the 2′-esters of pyrimidine nucleotides are not affected during 24 hours of incubation. 4. Under influence of the homogenates, ribopolynucleotides will readily be synthesized from cytidine-2′:3′-phosphate and cytidine, the 3′-P-5′dinucleotide links being identified in cytidylyl-cytidine and cyclic dicytidylic acid. 5. The conclusion is reached that the activity of the sections coincides with the DEase and CPase activity of crystalline pancreatic RNase. Some aspects of the possibilities for the histochemical localization of the activity are briefly discussed.
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  • 12
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    Histochemistry and cell biology 1 (1959), S. 466-509 
    ISSN: 1432-119X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 13
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    Histochemistry and cell biology 1 (1959), S. 445-465 
    ISSN: 1432-119X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary 1. The cytoplasm of the insulin-producing B-cells of the islets of Langerhans contains granula which show a metachromatic reaction after oxidation and colouring with pseudoisocyanins. Such granula can be found in human and mammalian islets, as well as in the insulin-producing tissue of a fish, Tinca vulgaris. 2. Pure insulin as well as all insulin containing fractions obtained during the process of technical isolation of insulin react metachromatically with pseudoisocyanines when oxidized prior to the colouring. 3. The metachromatic reaction of oxidized insulin and of some cytoplasmic structures of B-cells is due to the presence of SO 3 − -groups. They are formed by the splitting of disulphide bonds on treatment with performic acid or potassium permanganate. 4. The metachromatic reaction with pseudoisocyanins, which is described in detail, can be used for thedetection of insulin in the islets of Langerhans. 5. Several pseudoisocyanins can be employed for the histochemical colouring of B-cells. NN′-Diäthyl-6,6′-dichlorpseudoisocyaninchlorid, however, is the most suitable compound since it allows the dehydration of the slides with chloroform after staining. Coverslips can than be mounted with Caedax and the preparates can be made permanent. NN′-Diäthylpseudoisocyaninchlorid, which can be obtained more easily since it is produced commercially by AGFA-Leverkusen, can also be used, but after staining and rinsing in water the slides must be mounted with a water soluble medium. 6. The reaction with pseudoisocyanins ishighly specific for the detection of insulin. Only proteins, which are characterised by at least two closely neighbouring SO 3 − -groups (distance about 4–5 Å) react metachromatically. Such a configuration of SO 3 − -groups occurs in the polypeptide fraction A, which is formed by oxydation of insulin with performic acid. Fraction B does not react metachromatically since its SO 3 − -groups are not located closely enough to each other. No metachromatic reaction is seen after staining of either unoxydized or oxydized oxytocine, glutathione, eggalbumen and amino acids such as cystine, cysteine or its oxydized form, cysteinic acid. 7. B-cells of oxydized slices of pancreatic islets show no metachromasia with other dye stuffs such as toluidine blue, methylen blue and acridine orange, which are commonly known for their metachromatic effects. It is believed that pseudoisocyanine reacts metachromatically already with two negative groups, whereas the other dyes require a greater number of negative groups. 8. Insulin can be characterized in oxydized histological slides only after fixation with formaline-containing solutions, but not after fixation with alcohol or acetone. Since alcohol and aceton merely precipitate the proteins, it can be assumed, that the insulin is eluted by the acidic oxidants when alcohol and acetone have been used for fixation. Formalin on the other hand can react with insulin and other proteins and build up an acid-insoluble condensation product.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 1. Im Cytoplasma der insulinbildenden B-Zellen menschlicher und tierischer Pankreasinseln sowie in dem der sog. dunklen Zellen der Brockmannschen Körperchen der Schleie finden wir Granula, die mit Pseudoisocyaninfarbstoffen nach Oxydation metachromatisch reagieren. 2. Reininsulin sowie alle bei der technischen Insulingewinnung aus Bauchspeicheldrüsen entstehenden insulinhaltigen Fraktionen reagieren mit Pseudoisocyaninen nach Oxydation ebenfalls metachromatisch. 3. Die metachromatische Reaktion des oxydierten Insulins bzw. der B-Zellstrukturen ist auf die Bildung von SO 3 − -Gruppen zurückzuführen. Diese entstehen bei der Perameisensäure- bzw. Kaliumpermanganatbehandlung durch oxydative Aufspaltung der Disulfidbrücken. 4. Mit der Pseudoisocyaninreaktion, deren Durchführung genau beschrieben wird, wird das in den B-Zellen der Langerhansschen Inseln vorkommendeInsulin selbst nachgewiesen. 5. Von den verschiedenen zur metachromatischen Darstellung der B-Zellen geeigneten Pseudoisocyaninen ist das N,N′-Diäthyl-6,6′-dichlorpseudoisocyaninchlorid besonders zu empfehlen, da die mit diesem Farbstoff gefärbten Präparate mit Chloroform entwässert und in Caedax eingedeckt werden können. Auf diese Weise ist die Herstellung von Dauerpräparaten möglich. Das leichter erhältliche N,N′-Diäthylpseudoisocyaninchlorid oder -bromid (Firma AGFA, Leverkusen) kann jedoch genauso verwendet werden, wenn die Präparate nach der Färbung und kurzem Wässern in wasserlösliche Eindeckmittel eingeschlossen werden. 6. Die Pseudoisocyaninreaktion besitzt für den Insulinnach weis einehohe Spezifität. Nur Proteine, bei deren oxydativer Behandlung wenigstens zwei unmittelbar benachbarte SO 3 − -Gruppen (Abstand 4–5 Å) gebildet werden, reagieren metachromatisch. Eine derartige Gruppierung liegt bei der durch die Perameisensäure-Oxydation von Insulin entstehenden Polypeptidfraktion A vor. Fraktion B, bei der die SO 3 − -Gruppen räumlich weit entfernt sind, reagiert negativ. Ebenso ist mit unoxydiertem und oxydiertem Oxytocin, Glutathion und Eieralbumin sowie Aminosäuren, unter ihnen Cystin, Cystein und Cysteinsäure, ihr Oxydationsprodukt, keine metachromatische Reaktion zu erzielen. 7. In den B-Zellen von oxydierten Schnitten durch Pankreasinseln fehlt bei der Färbung mit anderen als metachromatisch bekannten Farbstoffen (Toluidinblau, Methylenblau, Acridinorange) eine metachromatische Reaktion. Dies wird darauf zurückgeführt, daß mit Pseudoisocyanin im Gegensatz zu den anderen metachromatisch wirkenden Farbstoffen bereits beim Vorliegen von Substanzen mit nur zwei oder wenigen negativen Gruppen Metachromasie zu erzielen ist. 8. Die Darstellung von Insulin im oxydierten histologischen Präparat mit Hilfe der Pseudoisocyaninreaktion gelingt nur nach Fixierung mit formalinhaltigen Gemischen, jedoch nicht nach Alkohol- oder Acetonfixierung. Möglicherweise wird Insulin aus alkohol- oder acetonfixiertem Gewebe durch die sauren Oxydationsmittel herausgelöst, da diese Fixierungsmittel lediglich eine Eiweißfällung bewirken. Bei Verwendung von formolhaltigen Gemischen kann dagegen durch Vernetzung von Insulin mit anderen Proteinen ein säureunlösliches Kondensationsprodukt entstehen.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1432-0886
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 15
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    Chromosoma 7 (1955), S. 451-459 
    ISSN: 1432-0886
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Infra-red radiation of wavelength approximately 1μ at an environmental temperature of 20° C, has been applied to meiotic prophase in Tradescantia bracteata—a clone with mainly terminally localised chiasmata being used. 2. Three hours treatment, with a recovery period of 21 hours, induces an increase in the frequency of interstitial chiasmata accompanied by a corresponding decrease in the number of terminal chiasmata. 3. Treatment of plants with low chiasma frequencies increases the number of terminal chiasmata only. 4. These increases may be due to decrease of viscosity in the nuclear sap which leads to more chromosome movement. Thus crossing-over nearer to the centromere is facilitated. 5. Similar increases in the frequency of interstitial chiasmata result from growing plants at a constant temperature of 20° C for eight days. This is presumably due to the introduction of stable physiological conditions.
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  • 16
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    Chromosoma 7 (1955), S. 439-450 
    ISSN: 1432-0886
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The present investigation has been undertaken to obtain data for the analysis of the chromosome movement at anaphase and the formation of a cleavage furrow. The study is based on simultaneous measurements of the spindle and cell diameters as well as of the chromosome separation in living spermatocyte divisions of the grasshoppers, Podisma sapporense and Acrydium japonicum. Evidence from the present investigation shows that the movement of chromosomes to the poles and the elongation of the spindle are separated in time; the spindle length remains unchanged through out anaphase. Spindle elongation is not associated with the separation of daughter chromosomes. The cell, and the spindle as well, elongate after the chromosomes have reached the poles. Cell elongation may follow the stretching of the spindle, and cause sufficient tension to distort the cell wall, resulting in the subsequent formation of a cleavage furrow.
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  • 17
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    Chromosoma 8 (1956), S. 18-29 
    ISSN: 1432-0886
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 1. Durch die cytologische Untersuchung der inLilium martagon parasitierenden Larven der AgromyzideLiriomyza urophorina von 40 verschiedenen Standorten in Österreich und Deutschland wurde die Verbreitung der in 4 verschiedenen Chromosomen vorkommenden Inversionstypen festgestellt. 2. Die 4 Inversionstypen haben wohl abgegrenzte Verbreitungsgebiete, die einander zum Teil überschneiden. Es besteht kein Zusammenhang zwischen dem Vorkommen der Inversionstypen und ökologischen Eigentümlichkeiten des Standortes. In den zentralen Bereichen der Verbreitungsgebiete erreicht die Häufigkeit von 3 Inversionstypen je eine Heterozygotenfrequenz von 50%, die des 4. eine von 33%, gegen die Grenzen der Verbreitungsgebiete fällt die Heterozygotenfrequenz allmählich ab. Außerhalb der Verbreitungsgebiete der Inversionstypen ist stets nur die Standardanordnung der Chromosomen vorhanden. Die Inversionsdichte beträgt meist 0,5–0,6 Inversionen, stellenweise bis zu 1,4 Inversionen je Larve. Nur ein Standort war ganz frei von Inversionen. Es besteht keine Korrelation zwischen den verschiedenen Inversionstypen. In den Larven steht der heterozygote Zustand mit den beiden homozygoten Zuständen im Gleichgewicht nach Hardy-Weinberg. 3. Es ist anzunehmen, daß jeder der 4 Inversionstypen an einem Punkt erstmalig entstanden ist und sich durch eine Heterosiswirkung seines heterozygoten Zustandes durch die Population ausgebreitet hat, wobei die Struktur der Bestände vonLilium martagon die Abweichungen von einer rein radiären Ausbreitung bedingt hat. 4. Verschiedene Argumente sprechen dafür, daß der chromosomale Polymorphismus vonLiriomyza urophorina phylogenetisch nicht älter als 10000 Generationen ist, wahrscheinlich aber jünger. Er stellt einen besonders ursprünglichen Typus unter den bisher bekanntgewordenen Fällen von strukturellem Polymorphismus dar.
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  • 18
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    Chromosoma 8 (1956), S. 114-134 
    ISSN: 1432-0886
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Antipodenkerne vonAconitum vulparia, A. ranunculifolium, A. neomontanum undA. variegatum wachsen endomitotisch heran und erreichen offensichtlich hohe Polyploidiegrade (von vermutlich 64- und 128-Ploidie). Das stark vermehrte chromatische Material ist dabei entweder so wie in den diploiden Kernen annähernd gleichmäßig über den Kernraum verteilt oder zu Endochromozentren oder „Riesenchromosomen“ zusammengeschlossen. Die Endochromozentren und „Riesenchromosomen“ finden sich stets in haploider Zahl gemäß der Ausgangssituation in den Antipoden. Sie setzen sich aus den endomitotisch entstandenen Tochterchromosomen zusammen. Diese sind in den Endochromozentren an der Spindelansatzstelle oder in proximalen, wahrscheinlich leicht heterochromatischen Teilen vereinigt und spreizen im übrigen; in den „Riesenchromosomen“ bilden sie kabelartige Aggregate. In manchen Ruhekernen mit Endochromozentren sind die Chromosomen nach Art einer frühen mitotischen Prophase spiralisiert. Von welchen Umständen die Ausbildung der bestimmten verschiedenartigen Kernstrukturen abhängt, ist nicht bekannt. Die Häufigkeit der Kerne mit „Riesenchromosomen“ war bei allen Arten sehr gering; sie fanden sich beiAconitum neomontanum — wahrscheinlich, weil nur wenig Material zur Verfügung stand — überhaupt nicht und nur beiA. variegatum relativ häufiger als bei den anderen Arten. BeiA. variegatum läßt sich ein SAT-„Riesenchromosom“ mit einem mitotischen SAT-Chromosom homologisieren und in mehreren Antipodenkernen an Hand bestimmter Baueigentümlichkeiten wiedererkennen. Bei dieser Art zeigt sich im kompakten sowie im lockerer gebauten Heterochromatin eine Tendenz zur Bildung von Querreihen und nicht ganz regelmäßigen Scheiben aus gleichartigen Chromomeren oder Sammelchromomeren. Im Euchromatin fehlen dagegen Anzeichen einer Scheibenbildung. Das Längenverhältnis von mitotischen Metaphasechromosomen zu „Riesenchromosomen“ beträgt schätzungsweise 1∶10. Auch beiDelphinium werden nach Stichproben anD. ajacis und einer Gartenform die Antipodenkerne hoch endopolyploid und bilden sich Endochromozentren nach dem Muster vonPapaver undAconitum aus.
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  • 19
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    Chromosoma 8 (1956), S. 152-182 
    ISSN: 1432-0886
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 1. Es wurde die Häufigkeit und die Verteilung der Chiasmen in der Metaphase von PMZ beiPaeonia tenuifolia untersucht. Sowohl für die Mittelwerte der Chiasmen je Kern wie für die Chiasmen in den verschiedenen Chromosomen wurden gesicherte Differenzen gefunden. 2. Die Veränderungen dieser Werte gehen nicht parallel. 3. Zwischen den Mittelwerten der Chiasmenhäufigkeit der einzelnen Chromosomen in den verschiedenen Präparaten besteht Unabhängigkeit oder eine positive Korrelation. 4. Zwischen der Chiasmenhäufigkeit in den verschiedenen Chromosomen eines Kerns besteht innerhalb der Präparate meist eine negative Korrelation. In einzelnen Präparaten ist aber auch Unabhängigkeit oder eine positive Korrelation möglich. 5. Diese Korrelationen sind demnach variabel. 6. Innerhalb eines Chromosoms kann sowohl eine positive wie eine negative Interferenz über das Centromer bestehen. Die Stärke dieser Interferenz ist nicht konstant. 7. Die Festlegung der Anzahl der Chiasmen und ihrer Verteilung im Kern ist kein einheitlicher Vorgang, sondern setzt sich aus einer Reihe voneinander unabhängiger Entwicklungsschritte zusammen, für die verschiedene Determinationsvorgänge angenommen werden müssen. 8. Die Determinationsschritte für die Anzahl der Chiasmen und ihre Verteilung im Kern sind unabhängig von den Vorgängen, die darüber entscheiden, ob überhaupt Chiasmen gebildet werden können. 9. Die Bestimmung von Chiasmenmittelwerten kann keine Grundlage für Aussagen über zu erwartende Veränderungen des crossing-over in einem genetischen Parallelversuch ergeben.
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    Chromosoma 8 (1956), S. 183-211 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Antipoden vonPapaver rhoeas (n=7) machen nach der Bestäubung eine Periode des endomitotischen Wachstums durch. Ihre Kerne werden unter rhythmischer Vergrößerung bei voller Entwicklung 64-oder 128-ploid. Der typische endomitotische Strukturwechsel läßt sich zu Beginn der Polyploidisierung verfolgen. Nur die Antipodenkerne niedrigen Polyploidiegrades besitzen einen analogen „Chromomeren“-Bau wie diploide und polyploide Zellkerne aus anderen Geweben; bei mittleren und hohen Polyploidiegraden treten in ihnen im wesentlichen die folgenden bemerkenswertenRuhekern-strukturen auf: I. Zahlreiche, gleichmäßig verteilte, fädige Elemente, die vermutlich die eng spiralisierten und voneinander getrennten Schwesterchromosomen darstellen. II. Ebensolche fädige Elemente, die aber zu sieben Endochromozentren zusammenschließen und aus den sieben Chromosomen der haploiden Antipoden durch Zusammenbleiben der Schwesterchromosomen im proximalen Heterochromatin hervorgehen. III. Sieben aus entspiralisierten Chromonemen bestehende Chromosomenbündel, die als „Riesenchromosomen“ nach Art der Speicheldrüsenchromosomen aufzufassen sind, da sie die gleiche Lage der Spindelansatzstelle und — soweit bisher analysierbar — die gleiche Verteilung von Euchromatin und Heterochromatin wie die mitotischen Chromosomen zeigen; im Unterschied zu den typischen Speicheldrüsenchromosomen fehlt in ihnen aber eine exakte Paarung der identischen Schwesterchromomeren und damit die Bildung von Scheiben; auch sind sie nur ungefähr 10mal so lang wie die mitotischen Chromosomen, während die Speicheldrüsenchromosomen bei voller Entwicklung die 100fache Länge der Mitosechromosomen erreichen. IV. Zahlreiche, gleichmäßig verteilte, relativ deutlich und weit spiralisierte Chromosomen, die wie bei Typus I isolierte Schwesterchromosomen darstellen. V. Ebensolche weit spiralisierte Chromosomen, die wie bei Typ II zu Endochromozentren zusammenschließen. Die Häufigkeit des Vorkommens bestimmter Strukturtypen ist bei verschiedenen Pflanzen einer Population zum gleichen Zeitpunkt nicht auffallend verschieden, unterliegt aber bei verschiedenem Zeitpunkt großen Schwankungen; auch unterscheidet sie sich bei 2 Populationen zum gleichen Zeitpunkt; sie dürfte von vorderhand nicht faßbaren Außenfaktoren und vielleicht auch von inneren Faktoren beeinflußt werden. Von mehr als 3000 Antipoden zeigte eine einzige eine spontane so gut wie sicher 128-ploide Mitose; die Chromosomen entsprachen im Volumen schätzungsweise denen diploider Metaphasen aus Wurzelspitzen, dagegen nicht den bedeutend kleineren aus jungen Blättern; sie zeichneten sich durch eine starke Verkürzung aus und außerdem traten Chromosomen auf, die im diploiden Satz nicht enthalten sind. Die natürliche Degeneration der Antipodenkerne ist zunächst durch eine starke Verklebungstendenz im Hetero- und Euchromatin und dann durch eine sehr gleichmäßige Verteilung des besonders feinkörnigen oder -fädigen chromatischen Materials gekennzeichnet.
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    Chromosoma 8 (1956), S. 212-220 
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    Notes: Summary The behavior of the mitochondria was followed in normal and experimentally induced abnormal divisions of grasshopper spermatocytes by phase microscopy, with particular reference to the formation of a cleavage furrow. By acriflavine-treatment the movement of the chromosomes to the poles is inhibited, while the elongation of the mitochondria remains unaffected, and the formation of a cleavage furrow occurs. In benzolor phenol-treated material the chromosomes can move to the poles, while the mitochondria are inhibited from elongating, and the cleavage furrow is not formed at all. From the sequence of events, normal and experimentally induced, the conclusion is possible that there is a close relationship between mitochondrial elongation, cell elongation and cleavage furrow, and that the elongation of the mitochondria induces cell elongation which in turn causes the formation of a cleavage furrow.
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    Chromosoma 8 (1956), S. 229-259 
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    Notes: Summary The chromosomal content of nuclei of four tissues in males and females ofSteatococcus tuberculatus, a haploid-diploid species, was determined at each instar by means of cytophotometric measurement of the Feulgen nucleal reaction. Volumes of nuclei were calculated, and, wherever possible, chromosome counts were made. The results are summarized on pages 248–249. 1. It has been shown that hypodermal cells of the male have the haploid number of chromosomes, and that, as determined by DNA measurements, these chromosomes have the same valence as chromosomes in the female hypodermis. Neither a change in valence, nor in the number of chromosomes is essential to the viability of this tissue. 2. In the fat body, wax glands and Malpighian tubules the original 1∶2 ratio in chromosome content between male and female nuclei is replaced by ratios of 1∶1, 2∶1, and 1∶4 respectively. A sex-differential polyploidization, sensu latu, varying from tissue to tissue is thus demonstrated. 3. A definite correlation between secretory activity of the wax glands and the DNA content of the nuclei of wax gland cells has been demonstrated, but a causal relationship between the two has not been proven. 4. Nuclear volume has been shown to have no direct relation to DNA content even in polysomatic tissue. Changes in nuclear volume, correlated with age and feeding habits, and independent of DNA content, have been demonstrated in certain tissues of the male.
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    Chromosoma 8 (1956), S. 221-228 
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    Notes: Summary 1. Considerable controversy exists in relation to the single or doubled nature of the centromeric region of chromosomes at metaphase of mitosis and metaphase II of meiosis. Until comparatively recently it was considered single by most workers, but observations on treated and some untreated material led others to conclude that it was double. 2. Relevant information regarding these two concepts was obtained from observations made on tapetal tissue in the anthers of two intervarietal hybrids ofHordeum vulgare, which revealed numerous cellular and nuclear abnormalities. 3. These abnormalities included-peristent meristematic activity of the cells; polyploid nuclei, uni- and multi-nucleate cells; chromosome stickiness and sticky anaphase bridges, as well as certain abnormal centromeric features such as overcharging of the centromeric chromomeres; divided centromeres at mitotic prophase; precocious repulsion of daughter centromeres. 4. All nuclear and cellular abnormalities were attributed to an upset in the nucleic acid metabolism within the cell. 5. Examples of some of the known effects of the centromere on n. a. organization and of n. a. metabolism on centromeric behaviour are discussed. 6. From a consideration of these effects, and the observed effect of an unusual n. a. metabolism on the centromeres ofH. vulgare chromosomes, it is suggested that whilst most organisms have an undivided centromere at mitotic metaphase and metaphase II of meiosis, others have divided centromeres at these stages, due either to innately differing metabolic activities or to treatment with e.g. c-mitotic substances.
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung 1. Die Anzahl der Fragmentationen und achromatischen Stellen auf den beiden Chromosomengruppen der Wurzelspitzenmitose vonVicia faba (2 große = SAT-Chromosomen und 5 kleine = m-Chromosomen) wurde in Abhängigkeit von verschiedenen Konzentrationen (10−2 bis 10−5 mol.) von Eisen-, Kobalt-, Nickel-, Kupfer-, Chrom-, Kadmium-, Mangan-, Zinknitraten bestimmt. 2. Die spontanen Fragmentationen sind auf die SAT-Zone und Insertionsregion der großen Chromosomen beschränkt sowie auf die 3 mittleren Regionen der kleinen Chromosomen. Nach Schwermetalleinwirkung finden sich auf dem SAT-Chromosom 5, auf den kleinen Chromosomen 3 weitere bruchempfindliche Stellen. 3. Die Brüche verteilen sich ungleichmäßig über das Genom, wobei eine spezifische Reihenfolge in der Bevorzugung der SAT-Chromosomen zu erkennen ist. Die Extreme sind Mangan mit einem Verhältnis m: SAT-Chromosom = 5∶145,0 und Kupfer mit 5∶3,8 (normal 5∶2,0). Die Kontrolle (Einwirkung des Nährmediums) besitzt ein Verhältnis von 5∶28,7. 4. Kupfer ruft unabhängig vom Nährmedium (rechnerisch ermittelt) allein auf den kleinen Chromosomen eine größere Anzahl von Fragmentationen hervor als auf den großen, wobei die Wirkung im Bereich der Insertionsstelle liegt. 5. Die verwendeten Schwermetalle greifen in allen Konzentrationen die SAT-Chromosomen bevorzugt an; doch findet in Abhängigkeit von der Konzentration eine statistisch gesicherte Verschiebung der Bruchhäufigkeit auf diesen Chromosomen statt, wobei zwischen der SAT Zone und der Insertionsregion ein Empfindlichkeitswechsel stattfinden kann. 6. Die achromatischen Stellen treten bevorzugt auf den kleinen m-Chromosomen auf. Wie bei den Brüchen findet sich auch hier eine Verschiebung der Empfindlichkeit bestimmer Chromosomenorte in Abhängigkeit von der Konzentration. 7. Die Lage der heterochromatischen Bezirke vonVicia faba wird im Hinblick auf die Fragmentationsbereitschaft untersucht. Es konnte gezeigt werden, daß Brüche und achromatische Stellen an eben diesen Chromosomenorten bevorzugt auftreten.
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    Chromosoma 8 (1956), S. 317-340 
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    Notes: Summary 1. The behaviour of the chromosomes ofTrillium grandiflorum, T. cernuum, T. erectum andT. luteum (all 2n=10) was studied in cold-treated endosperms obtained from intergeneric fertilizations betweenParis quadrifolia (2n=20), where they are readily distinguishable fromParis chromosomes by their heterochromatin content. 2. Spontaneous breakage ofTrilliumchromosomes occurs in endosperms of the crossT. grandiflorum ×Paris quadrifolia which is only a little higher in frequency than that found in pureTrillium endosperms. 3. InParis ×Trillium endosperms the following abnormalities appear: a) Spontaneous chromosome-breakage inTrillium chromosomes, b) Loss ofTrillium chromosomes through delayed arrangement on the spindle. c) Delayed anaphase separation ofTrillium chromosomes, d) Cessation of the cold effect in heterochromatic segments ofTrillium chromosomes in metaphases of older endosperms. (e) Upset in spindle formation. 4. The breakage ofTrillium chromosomes in endosperms fromParis-Trillium crosses varies between 18.1 and 35.5%. TheParis chromosomes are only slightly broken if at all. 5. Breakage is distributed unevenly over the five types ofTrillium chromosomes and is concentrated in particular regions of chromosomes. 6. The frequency of breakage in corresponding chromosomes is higher where more heterochromatic segments occur. From this it is concluded that there is a genetic control of spontaneous chromosome breakage by the heterochromatin. 7. Both endosperm and seed development collapses in all crosses. Degeneration is earlier in theTrillium-Paris crosses where spontaneous chromosome breakage is relatively low. Spontaneus chromosome breakage therefore may not necessarily always be the cause of endosperm degeneration.
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    Chromosoma 8 (1956), S. 285-316 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung 1. An Wurzelspitzenmitosen und in Meiosisstadien werden die Chromosomenzahlen von 42 Arten und Gartenformen aus verschiedenen Gattungen bestimmt; mit den bereits untersuchten Chromosomenzahlen sind somit bei denGesneriaceen folgende Haploidzahlen gegeben: 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, —, 18, 28, 32 und 36. 2. Die Morphologie der Pachytänchromosomen folgender Arten wird vergleichend besprochen:Aeschynanthus tricolor (n=16),Ae. lobbiana (n=32),Klugia notoniana (n=10),Nautilocalyx forgetii (n=9),Alloplectus vittatus (n=9),All. capitatus (n=9),Columnea hirta (n=9),C. gloriosa (n=9),C. schiedeana (n=9),C. glabra (N=9),C. kewensis (n=9),C. microphylla (n=9),Achimenes longiflora (n=11),Naegelia zebrina (n=12),Isoloma hirsutum (n=13),I. pictum (n=13),I. spec. (n=13),Tydaea lindeniana (n=13) undSinningia pusilla (n=13). Arten derselben Gattung weisen deutliche Unterschiede im Bau ihrer Karyotypen auf; besonders große Differenzen sind in der Ausprägung der Heterochromasie gegeben. Diese Unterschiede sind von Gattung zu Gattung größer als innerhalb derselben. 3. Die Pachytänchromosomen der untersuchtenGesneriaceen sind vorwiegend stark partiell-heterochromatisch und alle verschieden stark spiralisiert; lediglichKlugia notoniana besitzt überwiegend euchromatische Chromosomen, welche höher spiralisiert sind als die euchromatischen Enden der vielfach sehr stark heterochromatischen Chromosomen der anderen Arten. Bei letzteren finden sich die meist verschieden langen heterochromatischen Segmente beiderseits der median bis submedian liegenden Insertionsstellen. Die kurzen und den Trabanten tragenden Chromosomenarme der typischen Nukleolenchromosomen sind durchweg total heterochromatisch. 4. Anhand der Chromosomenzahlen, Morphologie der Pachytänchromosomen, gegebenen Gattungsbastarden sowie der geographischen Verbreitung derGesneriaceen werden nahe verwandtschaftliche Beziehungen innerhalb der 16er, 9er und 13er Gruppe besprochen; zwischen diesen Gruppen lassen sich chromosomal gesehen keine überleitenden Glieder finden. 5. Da von Gruppe zu Gruppe chromosomal keine überleitenden Glieder vorhanden sind, kann für dieGesneriaceen keine allgemeine Chromosomengrundzahl aufgestellt werden. 6. Auf Grund der Chromosomenmorphologie wird beiAeschynanthus tricolor (n=16) auf Alloploidie mit der Grundzahlx=4 geschlossen. Da beiAeschynanthus lobbiana (n=32) Partnerwechselfiguren vorliegen, muß die Haploidzahl 32 durch Autopolyploidisierung erreicht worden sein. BeiKlugia notoniana ist eine amphidiploide Natur mitx=5 wahrscheinlich. 7. Der Genomaufbau vonIsoloma pictum (n=13) mit den 3 sehr ähnlich gebauten Chromosomenpaaren Nr. V, VI und VII deutet auf Trisomie hin; die Strukturen von Nr. I und II auf Alloploidie.Isoloma pictum verfügt somit ebenso wieI. spec. über die Grundzahlx=6. BeiIsoloma hirsutum besitzen nur noch wenige Chromosomenpaare stärkere Homologien.
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    Chromosoma 8 (1956), S. 341-350 
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    Notes: Summary Kinetin, a substance recently isolated from DNA preparations, produced polyploidy and various forms of pycnosis in meristematic cells of growing onion roots. Non-toxic concentrations of the substance changed the mean durations of mitosis and interphase as well as the relative durations of prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase in onion root tip cells. It was inferred that the time of the mitotic period was increased, while the duration of interphase was decreased by addition of kinetin to the medium. The phenomena observed are interpreted to be due to (a) a trigger action of kinetin some time during interphase, resulting in premature prophase initiation, and (b) effects of kinetin on the coiling cycle of the chromosomes. It is suggested that the activity of kinetin may in some way be associated with the RNA metabolism of the nucleus.
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    Chromosoma 8 (1956), S. 351-363 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung 1. Die Chromosomen des prämeiotischen Ruhekerns vonBellevalia romana besitzen Spiralen verschiedenen Durchmessers und verschiedener Ganghöhe. Im frühen Leptotän sind die Chromosomen maximal gestreckt. Die Spiralisation beginnt mit einer feinen Wellung und steigert sich zu deutlichen Spiralen im späten Leptotän. Bis zum Pachytän erfolgt eine weitere Zunahme des Spiraldurchmessers; die Ganghöhe nimmt ab. 2. Die Chromosomen paaren im hochspiralisierten Zustande, so daß im Pachytän die Chromosomenpaare als eine Anorthospirale vorliegen und somit gleichzeitig ihre freie Trennbarkeit in der Anaphase gewährleistet wird. Die scheinbare Chromosomenverkürzung vom Leptotän bis zum Pachytän, bedingt durch die Spiralisation, wird auf 1/4–1/6 geschätzt. 3. Der frühe Leptotänchromosomenfaden ist in stärker färbbare Abschnitte gegliedert, verbunden durch solche von schwächerer Tinktionsfähigkeit. Diese Gliederung wird als eine solche in Hetero- und Euchromatin angesehen. Die frühe und gleichmäßige Spiralisation der Leptotänchromosomen wird auf die relativ gleichmäßige Verteilung heterochromatischer Segmente zurückgeführt. Die starke Anfärbbarkeit der Ruhekerne solcher angeblich rein euchromatischer Objekte wird durch deren dennoch vorhandene heterochromatischen Segmente veranlaßt. 4. Die spiralisierten Leptotänchromosomen zeigen einen deutlichen Längsspalt. 5. Durch die starke Spiralisation im Leptotän entsteht insbesondere in den dunklen Segmenten das Bild kugeliger bis länglicher Gebilde, welche man Chromomeren nennen kann. Chromomeren und Spiralen sind also nur auf gewisse Stadien beschränkte Erscheinungsbilder, welche jedoch eine bestimmte reale Chromosomenstruktur als Grundlage haben. 6. Die Dickenzunahme der Chromosomen vom Leptotän bis zum Pachytän, insbesondere in den stärker anfärbbaren Segmenten, ist sehr wahrscheinlich durch eine DNS-Aufladung bedingt.
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    Chromosoma 8 (1956), S. 573-584 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Struktur und das Verhalten der Chromosomen vonAloe eru Berger wurden vom prämeiotischen Ruhekern an bis zum Pachytän beschrieben. 1. Der prämeiotische Ruhekern besitzt fädige Struktur. Seine Chromosomen zeigen eine Längsgliederung in euchroniatische und heterochromatische Abschnitte; letztere sind dicker und stärker färbbar als erstere. Beide Chromatinarten finden sich in sämtlichen Chromosomenabschnitten, jedoch sind einige Regionen besonders reich an Heterochromatin. Die Färbbarkeit der Chromosomen nimmt im Verlauf der meiotischen Prophase zu und betrifft hauptsächlich die heterochromatischen Segmente. 2. Bis zum Leptotän werden die Reliktspiralen des Ruhekerns durch Entspiralisierung aufgehoben. Die Chromosomen sind in diesem Stadium weitestgehend gestreckt. 3. Im späten Leptotän beginnt die meiotische Spiralisation mit einer feinen Wellung der Chromosomen. Zu Beginn der Paarung ist sie weiter fortgeschritten, so daß im Pachytän die Chromosomen bereits eine beträchtliche Kontraktion aufweisen. 4. Die vor der Chromosomenpaarung einsetzende Spiralisation hat die Bildung von Anorthospiralen zur Folge, welche die freie Trennbarkeit der Chromosomen garantieren. 5. In den untersuchten Stadien finden sich Chromomeren vom Leptotän an bis zum Pachytän; sie sind das optische Erscheinungsbild gewisser auf bestimmte Stadien beschränkter Spiralisationseffekte von vorwiegend heterochromatischen Segmenten.
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung 1. Überzählige Chromosomen derAnthurium-Artenmagnificum, crystallinum undforgetii erwiesen sich als B-Chromosomen eines einheitlichen Typs. Das Chromosom ist in der Mitose durch zwei gleichartige breite Einschnürungen gekennzeichnet und besitzt verschiedene Größe im Plasma der verschiedenen Arten. 2. Während der Meiosis paart sich das B-Chromosom nicht mit den A-Chromosomen. Infolge früher Trennung seiner Bilvalente wird es in allen Fällen als Univalent rein zufällig an die Pole verteilt ohne sich vorher geteilt zu haben. 3. Bei sexueller Fortpflanzung werden die B-Chromosomen der Anthurien sowohl im Pollen als auch im Embryosack weitergegeben. Eine Erhöhung ihrer Anzahl findet dabei nicht statt. Ebenso bewirkt auch die hier vorliegende fakultative Apomixis mit Restitutionskernbildung nach Ablauf der Meiosis und gleichzeitige Ausbildung fertilen Pollens keine Erhöhung der Gesamtzahl der B-Chromosomen in der Population. 4. In Konkurrenzversuchen zeigen bis zu 3 B-Chromosomen keine Auswirkungen, jedoch liegt eine leichte Verzögerung der Samenreife durch mehrere B-Chromosomen vor. Die Möglichkeit einer phänotypischen Auswirkung beiA. magnificum wird angedeutet. 5. Bei Kreuzungen der verschiedenen Anthurium-Arten mitA. crystallinum als weiblichem Partner entstanden spontan Triploide. Ihre individuell verschiedenen Chromosomenzahlen zeigen, daß die diploiden Eizellen durch Verschmelzung zweier, aus der Meiosis hervorgegangener Gonen entstanden sein müssen. 6. In den Wurzelspitzen der Triploiden fanden sich starke Schwankungen der Chromosomenzahl, die vorwiegend zu hypoploiden Zellen führen. Dieselben Schwankungen fanden sich in sehr viel geringerem Ausmaß auch in den Wurzelspitzen diploider Pflanzen. Dieses kennzeichnet zumindest das stark vermehrte Auftreten der Störung als eine Folge des in Triploiden gestörten Gleichgewichtes der Genome. 7. Im achtkernigen Embryosack vonA. magnificum findet eine physiologische Differenzierung zwischen den beiden Polkernen und den übrigen Gametophytenkernen dergestalt statt, daß die beiden Polkerne die erst gleichmäßig verteilte Produktion der Nukleolarsubstanz weitgehend übernehmen.
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    Chromosoma 8 (1956), S. 493-522 
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Das Wachstum der Nährzellkerne (NZK) von Calliphora erythrocephala wurde untersucht. Nach einer Periode reiner Zuckerfütterung wird den Fliegen Eiweißkost im Überschuß gegeben. In 4–6 Tagen danach reifen die Eier zur Ablage heran. Im oktoploiden Interphase-NZK können mittels Phasenkontrast multiple Chromosomen in „kryptopolytäner“ Form nachgewiesen werden. Das Vorkommen der bekannten Polytänchromosomen beschränkt sich auf die 16-ploide Kernphase. Der Auf- und Abbau des polytänen Zustandes erfolgt jeweils in einem Endomitosezyklus. Beim vorzeitigen Zerfall von einzelnen Polytänchromosomen wurden annähernd 16 Chromatidenpaare festgestellt. Der mittlere Wachstumsfaktor der NZK beträgt bis zum 16n-Stadium 2,53. Der heterochromatische Abschnitt des Geschlechtschromosoms bildet sich während der Auflösung der Autosomen zu einem Endochromozentrum um, das während des fortschreitenden Kernwachstums erhalten bleibt und sich später weiter aufteilen kann. Auf den Zerfall der Polytänchromosomen folgen 2 ausgeprägte Endomitosezyklen, danach bilden die Chromosomen ein stark feulgenpositives Kerngerüst, an dem ein Formwechsel der Chromosomen nicht mehr wahrgenommen werden kann. In NZK von 50μ φ an erscheinen „oligotäne Fibrillen“ als Produkt einer Chromosomenvermehrung in polytäner Form. In den NZK vonDrosophila melanogaster ist ebenfalls in fortschreitendem Maße ein Nachlassen der metaphasischen Kontraktion während der Endomitosen höherer Polyploidiestufen festzustellen. Dies führt in der letzten Wachstumsphase in gleicher Weise wie beiCalliphora zur Ausbildung oligotäner Fibrillen. Die homologen oligotänen Fibrillen vonCalliphora zeigen allgemein eine Paarungstendenz, die in 14 von 95 Ovarien dieses fortgeschrittenen Wachstumsstadiums zu hochpolyploiden Chromosomenbündeln führte. In 11 von diesen 14 Eierstöcken waren Riesenchromosomen mit eindeutiger Querbänderung vorhanden. In den meisten Fällen erstreckt sich der Zusammenschluß der oligotänen Fibrillen zu einem einheitlichen Chromosomenkörper nicht über die ganze Chromosomenlänge. Die Lage der Homologen im Kernraum wird mit Hilfe der Anordnung der Nucleolen und der X-Chromozentren untersucht. Nach vollzogenem sekundären Zusammenschluß bildet das X-Chromozentrum die zwei endständigen heterochromatischen Querscheiben, an denen das Geschlechtschromosom zu erkennen ist. Die Bildung der sekundären Riesenchromosomen wird mit den Konjugationsvorgängen bei Rückbildung der Balbiani-Ringe und mit den Paarungen zwischen in diploider Anzahl auftretenden Speicheldrüsenchromosomen verglichen. Als Voraussetzung der Entstehung von Riesenchromosomen aus retikulären Kernen werden eine Polytänisierung der Chromonemen zu „oligotänen Fibrillen“ und eine vorherige Sonderung und Ballung der Homologen im Kernraum angesehen.
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    Nature 184 (1959), S. 1998-2001 
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    Notes: [Auszug] THE preceding article has presented evidence, derived from isotope studies of the biosynthesis of tobacco mosaic virus, which places certain restrictions on proposals regarding the mode of replication of this virus. In the present article the implications of these new requirements for the theory of ...
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    Nature 184 (1959), S. 2005-2006 
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    Notes: [Auszug] (1) With cadmium nitrate solutions (pH adjusted with nitric acid) ^-cadmium sulphide is formed. Its cubic lattice is parallel to that of the substrate, and involves, in addition, twins with respect to 〈 111 〉 p-CdS (polar axes ; parallel to 〈 111 〉 PbS in this case) (Fig. 1). (2) With ...
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    Nature 184 (1959), S. 2004-2005 
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    Notes: [Auszug] Table 1. GAS TEMPERATURES AND VELOCITIES IN COSMNSAL ELECTRICAL DISCHARGES Temperature (K.) Velocity (km./sec.) Source Theory Observation Theory Observation Long-period 5,000 8-5 9 (ref. 3), variable stars ? to to 11 (ref. 2a) 10,00 12 Combination spectra star (AX Persei) Extra-galactic nebulae ...
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    Nature 184 (1959), S. 2009-2009 
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    Notes: [Auszug] In practice, VR is often not much greater than Vd and may well be less for some things. In these circumstances it is possible to show1 that the theoretical plate requirement for separation is related to S by : (2)) N increases very rapidly as the ratio increases. For example, consider the ...
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    Nature 184 (1959), S. 2011-2011 
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    Notes: [Auszug] Fig. 1. Solubility of Water in Benzene and Toluene at 20C. A stream of dry air was saturated, with tritiatel water at temperature Tl and was allowed to come to equilibrium with the hydrocarbon liquid at temperature T2 (T2〉T'1). Samples were taken of the hydrocarbon after equilibration and ...
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    Nature 184 (1959), S. 2013-2014 
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    Notes: [Auszug] Other work, however2-5, has suggested that hydrogen superoxide exists at room temperature. This communication is concerned with an investigation of a reported method of preparation. Astakhov and Getzov postulated the existence at ambient temperature of HO2 to explain the slow evolution of oxygen ...
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    Nature 184 (1959), S. 2016-2016 
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    Notes: [Auszug] Studies were made in male Wistar rats weighing 185-225 gm. The animals were killed by decapitation and the blood was left to flow off. Immediately, the liver and the kidney were perfused with isotonic saline, excised and weighed after dissection of capsular and vascular connexions. The tissues were ...
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    Nature 184 (1959), S. 2017-2018 
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    Notes: [Auszug] Furthermore, the pronounced advances in the study of the genetics and biochemistry of microorganisms in recent years has stimulated the study of single somatic mammalian cells in vitro. The work of Puck6 is an example of this type of study. In the present work, a new culture medium for culturing ...
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    Nature 184 (1959), S. 2019-2020 
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    Notes: [Auszug] It crystallizes from water as colourless plates or needles (dimorphism) of m.p. 160. It is slightly soluble in water, readily soluble in ether, alcohol and acetone. It is strongly Isevorotatory ([a]j〉= 100 in methanol). Oleuropeic acid has the composition C10H16O3. Titration with alkali proves the ...
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    Nature 184 (1959), S. 2021-2022 
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    Notes: [Auszug] Representative samples of the cattle on each winter treatment were withdrawn for slaughter at date of turning to spring pasture in April; after three weeks of spring grazing, in May; and after six, in June. Weights of contents of stomachs and intestines, and of the carcasses of the sample steers, ...
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    Nature 184 (1959), S. 2024-2025 
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    Notes: [Auszug] Recently Quastel and Bickis3 and Ibsen et al.4 determined the ratio of the lactate production by ascites tumour cells to the difference between the oxygen consumption of the cells in the absence and presence of glucose (AO). They found that the accumulation of lactate accounted for the decreased ...
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    Nature 184 (1959), S. 2023-2024 
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    Notes: [Auszug] The technique used has largely been the same as in the last report. To cats of both sexes, weighing 2*54*0 kgm. and anaesthetized with 'Nembutal' (Abbott) intraperitoneally, 3 mgm./kgm. reserpine ('Serpasil', Ciba) was administered intravenously. Venous blood from the left adrenal was ...
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    Nature 184 (1959), S. 2030-2030 
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    Notes: [Auszug] It has therefore occurred to me, and independently to others, that failure to produce prolactin might be a basic factor in the development of brood parasitism. Hence a comparison of the prolactin content of the pituitaries of female cowbirds in breeding condition, with that of pituitaries of ...
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    Nature 184 (1959), S. 2030-2031 
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    Notes: [Auszug] Previous investigations have established that under a salt load the lateral nasal gland excretes a hyper-tonic solution of sodium chloride more concentrated than either urine or sea-water in the Humboldt penguin (Spheniscus humboldti)2, herring gull (Larus argen-tatus)3, doubled-crested cormorant ...
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    Nature 184 (1959), S. 2034-2035 
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    Notes: [Auszug] Since gibberellins have such a marked promotive effect on the growth in length of stems, there seemed a strong possibility that this group of chemicals would overcome the dwarf growth of unstratified seedlings. In a recent review, Stowe and Yamaki3 do, in fact, state that the chilling requirements ...
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    Nature 184 (1959), S. 2037-2038 
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    Notes: [Auszug] An experimental attempt to shorten the juvenile period in birch (Betula verrucosa, Ehrh.) was started in 1957. This was designed to determine whether the tree develops the capacity for reproduction as a result of attaining a certain height or size, or as a result of undergoing a certain number of ...
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    Nature 184 (1959), S. 2040-2041 
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    Notes: [Auszug] Isolated females were allowed to feed on solutions of carbohydrate (100 gm. sugar in 100 c.c. water) and protein (5 gm. 'Marmite' in 100 gm. milk which for the sake of simplicity will be referred to as 'protein') contained in identical capillary tubes. The capillary tubes were held just off the ...
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    Nature 184 (1959), S. 2042-2042 
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    Notes: [Auszug] Table 1 Haptoglobin phenotypes Gene freq. Transferrin phenotypes No. 1-1 2-1 2-lAf 2-2 Neg. Hpl Hp* CD^ Dj. Bushmen (a) Tribal 71 7 29 0 34 1 10 1 (b) Farms 42 5 11 0 25 1 30 Total 113 12 40 0 59 2 0-29 0-71 13 1 Hottentots (a) Random 34 10 16 0 80 (6) Related 25 890 80 2 0 2 0 Total ...
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    Nature 184 (1959), S. 1901-1901 
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    Notes: [Auszug] EVERYONE knows the dismal sequel to the f_j ambitious scheme for the mechanized production of ground-nuts in East Africa, which was characterized by the failure to employ pedological methods on pedological problems. After the horse had departed, some effort was made to shut the stable door and a ...
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    Nature 184 (1959), S. 1902-1902 
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    Notes: [Auszug] IN this book the author has attempted to present the evidence obtained by the use of isotopic tracers in the study of organic reaction mechanism. A very wide field has been covered, and in some sections, for example, that on migration aptitudes, a valuable critical discussion has been included. It ...
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    Nature 184 (1959), S. 1917-1920 
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    Notes: [Auszug] A RECENT article on the above subject1 showed that the mechanical properties of Armco iron were slightly lower after a previous amount of dynamic prestrain than after the same amount of static deformation. This finding confirmed the results of Campbell and Duby2 but was contrary to those of Harris ...
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    Nature 184 (1959), S. 1932-1933 
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    Notes: [Auszug] Compound Acetaldehyde Acetic acid Acetone (in water) Acetone (in hexane) Acetyl chloride Acetyl bromide Butyric acid Dimethyl carbonate Ethyl acetate Formaldehyde S (in ether) * Estimated range f Estimated from continuous spectrum Table 1 2 3 4 Wave-length Reference Shift ...
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    Nature 184 (1959), S. 1934-1935 
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    Notes: [Auszug] An organism was isolated from aerobic enrichments of soil in a nitrogen-free mineral salts medium containing ethanol as sole carbon scource. The pure culture obtained after repeated streaking was characterized as an Azotobacter vinelandii type5. Typical growth stages observed on the above medium ...
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    Nature 184 (1959), S. 1941-1941 
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    Notes: [Auszug] The spectrophotometric estimation of unsaturated fatty acids is carried out by the method recommended by the American Oil Chemists' Society1; saturated acids, separated according to Bertram2, are chromato-graphically determined by a procedure recently developed in this laboratory3. This procedure ...
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    Nature 184 (1959), S. 1943-1943 
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    Notes: [Auszug] Leaves and stems of the wheat plant at different stages of growth contain sucrose5. In addition, Shu et al.6 demonstrated that uredospores of wheat stem rust, race 155, during at least the initial stages of germination oxidized this sugar. Consequently uniformly labelled sucrose-14C was chosen as ...
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    Notes: [Auszug] In previous studies1'2, a large quantity of ferritin was proved, by the precipitin test and the complement fixation test1 to be circulating in the blood of horses suffering from infectious anaemia. On the other hand, several workers have obtained results which suggest that a small quantity of ...
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    Nature 184 (1959), S. 1948-1948 
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    Notes: [Auszug] The in vivo work on this problem has not been so direct, nor is there agreement concerning the requirement for calcium for vitamin Bj.2 absorption from the gut of the living animal. Abels et al3, in studies with gastrectomized rats, administered vitamin Bi2 58Co with neutralized rat gastric juice, ...
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    Notes: [Auszug] Two types of experiment were performed. In the first, flies aged less than 3 hr. after eclosion were injected with about 0*05 pd. labelled thymidine (Schwartz Laboratories, New York) of about 0-9 me. per ml. (and about 180 mc./mM). Flies were killed at daily intervals, up to 9 days after treatment. ...
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    Notes: [Auszug] The sample of phytoplankton contained a large number of cells of the Coscinodiscus and the Asteromphalus which were represented in the two valves of the aberrant cells. Fig. 1 shows the girdle view of the two cells, the concave nature of the Coscinodiscus valves, and the different shape of the ...
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    Nature 184 (1959), S. 1966-1967 
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    Notes: [Auszug] Dystrophic mice obtained from the Jackson Memorial Laboratory, Bar Harbor, were divided into nine experimental groups. Aniamls given 0-5 y/gm. body weight 17a-ethyl-19-nortestosterone ((7-5914) in corn oil by stomach tube three times a week starting at five weeks of age (group II) had a median ...
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    Notes: [Auszug] Out of 43 species of Anoplotermes hitherto known5"8, 32 are neotropical, 11 Ethiopean and one nearctic (this species is also neotropical). Recently, we found a new species (to be described elsewhere) from Assam. This is the first record of the genus from the oriental region, and the discovery is of ...
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    Nature 184 (1959), S. 1830-1830 
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    Notes: [Auszug] THIS book, an expansion of a lecture founded in memory of Dr. H. W. Dickinson, who was educated at the Manchester Grammar School and at Owens College, is beyond doubt a first-rate contribution to scholarship. In the field of Chinese science and technology the author speaks with a unique authority ...
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    Notes: [Auszug] COMMENCING January 9, a course of twelve lectures and appropriate practical work on micro- and semi-microchemical methods will be held on Saturday mornings at the Norwood Technical College, London, S.E.27. This course has been arranged for teachers, industrial and research chemists, and is designed ...
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    Notes: [Auszug] THE establishment, under the Agricultural (An Foras Tal ntais) Act, 1958, of the Agricultural Institute of the Republic of Ireland, An Foras Tal ntais, was announced in Nature, July 4, 1959. The Institute now announces major developments in the organization of the Division of Plant Sciences and ...
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    Notes: [Auszug] THE interpretation of serological studies of haemo-X globin is difficult because a preparation of haemoglobin may contain two or more distinct haemoglobins as well as other soluble antigenic constituents of the red cell. Markowitz, Cartwright and Wintrobe1 have investigated quantitatively antisera ...
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    Notes: [Auszug] APPLICATIONS are invited for the following appointments on or before the dates mentioned: LECTURER or ASSISTANT LECTURER IN GEOGRAPHY at Makerere College (The University College of East Africa) The Secretary, Inter-University Council for Higher Education Overseas, 29 Woburn Square, London, W.C.I ...
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    Notes: [Auszug] For shocks of Mach number between 8 and 10 through carbon dioxide, we find evidence of both vibrational relaxation and delayed dissociation. The sodium excitation temperature close to the shock front is quite low, but rises rapidly to a value far in excess of the equilibrium temperature, but close ...
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    Notes: [Auszug] The directions of remanent magnetization have been measured by Blundell and are shown in Fig. 1. These are arranged in two groups, normal and reversed, which are 180 apart. The two groups have been combined by reversing the polarity of those with downward dips to provide a mean direction of ...
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    Nature 184 (1959), S. 1863-1864 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
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    Notes: [Auszug] L-Serine phosphate, which, as the result of the following analysis, may be written -HO3POCH2 CH(NH3+)COOH, crystallizes in the orthorhombie system with lattice parameters a=7-790-01, 6= 10-24 0-04, c = 9-090-02 A. There are four molecules in the unit cell, Dx= 1*692, DTO= 1-707, and the space group ...
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    Nature 184 (1959), S. 1865-1866 
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    Notes: [Auszug] Expression 1 may be applied without making assumptions regarding the dependence of p and q upon the radiation dose. Lightly masticated pale crepe rubber, which had been freshly extracted with acetone, was evacuated and sealed in glass tubes. After irradiation, with gamma radiation from a cobalt-60 ...
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    Nature 184 (1959), S. 1866-1866 
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    Notes: [Auszug] Table 1. MASS-SPECTRUM or METHYLATED LAMINARIN O . l 2 3 R-1 (M.rads-1) 27 w 45 vw 83 vw 112 m 156 m 364 m 566 28VS55 m84 w 124 w367 w 29 m 56 w 85 vw 129 m 188 m 395 m 595 31 m 57 m 86 w 131 w397 m 32 s 60 w 95 vw 143 w 230 m 434 s 635 39 w 67 w 97 vw 144 vw 268 w 490 w 644 40 vw 68 vw 99 vw 145 ...
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    Nature 184 (1959), S. 1868-1869 
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    Notes: [Auszug] Recently, stability constants have been reported2 for CuL+ and CuHL + and for a complex suggested to be Cu(OH)L. Evidence for this complex was the second linear portion observed in the titration curve of 1 : 1 copper-histidine mixtures (Fig. 1), which was consistent with the formation of such a ...
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    Nature 184 (1959), S. 1871-1871 
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    Notes: [Auszug] A method of quantitative assay based on the inhibition of the construction of emergency queen cells was devised by Butler and Gibbons3, and used by Butler and Simpson4, to demonstrate that 'queen substance' is contained in the mandibular glands of the queen honeybee. Using this test, the extraction ...
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    Nature 184 (1959), S. 1878-1879 
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    Notes: [Auszug] Heparinized duck blood, with added sodium-benzyl penicillin and dihydrostreptomycin sulphate, was incubated for 90 minutes at 38-5 C. in an atmosphere of 95 per cent oxygen and 5 per cent carbon dioxide. 10 [xc. of glycine-2-14C (specific activity 1 mc./m.mole) and of 300 mgm. of glucose per 100 ...
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    Nature 184 (1959), S. 1882-1882 
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    Notes: [Auszug] An increase in the value of the biological half-life would not affect the calculation of the maximum permissible body burden, but would lead to a decrease in the maximum permissible levels in water and air, these being inversely proportional to the effective half-life in the conditions of final ...
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    Nature 184 (1959), S. 1885-1886 
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    Notes: [Auszug] Kosanke3 confirmed the extraction of bacteriostatic substances from lignite, sub-bituminous and high-volatile bituminous coals by methanol, and also showed that acetone and ethanol were effective solvents. These extracts were assayed for anti-fungal activity by Schenck and Carter4, and found to ...
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    Nature 184 (1959), S. 1888-1888 
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    Notes: [Auszug] The subtending glumes of the proliferated spikelets were normal but all or some of the lemmas were modified. The modified lemmas varied from near normal to typically leaf-shaped with well-developed sheathing bases and ligules. Usually only the upper lemmas were modified whilst those at the base of ...
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    Nature 184 (1959), S. 1888-1889 
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    Notes: [Auszug] It was shown indirectly in a previous communication4 that heterocaryosis was one of the causes of degeneration of the high-production strain Streptomyces erythreus VUAM. Electron-microscope studies are herewith described as applied to the spores of morphological variants of the strain Streptomyces ...
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    Nature 184 (1959), S. 1894-1894 
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    Notes: [Auszug] M. lacticum 8180, M. lacticum 8181 and M.flavum 10340 were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection and grown on slants containing Difco nutrient agar plus 1 per cent Difco yeast extract. After 48-hr, incubation at 37 C., the cells were harvested and washed twice with 0-02 M dipotassium ...
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    Nature 184 (1959), S. 1747-1749 
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    Notes: [Auszug] THERE are few more important questions for mankind to-day than that of the creative use of the mass media, and recent evidence of the abuse or wasteful use of television or of broadcasting only accentuates the urgency of determined efforts to discover effective ways of using the immense powers of ...
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    Nature 184 (1959), S. 1754-1754 
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    Notes: [Auszug] SO much is heard nowadays of the capabilities of the computer robot in imitating every human activity that it is not surprising to read of experiments in which the computer is made to compose music. Perhaps to say that the machine 'composes' is putting the experiments described in this book at too ...
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    Nature 184 (1959), S. 1756-1757 
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    Notes: [Auszug] THIS book forms the first part (a) of Vol. 1 of Elsevier's "Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry" which is to consist of five distinct volumes, some containing several parts. Vol. la (to be followed by 16 and Ic) deals with classical methods of analysis and contains six distinct chapters. Each ...
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    Nature 184 (1959), S. 1757-1758 
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    Notes: [Auszug] THIS book, edited by the Director of the Geophysical Laboratory, Washington, is the outcome of a seminar series in geochemistry organized by the Geophysical Laboratory and held there, and at the Johns Hopkins University, during the academic year 1957-58. It gives a valuable conspectus of current ...
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    Nature 184 (1959), S. 1760-1761 
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    Notes: [Auszug] SOUND monographs on the major crops are always welcome, not only to those with a specialized or professional interest but also to the general reader. A new work on the coconut palm by Dr. K. P. V. Menon, director of the Central Coconut Research Station, Kayangulam, and Dr. K. M. Pandalai, joint ...
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    Nature 184 (1959), S. 1765-1765 
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    Notes: [Auszug] IN a traditional industry, such as the textile industry, practice has been and, in many aspects still is, ahead of theory. This situation has arisen because able men have had an abundance of time to solve technical problems empirically, During the past few decades, however, a host of new problems ...
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    Nature 184 (1959), S. 1774-1774 
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    Notes: [Auszug] THE Intelligence Unit of the Council for Nature, which was set up in May 1959, with the aid of a grant of £5,000 a year for three years from the British Broadcasting Corporation, is now ready to deal with requests for information about field natural history in the United Kingdom. The Unit has ...
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    Nature 184 (1959), S. 1777-1777 
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    Notes: [Auszug] THE Ministry of Education has published a pamphlet intended to give university students a picture of the opportunities which exist for men and women to follow a career in education ("A Career in Education for University Graduates". Revised edition. Pp. 15. London : Ministry of Education, 1959). It ...
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    Nature 184 (1959), S. 1777-1777 
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    Notes: [Auszug] REVISED leaflets describing varieties of fodder beet and mangel and of swedes have recently been issued by the National Institute of Agricultural Botany at Cambridge. In each of these crops the Institute has tested very large numbers of varieties, and these leaflets give details of the important ...
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    Nature 184 (1959), S. 1777-1777 
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    Notes: [Auszug] In the communication entitled "A New Crystalline Salt of Oxytocin" in Nature of September 26, p. 981, par. 3, line 4, for "33 ni[" read "353 ...
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    Nature 184 (1959), S. 1779-1780 
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    Notes: [Auszug] THE Report of the National Chemical Laboratory for 1958 follows the same general lines as previous reports (Department of Scientific and Industrial Research. Report of the National Chemical Laboratory, 1958. Pp. iv+97. London : H.M. Stationery Office, 1959. 5s. 6d. net). After a preliminary ...
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    Nature 184 (1959), S. 1786-1786 
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    Notes: [Auszug] APPLICATIONS are invited for the following appointments on or before the dates mentioned : LECTURER IN THE DEPARTMENT OF VETERINARY PATHOLOGY? The Secretary, The University, Edinburgh (December 31). LECTURER (preferably an experimental physicist with an interest in low temperature physics, ...
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    Nature 184 (1959), S. 1788-1789 
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    Notes: [Auszug] During the winter months when occurrence of sporadic E is not normally prevalent this usually takes the form of temporary appearance of Es where none was previously present. Correlation is not 100 per cent, and quite often large F disturbance anomalies are not associated with a corresponding EB ...
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    Nature 184 (1959), S. 1777-1777 
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    Notes: [Auszug] THE James Arthur Lecture on the Evolution of the Human Brain, given by Prof. D. P. C. Lloyd, entitled "The Discrete and the Diffuse in Nervous Action", has now been issued (pp. ii + 28. New York : Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1959). His central theme is Cajal's concept of "les reflexes unilatraux ...
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    Nature 184 (1959), S. 1794-1795 
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    Notes: [Auszug] The heterogeneous or 'smoke' theory of Muraour1 is supported by Walsh and his collaborators2,3, on the basis of their studies of the low temperature oxidation of ethers in coated vessels. The reactions leading to auto-ignitions in the end gas are supposed to be inhibited by removal of chain centres ...
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    Nature 184 (1959), S. 1793-1794 
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    Notes: [Auszug] In 1955, Holmes et l.* reported the first isotopic age measurements on Lewisian rocks. Measurements on eight feldspars, all from pegmatites, were made by the potassium-argon method. Three samples came from the Outer Hebrides, three from the Laxfordian, and two from the Scourian. Omitting three ...
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    Nature 184 (1959), S. 1796-1796 
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    Notes: [Auszug] Fig. 1. Mass spectra of: (A) toluene ; (£) spiro -(2,4)- eycioheptadiene -(1,3) ; and (C) eyeZoheptatriene (the sensitivity up to mass m/e =90 is fourfold) ; Mer type ion source The mass spectra of toluene, ci/cZoheptatriene and spVo-(2,4)-ci/cZoheptadiene-(l,3), shown schematically in Fig. ...
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    Nature 184 (1959), S. 1800-1801 
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    Notes: [Auszug] Using commercially prepared y-globulin (Lederle C-496) as an antigen, potent antisera were prepared in rabbits. The distribution of y-globulins was studied with the aid of starch-gel immunoelectro-phoresis84. Fig. 1 shows the results obtained when a 2-5 per cent solution of the antigen and of ...
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    Nature 184 (1959), S. 1803-1804 
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    Notes: [Auszug] Under existing conditions with jet aircraft, it is no longer the men who fly the aircraft who are subjected to the greatest noise but the attendant ground, staff. Those in the worst situation are the men employed on the flight deck of an aircraft carrier dur ing aircraft launching operations, when ...
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