ALBERT

Notes: Conclusions et résumé Dans ce travail, nous avons donné une description morphologique d'Aphomia sociella aux différents stades de son cycle biologique, permettant ainsi l'identification de ces Insectes au sein de la sous-famille desGalleriinæ. Nous avons également abordé une étude du comportement d'Aphomia sociella, en particulier le comportement prédateur des chenilles à l'intérieur du nid de Bourdons. Les chenilles d'Aphomia sociella sont dangereuses pour les nids de Bourdons, non seulement par le fait qu'elles détruisent les cellules cireuses et se nourrissent des substances accumulées, mais aussi parce qu'elles inhibent l'évolution des larves de Bourdons en creusant leurs galeries autour du nid, et en tissant une toile qui retient les larves et les nymphes prisonnières. La femelle d'Aphomia sociella dépose ses œufs en amas, de sorte que les jeunes chenilles nouvellement écloses se trouvent très tôt en contact les unes avec les autres. La tendance qui incite la femelle à déposer ses œufs en groupe, et non isolément, constitute, selonO'Byrne (1937), la condition première du comportement grégaire. Après l'éclosion des œufs, la durée du comportement grégaire dépend du degré d'attraction mutuelle manifesté par les chenilles. L'adaptation de la structure du nid au milieu, en particulier au support, et la possibilité de reformer un groupement lorsque les circonstances l'exigent, suggèrent la faculté des larves d'Aphomia sociella à répondre à la réaction déclenchée par la perception des fils soyeux sécrétés par les autres chenilles.

Notes: Résumé Le pH intestinal deMicrocerotermes edentatus (Amitermitinæ) est très alcalin (〉9,6) jusqu'à la première poche de l'intestin postérieur, puis il décroît; dans la seconde poche, il est voisin de la neutralité et devient légèrement acide dans le rectum. Chez les Termites inférieurs, il est au contraire acide dans les régions antérieures et moyennes du tractus. Ces phénomènes peuvent être mis en relation avec des différences de régime alimentaire, mais aussi avec le fonctionnement variable des tubes de Malpighi.

Notes: Résumé L'étude d'un nid deLasius fuliginosus durant trois années consécutives à montré que: 1° L'essaimage a lieu en juin-juillet à Acosse, en mai à Düren (Allemagne), Gembloux et Winenne. 2° Tous les mâles n'essaiment pas: on en trouve encore dans le nid jusqu'en août. 3° Les fourmis ne suivent pas toujours rigoureusement la même piste. 4° La période d'activité des fourmis du nid d'Acosse s'étale d'avril à la fin d'octobre, soit durant sept mois. 5° Les pistes vers le champ tropophorique sont semblables d'une année à l'autre. Elles sont empruntées aux mêmes époques, vers lePrunus en avril-mai-juin, vers l'Erable de mai à octobre, vers l'Epicea de juin à août, et vers leMerisier d'août jusqu'en octobre. 6° L'hypothèse d'une mémoire pérennante des repères chez les fourmis est prise en considération, mais aussi l'existence d'une certaine automation dans l'activité des ouvrières.

Notes: Résumé Première Partie:Biologie de la femelle isolée. — L'étude expérimentale du devenir des femelles isolées montre que ces individus sont incapables de vivre isolément. La fondation des colonies par femelle isolée n'a jamais été observée. Elle n'a jamais pu être réalisée expérimentalement. Deuxième Partie:Biologie des colonies avec reine. — Nous avons pu établir que: en présence de la reine, les ouvrières ne pondent jamais; la totalité des pontes que l'on rencontre dans ces colonies provient de la ponte des reines. Production d'ouvrières: la totalité des ouvrières produites par la colonic previent de la ponte d'une reine fécondée. Production de femelles: Dolichoderus quadripunctatus se caractérise par la production d'un très petit nombre de femelles ailées. Ces femelles ailées sont issues d'œufs pondus par la femelle fécondée, mais dont les larves évoluent sans contact direct avec la reine. Pour que le futur couvain royal puisse se développer, il est nécessaire qu'un grand nombre d'ouvrières élèvent un petit nombre de larves. ChezDolichoderus quadripunctatus, les femelles ailées et les ouvrières ont donc une même origine: la ponte d'une reine. Le déterminisme de l'apparition des femelles n'est donc pas d'ordre blastogénique, mais d'ordre trophogénique. Production de mâles: enfin, nous n'avons jamais obtenu de mâles à partir de ponte de femelles.

Notes: Résumé Les sources alimentaires deCamponotus acvapimensis proviennent de la prédation et de la récolte systématique d'exsudats d'Homoptères et de sucs de plantes. Cette diversité d'origine des produits procure à l'espèce une alimentation abondante tout au long de l'année. En saison sèche, pendant la période où la végétation est détruite après le passage des feux de brousse, l'alimentation carnée prédomine. En saison des pluies, où les plantes jeunes abondent et par conséquent les Homoptères, de nombreuses ouvrières partent à la recherche d'exsudats. Le comportement constructeur de ceCamponotus ne se manifeste que dans la construction d'abris pour Homoptères. L'espèce sert elle-même de proie à divers groupes d'animaux (Oiseaux, Batraciens, Reptiles...). Elle est d'autre part victime de divers parasites (Chalcidiens, champignons...).

Notes: Résumé Dans les sociétés orphelines d'Evylæus nigripes, l'une des ouvrières joue le rôle de reine: elle ne participe pas à la récolte du pollen, demeurant constamment au nid, et assume la plus grande part de la ponte sociale. On établit un parallèle entre les sociétés orphelines et les fondations polygynes de la même espèce: les unes et les autres semblent révéler l'existence d'un effet de groupe.

Notes: Conclusions It has been found that inZootermopsis nevadensis, a relatively primitive termite, the nymphs and older larvae carry out most nest-building behaviour, digging, and oscillatory movements. As they progress from young larvae to nymphs the termites tend to spend less time in trophallaxis and more time in other activities. The first instar nymphs and the sixth instar larvae are the most active in all respects. In terms of behaviour the sixth instar larvae are the nearest equivalent to a worker caste. Insects of the first nymphal instar can be roughly divided into those that spend much time in trophallaxis and relatively little in other activities andvice versa. This polarity was not evident in the younger insects. The replacement reproductives spend most of their time in trophallaxis and very little in other activities. Most of this trophallaxis is with the younger larvae, while most of the trophallaxis of the other instars is with the replacement reproductives. It is suggested that behavioural differences such as those found here may be important in caste determination and regulation.

Notes: Zusammenfassung 1. Erfolgreiche Kopula von ergatoiden sowie geflügelten Weibchen vonHarpagoxenus sublævis Nyl. mit Männchen fremder Kolonien wurde beobachtet. Die ergatoiden Weibchen zeigen ein besonderes Verhalten, durch das sie wohl die Männchen anlocken (Abb. 1, 2). Es ähnelt dem Verhalten der jungen Weibchen mancher Termiten und ist von Ameisen bisher nicht bekannt. 2. Die Koloniegründung vonH. sublævis erfolgte im Versuch in der bekannten Weise (Viehmeyer, 1921), auch ältere ergatoide Weibchen können nochmals erfolgreich die Bewohner einer Kolonie der WirtsartLeptothorax acervorum töten oder vertreiben und sich deren Brut aneignen. 3. Das Verhalten vonH. sublævis beim Raubzug auf Nester der Wirtsarten ist sehr plastisch. Zwei Typen von «Raubzügen» wurden beobachtet: 1) Die bekannte Form des «kriegerischen Raubzuges» (Adlerz, 1895;Viehmeyer, 1921), 2) kampfloser Transport ganzer Kolonien der Wirtsarten insHarpagoxenus-Nest (Eudulosis nachKutter, 1957, jedoch ohne Abtöten der Königinnen aus den Wirtsameisenvölkern). 4. Alle Larven und Puppen auch fremderLeptothoraxarten werden aus einem überfallenen Nest geraubt, doch werden nur Nester der UntergattungMychothorax, nicht vom SubgenusLeptothorax überfallen. 5. Raubzüge sind nur zu bestimmten Zeiten im Jahrescyclus auszulösen; normalerweise ist dies der Zeitraum von etwa Anfang Juni bis Mitte August, wenn in den Kolonien vonHarpagoxenus und seinen Wirtsarten Puppen vorhanden sind. 6. DieH.-Arbeiterinnen orientieren sich auf den Raubzügen wahrscheinlich zunächst optisch, am Eingang des überfallenen Wirtsameisennestes beginnen sie Suchschleifen zu laufen und scheinen sich des «topochemischen Sinns» zu bedienen.

Notes: Zusammenfassung Es ist der Beweis erbracht worden, dass die Kolonien vonVespa orientalis L. nicht ohne Larven bestehen können oder genauer gesagt, ohne Speichelabsonderung der Larven. Diese bilden die einzige Quelle von Rohstoffen für den Stickstoffmetabolismus der Arbeiterinnen und für die Königin, da diese selbst über keine Protease verfügen, welche für den Proteinabbau benötigt werden. Von besonderer Wichtigkeit ist dies für die Eiproduktion der Königin. Dieses Ergebnis legt nahe, dass das Gesellschaftsleben der Hornissen wahrscheinlich als eine Symbiose zwischen Erwachsenen und Larven aufzufassen ist.

Notes: Zusammenfassung In der Oogenese erfolgt das Wachstum der Eizellen nicht allein als von RNS-Syntheseleistungen des Oocytenkerns abhängige euplasmatische Proteinsynthese. Die schnelle Volumenzunahme der Eizellen wird durch drei extraoocytäre Komponenten bedingt: 1. Pinocytäre Aufnahme heterosynthetischer Dotterproteine aus der Haemolymphe. 2. Einfliessen des Nährfachinhaltes in die Oocyte. 3. RNS-Zufuhr aus den Nährzellen in die Oocyte für die dort ablaufende Proteinsynthese. Untersucht wird mit Hilfe autoradiographischer Technik der RNS-Haushalt der Zellelemente der Eifollikel im Bienenovar. Für das Eiwachstum (Euplasma) spielt die RNS-Zufuhr aus dem von 48 polyploiden Nährzellen gebildeten Nährfach die Hauptrolle. Der Oocytenkern synthetisiert nur zu Oogenesebeginn geringe Mengen an RNS. Aus den Follikelzellen erfolgt keine RNS-Abgabe an die Eizelle. Syntheserate und Transportgeschwindigkeit der trophocytären RNS werden im Vergleich zu Literaturangaben über andere Insektenarten diskutiert. Bei der Honigbiene spielt neben der Grösse des Nährfachs vor allem die hohe Zahl von insgesamt rd. 360 Ovariolen und die Menge der in jeder Ovariole gleichzeitig heranwachsenden Follikel (maximal 20–30) eine Rolle als Voraussetzung für die mögliche Produktion von einigen tausend Eiern pro Tag.

Notes: Résumé Dans ce travail, nous avons étudié le cycle biologique de la fourmiDolichoderus quadripunctatus. Nous avons établi expérimentalement l'existence de trois types de calies: -la calie I, ou calie centrale, qui héberge la reine fécondée; -les calies II, ou calies d'ouvrières de la couronne interne, entretenant des relations constantes avec la calie I; -les calies III, ou calies d'ouvrières de la couronne externe, entretenant des relations avec les calies II. Les divers échanges de populations, tant larvaires qu'adultes, permettent d'expliquer le cycle complet de cette espèce. La multiplication des colonies se fait sans envol de sexués femelles, par la capture d'une femelle déjà fécondée dans le nid mère. Ce mode de reproduction très particulier paraît propre à cette espèce. Enfin, nous avons essayé de dégager les conclusions générales de toute cette série de travaux (voirTorossian, 1967a, b, c, d, e, f, 1968), c'est-à-dire de situer le «niveau social» des sociétés deDolichoderus quadripunctatus. Il apparaît que par de multiples caractères (monogynie, habitat arboricole, perte de la phase solitaire, régulation sociale très diversifiée),Dolichoderus quadripunctatus se situe à un niveau très élevé dans l'échelle sociale des Insectes sociaux.

Notes: Summary The female ofXylocopa fenestrata provides protection for her younglings by three ways: (i) regulation of nest size and leaving more than half the length of an internode of a bamboo vacant between the entrance and the last partition, (ii) by applying a repellent at the entrance of her nest, and (iii) by attacking the intruder with her strong mandibles, stinging it and ultimately ejecting a watery repugnant fluid. She resorts to the last method of attack only if annoyance continues for a longtime. The authors are thankful to Dr.A. S. Atwal, Professor of Zoology-Entomology (now, Dean, College of Agriculture) for facilities and criticism of the results and to Dr.G. E. Bohart, United States Department of Agriculture, Utah State University, Logan, for carefully going through the manuscript and making valuable suggestions. They are also thankful to Mr.Surendra Kumar for varied assistance.

Notes: Conclusion. Summary Morphological and statistical researches on the sensory equipment of the Ant's antennæ in chapter I of this work have enabled us to interpret some biological phenomena to be enlarged upon in the next chapters. The part played by the champagne cork shaped organs in the trophallaxic behaviour has been shown by ablations ofMyrmica lævinodis Nyl. antennæ.Aphænogaster gibbosa Latr., a species which does not practise the stomodeal exchanges, possesses twice less numerous champagne cork shaped organs on its antennæ. Besides, in those mixed colonies where the two species are bred together,Aphænogaster sometimes receives food fromMyrmica. However the importance of those needful organs should hot be overvalued becauseMyrmica is partly able to practise the trophallaxic behaviour whithout its feelers. Moreover, ifAphænogaster does not exchange food in its nests, this is certainly not due to a defect of its sensory equipment but very likely to the disappearance of the innate behaviour of «agiver», an inductor of the one of a «receiver». ThusAphænogaster's sensory equipment does need to become as evolued as the one ofMyrmica. The importance (very likely of an olfactory nature) of those organs in other behaviours may have caused its persistence onAphænogaster's antennæ. The crop of that ant has grown much less extensible than the one ofMyrmica. It is further to be noticed that the behaviour ofMyrmica as agiver when its feelers have been cut-off proves easier to carry out but more difficult to acquire or to preserve on the evolutive plane, and thus seems to be more basic as regards trophallaxy. Finaly, beyard the knowledge of the sensory qualities, the interest of the myrmecological material lies in that it affords a new method of approach for the study of the determinism of the behaviour.

Notes: Zusammenfassung 1. Hummelköniginnen besitzen nach meinen Beobachtungen nur im Frühjahr ein agressives Verhalten. In sieben Versuchen wurden mehrere Königinnen deshalb erst nach dieser agressiven Phase zusammengesetzt. In sechs Versuchen gründeten sie gemeinsam Nester, doch schlüpften nicht überall Nachkommen. 2. Die Zuchten gelangen in offenen Drahtkäfigen bei vollem Tageslicht. 3. Der Beginn der Nestbautätigkeit in den polygynen Völkern wird beschrieben. 4. Die Entwicklungszeit vom Ei bis zur Imago liegt über den bisher bekannten Durschnittswerten. 5. Eine Arbeitsteilung in den polygynen Völkern liess sich bei den Königinnen teilweise, bei den Arbeiterinnen immer erkennen. 6. Die einzelnen Versuchsergebnisse werden tabellarisch beschrieben.

Notes: Zusammenfassung Schwankungen des Gynandromorphen-Anteils in der Brut einer Königin aus einer speziellen, Gynandromorphen erzeugenden Linie wurden in den Monaten Juli und August untersucht und Verschiebungen auf Grund von Umweltänderungen (Nektarangebot, Reizfütterung, Käfigung der Königin) festgestellt. Von insgesamt 16375 kontrollierten Bienen waren 2590 (15,9%) Gynandromorphen. Anregung zur Eiablage hatte Erhöhung des Gynandromorphen-Anteils auf 32,5% zur Folge, Hemmung der Königin während der Eiablage ein Absinken auf 6,0%. Die Entwicklungsdauer der Gynandromorphen lag zwischen 21 und 24 Tagen. Die Annahme einer polygenen Basis und Prädetermination des Eies bei Gynandromorphismus konnte durch Versuchsergebnisse gefestigt werden. Als wichtige Komponente bei der Erzeugung von Gynandromorphen muss bei entsprechender genetischer Grundlage und ausreichender Pflegefähigkeit der Ammenbienen die durch die Umwelteinflüsse geförderte oder gehemmte Eiablage-Intensität der Königin angesehen werden.

Notes: Summary The author has studied the ontogenesis of the innervation of neurosensorial organs on the antennæ ofReticulitermes lucifugus santonensis Feyt. She has found, among the organs with external processussensilla trichoidea (small, medium an big),sensilla basiconica, andsensilla campaniformia. Repartition and variation in number of sensilla during developpement have been described. She describe so 3 sensorial organs without any external processus: 2 chordotonal organs (one in the scapus, the other in the pedicellus). Antennal nerves and tracheas have been followed.

Notes: Riassunto L'Autore, dopo una rivista delle attuali conoscenze sui ritmi di attività delle formiche, studia l'attività di foraggiamento delCamponotus nylanderi Em. e segnala come, almeno nel periodo estivo, essa sia esclusivamente notturna con due massimi di attività (attorno alle ore 21 ed alle ore 2) nella prima e nella seconda metà della notte. In autunno, seppure molto ridotta, l'attività persiste anche nelle ore diurne. In luce costante (e temperatura irregolarmente variabile), l'attività periodica perdura ancora quattro o cinque giorni per poi divenire completamente aritmica. Un'attività notturna quale quella qui illustrata riveste un particolare interesse per la sua unicità in tutta la fauna mirmecologica italiana e per l'analogia che presenta con quella di alcuni affiniCamponotus tropicali.

Notes: Résumé Des différenciations glandulaires de l'épiderme au niveau de certains sternites abdominaux (glandes sternales) existent chez tous les Termites.Mastotermes darwiniensis possède une glande sur chacun des sternites 3, 4 et 5; dans les sous-familles des Stolotermitinæ, Porotermitinæ, Hodotermitinæ, la glande sternale, unique, est située sur le 4e sternite; tous les autres Termites examinés ont une glande sternale sur le 5e sternite. Ces glandes existent dans toutes les castes, mais subissent une régression chez les sexués fonctionnels, qu'ils soient imaginaux ou néoténiques.

Notes: Résumé Etude de six espèces de fourmis du Sahara et de trois espèces méditerranéennes. Il y a deux types de stigmates. 1o Le type thoracique: fermeture assurée par deux lèvres formées par le péritrême. Un muscle de fermeture. 2o Le type abdominal: fermeture par écrasement de l'atrium sous l'action d'un muscle de fermeture. Un muscle d'ouverture. Les stigmates, normalement fermés, restent ouverts lorsque la température est assez élevée.

Notes: Summary The presence of two castes, the egglayers or queens and the nonegglayers or workerlike females, is demonstrated inA. striata andA. persimilis although the castes are poorly defined. One or more queens may be present in a nest during the spring, at which time all individuals of the colony may perform all nesting activities including the collecting of pollen for the cells. After the first brood has emerged in June, there is only one egglayer per colony, and this individual, although continuing to guard and build cells, does not collect pollen. The other females of the colony, although frequently mated, rarely lay eggs but do carry on all other nesting activities. The queens and nonegglaying females differ in size averaged over the season, but there are no gross morphological differences between the two castes.

Notes: Zusammenfassung Leptothorax (Mychothorax) kutteri n. sp. wird beschrieben. Die neue Art lebt sozialparasitisch in polygynen Nestern vonLeptothorax (Mychothorax) acervorum Fabr. neben begatteten ♀♀ dieser Art.L. kutteri ist arbeiterlos. In den gemischten Nestern werden Geschlechtstiere beider Arten aufgezogen. Die neue Art weist im äusseren Körperbau keine Spezialisierung gegenüber,L. acervorum auf. Die vermutliche Entstehung eines solchen Sozialparasiten in polygynen Ameisenarten wird diskutiert.

Notes: Summary Two oscillatory movements of the termiteZ. angusticollis have been investigated. It was found that the Longitudinal Oscillatory Movement occurred after the termites had been disturbed and that it appeared to be a response to a relatively low-intensity stimulus to antennal sensilla. The Complex Oscillatory Movement took place after a relatively large disturbance. It is associated with the laying down of an odour trail, and occurs only on contact with an individual of the same species. It has been shown to be a means of exciting other termites which will then normally follow the odour trail, but it is not a specific stimulus to follow such a trail.

Notes: Résumé Les échanges de matériel protidique s'effectuent entre fourmilières deFormica polyctena de la même manière que les échanges de sucres, tout en restant beaucoup moins actifs.

Notes: Résumé Les auxiliaires deHalictus scabiosæ (Rossi), expulsées de leurs nids lors de la dissolution des sociétés polygynes dont elles sont membres, sont contraintes de se reloger: ou bien elles creusent de nouveaux terriers, ou bien elles utilisent des nids préalablement édifiés par des femelles d'une espèce différente. Le parasitisme facultatif, décrit dans cette note, atteintEvylæus nigripes (Lep.) et va de la simple occupation d'un nid étranger au massacre de sa propriétaire avec ponte dans des cellules déjà pourvues de pains d'abeille.

Notes: Summary 1. Distribution of Alkaline Phosphatase in the brains and digestive tracts of the workers, soldiers and sexuals ofOdontotermes redemanni is specific. 2. During early embryogenesis phosphatase distribution is very uniform and gives no indication of the future caste differentiation. 3. In the advanced larvae three types of reactions are noted. Those with faint, mild and intense phosphatase reactions become soldiers, workers and sexuals respectively. 4. The queen in the «Royal chamber» gives out an exudation through the integument. This exudation is licked and carried by the workers to the undifferentiated larvae in the nurseries. This material has inhibitory or stimulator substance whose selective application sets in the castewise differentiation of the larvae. Once the differentiation is fixed, the larvae show phosphatase reactions specific to the castes into which they will eventually develop.

Notes: Summary Inversion formulae for the operational interpretation of some integral equations, with the exponent of the integrand involving any number of radicals, are given. Equations of the form considered here are of common occurrence to quite a wide variety of impulsive wave propagation problems.

Notes: Summary The stress and displacement throughout a homogeneous, isotropic, elastic quarterspace have been evaluated when the stress is prescribed on one of the plane boundaries and the displacement on the other. The variations of the displacement and stress on the boundaries with time and distance from the origin have been shown graphically.

Notes: Summary The concept of comet orbit activity sphere as introduced byD'Alembert and developed byLaplace is modified and applied to the Sun-Earth-Moon system, leading to a new approximate relationship between astronomical constants usually regarded as independent quantities. When Sun-Earth mass ratio, the astronomic unit, and Earth-Moon separation distance are taken as known, an elementary algebraic formula gives the Earth-Moon mass ratio in terms of these. Despite the inherently imprecise character of this type of calculation, surprisingly close numerical agreement with independently determined values is obtained. The great simplicity and directness of the result contrast with ardous orthodox inference procedures for the lunar mass, suggesting that newer methods of general dynamic analysis are required in the study of asymptotic states of the three-body problem.

Notes: Summary Using the results of spherical harmonic analyses of the geomagnetic field for some fourteen different epochs, includingGauss' first analysis for epoch 1835, and theErman-Petersen analysis for epoch 1829, the strength and axes of geomagnetic multipoles have been computed. In particular, a dipole from the three first order spherical harmonic coefficients, a quadrupole from five second order coefficients, and an octupole from seven third order coefficients. The axes of the quadrupole and octupole have moved quite rapidly when compared with movements of the dipole axis, and show a general movement westwards. Although the strength of the dipole has generally diminished, the strengths of the quadrupole and octupole have generally increased.

Notes: Summary An efficient tool in seismic signal analysis is offered by the array data processing techniques which are based upon similarity of pulse shapes between stations. Records at the six Swedish stations in general exhibit the signal resemblance required by the array methods. By applying a simple processing technique, the signal-to-noise ratio is increased by a factor of about 2, and the accuracy ofP-wave readings is improved. High similarity is found not only between the same phase (P, pP) at different stations, but also between different phases (P, pP) at the same or different stations. Altogether, records of eleven earthquakes were investigated in detail. The Swedish station network can be considered as a ‘super-large aperture seismic array’ (SLASA), despite some differences in instrumental equipment. A general adaptation of array techniques to SLASA systems is discussed. Such methods will greatly improve the seismological information which can be extracted from ordinary station records, provided the stations are located on geologically homogeneous ground.

Notes: Summary Gamma-ray spectra of the samples were measured by standard laboratory multichannel spectrometry. The weighted least squares method was applied to the digital output data in order to determine the concentrations of U238, Th232 and K40 present. U and Th increase towards the rim of the massif (from 4 ppm U and 20 ppm Th in the coarse-grained central facies to 23 ppm U and 42 ppm Th in the fine-grained rim variety), whereas K remains fairly constant at ∼3.85%.

Notes: Summary In palaeomagnetism it is usually assumed that the distribution of directions of natural remanent magnetization at a site is Fisherian. This assumption is used here for an analysis of dispersion on a sphere when only inclination (and not declination) of NRM directions is known. By this method, in spite of the lack of declination data, the mean inclination and precision of the parent Fisherian population are estimated, together with the probable errors in these estimates. The method is tested against known Fisherian populations and is then used for dealing with data from borecores, where the way-up of cores and dip of the hole are known, but the azimuth of cores is not. Uses of the information derived from this analysis include estimations of age of NRM, support for palaeomagnetic data from surface studies, and comparison of dispersion of the palaeomagnetic field with that of the present geomagnetic field.

Notes: Summary It is shown, that the kinds of superexchange mechanism ofWollan andKanamori are suitable for declaring magnetic structures of nickel-arsen-type compounds of the 3d-metals. Differences of the curie-temperatures are interpreted by change of direct exchange. Paramagnetic behaviour of the titan compounds is declared by lacking of localised magnetic moments. Reduced curie-temperatures within the serie MeS, MeSe, MeTe (Me=V, Fe, Co, Ni) indicate that anion-p-functions with rising ordinal number have decreasing stability.

Notes: Summary According to the author the reason of the subsistence of the 11 years' sunspot cycle is to be found in the conjunction of the planets. As a result of the investigations it has been stated that from among the nine planets the joint tidal effect of Venus-Jupiter-Earth is a decisive factor in the variations of sunspot activity. The above three planets are every 10.4 years and 12.0 years respectively, in a close conjunction. The mean value (11.2 years) is in an almost full accordance with the average cycle-period. The fluctuations of the period of the cycle come from the fact that the planets' getting into approximately one line takes a different time within each cycle. This time delay is the cause of the stronger or weaker sunspot activity, and of the shorter or longer cycles.

Notes: Summary Theoretical considerations are put forward for identifying the Dynamic and Static Methods of Diffusion measurements of aerosol particles. On the basic of this equality the Exhaustion Method of Diffusion developed byPollak andMetnieks for the size-frequency resolution of a heterogeneous aerosol by Dynamic Diffusion Methods should be applicable to Static Methods. This hypothesis is tested using a Pollak-Nolan nucleus counter as decay vessel. It is shown that turbulence in the counter is the most serious obstacle against this type of approach to finding the size components of an aerosol. The time involved, the high humidity in the counter and a hypothetical nucleus-free zone are other major difficulties for relatively large Aitken nuclei. It is established, however, that for particles whose diffusion coefficient is of the order of 10−3 cm2 sec−1, the proposed method should be quite workable.

Notes: Summary It is demonstrated that the first order approximation of the equipotentials of two fixed distant bodies given byIrving Michelson is wrong.

Notes: Summary The upper mantle is assumed to consist of three Layers in which the velocity of bodily waves varies linearly with depth, decreasing in the second and increasing in the others. The relation between the epicentral distance and the angles of emergency are derived and tables of numerical values are given.

Notes: Summary The method of operational calculus has been used to deal with the disturbances in an elastic medium traversed by a magnetic field.

Notes: Summary The conditions under which Love type ofSH waves can propagate in a non-homogeneous internal stratum of finite depth lying between two semi-infinite isotropic elastic media are considered in this paper. Two types of non-homogeneity have been studied, in one case the rigidity is supposed to vary exponentially with depth while the density remains constant and in the other both rigidity and density are assumed to vary linearly with depth.

Notes: Summary The linear adjustment of the energy-frequency distribution of earthquakes is critically regarded. However, it contains some faults. Therefore, the logarithmic-normal distribution is proposed for adjusting energy-frequency observations of earthquakes. The parameters of the logarithmicnormal distribution are determined from observations by the method of least squares. For many examples from different epicentral areas and different time intervals the parameters of the logarithmicnormal distribution are calculated and compared with one another. It follows that the exact shape of the energy-frequency distribution is fixed by the total energy of all earthquakes occurring per unit of time. There must be the possibility of liberating the seismic energy of 1013 ergs in a given epicentral area of 1000 km2 during one year, so that earthquakes can really occur.

Notes: Summary If the level of an ideal rectangular water basin varies sinusoidally with amplitude 2h 1 and angular frequency ω0 the modes of the free oscillations of the basin split into multiplets with spacing ω0: the shape and the height of the peaks are given as functions of the mean levelh 0 and of the lengthl of the basin and of the amplitude 2h 1.

Notes: Summary The propagation of electromagnetic waves in a two-layer anisotropic earth from an oscillating vertical electric dipole placed over it has been studied. Formal expression for the vector potential in the top layer has been determined for the general case when both the layers are electrically anisotropic. The conductivity and the permittivity tensors of the layers are assumed to have simple diagonal forms. Three special cases of practical interest have been considered in detail, for which the results are given in terms of tabulated functions. It has been shown that at the surface of the earth, only the electric field components are influenced by the anisotropy.

Notes: Summary The Laplace-transform techniques have been made use of in investigating the disturbances in a conducting fluid in contact with a fixed plane.

Notes: Summary A numerical experiment was made in order to investigate whether it is possible to obtain agreement between photochemical theory and observation of ozone in a pure oxygen (i.e. a dry) atmosphere at levels where near-equilibrium can be expected. Considerable but not completely unreasonable adjustment of some of the uncertain photochemical parameters (reaction rates and their temperature dependence, solar spectral energy distribution) from their presently most probable value is found to be needed.

Notes: Summary A new absolute condensation nucleus counter was constructed to investigate the accuracy of the calibration widely used with the Pollak-Nolan photoelectric condensation nucleus counter. An attempt was made to standardize the conditions affecting calibration and, using the new counter, to recalibrate the photoelectric counter at values of extinction less than 16%. Over this extinction range, the present work indicates nucleus concentrations which are higher by about 30% than those given by the calibration ofPollak andMetnieks [8]3). In view of the great natural variability of Aitken nucleus concentrations, this discrepancy, if real, is of little meteorological importance.

Notes: Summary Rates and yields of nitrite formation in solutions, upon irradiation of aqueous sodium nitrate with ultraviolet light, are found to be consistently and considerably enhanced by their chloride content. The process is investigated under conditions met both, in the laboratory and under sunlight illumination, and the effects of altitude and temperature on the reaction studied in the field, are evaluated.

Notes: Summary Methods have been developed by quantitatively interpreting gravity and magnetic data in vertical bore-holes or shafts for geological bodies that can be approximated by spheres and cylinders. Master diagrams that can be directly used by the interpreter are provided.

Notes: Summary In the present note the author has considered the torsional vibration of a cylindrical shell of non-homogeneous material whose rigidity and density vary linearly with distance from the axis of the shell. It is assumed that one end of the shell is fixed while the other end is acted on by a periodic shearing force, both the inner and the outer curved surface being free from stress at all times.

Notes: Summary Axial Rayleigh-waves in a magnetic field are considered for an elastic cylinder of aelotropic material, surrounded by a vacuum and for an infinite body of same material with cylindrical cavity.

Notes: Summary Within the geophysical literature there is shown a group of proceedings concerning analytical continuities of potential fields into the lower half-space. These proceedings are based on the Poisson's formula which gives a solution to the Dirichlet's problem applied to in a plane degenerated spheres, like this: $$\begin{gathered} \bar g(x,y) = \frac{h}{{2\pi }}\smallint \smallint \frac{{g(\xi ,\zeta )}}{{[(\xi - x)^2 + (\zeta - y)^2 + h^2 ]^{{3 \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {3 2}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} 2}} }}d\xi d\zeta \hfill \\ R^2 \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$ where (x, y) is the at the surface measured gravity-or magnetic-field; andg(ζ, ξ) is the field within a plane at ah(z=h) elevation. To discoverg(ζ, ξ) within thez=h plane, the successive approximating method is commonly used. Within the present paper two proceedings of effectuating analytical continuities by using the aleatory numbers method (the Monte Carlo method) as well as the linear programming algorithmes, are suggested.

Notes: Summary A simple transformation called pseudo-magnetic transformation is introduced in which the horizontal derivatives of the observed gravity anomalies of any body will be calculated. These horizontal derivatives, called the pseudo-magnetic anomalies, are proportional to the vertical magnetic anomalies of the same body assumed to be polarised horizontally. It is shown that the interpretation of gravity anomalies of dykes is not unique except by computing the pseudo-magnetic anomalies, which will be interpreted by the logarithmic curve fitting technique indicated earlier [5]2).

Notes: Summary In this note the waves in a viscous fluid rotating on a sphere has been studied. The solution contains unknown constants which may be evaluated in particular cases applying the boundary conditions.

Notes: Summary The electrc-magnetic equations of Maxwell and the equations of mechanical motion have been used to investigate the vibrations of a cylindrical shell and also a cylinder with an isotropic core characterised by a visco-elasticity of Voigt tupe.

Notes: Summary Two and three dipoles approximating the earth's main magnetic field are determined minimizing a sum of squares of differences between the dipole fields and the earth's magnetic field. Numerical results have been obtained by the aid of a digital computer for epochs 1932, 1942, 1950 and 1960.

Notes: Summary The case histories of some active volcanoes in various parts of the world are analyzed from the standpoint of their being observations of point events in a time continuum. The eruptive histories of the three Japanese volcanoes included show trend in the rate of occurrence of outbreaks. The possible existence of trend in rate of occurrence of events was found for certain Lower Cretaceous bentonites of Wyoming. The data investigated for Etna derive from a period of persistent activity and here also trend in the rate of occurrence of ejections could be identified. The remaining volcanoes studied do not display significant trend in the rate of occurence of outbreaks over the time interval available. Various statistical tests indicate, that although some of the non-trend volcanoes may be fairly closely approximated as regards rate of occurrence of eruptions by the plausible Poisson model, none agree in all respects with the requirements of this process. The patterns of activity of volcanoes found to differ greatly from the Poisson model are complicated kinds of point processes, but owing to the shortness of the series available and their rather unsatisfactory accuracy, it is not possible to be explicit as to their precise nature. In order to elucidate some aspects of the analysis, a simulated series of outbreaks with exponentially distributed intervals between events was produced. The general scheme of analysis adopted has been firstly to test for trend; if trend in the rate of occurrence of events does not occur, the series have been tested for dependence. If there is no dependence between events, tests for agreement with a Poisson model have been carried out, with a negative conclusion leading to a test for agreement with some kind of renewal process. In order to provide a comparison with another type of natural phenomenon of a random nature, the earthquakes occurring in Fennoscandia over the period 1891 to 1950 were analyzed by the same methods. Perhaps surprisingly, the 322 shocks registered during this time (shocks≧3.0 on the Gutenberg-Richter scale) show an indication of trend with a tendency for a decrease in the rate of occurrence of shocks. The eruption pattern of Mauna Loa is thought to be approximately a simple Poisson process. The patterns for Semeru, Bromo and Peak of Ternate seem to be reasonably consistent with a renewal process model, but appear to differ from a Poisson process. The Indonesian volcanoes have several features in common, among these a high coefficient of variation for the times between eruptions. It is tentatively suggested that this may be of some genetic significance. It is possible, that the Indonesian volcanoes erupt in accordance with a pattern approximating to some kind of stationary point process.

Notes: Summary The effect of slightly curved boundaries (free surfaces and interfaces) of the elastic mediums on the components of displacement of a particle in a medium due to the propagation of the surface waves has been investigated in this paper. It has been found that along with the usual displacement components for stratified boundaries (designated here as primary components), there exist secondary displacement components arising from the presence of curvature in the boundaries. They are constituted of different harmonic components with their amplitudes proportional to the parameters which measure the extent of curvature of the boundaries. The wave numbers of these harmonic constituents are related to those of the primary components in a definite way decided by the shapes of the boundaries.

Notes: Summary The complete solution of the propagation of Rayleigh waves in a thin transversely isotropic layer with rigid bottom surface has been developed along with its frequency equation. The ratio of the possible vibrations at the free surface in the horizontal and vertical directions has been worked out and the proposed analysis has been applied to the case of Beryl and Ice Sheets which show definite behaviour of transverse isotropy.

Notes: Summary The distillation process by solar energy is explained by a system of equations based on heat and mass transfer laws. The efficiency of the still obtained theoretically, applying these equations, has been found in good agreement with the values obtained experimentally under actual atmospheric conditions. The validity of these equations has led to the evaluation of the different heat losses during the distillation process.

Notes: Summary A diversity of diagrams shows the fluctuation of the mean sea level at Esbjerg. There is no sign of a definite long-periodical motion. The only indisputable result seems to be a steady rise of the sea level. The annual means are calculated from weighted monthly means; the weights are chosen thus as to moderate the effects of meteorological disturbances.

Notes: Summary The present note makes use of electromagnetic equations of Maxwell and those of mechanical motions to work out the problem of disturbances in two perfectly conductive media—an ideal liquid and a perfectly elastic solid-acted upon by a magnetic field perpendicular to their plane of contact. The displacement suffered by solid medium has been determined when a tangential force, exponentially decaying with time, acts in the plane of contact of the two media. The solution of the problem is achieved by using the method of Laplace transform.

Notes: Summary A study is made of an airborne magnetometer profile from 130 km offshore Mangalore to 60 km offshore Madras approximately along the 13th degree parallel obtained in May 1967 by the National Geophysical Research Institute. The total length of the profile is about 770 km. A Bouguer gravity anomaly profile along same traverse over the land section has been also studied along with the magnetic profile. Eight major anomalies on the magnetic profile were chosen for depth calculations. Depths of the magnetic bodies were determined by elementary approximation method ofSmellie. It is found that in most of the cases the sources of the magnetic anomalies lie between 5 to 20 km (approximately). Only one anomaly yielded a depth of 2.7 km for its source. These anomalies are accounted for in terms of possible basic intrusions, faults, zones of weakness and ridge-like structures in deeper Crustal levels.

Notes: Summary A modification ofNatanson's three-body recombination theory is used to determine empirical values of the ion-ion trapping distance. The modified theory is shown to predict accurately the altitude variation of electrical conductivity in the troposphere. The empirical trapping distance for ion-ion recombination is then used to determine the ion-aerosol trapping distance and a three-body theory for calculating the ion-aerosol attachment coefficients is developed. The theory should be valid for the small aerosols (Aitken nuclei) found naturally in the troposphere.

Notes: Summary A modified Gerdien cell was designed, evaluated, and built for measurement of the polar conductivities in clouds. This conductivity dropsonde was attached to a U.S. Weather Bureau, 1680 mHz, radiosonde for telemetry and to measure pressure, temperature, and relative humidity profiles. The combined instruments were ejected from aircraft, and others were released from balloons into the region of interest. Eight flights were made during the 1967 thunderstorm season. Three of these drops were successful in measuring conductivity inside of electrically active clouds. Two fair-weather profiles were measured for comparison purposes, and three of the drops were faulty. These very preliminary results tend to indicate considerable electrical conductivity in thunderclouds. The data are too few to support a strong statement in favor of increased conductivity, but the instruments were sufficiently reliable to prove that the conductivity was not reduced, as is normally assumed, in the clouds investigated.

Notes: Summary The radioactivity in different parts of a cloud as well as the radioactivity of the atmosphere before and after the cloud's passage are examined with stationary samplers — fall-out pans, Grunow cloud-catchers of various materials, and air-pumps — at elevations of 1800 m and 2817 m, on Mt Olympus — Greece. The relation between the cloud's density and its radioactivity is also examined.

Notes: Summary An attempt is made to determine the optimum representation of the geomagnetic field in terms of spherical harmonics with regard to the number of parameters required for an adequate accuracy of fit, and considering the effect of allowing for the oblateness of the earth. A representative set of geomagnetic data was subjected to a set of analyses with from 8 to 120 coefficients for both spherical and oblate models of the earth. It is concluded that a sixth order analysis (48 coefficients) with no allowance for oblateness is the most compact representation of the field compatible with tolerable accuracy.

Notes: Summary A magnetic dipole is supposed to be suddenly introduced in the earth's core (taken as an inviscid, incompressible fluid of finite electrical conductivity) to act as a source of disturbance. It is shown that although in the symmetric case of the problem the disturbed fluid is stagnant in any direction at the interface separating core from the solid insulating mantle; yet it should slip in any tangential direction at the interface, in each of the three unsymmetric cases considered here.

Notes: Summary The relationship, already found by the authors, between sunspot numbers and the solar constant, as deduced from the highest global irradiance values at noon, is here reexamined and confirmed. Some attempts at explanation and further inferences are presented.

Notes: Summary Two formulas, using Taylor's series expansion method, have been developed by means of which the second vertical derivative of gravity field may be computed at any point in the horizontal plane of observation. A comparative study of the resolving powers of different approaches by performing numerical and filter response tests suggests that the formulas provide a definite improvement over many existing methods.

Notes: Summary The problems of radial vibration of a composite orthotropic cylinder subjected to a uniform axial magnetic field forms the chief interest of the paper.

Notes: Summary The elastic response (i.e., displacement fields, strain and stress distributions) has been determined by structural matrix analysis for a homogeneous rock layer subjected to two-dimensional distributions of vertical displacement applied along a basal boundary. The results obtained compare favorably with biharmonic function solutions obtained bySanford [42]2) and the authors. The analysis was then extended: the effects of different magnitudes of superposed gravitationally-induced stresses, release of a constrained side boundary, and introduction of pronounced heterogeneity were each quantitatively evaluated. Each of these changed conditions effected important alterations in response characteristics, e.g., in configuration of stress trajectories, predicted locations and configurations of initial fracture surfaces, shear stress distributions, and displacement fields. These results are cited as an example of the utility of finite-element analysis (originally developed for evaluation of aeronautical structural components) for solutions of boundary value problems of a geological/geophysical nature. The breadth of specific physical problems succeptible to evaluation by this method is large and includes (i) behavior of rocks under static/dynamic loading, (ii) seismic response, (iii) heat and fluid flow, and (iv) distribution of potential. Most of the fundamental problems in geophysics, structural geology, geohydrology, geomorphology, glaciology, and engineering geology involve the above categories either directly or otherwise. The finite-element approach to these problems if bound to have enormous significance, for unlike classical mechanics, it can be readily adapted to solution of systems characterized by non-linear, anisotropic, heterogeneous material properties, of any exterior configuration, containing structural discontinuities, and subjected to any viable combinations of load/displacement boundary conditions.

Notes: Summary In the present note the author has considered the problem of torsional vibration of a semi-infinite non-homogeneous elastic medium by an exponentially decreasing impulsive twist applied on the plane surface.

Notes: Summary The effect on the propagation of love waves in a density stratified crust of finite thickness lying on a homogeneous half space is studied in this paper. Variations of phase and group velocities with wave number are obtained and the result is compared with that ofWilson.

Notes: Summary The present note is devoted to find out the possibility of propagation of love waves in a heterogeneous layer of finite depth lying on a homogenous semi-infinite elastic medium, the rigidity and density in the upper layer varying as (1−sinαz), where α is a constant andz is the vertical distance from the interface. The numerical results for the phase velocity for some special Earth models are given.

Notes: Summary A simple method is presented for computing the gravity and magnetic profiles across two-dimensional bodies of arbitrary shape. The computer programme makes use of expressions for the attraction caused by an infinitely long sheet and it takes only a few seconds to compute a profile both for gravity and magnetic anomalies and their vertical and horizontal derivatives. Accuracy of the method is shown to be as good as that of graticules and owing to the use of simpler formulae, the method appears to be faster than the method of polygons.

Notes: Summary Sn andPn waves propagated to teleseismic distances are investigated by means of short-period seismograph records of the Swedish network.Sn is found in the distance range of 2400 to 4600 km andPn in the range 3500 to 3900 km, but only provided the path is exceptionally homogeneous. Almost all paths are restricted to the Russian platform. There are probably very few areas in the world offering similar propagation paths. The velocities just under the Mohorovičić discontinuity are found to be 4.72 km/sec and 8.26 km/sec for transverse and longitudinal waves respectively. In addition, other properties of the teleseismicSn andPn are investigated, such as periods, dispersion, amplitudes, particle motions, propagation mechanisms, and comparisons are made withPa, Sa, withLi, Lg1, Lg2 and withP. The fact that teleseismicPn occurs much more seldom than teleseismicSn could be explained by different velocity profiles just under the crust.

Notes: Summary A model for aftershocks is put forward in which it is supposed that successive aftershocks represent transitions of an energy system from one state to the next, the successive states being linked in a Markov chain. Expressions are derived for the aftershock frequency, the energy release, and the frequency-magnitude law.

Notes: Summary The effective propagation ofLi, Lg andRg waves across Aegean sea was established. It shows that the basin has the continental structure and that the orogenic area of Aegean sea doesn't influence on the continental waves transmition. There were obtained the meanLi, Lg 1 ,Lg 2 andRg velocities in Aegean sea respectively 3.80, 3.57, 3.32 and 3.03 kg/sec.

Notes: Summary A more precise solution of equation, describing process of orientation of isometric ferromagnetic particles at their deposition in liquid under influence of external homogeneous magnetic field is presented. It is shown, that this moreprecise investigation of the problem doesn't lead to qualitative new results for describing processes of particles orientation, than that given byT. Nagata.

Notes: Summary In this paper the disturbances in an inhomogeneous medium due to two types of forces (i) transient normal forces, (ii) transient twists in presence of a buried spherical source has been considered. The material of the inhomogeneous medium is assumed to be transversely isotropic. The results are in terms of modified Bessel functions. In a particular case, the equation reduces to an ordinary differential equation of second order.

Notes: Summary A two-dimensional diffusion model in the vertical plane is considered as an unsteady boundary value problem which is solved by applying Laplace transformation and finding Green's function. The effects of the surface (ground) absorption (measured by β) and the terminal velocity (w) present an alternative explanation other than considering the variable eddy diffusivities and the change of the wind with height. It is shown that the effect of the surface absorption acts opposite to the effect of the terminal velocity for the diffusion of a source placed at the surface. The former alone reduces the concentration with the distance in the downwind direction at a faster rate than the latter alone. The path of the plume is considered only for the casew=2 β. The effects of suchw and β only slightly modify the path of the plume without such effects. If the height of the source is short, say 20 m, the modification of the path of the plume is insignificant compared to that of the case with the source placed at the surface.

Notes: Summary Two Rich type automatic Aitken nuclei counters (manufactured by General Electric Co.) were calibrated by comparison with a Scholz nuclei counter. The results of the measurements were found to agree satisfactorily.

Notes: Summary The global distribution of the lunar barometric tideL 2 is investigated by spherical harmonic analysis, based on 104 stations for the annual mean, and on 85 stations for the three seasons. The main wave ofL 2 is the one with wave number 2, but for a detailed study of the irregularities of the global distribution ofL 2, waves with other wave numbers have also to be considered. Even the main wave ofL 2 is asymmetric to the equator with the two lunar-daily pressure maxima occurring earlier in the Southern than in the Northern Hemisphere. The amplitudes at the same distances from the equator are greater in the Southern than in the Northern Hemisphere. These hemispheric differences are most pronounced during the D season. As found in earlier investigations the phase consiant ofL 2 is always greater during the J season than during the D season. But the amplitudes are greatest during the J season only north of 30oS. Farther south the amplitude maximum occurs during the D season.

Notes: Summary A comparison has been made of the radiometric scale maintained by the National Standards Laboratory of Australia and the International Pyrheliometric Scale 1956 as currently maintained in Australia. The scales appear to differ by 1.4 per cent, the value assigned to a given irradiance by the National Standards Laboratory being the higher.

Notes: Summary After a description of the field measuring method by radioactive probes a mathematical formulation is established to grasp the field distortion by a potential gradient radiosonde. With some approximations it is possible to derive form factors which depend on the length of the upper and the lower collector rod. In order to get a form factor 1.00 one can choose certain values of lengths. — The absolute determination of the form factor was carried out by using an artificial field in a cage. We were able to show that the dimensions of the cage have to exceed certain minimum values; in our case we succeeded with the measures 5 m height, 3 m×3 m base. Some results of form factors of different sondes are given and the experiences of using other methods to determine these factors by twin ascents or by comparison with ground measurementes etc. are described.

Notes: Summary For an autobarotropic atmosphere the exact linearized equations of motion can be solved for the pressure oscillation when σ=0 and σ=2 Ω (σ=frequency of oscillation, Ω=angular velocity of the earth's rotation). The pressure computed in this way is shown to be in close agreement to the pressure computed by using the hydrostatic approximation.

Notes: Summary A two-level quasi-geostrophic model on a β-plane, with an initial state characterized by an asymmetric zonal current was integrated numerically for a period of 14 days. Various field variables were computed and compared with the corresponding distributions obtained in two experiments with the same model and with initial states characterized by a constant zonal flow and by a flow varying sinusoidally with latitude.

Notes: Résumé On propose une méthode de détermination de l'ordre du coefficient équivalent de récombinaison α en n'utilisant que les données ionosphériques. A cette fin on évalue l'apport de la vitesse des changements passagersdN m E/dt dans la densité électroniqueN m E. L'évaluation se fait en présence d'une série de valeurs choisies de α, on observe laquelle des courbes définisδ m (t) dans cette étude coïncidera de plus près avecδ m (t) mesurée. Les changements de α montrés sur la figure 4 sont obtenus de cette manière. La valeur diurne de α varie de (0.5÷1) 10−7 cm3 sec−1; peu après le lever et peu avant le coucher du soleil α devient 〉10−7 cm3 sec−1. Lorsque cosχ〉0, α d'après la règle décrcit et devient α≤10−8 cm3 sec−1. Les explications des changements de α obtenus de cette manière sont données en rendant compte des changements par rapport aux ions atomiques et moléculaires, à la disparition rapide des ions positifs pendant le coucher du soleil en présence d'un coefficient de récombinaison plus grand et des changements de température eventuels. La symétrie ou l'asymétrie des fréquences critiquesf 0 E quand cosχ sont égaux permettent dans la marche diurne de juger de l'ordre de α. Toutes ces évaluations indiquent également des valeurs de α environ 10−7 cm3 sec−1. En précisant des mesures def 0 E il est possible de définir non seulement l'ordre, mais aussi la valeur de α elle-même.

Notes: Summary Generalization of the diffusion and transport equation are given. They refer to an atmosphere in which in addition to irregular turbulent motion exists also regular motion of the heated and cooled air masses. The equations are briefly discussed.

Notes: Summary Vertical interpolation of the data from the constant-pressure to the constant-density surfaces is discussed, and the results of an experiment given, wherein the data are interpolated to a constant-density surface using two different sets of the constant-pressure data. Comparison of the two results gives an estimate of the order of magnitude of the errors inherent in the interpolation.