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  • AERODYNAMICS  (2,967)
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  • 1985-1989  (5,424)
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  • 1
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2009-11-16
    Description: The Capillary Pumped Loop (CPL) experiment, G-471 is a thermal control system with high density heat acquisition and transport capability. The CPL consists of two capillary pumped evaporators with integral heaters, a fluid loop charged with ammonia (NH3), a condenser plate (heat sink), and various control electronics. The purpose of the experiment is to demonstrate the capability of a capillary pumped system under zero gravity conditions for use in the thermal control of large scientific instruments, advanced orbiting spacecraft, and space station components.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: The 1985 Get Away Special Experimenter's Symposium; p 237-253
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  • 2
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2005-11-10
    Description: The low-g fluids management group with the Center for Space Construction is engaged in active research on the following topics: gauging; venting; controlling contamination; sloshing; transfer; acquisition; and two-phase flow. Our basic understanding of each of these topics at present is inadequate to design space structures optimally. A brief report is presented on each topic showing the present status, recent accomplishings by our group and our plans for future research. Reports are presented in graphic and outline form.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: First Annual Symposium. Volume 1: Plenary Session; 30 p
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  • 3
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: A list of requirements for computational fluid dynamics verification is analyzed and evaluated. Requirements include: clearly defined physics and modeling, sensitivity studies, range, validation to real conditions, duplication of key experiments and computations, and combining experiments and computations. All results are presented in viewgraph format.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 716-722
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: Information is given in viewgraph form on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) validation experiments at the Lockheed-Georgia Company. Topics covered include validation experiments on a generic fighter configuration, a transport configuration, and a generic hypersonic vehicle configuration; computational procedures; surface and pressure measurements on wings; laser velocimeter measurements of a multi-element airfoil system; the flowfield around a stiffened airfoil; laser velocimeter surveys of a circulation control wing; circulation control for high lift; and high angle of attack aerodynamic evaluations.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 497-535
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: Computational fluid dynamics objectives are presented for Marshall Space Flight Center. Topics covered include: codes in use, applications to hardware development, and the Center's benchmark plan for the future. All results are presented in viewgraph format.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 758-782
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: Requirements and meaning of validation of computational fluid dynamics codes are discussed. Topics covered include: validating a code, validating a user, and calibrating a code. All results are presented in viewgraph format.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 745-757
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: Development of a pressure-strain model, an algebraic stress model, and wall functions appropriate for flows with spanwise variations in the local wall shear stress are accomplished. Furthermore, a hot-wire measurement technique was also developed for determining the local mean velocity and Reynolds stresses in a complex flow. Experiments were performed on supersonic and subsonic turbulent flow in a square duct, flow about a strut-endwall, flow within a transition duct, and on co-flowing annular jets with swirl. All results are presented in a viewgraph format.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 692-715
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: Information is given in viewgraph form on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) for aircraft design. Topics covered include CFD validation for advanced systems, cavity flow, transonic flow, separated flow, boundary layer interaction, hypersonic flow, heat transfer, zonal modeling, the mathematical foundation for Navier-Stokes simulation, hypersonic inlets, and the role of wind tunnel tests.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 462-496
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: The objective is to establish a detailed experimental data base for evaluation of Navier-Stokes codes for confined separated flows in diffusing s-ducts. The computational thrusts include the following: (1) extension and validation of the LeRC parabolized Navier-Stokes solver, PEPSIG, into the separated flow regime using 'flare' type approximations; (2) evaluation and extensions of state-of-the-art turbulence models for confined separated flow with and without swirl; and (3) evaluation and validation of LeRC time marching 3-D Navier-Stokes code, PROTEUS, into confined separate flow regime. Various aspects of the study are presented in viewgraph form.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 373-389
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  • 10
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: The topics are presented in viewgraph form and include the following: codes for computational aeroelasticity validation; the benchmark transonic flutter (BTF) model; BTF testing; the BTF model program; features of transonic flutter; characteristics of attached and separated flow for complete aircraft; and the benchmark aeroelastic model program.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 316-327
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  • 11
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: Current multi-stage turbomachinery design/analysis methods are based on a time-averaged, axisymmetric representation of the flow field. The actual flow field is asymmetric and unsteady due to blade row interactions. The Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes solvers are limited to single-stage machines for existing computers. Therefore, advanced multi-stage compressors will operate far off-design for portions of the flight regime. The objectives are to provide an experimentally validated average-passage calculation of multistage compressor blade row interactions and an experimentally validated time-accurate calculation of multi-stage compressor blade row interactions. Various aspects of this investigation are presented in viewgraph form.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 353-372
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  • 12
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: The objective of the research project is to develop and validate analytical methods for low-speed aerodynamics. The experimental needs for computational methods are presented. All data and results are presented in viewgraph format.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 192-209
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  • 13
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: A discussion is presented on the coupling of computational analysis and experiment. It is believed that this coupling is critical in developing new aerodynamic insights. Additionally, new methods for analyzing and interpreting data are discussed. These methods need to be developed in small-scale research studies and then applied to large-scale technology programs. The specific objectives of this program are threefold: (1) provide definitive data sets for the assessment of numerical simulations to the Navier-Stokes equations; (2) incorporate advanced instrumentation to measure the spatial and temporal structure of fluid flows; and (3) develop true parallelism between computational and experimental research using the 'scientific workstation' concept. The discussion is presented in viewgraph form.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 78-97
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  • 14
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: A computational fluid dynamics code is validated using data obtained through a nonintrusive laser Doppler velocimeter. A space marching technique and a parabolic marching technique are use to calculate the flow in a compressor using compressible and incompressible flow assumptions. In a viewgraph format, both computational fluid dynamics techniques and experimental data are compared to each other.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 649-691
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  • 15
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: Wind tunnel tests are performed in order to validate a computational fluid dynamics code. A large scale, two dimensional separation bubble is created on a flat plate, and low speed, turbulent flow is used. Extensive data sets are obtained with a nonintrusive laser velocimeter in addition to wall static pressure, total pressure, and hot-film measurements. All data and results are presented in a viewgraph format.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 616-648
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  • 16
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: Information is given in viewgraph form on General Dynamics' perspective on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code calibration and validation. Topics covered include a hypersonic blunted cone, a hypersonic wedge/cylinder, a wing vortex defined by Mach contours, pressure distributions, and 3D turbulent flow behind a 2D flat plate as measured in a water tunnel with a laser Doppler velocimeter.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 559-577
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  • 17
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: The dynamic characteristics of an oscillating airfoil are presented through graphical data derived from wind tunnel tests. The parameters examined include: transition position, boundary layer effects, lift coefficient, moment coefficient, free stream velocity, and Reynolds number.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 593-615
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  • 18
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: Information is given in viewgraph form on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) validation experiments at McDonnell Aircraft Company. Topics covered include a high speed research model, a supersonic persistence fighter model, a generic fighter wing model, surface grids, force and moment predictions, surface pressure predictions, forebody models with 65 degree clipped delta wings, and the low aspect ratio wing/body experiment.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 537-558
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  • 19
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: Information is given in viewgraph form on current computational fluid dynamics (CFD) efforts in projectile aerodynamics. Topics covered include spinning projectiles, fin stabilized projectiles, model geometry, the variation of base drag with base bleed, the variation of normal force with Mach number, and chordwise pressure distribution.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 433-461
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  • 20
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: The objective is to validate code capabilities to model and predict the critical physics associated with heat transfer in highly 3-D flows. Various aspects of this study are presented in viewgraph form and include the following: LeRC 3-D viscous codes; the 3-D compressible flow tunnel; RVC3D laminar horseshoe vortex calculation; the 3-D heat transfer code validation experiment; and measurements in 3-D compressible flow tunnel.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 390-401
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  • 21
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: The topics are presented in viewgraph form and include the following: NFL body experiment; high-speed validation problems; 3-D Euler/Navier-Stokes inlet code; two-strut inlet configuration; pressure contours in two longitudinal planes; sidewall pressure distribution; pressure distribution on strut inner surface; inlet/forebody tests in 60 inch helium tunnel; pressure distributions on elliptical missile; code validations; small scale test apparatus; CARS nonintrusive measurements; optimized cone-derived waverider study; etc.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 210-243
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  • 22
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: Validation activities and facility types are discussed for six different flow codes: (1) perfect gas; (2) real gas; (3) nozzle/plume; (4) combustion; (5) thermochemical nonequilibrium; and (6) boundary layer and transition. All data and results are presented in viewgraph format.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 112-136
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  • 23
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: It is established that Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) code validation is an integral part of all flow testing. Specific attention is given to the development of new methods/instruments to obtain time varying 3-D data. Additionally, a discussion concerning wind tunnels and small test facilities is presented. All results and data are presented in viewgraph form.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 137-191
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  • 24
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: The role of experiment in Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is discussed. Flow modeling of complex physics and determination of accuracy limits (confidence) are two ways in which experimentation can be used to develop CFD. The results of this discussion are presented in viewgraph form.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 56-77
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  • 25
    Publication Date: 2006-06-12
    Description: Thermocapillary flow and gaseous convection in microgravity were investigated in GAS payload G-0518 during Space Shuttle Mission 41-D. A cylinder of paraffin was supported and heated differentially from its ends to induce a melt from solid to liquid and drive thermocapillary flow in the resulting liquid phase. Laminar thermocapillary flow was observed in the liquid paraffin and found to show a transition to time-dependent oscillatory motion at a Marangoni number of about Ma = 34000 with a period of approximately T = 8 seconds. In addition, free convection in a gas in microgravity was observed for the first time. The gaseous convection was caused by the thermal and/or velocity boundary layers present at the heater-liquid interface. Oscillation occurred in the gaseous convection simultaneously with those in the liquid, implying the two are strongly coupled. The gaseous convection may be driven by coupled thermocapillary flow/thermal expansion convection or microgravity bouyancy convection.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1985 Get Away Special Experimenter's Symposium; p 293-301
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  • 26
    Publication Date: 2006-06-12
    Description: The Get Away Special (GAS) G-025, which flew on shuttle Mission 51-G, examined the behavior of a liquid in a tank under microgravity conditions. The experiment is representative of phenomena occurring in satellite tanks with liquid propellants. A reference fluid in a hemispherical model tank will be subjected to linear acceleration inputs of known levels and frequencies, and the dynamic response of the tank liquid system was recorded. Preliminary analysis of the flight data indicates that the experiment functioned perfectly. The results will validate and refine mathematical models describing the dynamic characteristics of tank-fluid systems. This will in turn support the development of future spacecraft tanks, in particular the design of propellant management devices for surface tension tanks.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1985 Get Away Special Experimenter's Symposium; p 165-176
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  • 27
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-06-12
    Description: What happens if a stainless steel ball hits a water ball in the weightless space ot the Universe? In other words, it was the objective of our experiments in the Space to observe the surface tension of liquid by means of making a solid collide with a liquid. Place a small volume of water between 2 glass sheets to make a thin water membrane: the 2 glass sheets cannot be separated unless an enormous force is applied. It is obvious from this phenomenom that the surface tension of water is far greater than presumed. On Earth, however, it is impossible in most cases to observe only the surface tension of liquid, because gravity always acts on the surface tension. Water and stainless steel balls were chosen the liquid and solids for the experiments. Because water is the liquid most familiar to us, its properties are well known. And it is also of great interest to compare its properties on the Earth with those in the weightless space.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1985 Get Away Special Experimenter's Symposium; p 81-84
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  • 28
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: Information is given in viewgraph form on the validation of computational fluid dynamics codes. Topics covered include the types of validation required, aerodynamic heating to a slender 5 degree cone, heat transfer on cones with isentropic compression surfaces, the validation of turbulence data, modeling of thermodynamic and transport properties, real gas code validation, the Flight Dynamics Laboratory validation efforts, and reacting gas experimental data in low density flow.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 415-432
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  • 29
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: Information on the planar compressible reacting shear layer is given in viewgraph form. topics covered include heat transfer in 3D flow regions, chemical reacting flows, an unsteady 2D compressible reacting code (MRVC2D), a plane mixing layer, and critical needs in shear layer physics.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 402-414
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  • 30
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: The topics are presented in viewgraph form and include the following: fundamental physics validation experiments; applied physics validation experiments; physical flow phenomena; boundary layer tunnel; boundary layer research; centrifugal compressors; centrifugal compressor flow phenomena; turbomachinery computational fluid dynamics (CFD) validation; inlet, duct, and nozzle CFD validation; and chemical reacting flows CFD validation.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 328-352
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  • 31
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: The topics are presented in viewgraph form and include the following: motivation, approach, planned experimental activities, shock-on-lip studies, and mass addition cooling studies.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 299-315
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  • 32
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: The topics are presented in viewgraph form and include the following: definitions of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code validation; climate in hypersonics and LaRC when first 'designed' CFD code calibration studied was initiated; methodology from the experimentalist's perspective; hypersonic facilities; measurement techniques; and CFD code calibration studies.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 244-298
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  • 33
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: The objective of this research project is to determine the ability of Euler and Navier-Stokes codes to predict vortex/shock-dominated flow that is representative of modern fighter aircraft. The motivation for this project is fourfold: (1) current fighter aircraft are capable of operating beyond C(sub L(sub MAX)); (2) high angle-of-attack vortex/shock-dominated flows are not well understood; (3) current design methods are of the trial-and-error type; and (4) current data bases are inadequate for Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) validation. All data and results are presented in viewgraph format.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 98-111
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  • 34
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: The two types of Computational Fluid Dynamics code validations, solution-to-solution comparison and solution-to-experiment comparison, are discussed. It is suggested that to develop more detailed experiments the following things are necessary: (1) further development of turbulence models; (2) better methods for numerical validation of CFD codes; (3) evaluation of disagreements; and (4) continued determination of experimental scatter. All data and results are presented in viewgraph form.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 42-55
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  • 35
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The aerodynamic and heat transfer coefficients are studied within the range of thermo-fluid-dynamic conditions experienced by a satellite during Tethered Satellite System (TSS) atmospheric flights. The gasdynamic processes occuring downstream of the bow wave standing in front of the satellite are also studied. The knowledge of the chemistry and physics of the upper atmosphere related to satellite aerothermodynamics is furthered. The existence of an overshooting of the air drag coefficient of the sphere in the transition regime is validated. A complete set of measurements is performed in order to provide the data base to develop and validate theoretical models of free molecule transition flow fields.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA, Washington Applications of Tethers in Space. Workshop Proceedings, Vol. 2; p 225-249
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  • 36
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-06-11
    Description: An experiment designed to study some fundamental aspects of microgravity fluid dynamics has been built and is scheduled for flight. The purpose of the experiment is to investigate differences in behavior of wetting and nonwetting fluid systems at low Bond numbers. Methods were developed to determine liquid quantity, estimate vapor contact area and measure liquid layer thickness. Both the responses of the fluid systems to external perturbations and the transfer of liquid through a connection between two containers can be studied.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1985 Get Away Special Experimenter's Symposium; p 33-40
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  • 37
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The Orbital Refueling System was an experiment flown on Shuttle Mission STS 41-G in October, 1984. Liquid hydrazine fuel was transferred back and forth from one spherical bladder tank to another using pressurized nitrogen as the driving force. Compressive heating of the ullage gas in the receiving tank could lead to a hazardous situation if any hydrazine leaked through to the ullage side of the bladder and was heated above about 175 F, where it can undergo spontaneous exothermic decomposition. Early analysis of the flight data indicated that the ullage compression process was much closer to an isothermal than an adiabatic one. In this study, a thorough review of the pertinent literature was used to make an a priori best-estimate for the ullage gas heat transfer coefficient (defining the Nusselt Number as a function of Reynolds and Rayleigh Numbers). Experimental data from the flight were analyzed in detail. It is evident that there is considerably more heat transfer than can be accounted for by conduction alone, but the observed increases do not correlate well with Reynolds Number, Rayleigh Number or vehicle acceleration. There are large gaps in the present understanding of convective heat transfer in closed containers with internal heat generation, especially in the presence of vibrations or other random disturbances. A program of experiments to fill in these gaps is suggested, covering both ground and orbital environments.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center NASA/American Society for Engineering Educati; NASA. Johnson Space
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  • 38
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The Earth's atmosphere from 90 km to 200 km provides the last aerothermodynamics frontier. Present NASA programs which require but also can provide an understanding of the aerodynamics and aerothermodynamics of the free molecule and transition flows that exist at these altitudes are the Aeroassisted OTV, Entry Research Vehicle and the Tethered Satellite. Each of these programs provides a unique opportunity to do flight research in the rarefied upper atmosphere. However, the Tethered Satellite Program provides, because of its capability to obtain global, in-situ, steady state data, the greatest potential to: (1)define the performance of aerodynamic shapes as a function of environmental characteristics (free molecule, transition, slip flow regimes); (2)define the characteristics of the upper atmosphere and the global variability of properties such as composition temperature, pressure and density. Such data are required to accomplish the systematic development and verification of analytical prediction techniques required to support advance configuration designs.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Applications of Tethers in Space: Workshop Proceedings, Vol. 2; p 265-285
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  • 39
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: A metal-hydride heat pump (HHP) has been proposed to provide an advanced regenerable nonventing thermal sink for the liquid-cooled garment worn during an extravehicular activity (EVA). The conceptual design indicates that there is a potential for significant advantages over the one presently being used by shuttle crew personnel as well as those that have been proposed for future use with the space station. Compared to other heat pump designs, a HHP offers the potential for extended use with no electrical power requirements during the EVA. In addition, a reliable, compact design is possible due to the absence of moving parts other than high-reliability check valves. Because there are many subtleties in the properties of metal hydrides for heat pump applications, it is essential that a prototype hydride heat pump be constructed with the selected materials before a committment is made for the final design. Particular care must be given to the evaporator heat exchanger worn by the astronaut since the performance of hydride heat pumps is generally heat transfer limited.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center NASA/American Society for Engineering Educati; NASA. Johnson Space
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  • 40
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: A description of the condensation heat transfer process in microgravity is given. A review of the literature is also reported. The most essential element of condensation heat transfer in microgravity is the condensate removal mechanism. Two mechanisms for condensate removal are analyzed by looking into two problems. The first problem is concerned with film condensation on a flat porous plate with the condensate being removed by suction at the wall. The second problem is an analytical prediction of the heat transfer coefficient for condensing annular flows with the condensate film driven by the vapor shear. It is concluded that both suction and vapor shear can effectively drain the condensate to ensure continuous operation of the condensers operated under a microgravity environment. It is recommended that zero-g flight experiments be carried out to verify the prediction made in the present report. The results contained in this report should also aid in the design of future space condensers.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center NASA/American Society for Engineering Educati; NASA. Johnson Space
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  • 41
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Experimental and theoretical studies have been conducted to determine critical parameters at the onset of nonlinear counterflow in He II below the lambda point of He-4. Critical temperature differences have been measured in porous media for zero net mass flow and for Darcy permeabilities in the order of magnitude range from 10 to the -10th to 10 to the -8th sq cm. The normalized critical temperature gradients, which covered the liquid temperature range of 1.5 K to the lambda temperature, are found to vary with T proportional to the ratio of the superfluid density to the normal fluid density. This liquid temperature dependence appears to be consistent with duct data which are limited at low temperature by a Reynolds number criterion.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Cryogenics (ISSN 0011-2275); 29; 498-502
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  • 42
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: An analysis is made based upon the concept that the velocity fluctuations, and therefore, the Reynolds stresses, driven by the instability of the original flow grow until a new stable state is approached. The Reynolds stresses incorporated into the Orr-Sommerfeld equation are coupled with the main flow such that all the imaginary parts of the complex eigenvalues vanish, i.e., the original instability is eliminated. Using this stabilization principle, it is possible to find the Reynolds stresses as well as the mean velocity for plane Poiseuille flow with the Reynolds number slightly higher than the critical.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Mathematical and Computer Modelling (ISSN 0895-7177); 12; 8, 19
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  • 43
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The behavior of the reverse flow ceiling jet against the ventilation flow from 0.58 to 0.87 m/s was investigated in a 1/3 scale model of a wide body aircraft interior. For all tests, strong reverse-flow ceiling jets of hot gases were detected well upstream of the fire. Both thicknesses of the reverse-flow ceiling jet and the smoke layer increased with the fire-crossflow parameter. The thickness of the smoke layer where the smoke flows along the main flow below the reverse-flow ceiling jet was almost twice that of the reverse-flow ceiling jet. Detailed spatial and time-varying temperatures of the gas in the test section were measured, and velocity profiles were also measured using a temperature compensated hot film.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
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  • 44
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Certain theoretical studies of boundary-layer transition are described, based on high Reynolds numbers and with attention drawn to the various nonlinear interactions and scales present. The article concentrates in particular on theories for which the mean-flow profile is completely altered from its original state. Two- and three-dimensional flow theory and conjectures on turbulent-boundary-layer structures are included. Specific recent findings noted, and in qualitative agreement with experiments, are: nonlinear finite-time break-ups in unsteady interactive boundary layers; strong vortex/wave interactions; and prediction of turbulent boundary-layer displacement- and stress sublayer-thicknesses.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
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  • 45
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Nonequilibrium phenomena in hypersonic flows are examined on the basis of theoretical models and selected experimental data, in an introduction intended for second-year graduate students of aerospace engineering. Chapters are devoted to the physical nature of gas atoms and molecules, transitions of internal states, the formulation of the master equation of aerothermodynamics, the conservation equations, chemical reactions in CFD, the behavior of air flows in nonequilibrium, experimental aspects of nonequilibrium flow, a review of experimental results, and gas-solid interaction. Diagrams, graphs, and tables of numerical data are provided.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
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  • 46
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 25; 193-198
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  • 47
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Caudal (tail) fins of fish and aquatic mammals that cruise long distances, and wings of certain birds, often have the shape of a crescent moon. This study investigates how the crescent shape contributes to the traveling performance of these animals. A steady-flow theory (Maskew, 1982) that correctly models the trailing wake was used to analyze lifting surface efficiency, which is dependent on the level of induced (or vortex) drag for a given lift and span of the lifting surface. This analysis shows that backward curvature of a wing improves induced efficiency to a value greater than that of the flat untwisted wing of elliptical shape considered optimal in classical wing theory (Prandt, 1921 and Munk, 1921). This increase of induced efficiency results from the nonplanar trailing vortex sheet produced by the crescent-shaped wing at a given angle of attack.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Nature (ISSN 0028-0836); 325; 435-437
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  • 48
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Nonreflecting boundary conditions are defined for multidimensional fluid dynamics problems where waves enter and leave the interior of a domain modeled by hyperbolic equations. Separate equations are defined for each type of incoming and outgoing wave. Temporally varying problems are considered in terms of a nonreflecting boundary condition which permit the amplitude of incoming waves to remain constant over time. Conservative expressions are presented that include dissipative terms. Applications of the computational techniques are illustrated with sample results for a traveling shock wave, a shock tube, a spherical explosion and expansion problems on one- and two-dimensions.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Computational Physics (ISSN 0021-9991); 68; 1-24
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  • 49
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A modeling of the vortex-airfoil interaction is presented in which the finite-area of the real vortices is taken into consideration. Two vortex models are used. In the first, a disturbed piece of vorticity layer is simulated by four rows of discrete vortices of small strength. In the second, a number of discrete vortices is arranged within a circle. The first model may simulate a shear layer or a wake, while the second, a well-formed vortex. The method was applied to the calculation of the pressure induced on the surface of the airfoil by the interacting vortex. Both models give similar results. It was found that for large distances of the vortex from the surface of the airfoil, the consideration or not of the finite-area of the vortex is not a significant factor in determining the induced pressure field. However, when the distance of the vortex from the surface is reduced, its shape is distorted and the induced pressure pulses have lower amplitude than the ones induced by an equivalent point vortex. In the limit, where the vortex impinges on the leading edge of the airfoil, it is split into two and the time dependent pressure coefficient takes even negative values at some time intervals.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 25; 5-11
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  • 50
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: An analysis of the effect of flow oscillations on laminar flow heat transfer in a channel with uniform heat addition is presented. It is shown that the effect of flow oscillations will be to reduce the channel heat transfer coefficient. This effect is due to the fact that the heat addition along the channel wall produces an increasing fluid temperature along the channel length. The flow oscillations interacting with this positive temperature gradient will induce a heat flow back toward the channel inlet. This will tend to inhibit the heat transfer process and will raise the wall temperature required to transfer away a given amount of heat at the channel wall.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: ASME, Transactions, Journal of Heat Transfer (ISSN 0022-1481); 109; 244-247
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  • 51
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The effects of flow oscillations on axial energy diffusion in a porous medium, in which the flow is continuously disrupted by the irregularities of the porous structure, are analyzed. The formulation employs an internal heat transfer coefficient that couples the fluid and solid temperatures. The final relationship shows that the axial energy transport per unit cross-sectional area and time is directly proportional to the axial temperature gradient and the square of the maximum fluid displacement.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: ASME, Transactions, Journal of Heat Transfer (ISSN 0022-1481); 109; 242-244
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  • 52
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 25; 75-81
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  • 53
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 25; 35-42
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  • 54
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Experimental flow regime diagrams are determined for a new rotating cylindrical annulus configuration which permits a measure of control over the internal vertical temperature gradient. The new annulus has radial temperature gradients imposed on plane horizontal thermally conducting endwalls (with the cylindrical sidewalls as insulators) and is considered to be more relevant to atmospheric dynamics studies than the classical cylindrical annulus. Observations have revealed that, in addition to the axisymmetric flow and nonaxisymmetric baroclinic wave flow which occur in the classical annulus, two additional nonaxisymmetric flow types occur in the new annulus: boundary-layer thermal convection and deep thermal convection. Flow regime diagrams for three different values of the imposed vertical temperature difference are presented, and explanations for the flow transitions are offered. The new annulus provides scientific backup for the proposed Atmospheric General Circulation Experiment for Spacelab. The apparatus diagram is included.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Fluid Mechanics (ISSN 0022-1120); 172; 401-418
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  • 55
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Aircraft (ISSN 0021-8669); 23; 897-903
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  • 56
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Aircraft (ISSN 0021-8669); 23; 865-875
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  • 57
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer (ISSN 0887-8722); 1; 21-27
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  • 58
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The shock-tube problem has served as a popular test for numerical hydrodynamics codes. The development of relativistic hydrodynamics codes has created a need for a similar test problem in relativistic hydrodynamics. The analytical solution to the special relativistic shock-tube problem is presented here. The relativistic shock-jump conditions and rarefaction solution which make up the shock tube are derived. The Newtonian limit of the calculations is given throughout.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Fluid Mechanics (ISSN 0022-1120); 171; 365-375
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  • 59
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Aircraft (ISSN 0021-8669); 23; 843-851
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  • 60
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Aircraft (ISSN 0021-8669); 23; 837-842
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  • 61
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Aircraft (ISSN 0021-8669); 23; 820-824
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  • 62
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The scaling relations presently derived illustrate the influence of ballistic coefficient and L/D primary vehicle parameters on the peak heating rate and total heating/unit area for gliding entry of the earth atmosphere at parabolic speed. Comparisons with stagnation-point and windward centerline laminar and turbulent heating during three Space Shuttle flights are presented. It is found that total heat input/unit area is reduced by decreasing both of the primary vehicle parameters.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 24; 2047-204
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  • 63
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 24; 1931-194
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  • 64
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The flows around highly sweptback wings and bodies of revolution at high angle of attack are described, and inviscid model approximations and mathematical formulation of the problem are given to steady and unsteady incompressible flows. A general presentation of the methods of solution is given, with emphasis on current computational techniques. Detailed descriptions of the nonlinear vortex-lattice and vortex-panel techniques are presented to show how the boundary conditions are enforced using iteration. Typical numerical results are compared with the available experimental data.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
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  • 65
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A brief review is presented of various problems which are confronted in the development of an unsteady finite difference potential code. This review is conducted mainly in the context of what is done for a typical small disturbance and full potential methods. The issues discussed include choice of equation, linearization and conservation, differencing schemes, and algorithm development. A number of applications including unsteady three-dimensional rotor calculation, are demonstrated.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
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  • 66
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The computational treatment of unsteady transonic flows is discussed, reviewing the historical development and current techniques. The fundamental physical principles are outlined; the governing equations are introduced; three-dimensional linearized and two-dimensional linear-perturbation theories in frequency domain are described in detail; and consideration is given to frequency-domain FEMs and time-domain finite-difference and integral-equation methods. Extensive graphs and diagrams are included.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
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  • 67
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: This lecture is introductory to the subject of unsteady subsonic and supersonic flows. The primary objective is to present fundamental concepts in order to promote an understanding of the relations between the basic physical problems and their mathematical formulation as well as to establish a common foundation for the more detailed presentations of subsequent lectures in this session. Linearized (small-perturbation) potential flow is emphasized, although needs beyond that limit are indicated. The basic equations, concepts, and procedures common to all the methods are reviewed first, followed by the development, discussion, and status of methods for creating two-dimensional incompressible flow, strip theory, subsonic lifting-surface theory, subsonic/supersonic surface-panel methods, and supersonic lifting-surface theory.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
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  • 68
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The prediction of missile aerodynamic characteristics is presently undertaken through the application of supersonic paneling methods and nonlinear corrections to the prediction of missile aerodynamic characteristics. Attention is given to supersonic panel methods and line-singularity methods for the modeling of axisymmetric bodies, in combination with corrections for nonlinear flow phenomena, which are applied to complete missile, inlets, and wing-body combinations. The LRCDM2 computer program is used as an example of the methods presented.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
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  • 69
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The discrete vortex cloud approach models a missile airframe's vortex wake by means that are capable of treating a variety of configurations over a range of flow conditions. Attention is given to the sheets of vorticity formed on the lee side of a missile at moderate angles-of-attack. While three-dimensional attached flow models are used to represent the missile body, two-dimensional, incompressible, separated flow models are used to represent the separated vortex wake. The predicted pressure distribution of the body under the influence of the freestream and the separation vortex wake are used to calculate aerodynamic loads on the body. The separation vortex wake is represented by clouds of discrete vortices in cross flow planes normal to the body axis.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
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  • 70
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The moderate-amplitude, three-dimensional oscillations of an inviscid drop are described in terms of spherical harmonics. Specific oscillation modes are resonantly coupled by quadratic nonlinearities caused by inertia, capillarity, and drop deformation. The equations describing the interactions of these modes are derived from the variational principle for the appropriate Lagrangian by expressing the modal amplitudes to be functions of a slow time scale and by preaveraging the Lagrangian over the time scale of the primary oscillations. Stochastic motions are predicted for nonaxisymmetric deformations starting from most initial conditions, even those arbitrarily close to the axisymmetric shapes. The stochasticity is characterized by a redistribution of the energy contained in the initial deformation over all the degrees of freedom of the interacting modes.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Physics of Fluids (ISSN 0031-9171); 29; 2788-279
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  • 71
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Applications of laser velocimetry to the measurement of turbulent flow properties of strong transonic viscous-inviscid interactions are reviewed. The data resulting from these studies are then discussed in relation to their importance in the development of improved viscous-flow calculation methods. Also considered are the current limitations of laser velocimetry, the need for further improvements in the method, and potential future applications.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
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  • 72
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 24; 1483-148
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  • 73
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 24; 1468-147
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  • 74
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 24; 1453-146
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  • 75
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 24; 1461-146
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  • 76
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 24; 1433-144
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  • 77
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Whether turbulent solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations are chaotic is considered. Initially neighboring solutions for a low-Reynolds-number fully developed turbulence are compared. The turbulence is sustained by a nonrandom time-independent external force. The solutions separate exponentially with time, having a positive Liapunov characteristic exponent. Thus the turbulence is characterized as chaotic.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Physics of Fluids (ISSN 0031-9171); 29; 1453-145
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  • 78
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The results of Reynolds-averaged time-dependent inviscid and turbulent compressible Navier-Stokes computations using the implicit finite-difference approach of Steger (1978), modified by incorporating a pressure boundary condition, (PBC) to account for wall interference are compared with experimental data on a NACA 64A010 airfoil (Johnson and Bachalo, 1980) in graphs and briefly characterized. The computational approach is the same as that used by King and Johnson (1980), but a 137 x 50 mesh is used instead of a 97 x 35 mesh, and special care is taken in resolving the nose, shock, and trailing-edge regions. Imposition of PBC is shown to improve significantly the accuracy of the computations for the flowfield on the upper surface of the airfoil, shifting the shock forward to its experimentally measured position in the case of turbulent flow. The failure of the method, even with PBC, to match the experimental shock location in the case of a flow with a separation bubble is attributed to inadequacies in the algebraic turbulence model employed (Baldwin and Lomax, 1978).
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 24; 1378-138
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  • 79
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 24; 1245-125
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  • 80
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Current progress in the computational analysis of rotary-wing flowfields is surveyed, and some typical results are presented in graphs. Topics examined include potential theory, rotating coordinate systems, lifting-surface theory (moving singularity, fixed wing, and rotary wing), panel methods (surface singularity representations, integral equations, and compressible flows), transonic theory (the small-disturbance equation), wake analysis (hovering rotor-wake models and transonic blade-vortex interaction), limitations on computational aerodynamics, and viscous-flow methods (dynamic-stall theories and lifting-line theory). It is suggested that the present algorithms and advanced computers make it possible to begin working toward the ultimate goal of turbulent Navier-Stokes calculations for an entire rotorcraft.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 24; 1219-124
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  • 81
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The instability of an annular gas-core liquid jet is modeled theoretically by treating the liquid layer as a membrane moving under the influences of its own inertia, surface tension, and the gaseous hydrostatic pressure difference between its two sides. Essential physical mechanisms are reconstructed without making any attempt to fit experimental data with model constants. The results compare favorably with those of experiment.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Physics of Fluids (ISSN 0031-9171); 29; 2076-208
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  • 82
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: An annular jet flow of liquid surrounding a flow of gas at its core is extremely unstable. Experiments are described in which such a flow is generated by an annular nozzle operated at fairly specific conditions. It is shown that periodic, axisymmetric oscillations arise spontaneously within the cylindrical sheet emerging from the nozzle and grow with such rapidity along the axial dimension that a sealing-off and encapsulation of the core gas occurs within a few jet diameters. This is closely followed by a pinchoff of the liquid between adjacent bubbles. The liquid shells set free thereby assume spherically symmetric form under capillary forces, and each contains a precisely uniform measure of gas and of liquid on account of the extremely high frequency-stability of the process. Description is given of the fluid dynamic processes by which the shells are formed, and mention is made of exploiting the instability for the production of rigid shells for technological applications.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Physics of Fluids (ISSN 0031-9171); 29; 2086-209
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  • 83
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Unsteady aerodynamic and aeroelastic stability calculations based upon transonic small disturbance (TSD) potential theory are presented. Results from the two-dimensional XTRAN2L code and the three-dimensional XTRAN3S code are compared with experiment to demonstrate the ability of TSD codes to treat transonic effects. The necessity of nonisentropic corrections to transonic potential theory is demonstrated. Dynamic computational effects resulting from the choice of grid and boundary conditions are illustrated. Unsteady airloads for a number of parameter variations including airfoil shape and thickness, Mach number, frequency, and amplitude are given. Finally, samples of transonic aeroelastic calculations are given. A key observation is the extent to which unsteady transonic airloads calculated by inviscid potential theory may be treated in a locally linear manner.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
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  • 84
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: An algebraic procedure for the generation of boundary-fitted grids about wing-fuselage configurations is presented. A wing-fuselage configuration is specified by cross sections and mathematically represented by Coons' patches. A configuration is divided into sections so that several grid blocks that either adjoin each other or partially overlap each other can be generated. Each grid has six exterior surfaces that map into a computational cube. Grids are first determined on the six boundary surfaces and then in the interior. Grid curves that are on the surface of the configuration are derived from the intersection of planes with the Coons' patch definition. Single-valued functions relating approximate arc lengths along the grid curves to a computational coordinate define the distribution of grid points. The two-boundary technique and transfinite interpolation are used to determine the boundary surface grids that are not on the configuration, and transfinite interpolation with linear blending functions is used to determine the interior grid.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
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  • 85
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: An overview of helicopter aerodynamics technology is presented with emphasis on rotor wake and airloads methodology developed at the United Technologies Research Center (UTRC). The evolution over the past twenty years of various levels of computerized wake geometry models at UTRC, such as undistorted wake, prescribed empirical wake, predicted distorted wake, and generalized wake models for the hover and forward flight regimes, is reviewed. The requirement for accurate wake modeling for flow field and airload prediction is demonstrated by comparisons of theoretical and experimental results. These results include blade pressure distributions predicted from a recently developed procedure for including the rotor wake influence in a full potential flow analysis. Predictions of the interactional aerodynamics of various helicopter components (rotor, fuselage, and tail) are also presented. It is concluded that, with advanced computers and the rapidly progressing computational aerodynamics technology, significant progress toward reliable prediction of helicopter airloads is forseeable in the near future.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
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  • 86
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: In the present treatment of the calculation of forces on a wing that is suddenly brought into motion at a constant speed, attention is given to the unsteady potential's contribution to the force balance. Total bound vorticity is produced at the initial impulse. The results obtained are independent of wing aspect ratio; as time increases, this effect on the drag force becomes smaller as the vortex emanating from the trailing edge is left behind. The second contributor to induced drag is the spanwise vorticity shedding that results from the spanwise load distribution of three-dimensional wings. This contribution grows with time as the length of the wake grows.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 24; 1203-120
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  • 87
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Direct measurements are made of turbulent Reynolds analogy factors, referenced to a flat plate, for turbulent boundary layer flows altered by stacked arrays of large eddy breakup devices (LEBUs). These are of interest as drag reducers when inserted into a boundary layer transverse to the flow. The data thus obtained furnish evidence that heat transfer, skin friction drag, and LEBU performance factors in low Reynolds number flows are sensitive to flow history. Attention is given to the apparatus and measurement procedures used.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets (ISSN 0022-4650); 23; 348-350
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  • 88
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets (ISSN 0022-4650); 23; 259-263
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  • 89
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Laminar heating distributions have been measured on a 1.9 percent scale model of a generic aeroassisted vehicle taking the shape of a spherically blunted, 13-deg/7-deg biconic whose forecone section is bent upward (by 7 deg) to furnish self-trim capability at a 20-deg angle-of-attack. The results thus obtained were compared with data gathered for a straight biconic. While no Reynolds number effect on heating was noted on the windward side of the forecone, the opposite was true of the leeward side, where a Reynolds number increase caused circumferential flow separation at lower angles of attack. Generally, windward heating was predicted to within 10 percent with a computer code solving the steady, three-dimensional parabolized Navier-Stokes equations.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets (ISSN 0022-4650); 23; 251-258
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  • 90
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The matching of a boundary layer and a rotational inviscid flow is reexamined by extending the Johnson and Sockol (1979) coupling conditions to include the case where the boundary layer solution includes the second-order effects of the freestream vorticity and the total temperature gradient. It is pointed out that two of the three conditions are not independent. If the boundary layer solution satisfies the appropriate momentum and energy integral equations, it follows that the imposition of the normal mass flux condition insures that the conditions on a normal flux of streamwise momentum and total enthalpy will also be satisfied.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 24; 1033-103
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  • 91
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 24; 948-954
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  • 92
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Aircraft (ISSN 0021-8669); 23; 513-519
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  • 93
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Aircraft (ISSN 0021-8669); 23; 484-491
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  • 94
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Certain difficulties arise in connection with the development of models for the prediction of turbulent flow characteristics. The present paper is mainly concerned with an approach which provides an aid in such development work by making it possible to test Reynolds average turbulence models. This approach is based on full and large eddy simulations of turbulent flows. Attention is given to details regarding Reynolds average turbulence models, mixing length models, two equation (k-epsilon) models, Reynolds stress models, and passive scalars. It is shown that a great deal about modeling can be learned from simulations of turbulent flows. There is reason to believe that these results will lead to improvements in the quality of predictions of turbulent flows.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
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  • 95
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The present iterative procedure combines the Clebsch potentials and the Munk-Prim (1947) substitution principle with an extension of a semidirect Cauchy-Riemann solver to three dimensions, in order to solve steady, inviscid three-dimensional rotational flow problems in either subsonic or incompressible flow regimes. This solution procedure can be used, upon discretization, to obtain inviscid subsonic flow solutions in a 180-deg turning channel. In addition to accurately predicting the behavior of weak secondary flows, the algorithm can generate solutions for strong secondary flows and will yield acceptable flow solutions after only 10-20 outer loop iterations.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Computational Physics (ISSN 0021-9991); 60; 23-61
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  • 96
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Particle dispersion in confined recirculating turbulent flows has been investigated numerically. The present computational scheme utilizes Eulerian forms of the governing equations and allows two-way coupling between gas and solid phases. A recently developed two-phase closure model based on the multiple-scale turbulence model was used for the estimation of turbulent viscosities and diffusivities. For the particle size and loading considered in this study, the effect of particulate phase on the conveying gas is small, the nonequilibrium between the two phases is significant. Effects of recirculation, expanded chamber size and secondary annular jet momentum on the particle mixing rate are also investigated. In general, the present numerical results are in reasonably good agreement with the available experimental data.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
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  • 97
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Interferometry methods were applied to the investigation of steady and unsteady flows in large scale transonic wind tunnels. Holographic interferometry was demonstrated to provide reliable flow visualization and quantitative results for a number of two-dimensional flows. These conclusions were based on extensive comparisons with results obtained by other means. Data obtained on a NACA 64A010 airfoil with an oscillating flap installed in the Ames 11-foot transonic tunnel are presented. Interferograms were recorded at a free stream Mach number of 0.8, flap frequency of 30 Hertz and chord Reynolds numbers of 6.6 x 10 to the 6th and 12.3 x 10 to the 6th. The interferometric results were reduced to dynamic surface pressures, Mach contours and wake flow profiles. A new interferometry method that is capable of providing real-time interferometry data is also discussed.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
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  • 98
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Flow and sound field data are presented for a 2.54 cm diameter air jet at a Mach number of 0.50 and a Reynolds number of 300,000. Distributions of mean velocity, turbulence intensities, Reynolds stress, spectral components of turbulence as well as of the near field pressure, together with essential characteristics of the far field sound are reported. This detailed set of data for one particular flow, erstwhile unavailable in the literature, is expected to help promoote and calibrate subsonic jet noise theories. 'Source locations' in terms of the turbulence maxima, coupling between the entrainment dynamics and the near pressure field, the sound radiation paths, and the balance in mass, momentum and sound energy fluxes are discussed. The results suggest that the large scale coherent structures of the jet govern the 'source locations' by controlling the turbulence and also strongly influence the near field pressure fluctuations.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Sound and Vibration (ISSN 0022-460X); 106; 1-16
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  • 99
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The direct interaction approximation is used to treat turbulence in a compressible medium with constant mean gradients. The set of coupled nonlinear integrodifferential equations is derived that is satisfied by the transverse and longitudinal energy spectral functions, Q(T) and Q(L) and by the transverse and longitudinal response functions, G(T) and G(L). Finally, expressions for the average of the product of pairs of physically relevant fluctuating quantities (velocity, temperature, density) are derived in terms of Q(T) and Q(L).
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Physics of Fluids (ISSN 0031-9171); 31; 1034-105
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  • 100
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The conditions under which finite difference schemes for the shallow water equations can conserve both total energy and potential enstrophy are considered. A method of deriving such schemes using operator formalism is developed. Several such schemes are derived for the A-, B- and C-grids. The derived schemes include second-order schemes and pseudo-fourth-order schemes. The simplest B-grid pseudo-fourth-order schemes are presented.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Monthly Weather Review (ISSN 0027-0644); 116; 650-662
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