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  • Articles  (87)
  • nitrogen  (87)
  • Springer  (87)
  • 1985-1989  (79)
  • 1980-1984  (8)
  • Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition  (87)
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  • Articles  (87)
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  • Springer  (87)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Response of winter wheat to N-fertiliser: Quantitative relations for components of growth (1987)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 12 (1987), S. 119-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: fertiliser ; nitrogen ; regression ; response ; winter wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Measurements were made of yield of dry matter, plant-N content, and the distribution of mineral-N down the soil profile in 10 fertiliser-N experiments. In one of them detailed measurements were made throughout growth. Rate of N-uptake by the crop was unaffected by the amount of mineral-N in the upper 90 cm of soil when it was above about 30 kg N ha−1. The %N in plants that received ample N-fertiliser declined with increase in plant mass according to a previously derived equation. During senescence there was an apparent loss of N from the crop. N-nutrition in the different experiments had little effect on the partition of assimilate between grain and straw. At harvest grain and straw weights were well related by a linear model which had the same gradient but different intercepts for each experiment. Grain %N was about four times greater than straw %N. Regression analysis supported the view that high evaporative conditions or temperatures during the growing period induced earlier harvest dates, less grain relative to straw, and a higher %N in the plant when ample N-fertiliser was applied but not when N-fertiliser was withheld. Other analyses indicated that cereal roots were generally unable to extract mineral nitrogen from the soil when the concentration was less than about 0.18 kg N ha−1 cm−1, that at low levels of N-nutrition the recovery of available inorganic-N from soil by the grain and straw was about 80%, and that the average mineralisation rates from early spring to shortly after harvest date varied between 0.22 and 0.88 kg N ha−1 d−1 from site to site.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01048913
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of nitrogen, phosphorus and soil and crop residues management practices on maize (Zea mays L.) yield in ultisol of eastern Cameroon (1987)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 14 (1987), S. 135-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: nitrogen ; phosphorus ; soil and crop residues management practices ; maize yield ; Plinthudult ; Cameroon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The shortening of fallow period in several areas in tropical Africa has reduced soil fertility and exposed soils to erosion and run-off. Fertilizer application and crop conservation practices are needeed to sustain high crop yield and to conserve the natural resource base for upland crop production in the continent. Field trials were carried out to evaluate the effect of fertilizer application and soil and crop residues management practices on yield of maize (Zea mays L.) planted on a Plinthudult soil at Bertoua, Eastern Cameroon. Maize yields increased significantly with nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer application. Under the rainfall pattern prevailing in the area, the amount of nitrogen required for maximum yield was higher in the second season. On the other hand, the amount of phosphorus required for maximum yield appeared to decrease with time. The burning of crop residues and weeds prior to planting together with no-till practive gave higher yield of maize than other soil and crop residues management practices.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01066606
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitrogen requirements in young Douglas-fir of the Pacific North-west (1988)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 15 (1988), S. 173-179 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Douglas-fir ; urea ; basal area increment ; growth response ; nitrogen ; critical level
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A series of fourteen Pacific North-west Douglas-fir installations, ranging in age from 6 to 26 years were analysed with respect to site factors, foliage nutrients, and growth response to applied fertilizer. Unfertilized basal area increment ranged from 1.2 to 3.1 m2 ha−1 yr−1 with no apparent relationship with soil, stand age or site index. Basal area increment was correlated with foliage N and a critical level for N was calculated as 1.7%. Applications of 220 kg N ha−1 as urea increased growth between 0 and 95% of the unfertilized basal area growth, with an average of 24.9%. Response could be predicted from foliage N and unfertilized basal area increment. When the same relationships were applied to previously older stand data, results were more variable as elements such as B and S showed evidence of being limiting.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01050679
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitrogen and potassium requirement of pineapple in relation to irrigation in Nigeria (1988)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 15 (1988), S. 203-210 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: irrigation ; pineapples ; nitrogen ; potassium ; yield ; Nigeria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The investigation studied the effect of fertilization with four nitrogen levels (0, 100, 150 and 200 kg/ha), four potassium levels (0, 100, 150 and 200 kg/ha) and four irrigation treatments (0, 3, 7 and 14-day interval) on the growth and yield of smooth Cayenne pineapples. Increasing irrigation frequency increased growth parameters of number of leaves, D-leaf length and days to 50% flowering. Fruit weight was highest at N = 150 kg/ha, K = 200 kg/ ha and irrigation once a week. Higher N levels (beyond 150 kg/ha) applied after the plant crop has been harvested did not further enhance yields of the ratoon crop. For K = 200 kg/ha potential and harvested yields were reduced in all irrigation treatments when N 〉 150 kg/ha.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01051342
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fertilizer requirement of rice-wheat and maize-wheat rotations on coarse-textured soils amended with farmyard manure (1988)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 17 (1988), S. 153-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: farmyard manure ; maize ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; rice ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Field experiments with rice-wheat rotation were conducted during five consecutive years on a coarse-textured low organic matter soil. By amending the soil with 12t FYM ha−1, the yield of wetland rice in the absence of fertilizers was increased by 32 per cent. Application of 80 kg N ha−1 as urea could increase the grain yield of rice equivalent to 120 kg N ha−1 on the unamended soil. Although the soil under test was low in Olsen's P, rice did not respond to the application of phosphorus on both amended and unamended soils. For producing equivalent grain yield, fertilizer requirement of maize grown on soils amended with 6 and 12 t FYM ha−1 could be reduced, respectively to 50 and 25 per cent of the dose recommended for unamended soil (120 kg N + 26.2 kg P + 25 kg K ha−1). Grain yield of wheat grown after rice on soils amended with FYM was significantly higher than that obtained on unamended soil. In contrast, grain yield of wheat which followed maize did not differ significantly on amended or unamended soils.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01050276
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Response of two okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) varieties to fertilizers: Yield and yield components as influenced by nitrogen and phosphorus application (1985)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 6 (1985), S. 257-267 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: nitrogen ; okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) ; phosphorus ; yield ; yield components
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The response of two okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) varieties (‘White velvet’ and ‘NHAE 47-4’) to fertilization in northern Nigeria was examined using four rates of nitrogen (0, 25, 50 and 100 kg ha−1) and three rates of phosphorus (0, 13 and 26 kg ha−1). Nitrogen application significantly increased green pod yield, pod diameter, number of fruits per plant, number of seeds per pod and pod weight. Application of phosphorus also significantly increased green pod yield, pod number and number of seeds per pod. The two varieties responded to nitrogen application differentially with respect to green pod yield. For optimum green pod yield of ‘White velvet’ 35 kg N ha−1 is suggested while for variety ‘NHAE 47-4’, N fertilization can be increased to 70 kg ha−1. There was no differential response of varieties to phosphorus fertilization for green pod yield; however, the application of 13 kg ha−1 enhanced the performance of both varieties.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01048799
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fertilizer and liming value of lime-treated sewage sludge (1986)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 8 (1986), S. 313-328 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: fertilizers ; lime ; lucerne ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; sewage sludge
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A field experiment was conducted with lucerne on a strongly acidic and phosphorus deficient soil to determine the liming and phosphorus and nitrogen fertilizer value of an undigested, lime-treated sewage sludge. The results are presented in terms of calculated combinations of lime, nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer required to obtain the same lucerne yield (or soil pH or extractable phosphorus level) as achieved with 5 or 10 t ha−1 of dried sludge. The sludge was a good source of lime, phosphorus and nitrogen. The sludge phosphorus was 49% as effective as the fertilizer phosphorus in raising extractable phosphorus in the soil to the level required for crop growth. The calcium carbonate of the sludge raised soil pH more effectively than agricultural lime, probably because of finer particle size in the former. It was not possible to achieve the yield obtained with 25 t ha−1 of sludge with combinations of agricultural lime, and nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers at high rates of application. This was attributed to the effects of the sludge on improving soil physical properties.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01048634
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Recovery of15N-labelled fertilizer by sugar beet—spring wheat and winter rye—sugar beet cropping sequences (1986)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 8 (1986), S. 269-278 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: nitrogen ; nitrogen-15 ; nitrogen efficiency ; nitrogen balance ; residual nitrogen ; sugar beet ; spring wheat ; winter rye
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The recovery of15N labelled ammonium fertilizer was studied during two cropping sequences: sugar beet—spring wheat and winter rye—sugar beet with the labelled N applied to the first crop of each sequence. The difference between fall and spring application was also investigated. For the first cropping sequence 100 kg N ha−1 labelled with 11.4%15N atom excess (a.e.) was applied to the sugar beets. This labelled N was followed in the sugar beets, in the soil profile at harvesting time as well as in the spring wheat of the following year. The first crop of sugar beet recovered 43–46% of the applied N, with 26–29% remaining in the soil at harvesting time and 25–31% could not be accounted for. Of the residual N, less than 1% could be recovered by the next crop of spring wheat. For the second cropping sequence 50 kg N ha−1 labelled with 11.5%15N a.e. was applied to the winter rye and followed in the winter rye and in the sugar beets of the following year. The recovery of the labelled fertilizer N applied to the winter rye of the second sequence was 20–27% and the sugar beets of the next year could only recover 2%. With respect to time of application, no difference in fertilizer N recovery was found between fall or spring application for the two sequences.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01048629
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Response of two okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) varieties to fertilizers: Growth and nutrient concentration as influenced by nitrogen and phosphorus application (1986)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 8 (1986), S. 297-306 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Growth ; nutrient concentration ; nitrogen ; okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The growth response and nutrient concentration in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) as influenced by four nitrogen rates (0, 25, 50 and 100 kg ha−1) and three phosphorus rates (0, 13 and 26 kg ha−1) were examined using two varieties (‘White velvet’ and ‘NHAE 47-4’). Nitrogen application generally increased fruit and shoot dry weights markedly whereas phosphorus increased them only moderately. Leaf and primary branch production and plant height were also enhanced by nitrogen fertilization up to 100 kg N ha−1 but were not influenced by phosphorus application. The application of nitrogen enhanced the concentration of N, P and K in fruits and N and Mg in leaves while P and K concentrations in leaves were depressed. Nutrient concentrations in plant tissues were also partly a function of plant age and variety.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01048632
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparisons of the fertilizing and liming properties of lime-treated sewage sludge with its incinerated ash (1986)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 9 (1986), S. 187-197 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: lime ; lucerne ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; ryecorn ; ryegrass ; sewage sludge ; sewage ash
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Two field experiments were conducted to compare the fertilizing and liming properties of dried lime-treated sewage sludge with its incineration product (ash). One experiment used a mixture of ryecorn and ryegrass on a relatively fertile soil and the other lucerne on a strongly acidic and phosphorus deficient soil. The first harvest of the ryecorn-ryegrass experiment showed small but significant linear responses in dry matter yield to both ash and sludge. Ash applications did not affect foliage nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations, or uptakes, but sludge applications increased these significantly. Sludge also increased the concentrations of K, S, Mg, Cu and Zn but ash only increased the concentrations of S and Mg. At the second harvest (ryegrass) 5 t ha−1 of sludge increased dry matter yield and foliage nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations whereas ash had no effect. Levels of phosphorus extracted from the soil were increased by both amendments but the sludge was much more effective than the ash. Both ash and sludge raised soil pH. In the lucerne experiment comparisons between sludge and ash were calculated from response surfaces fitted to the data which showed marked increased in soil pH and dry matter yield. Sludge markedly increased extractable phosphorus whereas ash had no effect. The sludge was 22% as effective as ash in raising soil pH to 6.5. The amounts of ash required to obtain the same yield as 10 t ha−1 of sludge were 5.78, 12.78 and 6.39 t ha−1 respectively for three successive harvests. These results and those for foliage concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus were also ascribed to the much greater availability of the sludge phosphorus than the ash phosphorus, and the presence of nitrogen in the sludge but not in the ash.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01050345
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fertilization of tropical rice: A case study on Bangkok plain (1986)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 10 (1986), S. 97-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: fertilizer ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; plant analysis ; nutritional status
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This study consisted of a survey on the nutritional status of rice plants in relation to nutrient application and yield in 70 farmers' fields in four provinces of Bangkok plain during the 1977 wet season. In addition a series of fertilizer experiments were carried out on rice experimental stations in the same provinces to study yield response to N and P fertilization and to develop a fertilizer recommendation system based on plant analysis. The average grain yield in the survey was 3.2 t ha−1 and the early (high yielding varieties), medium (local) and late maturity (local) types yielded 3.3, 2.8 and 3.0 t ha−1, respectively. The average amount of fertilizers applied to these maturity types were 33, 15 and 7 kg N ha−1 and 15, 8 and 6 kg P ha−1, respectively. Regression analysis indicated only a slight correlation between yield and any level of fertilizer application. On experimental stations yields over 6 t ha−1 were obtained with applications of N over 100 kg ha−1 and P over 22 kg ha−1. Evaluation of nutritional status of plants based on plant analysis showed that in all provinces there were strong and widespread nutrient deficiences primarily of N and secondarily of P, and possibly of some other nutrients. Fertilizer application based on plant analysis gave high yield responses. It was concluded that the major constraints of yield on Bangkok plain are too low fertilizer application especially of N, and unbalanced fertilization of N and P.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01074365
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers on unshaded Amazon cocoa in Nigeria (1982)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 3 (1982), S. 13-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: cocoa ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; soil analysis ; Nigeria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract No extensive investigation on the effect of fertilizers on Amazon cocoa variety (Theobroma cacao L.) has been performed in Nigeria. Therefore eight fertilizer treatments involving nitrogen and phosphorus, replicated six times at four locations across southern Nigeria, were established in 1973. The four N levels (N0, N1, N2, N3) involved were 0, 80, 160 and 240 kg ha−1 y−1, and the two P levels (P0, P1) were 0 and 67 kg ha−1 y−1. Results of the first 5 years of fertilizer application are reported. Response to P was observed at all locations, and the response was statistically significant at 2 of the locations. There was no response to the application of nitrogen. The data suggest, however, that there is only a response to phosphorus when nitrogen is applied.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01063405
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Application of potassium and nitrogen fertilizers in young spruce stands (Picea abies Karst.) (1982)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 3 (1982), S. 17-23 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: nitrogen ; potassium ; fertilization ; Norway spruce ; quartzite ; podzol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In young spruce plantations on mineral soils the growth of the trees is improved by N application only in rare cases, and by P or K application only on sites over parent rock, which is poor in available fractions of these nutrients. Interpretation of a field trial showed that on extremely poor quartzitic soils potassium deficiency limited growth during the first years of crop development. Potassium deficiency ended at pole stage (about 15 years after planting). N deficiency began at sapling stage (about 8 years after planting) and increased later. On quartzitic and similar sites with a low cation-exchange capacity, appropriately phased applications of K and N markedly improve the site index and yield level of young spruce stands. Thus, it was shown that the stock of stemwood can be raised from 3 to 13 m3 per ha up to an age of 16 years.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01063406
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
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    Analytical methods in15N research (1982)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 3 (1982), S. 37-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: ammonium-N ; distillation ; fertilizers ; mass spectrometer ; nitrate-N ; nitrogen ; urea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Although the stable isotope15N is an indispensable tool in research to trace the fate of fertilizer nitrogen in soil/plant systems, the analytical methods used in this research are time consuming and prone to many errors. This paper outlines the methods used in an international program of nitrogen research coordinated by the International Fertilizer Development Center (IFDC). The different steps in the digestion, distillation, and isotope ratio analysis of15 N-labeled soils, plant material, and fertilizers are described. Details on the use of a series of controls to check the precision and accuracy of the methods are also given. It is hoped that this comprehensive description of procedures will encourage the expanded and proper use of15N.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01063408
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Uneven distribution of banded fertilizer nitrogen in the field related to computer modelling (1982)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 3 (1982), S. 379-383 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: band placement ; computer modelling ; nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A model was developed to describe the distribution of mineral nitrogen when applied in a fertilizer band, taking into account nitrification and diffusion. Good agreement was found between the calculated values and those measured in a field experiment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01048941
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
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    Evaluation of two unusual high analysis compounds as fertilizers, including possible slow release features (1987)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 11 (1987), S. 25-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: fertilizer ; high analysis nutrient compounds ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; Rhodes grass ; slow-release ; sulphur ; Townsville stylo
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The fertilizer potential of two unusual N-P compounds with cage structures was evaluated in pot experiments where plants were repetitively cut over 400 days. One of the compounds, hexamethyl-hexaaza-tetraphosphaadamantane (APA), having 41.6% P and 28.2% N, showed high fertilizer capability. After more than 400 days, dry matter yield of Rhodes grass given APA was 83–102% of that given conventional N-P sources, and yield of Townsville stylo 60–70%. Curves for N and P uptakes over time were of sigmoidal form, with the steepest parts between days 40 and 120, suggesting a slow-release feature. However growth was depressed up to day 40, presumably by some toxic factor associated with the decomposition of the APA. This toxicity was avoided if some conventional fertilizer was applied with the APA. The other compound, the tetrasulphide of APA (APAS) had only limited fertilizer potential. Plants did absorb P and S at least from this compound, but Townsville stylo yield was only 32–38% of that with conventional fertilizers, and Rhodes grass yield not much greater than from control pots. The possible slow-release feature, and the toxic effect, did not occur with APAS.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01049562
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
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    Productivity of nitrogen fertilized plantain in intercropping systems (1988)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 18 (1988), S. 245-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: plantain ; intercropping systems ; nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The investigation evaluated the productivity of plantain intercropped with cassava, cocoyam and yam, fertilized annually with 0, 320 and 480 kg N ha−1 respectively. Yields from nitrogen fertilized intercrops were higher than those of unfertilized treatments. In plantain + cassava intercrop receiving 480 kg N ha−1 plantain growth was suppressed. Plantain intercropped with yam and fertilized with 320 kg N ha−1 matured early and produced better bunches than other treatments. Plantain + yam or cocoyam intercropping systems fertilized with 320 kg N ha−1 were recommended because of improved plantain establishment and increased combined crop yields.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01049574
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  • 18
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    Nitrogen fertilizer use in rainfed agriculture (1984)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 5 (1984), S. 371-382 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: nitrogen ; phosphorus ; dry areas ; apparent recovery fraction ; fertilizer management
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Agronomic efficiency (AE) is defined as the increase in economic yield of a crop per unit fertilizer applied. Components of AE are physiological efficiency and apparent recovery fraction. The latter can be further separated into uptake efficiency and availability index. Ways to increase the nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency in rainfed agriculture through fertilizer management are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01049117
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  • 19
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    The effects of mineral nutrition on inter-sprout competition in cv. Maris Piper (1985)
    Springer
    Potato research 28 (1985), S. 43-53 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: phosphate ; potassium ; nitrogen ; sprouting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Calzium förderte das Symptom einer subapikalen Spitzennekrose an wachsenden Keimen, verminderte als Sulfatsalz appliziert jedoch nicht die Konkurrenzwirkung zwischen Keimen für Reserven der Mutterknolle; die Keim-Trockengewichts-Akkumulation pro Auge war beispielweise durch eine höhere Zahl keimender Augen je Knolle noch stärker reduziert (Abb. 1 und 2). Die Konkurrenzwirkung reduzierte sich durch Zufuhr von exogenem NO3-N und wurde durch komplette Nährlösung verhindert. Die Bedeutung von N, P und K für die Konkurrenzminderung und eine optimierende Wachstumsverlängerung ergab sich aus dem selektiven Auslassen individueller Komponentender Lösung (Abb. 3 und 4). Beim Wachstum ergaben sich keine signifikanten Effekte wenn Mg, Fe und Spurenelemente aus dem Wachstumsmedium herausgenommen wurden. Dosis-Wirkungs-Kurven für Wachstum bei mehreren Calzium- und Stickstoff-Dosierungen zeigten, dass sich optimale Wachstumsraten ergaben wenn diese Elementen bei einer Konzentration von 10 mmol/l vorhanden waren. Signifikante Wachstumsreduktionen ergaben sich bei Senkung der NO3-N-Konzentration auf 1 mmol/l (Abb. 5). Gleiches ergab sich bei Calzium durch Senkung der Konzentration auf 0,1 mmol/l (Abb. 6 und 7).
    Abstract: Résumé Le calcium réduit l'apparition de nécroses subapicales de germes en croissance mais, apporté sous forme de sulfate, ne diminue pas la compétition entre les germes pour l'utilisation des réserves du tubercule mère. C'est-à-dire que l'accumulation de poids sec des germes par oeil était toujours sévèrement abaissée par une augmentation du nombre d'yeux par tubercule (fig. 1 et 2). La compétition est réduite par l'apport de NO3-N exogène et éliminée avec une solution nutritive complète. L'importance de N, P et K dans la diminution de la compétition et l'optimisation de la croissance en longueur est établie par l'omission individuelle et sélective de certains composants de la solution (fig. 3 et 4). Les absences de Mg, Fe et microéléments du milieu nutritif sont sans effet sur la croissance. Les courbes de réponse à la dose avec différents niveaux de calcium et d'azote montrent que les vitesses optimales de croissance sont établies quand ces éléments sont présents à la concentration de 10 mmol/l. Des réductions significatives de la croissance apparaissent lorsque la concentration en NO3-N est abaissée jusqu'à 1 mmol/l (fig. 5). En ce qui concerne le calcium, l'effet est marqué lorsque la concentration est réduite à 0,1 mmol/l (fig. 6 et 7).
    Notes: Summary Competition between sprouting eyes for mother tuber reserves (as determined by sprout dry-weight accumulation) was eliminated by incubating tubers in perlite watered with a complete nutrient solution. The importance of N, P and K in the alleviation of competition was established by the selective omission of individual components of the solution. However, within an eye the number of branch sprouts was reduced by an increase in the number of sprouting eyes per tuber and this response was not influenced by supplying exogenous mineral ions.
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    Dry matter content and mineral composition of potatoes grown in Cyprus (1980)
    Springer
    Potato research 23 (1980), S. 371-375 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: nitrogen ; phosphorus ; potassium ; calcium ; sodium ; nitrate ; sulphate ; micronutrients
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The specific gravity and dry matter content of 193 tuber samples (cultivars: Arran Banner, Spunta, Up-to-Date, Cara) from crops grown at Kokkinochoria, the major potato growing area of Cyprus, were related to each other as follows: Dry matter (%)=−269.59+268.24×specific gravity. This regression accounted for 82.4% of the variation; the fiducial limits (P〈0.05) for single determinations of specific gravity were±1.54 percentage units. The mineral contents of the tubers were similar to those reported in other countries.
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    Variability of C, N and P content of a tropical semiarid soil as affected by soil genesis, erosion and land clearing (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 119 (1989), S. 337-341 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: carbon ; erosion ; land clearing ; nitrogen ; noncalcic brown soils ; phosphorus ; spatial variability ; xerosols
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Several transects of topsoil samples were taken immediately after land clearing and one year later from a savannah soil in the semiarid NE of Brazil. Natural spatial variability of key fertility indicators (C, N, P) was large with coefficients of variation 〉50%. This variability was related to heterogeneity of the soil parent material, and to relative slope position which affected deposition and removal of erodible materials. The distribution of gravel and different particle size fractions was an indicator of the variability as related to soil formation and erosional resorting. One year after the site was cleared and planted to trees, the decrease in C, N and resin-extractable P was in the same range as the initial spatial variability. Treatment effects were therefore difficult to observe but became more obvious when regression analysis on soil textural components was used to reduce data variability.
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    Effects of continuous nitrogen application and nitrogen preconditioning on nodulation and growth ofCeanothus griseus varhorizontalis (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 118 (1989), S. 181-187 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: actinorhizal ; Ceanothus ; Frankia ; nitrogen ; propagation ; inoculation ; nodulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Rooted cuttings ofCeanothus griseus varhorizontalis were irrigated with 0, 10, 20, 50, 75 or 100ppm nitrogen as NH4NO3 for eight weeks prior to inoculation with infectiveFrankia. After inoculation, half of the plants for each treatment nitrogen level continued to be irrigated with the preconditioning nitrogen level and half were given no more supplemental nitrogen. For plants continuously receiving nitrogen, nodule initiation (nodule number) was inversely correlated with increasing supplemental nitrogen levels, and suppressed above 50 ppm N. Leaf nitrogen above 2% in continuous-N plants correlated with greatly reduced or suppressed nodulation. Plants maintained after inoculation without supplemental nitrogen showed influence of the prior nitrogen treatment on nodulation. Preconditioning at 50 ppm and above greatly reduced the number of nodules formed. The evidence suggests that stored internal nitrogen can regulate nodulation. Plant biomass accumulated maximally when nodulation was suppressed, at 75 and 100 ppm supplemental N applied continuously. Internode elongation during the nodulation period occurred only on nodulated plants, or in the presence of supplemental N (10 ppm and above).
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    Variation of the amino acid scores and of the nitrogen-to-protein conversion factors in barley grain as a function of nitrogen content as compared with wheat and rye (1988)
    Springer
    Plant foods for human nutrition 38 (1988), S. 175-188 
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    ISSN: 1573-9104
    Keywords: barley ; Triticeae ; grain ; amino acid composition ; nitrogen ; chemical score
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Barley grains (9 samples from 7 cultivars) with nitrogen contents (N) ranging from 1.45 to 4.01% of dry matter were analysed for their amino acid (AA) composition with high accuracy from six different hydrolysates per sample. AA levels in grain increased as linear functions ofN with correlation coefficients close to unity. A comparison with literature data confirmed that the AA composition of any grain sample of normal barley can be predicted from itsN for all phenotypes and genotypes. AAs in grain protein changed as hyperbolic functions ofN which increased for Phe, Pro and Glx but more or less strongly decreased for the other AAs. By plotting AA scores againstN, barley proteins were shown to be always richer than wheat and rye in Val and Phe + Tyr; sometimes richer than both other species forN〈2 (Lys); 2.2 (Leu and Ile); 3.4 (Thr); sometimes intermediate to wheat and rye above the latterN values. They were also intermediate in sulphur AAs forN〈1.9 and drastically poorer forN〉1.9. However, they were richer than both other species in Trp forN〉1.6. The hyperbolic variations of non-protein nitrogen and nitrogen-to-protein conversion factors were determined as a function ofN and also compared with those of wheat and rye.
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    Chemical changes in developing lupine seed (1984)
    Springer
    Plant foods for human nutrition 34 (1984), S. 221-228 
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    ISSN: 1573-9104
    Keywords: Lupinus albus ; L. angustifolius ; lupine ; nitrogen ; lipids ; fatty acids ; seed development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Developing seeds of lupine cultivars Kali, Neuland, Reuscher and Unicrop, grown under field conditions, were sampled at different stages of maturity and analysed for total nitrogen, crude fat and fatty acid composition. Nitrogen and lipid deposition occurred between 30 and 60 days after anthesis coinciding with the stage of maximal dry weight increase of the developing seed. The rate and duration of dry matter, nitrogen and crude fat accumulation was cultivar dependent. Percent of total saturated fatty acid decreased with increasing seed development.
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    Nitrogen-15 balances for urea and neem coated urea applied to lowland rice following two cowpea cropping systems (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 120 (1989), S. 233-241 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: added nitrogen interaction ; green manure ; 15N ; N loss ; neem ; nitrate ; nitrogen ; Oryza sativa L. ; Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Little is known about whether the high N losses from inorganic N fertilizers applied to lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.) are affected by the combined use of either legume green manure or residue with N fertilizers. Field experiments were conducted in 1986 and 1987 on an Andaqueptic Haplaquoll in the Philippines to determine the effect of cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] cropping systems before rice on the fate and use efficiency of15N-labeled, urea and neem cake (Azadirachta indica Juss.) coated urea (NCU) applied to the subsequent transplanted lowland rice crop. The pre-rice cropping systems were fallow, cowpea incorporated at the flowering stage as a green manure, and cowpea grown to maturity with subsequent incorporation of residue remaining after grain and pod removal. The incorporated green manure contained 70 and 67 kg N ha−1 in 1986 and 1987, respectively. The incorporated residue contained 54 and 49 kg N ha−1 in 1986 and 1987, respectively. The unrecovered15N in the15N balances for 58 kg N ha−1 applied as urea or NCU ranged from 23 to 34% but was not affected by pre-rice cropping system. The partial pressure of ammoniapNH3, and floodwater (nitrate + nitrite)-N following application of 29 kg N ha−1 as urea or NCU to 0.05-m-deep floodwater at 14 days after transplanting was not affected by pre-rice cropping system. In plots not fertilized with urea or NCU, green manure contributed an extra 12 and 26 kg N ha−1, to mature rice plants in 1986 and 1987, respectively. The corresponding contributions from residue were 19 and 23 kg N ha−1, respectively. Coating urea with 0.2g neem cake per g urea had no effect on loss of urea-N in either year; however, it significantly increased grain yield (0.4 Mg ha−1) and total plant N (11 kg ha−1) in 1987 but not in 1986.
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    Nitrogen mineralization ofSesbania sesban used as green manure for lowland rice in Sri Lanka (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 108 (1988), S. 201-209 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: decomposition ; green manure ; litterbag ; nitrogen ; paddy rice ; Sesbania sesban ; Sri Lanka
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Sesbania sesban was evaluated as green manure crop for lowland rice in the Dry Zone of Sri Lanka. The legume was grown during a fallow period before lowland rice (Oryza sativa) and ploughed under just before transplanting. Weight loss and nitrogen content in litterbags containing leaves, stems and roots of the legume were monitored. Comparisons were made between rice yields from 20 m2 plots after green manuring in combination with different nitrogen fertilizer levels (0, 2.4, 4.8 and 7.2 gm−2) and nitrogen fertilizer (9.6 gm−2) alone. Above-ground biomass ofS. sesban was 440 gm−2 (dry wt) when ploughed under after 84 days growth. N-content in leaves, stems and roots was 3.76%, 0.41% and 0.73%, respectively. This gave a N-input fromS. sesban of 9.2 gm−2 (8.3 g from above-ground parts and 0.9 g from roots). The corresponding K and P inputs were 7.3 and 0.6 gm−2 respectively. The nitrogen rich leaves, which contained 88% of the nitrogen in the above-ground parts, decomposed and released its nitrogen much more rapidly than the stems and roots. After only four days the leaves had released 5.3 g Nm−2 and after 14 days they had released 6.4 g Nm−2. The highest rice yield (505 gm−2) was obtained usingS. sesban and 4.8 gm−2 of N-fertilizer. The yields with only N-fertilizer or onlyS. sesban were 442 gm−2 and 396 gm−2, respectively. Due to the rapid decomposition of the nitrogen rich leaves,S. sesban did not behave as a slow release fertilizer. Thus, it is not necessary to apply nitrogen fertilizers as a basal dose.
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    Nitrogen release from roots of alfalfa and soybean grown in sand culture (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 116 (1989), S. 77-84 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: alfalfa ; amino acids ; ammonium ; Glycine max (L.) Merr. ; leachates ; lucerne ; Medicago sativa L. ; nitrogen ; rhizosphere ; root exudates ; soyabean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract An enclosed root chamber containing sterile sand medium was used to study net nitrogen (N) release from actively growing root systems of ‘Saranac’ alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and ‘Fiskeby V’ soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.). Plants were inoculated with a rhizobial strain appropriate to each host, irrigated with N-free nutrient solution, and grown either to 85 or to 173 d after germination (alfalfa) or to physiological maturity (soybean). Alfalfa released 4.5% of symbiotically-fixed plant N into the root zone over its growth period; soybean released 10.4% of plant N. Root zone leachates were analyzed for total N and for amino acid and ammonium content. Significant ammonium-N release occurred from the alfalfa but not the soybean root system; little amino-N was released by root systems of either species. Shoot harvest and water deficit caused increased release of N from alfalfa roots. The results provide evidence that alfalfa and soybean released significant proportions of their N into the root zone, and indicate that while substantial ammonium-N was released from alfalfa roots, passive leakage of amino-N was not a primary mechanism for N release from root systems of either species.
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    C, N, and S mineralization of crop residues as influenced by crop species and nutrient regime (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 106 (1988), S. 35-41 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: carbon ; crop residue ; mineralization ; nitrogen ; organic matter ; sulfur
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The mineralization of C, N, and S from residues of three different crop species (wheat, lentil, and rape) grown under diverse nutritional regimes was measured over a 12-week incubation period under controlled conditions. The rate of decomposition, as measured by CO2 evolution, varied considerably among treatments and appeared to be controlled almost entirely by N content of the residue (R2=0.98). Similarly, N mineralization was strongly tied to N concentration. The critical N concentration, below which significant immobilization of N occurred, declined over time, ranging from 1.9% at day 14 to 1.1% at day 84. Mineralization of S was positively correlated with initial S concentration (R2=0.95) and negatively related to N concentration, apparently because of a dilution effect. The results demonstrate that decomposition and N and S mineralization of crop residues, under conditions prevalent in the experiment, are primarily a function of their nutrient concentrations rather than biochemial composition related to crop species. As a result, it should be possible to enhance rate of residue decomposition, increase quantities of N and S mineralized, and avert detrimental immobilization losses in the following year by governing the nutritional regime under which the crop is grown.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02371192
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    Lignin and nitrogen in the decomposition of leaf litter in a sub-tropical forest ecosystem at Shiroy hills in north-eastern India (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 106 (1988), S. 59-64 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: decomposition ; lignin ; litter ; nitrogen ; sub-tropical-forest
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of the initial lignin and nitrogen contents of the leaves of five tree species, on their decomposition dynamics, was studied in the sub-tropical forest ecosystem existing at Shiroy hills. The decomposition dynamics of litter materials are described by inverse linear relationships between the percentage of the original biomass remaining and the nitrogen concentration in the residual material. Initial lignin and nitrogen were highly correlated with remaining biomass (r=0.94 and 0.77). The rate constants (K), for the annual leaf mass loss, ranged from −0.18 to −0.56. The values for initial lignin (%), initial nitrogen (%), the ratio between initial lignin, initial nitrogen and the annual decomposition rate constants were compared with similar results from other studies in various climatic zones of the world.
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    Leaching of subterranean clover-derived N from a loam soil (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 102 (1987), S. 185-191 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: green manure ; leaching ; loam ; nitrogen ; nitrogen budget ; N-15 ; subterranean clover
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The leaching of subterranean clover-derived N (15N) was investigated in a laboratory and a field experiment. In both experiments 30 cm i.d. ×50cm soil columns were used. In the laboratory experiment the clover material was buried in the soil in mesh bags, and leaching of clover-derived N was compared to leaching of added NH 4 + −N and NO 3 − −N over a period of 75 days at 20°C. During that time 75% of the clover-N was released from the mesh bags and 17% of the clover-N, 50% of the NH 4 + −N and 70% of the NO 3 − −N was leached through the soil column. In the field experiment 6 lysimeters and 7 control microplots were constructed. The clover material was buried in soil (to the soil of two control microplots within mesh bags) in October. During one year 2% of the added clover-N was leached. This was despite a release of 65% of the N from the mesh bag contents and despite a 26% loss of the clover-derived N in total from the controls.
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    Model of ammonia volatilization from calcareous soils (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 103 (1987), S. 205-212 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ammonia volatilization ; calcareous soils ; CEC ; nitrogen ; nitrogen losses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A quantitative model of ammonia volatilization from the calcareous soil uppermost 1-cm layer was developed and tested. The model accounts for the following processes: ammonium-ammonia equilibration in the soil solution, cation exchange between calcium and ammonium which results in ammonium distribution between soil liquid and solid phases, nitrification of dissolved ammonium, distribution of ammonia between liquid and gaseous phases and diffusion of gaseous ammonia in the soil air. The combined effect of various characteristics such as soil pH, cation exchange capacity, water capacity and nitrification rate on ammonia losses from various soil types have been studied. The model was validated against experimental results of ammonia losses from different soils for its use as a predicting tool. The model shows that most of ammonia losses can be explained by the interactive effect of high soil pH and low cation exchange capacity. Computations show increased ammonia volatilization with decreasing soil water capacity. Increasing fertilizer application rate has a small effect on percentage of ammonia losses. Increased nitrification rate and shorter “lag” period of nitrification reduce ammonia losses considerably. Good agreement was obtained between model calculations and experimental results of ammonia volatilization from 13 soils.
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    The use of ion-exchange resin bags for measuring nutrient availability in an arid ecosystem (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 105 (1988), S. 105-111 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: chronosequence ; desert ; ion-exchange resins ; mineralization ; nitrogen ; nutrient availability ; phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Anin situ resin bag technique was used to measure the relative availabilities of N and P along a chronosequence of soils in southern New Mexico, and was compared to two more common indices of nutrient availability. Accumulations of N and P during 10-week intervals over an 18 month period were separable into wet season (September–January) and dry season (February–August) groups, with wet season values significantly greater than dry season values. Only accumulations during the wet season showed significant differences among sites, thus stressing the role of field water regime in interpreting resin accumulation results. Total mineral N (NO3+NH4) sorbed by resins was significantly correlated to laboratory N mineralization rates. Although accumulation patterns of N and P were similar to patterns of %N and %P in shrub species growing along the chronosequence, these similarities were not statistically significant. A laboratory experiment demonstrated that bicarbonate-form anion resins are preferable to hydroxyl-form resins, as long as standards are made from solutions extracted by resins to account for variable ion recovery efficiencies.
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    Transformations of carbon and nitrogen in a Calciorthid soil amended with a range of organic residues (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 105 (1988), S. 205-212 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: extractable carbon ; fulvic acids ; humic acids ; humification ; mineralization ; nitrogen ; oxidizable carbon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A calcareous soil was treated with an organic fertilizer mixture of grape debris and peat, or with pig manure, chicken manure, city refuse or with aerobic or anaerobic sewage sludges. Changes in different fractions of carbon and nitrogen were followed by analysis of the soil, immediately after these additions, after they had decomposed for six months in the soil, after a maize harvest, and after a subsequent barley harvest. The various forms of carbon had decreased after six months. The rate of decrease varied with the nature of the organic materials. In all samples, the fulvic acids fraction decreased most. The main transformations happened during the first six months whether there was a crop growing or not, but the crops had no influence on the breakdown of the organic materials. The ratio of humic acids/fulvic acids had increased after six months of humification and, in general terms, the final values of the ratio oxidizable carbon/extractable carbon were lower than the initial ones, indicating a higher degree of humification in the organic matter by the end of the experiment. The total nitrogen level remained practically constant after the first six months of humification even after the second crop. Part of the organic nitrogen of the soil samples amended with chicken manure, city refuse or the two sludges was transformed into mineral nitrogen during the humification process. The extractable nitrogen values increased because of the fertilizer applied during the pot trials.
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    Genetic improvement of yield of nitrogen of Lolium perenne pastures (1989)
    Springer
    Euphytica 43 (1989), S. 259-262 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Lolium perenne ; perennial ryegrass ; nitrogen ; protein, yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Four varieties of Lolium perenne with similar flowering dates bred over a 30 year period were grown in an orthogonal plot trial with two contrasting harvesting frequencies and three levels of fertiliser (0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 t/ha of N annually). In the second harvest year, the nitrogen (N) content of herbage at each harvest was determined and the yields of N calculated. The newest variety (Ba 10761) gave a 20% higher mean annual yield of N than the oldest (S.321). The influence of variety in increasing the ratio of N recovered: N applied was as great or greater than the influence of harvesting frequency or level of applied N. There were small differences between varieties in N content (%N), N content being inversely related to N yield.
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    The effectiveness of some Indonesian strains of Rhizobium on four tropical legumes (1988)
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    Plant and soil 108 (1988), S. 171-177 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Legume growth ; nitrogen ; nodulation ; Rhizobium strains
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Nodules were collected from 14 legume species from the Indonesian Islands of South Sulawesi, Java and Sumatra. Their rhizobia were isolated and growth characteristics, nodulation ability and nitrogen fixing effectiveness were assessed against recommended commercially available Australian strains. The test legumes wereMacroptilium atropurpureum Urb. cv. Siratro,Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. cv Eureka,Centrosema pubescens Benth cv. Belalto andDesmodium heterocarpon (L) DC. A significant portion of the native rhizobial isolates were of the fast growing type. Dry matter and total nitrogen production forM. atropurpureum andV. unguiculata was highest when inoculated with native strains while the commerical strains produced superior dry matter production forC. pubescens andD. heterocarpon. However the total nitrogen production of native and commercial strains was not significantly different for the latter two legumes. The study indicated that a potential exists for developing inocula from local Rhizobium strains.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370112
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    Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal infection of lucerne roots in a cellulose-amended soil (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 112 (1988), S. 99-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: biological control ; cellulose ; nitrogen ; VAM fungi ; VAM symbiosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Lucerne plants inoculated with vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi were grown in pots in a sandy soil amended or not amended with cellulose. Whatever the endophyte or cellulose sources used, the rate of VAM colonization was lower in amended soil. The inhibition of VAM infection increased with the cellulose concentration in the soil. Sequential harvest experiments showed a clear reduction of root colonization from the early stages of plant growth. The effectiveness of cellulose in reducing VAM colonization was influenced by the addition of N fertilizer.
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    Evaluation of a nitrogen leaching/mineralization model for sugar beet (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 101 (1987), S. 61-65 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: computer model ; fertilizer requirement ; leaching ; mineralization ; nitrogen ; optimum yield ; sugar beet
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Tests were made of the ability of a leaching/mineralization model to predict the amounts of mineral N in the soil in spring as a step towards estimating the nitrogen fertilizer requirement of sugar-beet crops. There was good agreement between predicted and measured values, both under conditions of natural winter rainfall and when the soil was covered to prevent leaching. The model also successfully predicted leaching losses of soil mineral N soon after drilling in a year in which early season irrigation and heavy rain induced considerable leaching.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02371031
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    Tiller expansion and retranslocation of previously absorbed nitrogen among main stems, tillers and roots of two barley cultivars (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 102 (1987), S. 61-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: barley ; cultivar ; main stem ; net flux ; nitrogen ; partitioning ; root ; tiller ; vegetative adaptation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Barley plants (Hordeum vulgare L. cvs Hellas and Kajsa), grown in nutrient solutions, were supplied with15NO 3 − from day 12 to day 16. Changes in distribution of15N between different plant parts were followed during ageing, (days 16, 28 and 52) to study differences in redistribution of N induced by variation in NO 3 − supply and choice of cultivar. Main stems and tillers competed for previously absorbed N and their competitive strength depended on their growth rate. Inhibition of tillering during N stress protected the main stem from detrimental losses of a limiting resource. Tillers on Hellas received in most cases proportionally more15N from the rest of the plant than tillers on Kajsa.
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    Effects of fire on soil carbon and nitrogen in a Mediterranean oak forest of Algeria (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 103 (1987), S. 89-93 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: carbon ; forest soil ; mineralization ; nitrogen ; pH ; wildfire
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of wildfire on the dynamics of pH, organic C, total and mineral N and in vitro C and N mineralization were investigated in the soil under oak (Quercus suber L.) trees. Soil samples were taken from 5 to 21 months subsequent to the fire. The pH increased sharply in the burned surface soil (0–5 cm) taken 5 months after the fire and dropped only by half a unit over 14 to 21 months. However, at greater depth (5–15 cm), the burned soil was more acidic than the adjacent unburned soil up to 9 months following the fire, and thereafter its pH rose only slightly above that of the unburned soil. There were sharp rises in the concentration of organic C, total and mineral N in addition toin vitro mineralization activities in the burned surface soil collected 5 months after the fire; these dropped off in the subsequent samples approaching or falling below the values obtained in the unburned surface soil after 21 months. At a depth of 5–15 cm only slight or no increases over unburned soil were evident.
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    Water stress effects on leaf elongation, leaf water potential, transpiration, and nutrient uptake of rice, maize, and soybean (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 103 (1987), S. 155-168 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: leaf elongation rate ; leaf water potential ; maize ; nitrogen ; nutrient uptake ; phosphorus ; potassium ; rice ; soybean ; transpiration rate ; water stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A pot experiment was conducted in the greenhouse to determine and compare the responses of rice (Oryza sativa L. var, IR 36), maize (Zea mays L. var. DMR-2), and soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr. var. Clark 63) to soil water stress. Leaf elongation, dawn leaf water potential, transpiration rate, and nutrient uptake in stressed rice declined earlier than in maize and soybean. Maize and soybean, compared with rice, maintained high dawn leaf water potential for a longer period of water stress before leaf water potential. Nutrient uptake under water stress conditions was influenced more by the capacity of the roots to absorb nutrients than by transpiration. Transport of nutrients to the shoots may occur even at reduced transpiration rate It is concluded that the ability of maize and soybean to grow better than rice under water stress conditions may be due to their ability to maintain turgor as a result of the slow decline in leaf water potential brought about by low, transpiration rate and continued uptake of nutrient, especially K, which must have allowed osmotic adjustment to occur.
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    Mineral nutrients in floodwater and floating rice growing at water depths up to two metres (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 104 (1987), S. 147-150 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: floodwater ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; potassium ; oxygen ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Concentrations of N, P and K were measured in floodwater and in floating rice cultivars growing at up to 2m water depths in the central flood plain of Thailand. Concentrations of N, P and K in floodwater were often higher than those reported for oligotrophic lakes, nevertheless the floodwater contained 4–45 times less K and 15–90 times less N than concentrations reported in most soil solutions. P concentrations were similar in the floodwater and in most soil solutions. Concentrations of nutrients in leaves indicated there may be deficiencies of P at two sites and a deficiency of N at one of two sites. Data are discussed in terms of reduced nutrient uptake in rice fields at low O2 concentrations which have recently been measured in these areas.
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    Effects of root pruning of wheat at different nitrogen levels (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 109 (1988), S. 128-130 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: nitrogen ; root pruning ; shoot ; root ratio ; Thornley's model ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In two experiments, wheat plants growing in solutions of different nitrogen concentration were subjected to root pruning. In higher concentrations of nitrogen the growth rate was higher, and the proportional allocation of growth to shoot higher, but pruning did not affect the allocation of growth at either level of nitrogen. This result gives no support to Thornley's source-sink model of the control of shoot: root ratio.
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    Rice straw decomposition in rice-field soil (1988)
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    Plant and soil 109 (1988), S. 145-146 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: biomass ; carbon ; decomposition ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; rice straw
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Rice straw, buried in a rice-field during the dry season decomposed at a rate of 0.0075 day-1. Seventy five percent of the biomass, 70 percent carbon, 50 percent nitrogen and 30 percent phosphorus remained after 139 days of decomposition. Rice straw decomposition furnished 33% N and 8% P of the total nitrogen and phosphorus provided by man.
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    Derivation of critical nutrient concentrations for growth rate from data from field experiments (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 109 (1988), S. 159-169 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Brassica oleracea vargemmifera ; Brussels sprout ; model ; nitrate ; nitrogen ; sap ; simulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Present methods for determining critical nutrient concentrations in plants and soils are unsatisfactory if concentrations change with time while the crop is growing. In such cases the critical concentration can only be applied in relation to growth rate at any given moment. For interpreting field experiments this introduces considerable difficulties: two possible approaches to these problems are suggested, one of which uses a simple simulation model. Results from a Brussels sprout nitrogen experiment are used to show how, using this approach, a single critical sap nitrate concentration (380 mg NO3 N.l−1 for 95% of potential growth rate) may serve to explain the results at all growth stages in three seasons.
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    Root activity of rice as influenced by urea-insecticide combinations by a32P-absorption technique (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 102 (1987), S. 123-126 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: carbofuran ; interactions ; nitrogen ; phytotonic effects ; phorate ; root activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract An experiment was conducted at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India during 1982 wet season (June–July) to study the root activity and rooting pattern of IR-20 rice as influenced by urea insecticide combinations by a32P absorption technique. The treatments involved a factorial combination of four levels of N (0, 60, 90 and 120 kg N/ha) as urea and three levels of insecticides (no insecticide, carbofuran @ 0.75 kg a.i./ha and phorate @ 1.0 kg a.i./ha). The root activity measured in terms of the amount of32P absorbed by the plant, increased considerably by the application of urea and insecticides (carbofuran or phorate) as well as due to their interactions. The root activity increased upto 120 kg N ha−1. Carbofuran or phorate application increased root activity and the effect of carbofuran was greater than that of phorate. Nitrogen-insecticide interaction was positive on root activity upto 120 kg N ha−1 and the effect was more marked with carbofuran and N combinations. But the percentage distribution of active roots of rice could not be influenced by levels of N, insecticides or their interactions. About 80 percent of the roots of IR 20 rice forage within 10 cm from the surface. The enhanced root activity due to application of N and insecticides (carbofuran and phorate) increased the uptake of major and micro-nutrients. the phytotonic effects of carbofuran and phorate on rice works by triggering the root activity of the crop.
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    Competition for N and P between wheat and wild oats (Avena sterilis L.) according to the proximity of their time of emergence (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 102 (1987), S. 133-136 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: competition ; nitrogen ; nutrition ; phosphorus ; wheat ; wild oats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In the cultivated wheat fields of the Mediterranean area, wild oats (Avena sterilis L.), is commonly found a weed, which competes with the wheat for soil nutrients, water and light. To study this mutual competition for N and P, a pot experiment was devised in which the planting of wheat and weed seeds, in the pots, was so arranged that the lengths of time between the emergence of each specie was different for each treatment. When the time of emergence of the wild oat coincided with that of wheat, the latter was affected in its development, productivity and total accumulation of N and P. However, the earlier the emergence of wheat was relative to that of wild oat, the greater was the suppression of the weed, with a lower total accumulation of N and lower P content in the plant. Bringing forward the emergence of either of the two species conferred advantages for the development of the earliest emerger.
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    Effect of combined nitrogen on nitrogen fixation of soybean (Glycine max L. Merill.) as affected by cultivar and rhizobial strain (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 103 (1987), S. 45-50 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Glycine max ; isotope dilution method ; 15N ; nitrogen ; nitrogen fixation ; Rhizobium soybean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Nine strains ofRhizobium japonicum (Bradyrhizobium japonicum) were screened for nitrogen fixation in combination with two cultivars of soybean, Chippewa and Dunadja at two levels of nitrogen fertilization,i.e. 20 kg N ha−1 and 100 kg N ha−1 using15N isotope dilution method. Plant dry weight, nitrogen yield, percent N derived from atmosphere (% Ndfa) and total amount of N2 fixed were strongly influenced by the specific combination of host-genotype and rhizobial strain. The interaction between the host and microsymbiont were so specific that accurate prediction of symbiotic performance of either partner in relation to a particular host or strain of Rhizobium appears impossible. The sensitivity of nitrogen fixation to combined nitrogen was furthermore dependent upon both the rhizobial strain and host-Rhizobium association. It is therefore, inadvisable to describe a certain bacterium as being fully effective/ineffective or sensitive/tolerant to combined nitrogen, except in relation to a particular host-genotype. There is scope for obtaining promising host-Rhizobium associations tolerant to combined nitrogen through exploiting the interactive effects between the host-genotypes and strains of Rhizobium.
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    Micronutrients and nitrogen metabolism (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 103 (1987), S. 51-55 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ammonium ; assimilation ; maize ; micronutrients ; nitrate ; nitrogen ; metabolism ; protein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A sand-culture experiment was conducted to study the influence of a deficiency of and an excess of micronutrients on the uptake and assimilation of NH 4 + and NO 3 − ions by maize. By studying the fate of15N supplied as15NH4NO3 or NH4 15NO3, it was demonstrated that in maize plants NH4−N was absorbed in preference to NO 3 − −N. The uptake and distribution of N originating from both NH 4 + and NO 3 − was considerably modified by deficiency of, or an excess of, micronutrients in the growth medium. The translocation of NH 4 + −N from roots to shoots was relatively less than that of NO 3 − −N. Deficiency as well as excessive amounts of micronutrients, in the growth medium, substantially reduced the translocation of absorbed N into protein. This effect was more pronounced in the case of N supplied as NO 3 − . Amino-N was the predominant non-protein fraction in which N from both NH 4 + and NO 3 − tended to accumulate. The next important non-protein fractions were NO 3 − −N when N was supplied as NO 3 − and amide-N when NH 4 + was the source. The relative accumulation of15N into different protein fractions was also a function of imposed micronutrient levels.
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    Growth regulation of Scots pine seedlings with different fertilizer compositions and regimes (1988)
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    New forests 2 (1988), S. 119-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5095
    Keywords: Pinus sylvestris ; fertilization ; nitrogen ; potassium ; phosphorus ; outplanting performance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings were grown in containers filled with peat, using two different fertilizers and three different fertilizer regimes. Seedling shoot and root growth and shoot content of nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus were followed in the nursery and after outplanting in the field. Attempts to regulate growth rate by an exponential nutrient supply were not successful, but the root/shoot ratio was influenced by the fertilization regime. Internal nitrogen concentration was stable only for seedlings with low relative growth rate, while seedlings with high nutrient supply in the nursery showed strong nutrient dilution in the shoot after planting.
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    Response of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) to some different fertilizers applied at planting (1988)
    Springer
    New forests 2 (1988), S. 89-110 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5095
    Keywords: slow release fertilizers ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; nutrient uptake ; planting stock ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Four fertilization at planting experiments were conducted with Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) on eastern Vancouver Island. In experiment 1 Agriform (20-10-5, AGR) and Osmocote (17-7-12, OSM) supplied N at 0, 4.2, 8.4, 16.8 or 33.6 g/tree either broadcast, within 15 cm of the tree, or in a hole 15 cm from the tree (adjacent). In experiment 2 AGR, diammonium phosphate (21-55-0, DAP), ammonium sulphate (21-0-0, AMS), sulphur coated urea (35-0-0, SCU) supplied N at 0, 8.4, 16.8 and 25.2 g/tree. Triple superphosphate (0-45-0, TSP) supplied P at the same levels as DAP: 0, 9.6, 19.2 and 28.8 g/tree. In experiment 3 AGR and SCU (32-0-0) supplied N at 0, 8.4 and 16.8 g/tree. In experiment 4 DAP was used to fertilize trees on five different dates, between March and October, and each treatment supplied 16 g N/tree. Two-year old, bare root, planting stock was used except in experiment 3, where container stock was compared with bare root stock. Little growth response was obtained after one year, but height growth responses of 12 to 31% were measured after 3 to 6 years with fertilizers supply 8.4 to 16.8 g N per tree. Growth responses were little affected by the type of fertilizer and were primarily due to N, with release rate having no marked effect. The exception to this was TSP which did not increase growth but did increase survival. Survival was reduced by AMS and to a lesser extent by AGR. Container seedlings responded more to fertilization at planting than bare root seedlings. Seedling N, P and K concentrations and contents declined following planting for 6 months and only started to recover after July. Application of fertilizer caused a small increase in seedling nutrient concentration regardless of date, but this had no detectable effect on dry weight measured six weeks later.
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    Nutrient uptake by barley roots under field conditions (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 109 (1988), S. 171-179 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Black Solod ; inflow ; magnesium ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; potassium ; root efficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A field study with barley was conducted in 1984 and 1985 to provide data on uptake rates of N, P, K and Mg and their variation as the growing season progressed. Two varieties were grown: Galt in 1984 and Otal in 1985. Soil fertility was maintained at or near optimum conditions. Samples were obtained approximately every 10 days for shoot dry weight, nutrient content and root length measurements. The approximate method (Williams, 1948) traditionally used for calculating uptake rates was found to be invalid for most of the nutrients studied. The method used for measuring uptake rates was the functional approach proposed by Hunt (1973). Inflow,i.e. uptake rate per unit root length, of plant nutrients, decreased with time. However, maximum uptake rates measured in kg ha−1d−1 occurred at about 50 days from sowing because of increasing root length density with time. Inflow or uptake rates were low in 1985 because of moisture deficiency, and grain yield (0.89 t ha−1) was severely depressed. This study demonstrated that Hunt's method is superior and more advantageous than the traditional, approximate method.
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    Nitrogen fixation, transfer and turnover in upland and lowland grass-clover swards, using15N isotope dilution (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 112 (1988), S. 247-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: isotope dilution ; 15N ; nitrogen ; nitrogen fixation ; nitrogen transfer ; ryegrass ; white clover
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The stable isotope15N is particularly valuable in the field for measuring N fixation by isotope dilution. At the same time other soil-plant processes can be studied, including15N recovery, and nitrogen transfer between clover and grass. Three contrasting sites and soils were used in the present work: a lowland soil, an upland soil, and an upland peat. Nitrogen fixation varied from 12 gm−2 on lowland soil to 2.7 gm−2 on upland peat. Most N transfer occurred on upland soil (4.2 gm−2) which, added to nitrogen fixed, made a total of 8.7 gm2 input during summer 1985.15N recovery for the whole experiment was small, around 25%. Measurement of dead and dying leaves, stubble and roots, suggests that plant organ death is the first stage in N transfer from white clover to ryegrass, through the decomposer cycle. Decomposition was fastest on lowland soils, slowest on peat. On lowland soil this decomposer nitrogen is apparently subverted before transfer, probably by soil microbes. Variations in natural abundance of15N in plants were found in the two species on the different soils. These might be used to measure nitrogen fixation without adding isotope, but the need for many replicates and repeat samples would limit throughput.
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    Ammonia volatilization during aerobic and anaerobic manure decomposition (1989)
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    Plant and soil 115 (1989), S. 35-41 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: C/N ratio ; fatty acids ; immobilization ; nitrogen ; straw
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Ammonia volatilization, nitrogen immobilization, carbon decomposition and formation of volatile fatty acids was investigated in a laboratory incubation experiment with fresh poultry manure, to which increasing amounts of straw were added. Less than 1% of the manure nitrogen was volatilized as ammonia during anaerobic decomposition due to low pH values. In aerobic manure alkaline conditions prevailed and between 9 to 44% of the nitrogen was volatilized as ammonia. The volatilization courses could be described by a parallel first-order model. Increasing straw additions reduced ammonia volatilization during aerobic decomposition. Straw caused no immobilization of nitrogen under anaerobic conditions. In aerobic manure, nitrogen was mainly bound in organic forms whereas in anaerobic manure about two-thirds of the nitrogen was in ammonium form. C/N ratios in the organic matter of anaerobic manure were higher (33.1–87.5) than in the aerobic manure (9.5–18.0).
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    Carbon and nitrogen dynamics along the decay continuum: Plant litter to soil organic matter (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 115 (1989), S. 189-198 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: carbon ; cellulose ; decomposition ; δ13C ; δ15N ; lignin ; nitrogen ; stable isotopes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Decay processes in an ecosystem can be thought of as a continuum beginning with the input of plant litter and leading to the formation of soil organic matter. As an example of this continuum, we review a 77-month study of the decay of red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) needle litter. We tracked the changes in C chemistry and the N pool in red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) needle litter during the 77-month period using standard chemical techniques and stable isotope, analyses of C and N. Mass loss is best described by a two-phase model: an initial phase of constant mass loss and a phase of very slow loss dominated by degradation of ‘lignocellulose’ (acid soluble sugars plus acid insoluble C compounds). As the decaying litter enters the second phase, the ratio of lignin to lignin and cellulose (the lignocellulose index, LCI) approaches 0.7. Thereafter, the LCI increases only slightly throughout the decay continuum indicating that acid insoluble materials (‘lignin’) dominate decay in the latter part of the continuum. Nitrogen dynamics are also best described by a two-phase model: a phase of N net immobilization followed by a phase of N net mineralization. Small changes in C and N isotopic composition were observed during litter decay. Larger changes were observed with depth in the soil profile. An understanding of factors that control ‘lignin’ degradation is key to predicting the patterns of mass loss and N dynamics late in decay. The hypothesis that labile C is needed for ‘lignin’ degradation must be evaluated and the sources of this C must be identified. Also, the hypothesis that the availability of inorganic N slows ‘lignin’ decay must be evaluated in soil systems.
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    Cycling of nutrients from dying roots to living plants, including the role of mycorrhizas (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 115 (1989), S. 211-215 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Lolium perenne ; mycorrhiza ; nitrogen ; nutrient cycling ; phosphorus ; roots
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents information about the release of nitrogen and phosphorus from dying grass roots and the capture of phosphorus by other, living plants. We have paid particular attention to the part played by mycorrhizas in this phosphorus capture, and the possible importance of mycorrhizal links between dying and living roots. WhenLolium perenne plants were grown with ample nutrients and their roots then detached and buried in soil, about half the nitrogen and two-thirds of the phosphorus was lost in three weeks, but only one-fifth of the dry weight. The C:N and C:P ratios suggest that microbial growth in the roots would at first be C-limited but would become N- and P-limited within three weeks. Rapid transfer of32P can occur from dying roots to those of a living plant if the two root systems are intermingled. The amount transferred was substantially increased in two species-combinations that are known to form mycorrhizal links between their root systems. In contrast, in a species-combination where only the living (‘receiver’) plant could become mycorrhizal no significant increase of32P transfer occurred. This evidence, although far from conclusive, suggests that mycorrhizal links between dying and living roots can contribute to nutrient cycling. This research indicates a major difference in nutrient cycling processes between perennial and annual crops.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02202589
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    Perspectives on measurement of denitrification in the field including recommended protocols for acetylene based methods (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 115 (1989), S. 261-284 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: acetylene inhibition ; denitrifiers ; geostatistics ; kriging ; nitrogen ; nitrogen-15 ; nutrient cycling ; soil cores ; terrestrial ecosystems
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Of the biogeochemical processes, denitrification has perhaps been the most difficult to study in the field because of the inability to measure the product of the process. The last decade of research, however, has provided both acetylene and15N based methods as well as undisturbed soil core andin situ soil cover sampling approaches to implementing these methods. All of these methods, if used appropriately, give comparable results. Thus, we now have several methods, each with advantages for particular sites or objectives, that accurately measure denitrification in nature. Because of the general usefulness of the acetylene methods, updated protocols for the following three methods are given: gas-phase recirculation soil cores; static soil cores; and the denitrifying enzyme assay also known as the phase 1 assay. Despite the availability of these and other methods, denitrification budgets remain difficult to accurately establish in most environments because of the high spatial and temporal variability inherent in denitrification. Appropriate analysis of those data includes a distribution analysis of the data, and if highly skewed as is typically the case, the most accurate method to estimate the mean and the population variance is the UMVUE method (uniformly minimum variance unbiased estimator). Geostatistical methods have also been employed to improve spatial and temporal estimates of denitrification. These have occasionally been successful for spatial analysis but in the attempt described here for temporal analysis the approach was not useful. Discussions of the importance of denitrification have always focused on quantifying the process and whether particular measured quantities are judged to be a significant amount of nitrogen. A second line of evidence discussed here is the extant genetic record that results from natural selection. These analysis lead to the conclusion that strong selection for denitrification must currently be occurring, which implies that the process is of general significance in soils.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02202594
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    The response ofPlantago lanceolata L. andP. major L. spp.major to nitrate depletion (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 107 (1988), S. 197-206 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: nitrate ; nitrate reductase activity ; nitrogen ; nitrogen use efficiency ; osmotic solutes ; Plantago lanceolata ; Plantago major ; redistribution ; sugars
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract To study aspects of the ecology of grassland species, in a comparative experiment, plants ofP. lanceolata andP. major were grown in pots in a greenhouse, and subjected to a gradual nitrate depletion for several weeks. Control plants were weekly supplied with nitrate. Growth, leaf appearance and disappearance, concentrations of cations and inorganic anions, soluble and insoluble reduced nitrogen concentrations,in vivo nitrate reductase activity (NRA) and the concentration of non-structural carbohydrates in several parts of the plants were followed. Depletion of nitrate caused a reduction of shoot growth, both in biomass and number of leaves. Withering of leaves increased. Accumulation of root dry matter was little (P. lanceolata), or not (P. major) affected. The concentration of reduced nitrogen in all tissues also decreased, both that of the soluble and that of the insoluble fraction. As a result, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE, g dry matter produced per mmol N incorporated) increased by nitrate depletion. NRA was higher in the roots than in the leaves, and decreased with increasing nitrate depletion. In control plants, nitrate became also limiting. This resulted in decreasing nitrate concentrations in leaves and roots. In the leaves, the decrease in nitrate concentration was preceded by a decrease in NRA. The decrease of the nitrate concentration was parallelled by an increase in the concentration of soluble sugar. No major differences in the response towards nitrate depletion were observed between the two species.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370547
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    Plant and soil nitrogen dynamics in California annual grassland (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 110 (1988), S. 9-17 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: grassland ; Mediterranean ; microbial biomass ; nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Seasonal changes in soil water and nitrogen availability were related to the phenology and growth of plants in California annual grassland. Plant accumulation of nitrogen was mainly confined to two short periods of the year: fall and early spring. At these times, plants were in the vegetative growth phase, roots were growing rapidly and soil moisture was high. During these periods, soil nitrate was low or depleted. High flux of nitrogen in this ecosystem, however, is indicated by the rapid disappearance of the previous year's detrital material, high microbial biomass, and high mineralizable nitrogen and nitrification potential. At the end of the summer drought, significant amounts of the previous year's detrital material had disappeared, chloroform-labile N (expressed as microbial biomass N) was at its seasonal maximum, and soil inorganic nitrogen pools were high. This suggests inorganic nitrogen flux during the drought period. The ‘drought escaper’ life history characteristics of annual grasses in California annual grassland, however, may prevent plants from utilizing available nitrogen during a large part of the year.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02143533
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    Nutrient release from decomposing foliar litter of three tree species with spicial reference to calcium, magnesium and potassium dynamics (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 110 (1988), S. 49-55 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acer rubrum ; calcium ; cations ; Cornus florida ; decomposition ; litter ; magnesium ; nitrogen ; nutrient release ; phosphorous ; potassium ; Quercus prinus ; sulfur
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Calcium, magnesium and potassium dynamics in decomposing litter of three tree species were measured over a two-year period. The speices studied were flowering dogwood (Cornus florida), red maple (Acer rubrum) and chestnut oak (Quercus prinus). The order of decomposition was:C. florida〉A. rubrum〉Q. prinus. Calcium concentrations increased following any initial leaching losses. However, there were net releases of Ca from all three litter types since mass loss exceeded the increases in concentration. Net release of Ca by the end of two years from all three species combined was 42% of initial inputs in litterfall. Magnesium concentrations increased in the second year, following decreases due to leaching during the first year inC. florida andA. rubrum litter. Net release of Mg by the end of two years was 58% of initial inputs. Potassium concentrations decreased rapidly and continued to decline throughout the study. Net release of K by the end of two years was 91% of initial inputs. These data on cation dynamics, and similar data on N, S and P dynamics from a previous study, were combined with annual litterfall data to estimate the release of selected nutrients from foliar litter of these tree species at the end of one and two years of decomposition. The relative mobility of all six elements examined in relation to mass loss after two years was; K〉Mg〉mass〉Ca〉S〉P〉N.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02143538
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    Estimation of residual N effect of faba bean and pea on two succeeding cereals using15N methodology (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 110 (1988), S. 81-89 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: isotope dilution method ; 15N ; N2 fixation ; nitrogen ; Pisum sativum ; residue ; rhizobium ; Vicia faba L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A field experiment was conducted using15N methodology to study the effect of cultivation of faba bean (Vicia faba L.), pea (Pisum sativum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) on the N status of soil and their residual N effect on two succeeding cereals (sorghum (Sorghum vulgare) followed by barley). Faba bean, pea and barley took up 29.6, 34.5 and 53.0 kg N ha−1 from the soil, but returned to soil through roots only 11.3, 10.8 and 5.7 kg N ha−1, respectively. Hence, removal of faba bean, pea and barley straw resulted in a N-balance of about −18, −24, and −47 kg ha−1 respectively. A soil nitrogen conserving effect was observed following the cultivation of faba bean and pea compared to barley which was of the order of 23 and 18 kg N ha−1, respectively. Cultivation of legumes resulted in a significantly higher AN value of the soil compared to barley. However, the AN of the soil following fallow was significantly higher than following legumes, implying that the cultivation of the legumes had depleted the soil less than barley but had not added to the soil N compared to the fallow. The beneficial effect of legume cropping also was reflected in the N yield and dry matter production of the succeeding crops. Cultivation of legumes led to a greater exploitation of soil N by the succeeding crops. Hence, appreciable yield increases observed in the succeeding crops following legumes compared to cereal were due to a N-conserving effect, carry-over of N from the legume residue and to greater uptake of soil N by the succeeding crops when previously cropped to legumes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02143543
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    Influence of hydrological fluctuations on the growth and nutrient dynamics ofPhalaris arundinacea L. in a riparian environment (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 112 (1988), S. 53-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: carbon ; flood plain ; macrophytes ; nitrogen ; nutrient cycling ; Phalaris arundinacea ; phosphorus ; potassium ; wate table
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Seasonal changes in aboveground and belowground tissues ofPhalaris arundinacea L. were studied in a population colonizing an ancient meander of the Garonne river (France) submitted to important fluctuations of the permanent water table. Waterlogged conditions in spring stopped the growth of rhizomes and promoted the translocation of nutrient to the shoots. The early senescence of plants after flowering could be related to the withdrawal of the water table. It was characterized by a distribution of nutrients in belowground tissues and a release in litter and soil. Aerated conditions in late summer permitted the growth of belowground tissues. At this time a partition of resources between aboveground and belowground biomass of a new generation of plants was observed. Rising water and decreasing temperatures in winter induced the death of aboveground parts. Reconstitution of nutrient stocks in rhizomes and losses by leaching then occured. Beside a very high primary production this strategy confers toPhalaris arundinacea a great interest in different uses, especially in the removal of nutrients from water in riparian zones as in artificial sites.
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    The effectiveness and competitiveness of some Indonesian Rhizobium strains on tropical legumes grown in four soil types of Java (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 117 (1989), S. 146-150 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: bacteria ; legume growth ; nitrogen ; nodulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Several Indonesian and some imported Rhizobium strains were assessed for their effectiveness in nodulating four legume species in four soil types of Java. Naturally occurring Rhizobia formed effective symbioses onVigna unguiculata, Macroptilium atropurpureum andDesmodium heterocarpon in all four soils and the applied strains, with some exceptions, did not infect a majority of nodules of these legumes.Centrosema pubescens was more specific in its Rhizobia requirements and applied strains formed effective symbioses in two clay soils, but not in two sandy loam soils.
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    Root-induced nitrogen mineralisation: A theoretical analysis (1989)
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    Plant and soil 117 (1989), S. 185-193 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: carbon ; exudation ; mineralisation ; nitrogen ; rhizosphere ; root ; uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The possibility is examined that carbon (C) released into the soil from a root could enhance the availability of inorganic nitrogen (N) to plants by stimulating microbial activity. The release of soluble C compounds from roots is assumed to occur by one of two general processes: cortical cell death or exudation from intact cells. On the basis of several assumptions chosen to allow maximal amounts of N mineralisation to be calculated, greater amounts of net N mineralisation are theoretically possible at realistic soil C:N ratios of bacteria are grazed by predators such as protozoa, than if bacteria alone are active. More N is mineralised when the substrate released from the root has a high C:N ratio (as in cell death) than when it is relatively N-rich. The amounts of N that a root might realistically cause to be mineralised are unlikely to account entirely for high nitrate inflow rates that have been measured experimentally. However there are circumstances in which the loss of C from roots is essential if any N is to be mineralised and obtained by plants.
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    Effects of nutrient additions on litter production and nutrient return in a nutrient-poor Cape fynbos ecosystem (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 117 (1989), S. 227-235 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: fynbos ; litter production ; nitrogen ; nutrient additions ; phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Litter production and N and P return were determined at bimonthly intervals for two years in 10×5 m plots, amended with a complete factorial fertilizer addition of N as NH4NO3(Na), P as Ca3(PO4)2(Pa) and a mixture of all essential nutrients excluding N and P (Ma) in a 4–7-year-old post-fire sand-plain lowland fynbos ecosystem, South Africa. Litter production increased with vegetation age, was highly seasonal and peaked from late spring to mid-summer (November to January). No significant differences in annual litter production and N return were found in response to the nutrient treatments, although both tended to increase during the second year in response to Na and Ma. Phosphorus return increased significantly with Pa, and to a lesser extend, N3, during the first year, whereas it increased in response to Na and Ma and decreased in the Pa amended plots during the second year. The nutrient treatments did not result in a change in the timing of the annual peak litter production period or in the plant growth form composition of the litter. The litter layer dry mass and N and P contents increased in response to Na and Ma, while Pa resulted in an increased P content. The evidence from this study indicates that the vegetative growth of the evergreen sclerophyllous shrubs and hemicryptophytes of sand-plain lowland fynbos is not only limited by N, as shown by other studies on shoot growth and vegetation cover, but also by one or more other nutrients excluding P.
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    Nutrient losses during a winter low-intensity prescribed fire in a Mediterranean forest (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 120 (1989), S. 69-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: cations ; nitrogen ; nutrient losses ; prescribed fire
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Losses of N, P, K and Ca were measured during a prescribed burning in a French MediterraneanPinus halepensis forest, with understorey ofQuercus coccifera. Nutrient loss was measured by difference between the quantity of a nutrient in the fuel before burning and that found in the postfire remains which were harvested or recovered in small trays. Reduction in fuel weight amounted to 77%, losses from initial fuel elements amounted to 77% for N, 54% for K and 35% for P. No significative loss of Ca was measured. Burning resulted in 7 t ha−1 fuel reduction and in loss of 55 kg ha−1N, 8.5 kg ha−1K and 1.0 kg ha−1P.
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    NPK-fertilizer efficiency — a situation analysis for the tropics (1986)
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 10 (1986), S. 147-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: fertilizer efficiency ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; potassium ; tropics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This paper examines the efficiency of applied N, P, and K fertilizers under tropical conditions. To meet their food demands, tropical countries are importing large quantities of fertilizers at an enormous cost. There is a need for improving crop yields at a reduced cost and a better understanding of the factors that contribute to the overall efficiency of applied fertilizers. It is estimated that under tropical condition, the efficiency of applied N is less than 50%, less than 10% for P and for K it is somewhere around 40%. Losses of N are mainly due to leaching, runoff and volatile losses of ammonia. Under flooding and in alternate wetting and drying conditions of rice lands and low lands, dentrification and volatile ammonia losses are considerable. The N losses from these soil could be minimized by proper management such as rate, methods and time of application. The coating of urea with S has shown some improvement in increasing efficiency. Nitrification and urea hydrolysis inhibitors can improve fertilizer efficiency in certain situations provided they are properly used. The efficiencies of these inhibitors depend on the nature of the chemical compounds, soil properties, and method of application. Low efficiency of applied P fertilizer is mainly due to retention of P by soil clay fractions and iron and aluminum hydroxides. Even though retained P is not available to the first crop, it is made available to a certain extent to the succeeding crops. The rate and methods of P applications and forms of P determine the efficiency of applied P fertilizers. The use of native rock phosphate along with P fertilizers on acid soils appears to be an attractive alternative in reducing the fertilizer cost. The loss of K in tropical soils is largely attributed to leaching and runoff. To reduce K loss by leaching, it is more advisible to apply K in split doses than a single dose. Liming has a beneficial effect in retention of K and reducing P fixation in acid soils.
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    Effect of nutrient seed coating on the emergence of wheat and oats (1987)
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 14 (1987), S. 205-217 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: urea ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; phenyl phosphorodiamidate ; ammonia ; toxicities ; germination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A series of experiments was conducted under controlled soil moisture and temperature conditions in a growth chamber to examine the effect of a range of nutrient seed coatings on the emergence to wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Kite) and oats (Avena sativa L. cv. Blackbutt) sown in a coarse sandy loam soil. Final emergence of oats was not reduced by a coating containing 10 kg P ha−1 (as monocalcium phosphate [MCP]) whereas the same coating reduced wheat emergence by 15%. The emergence of both wheat and oats was severely reduced by urea coatings (supplying 10 kg N ha−1) to 33 and 13% respectively; this injury was lessened markedly by the inclusion of phenyl phosphorodiamidate (PPD) in the urea coatings at 1% (w/w) (emergence increased to 66 and 56% respectively). Low soil moisture (67% of field capacity [FC]) resulted in almost no emergence of wheat coated with urea (± bentonites of different pH). In soil at FC, the addition of bentonite of pH 5 (B5) to urea coatings permitted greater emergence (54%) than when bentonite of pH 9 (B9) was added (32%) which, in turn, permitted greater emergence than urea coating alone (10%). When PPD and bentonite (B5 or B9) were combined either singly or together with urea in seed coatings, PPD was more effective than either of the bentonites in reducing injury and masked the slight positive effect of B5. Coatings containing various combinations of N and P sources (at 3.6 and at 8 kg ha−1 respectively) all reduced the emergence of wheat compared to raw seed (91% emergence). When applied alone, MCP was least damaging (74%); the combination of MCP with ammonium sulfate (AS) caused somewhat more injury (68%) whilst combination with calcium nitrate (CN) caused most injury (29%). In contrast, CN alone caused relatively little damage (73%) whilst AS alone was more damaging (50%). There was no significant regression found between percentage emergence and either the calculated partial salt index or the pH of the nutrient coatings. Further work is needed to examine the mechanisms of injury due to nutrient seed coatings so that safe but effective formulations can be developed.
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    Response surface analysis of the effects of seeding rates, N-rates and irrigation frequencies on durum wheat I. Grain yield and yield components (1988)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 17 (1988), S. 197-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Durum ; grain yield ; irrigation ; modoc ; nitrogen ; response surface model ; seeding rate ; Triticum turgidum ; yield components
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Interactive effects of nitrogen (N) rates, seeding (S) rates and irrigation frequencies on grain yield and yield components of durum wheat were studied for four years under field conditions at Tulelake, California. Each year the experiment was conducted using a split-plot design with 4 irrigation frequencies as main plots and combinations of 5 N-rates (0 to 360 kg/ha) and 5 S-rates (50 to 250 kg/ha) as subplot treatments replicated 4 times. A quadratic response surface model (RSM) was used to study the effects of these treatments on grain yield and yield components (tillers/area, kernel number/spike, kernel weight/spike and 100-seed weight). The RSM was very effective for analysis and data reduction for estimating the optimum combinations of N and S for maximizing the grain yield and yield components. The N utilization and uptake efficiency increased with each irrigation treatment and peaked at irrigation treatment C. Both N and uptake utilization efficiency decreased with each increment of N-rate. In most cases, the effect of irrigation was independent of N and S. One irrigation at tillering increased grain yield and yield components significantly over only a preplant irrigation. The response of additional irrigations were comparatively small and significant only in some cases. Both N and S had significant effects on grain yield and yield components, however, the response of N was larger than that of S. With increasing N-rate, grain yield and tiller number increased with the expected peak beyond 360kg N ha−1 but the increments beyond 180 kg N ha−1 were of progressively smaller magnitude. The kernel number and kernel weight per spike also increased with N-rate giving a peak between 270 and 360 kg N ha−1. With increasing S grain yield and tiller number/area increased while kernel number and kernel weight per spike decreased progressively. It was impossible to maximize yield and yield components at a given combination of N, S, and irrigation. According to the model, grain yield and tiller number were maximized at the highest level of N and S, while kernel number and kernel weight/spike were maximized at the lowest S (50 kg ha−1) and about 314 kg N ha−1 under adequate water supply. On the basis of the findings of this study and output of the model, 180–360 kg N ha−1, 150–250 kg S ha−1 and two post-sowing irrigations (at tillering and at boot stage) in addition to a preplant irrigation was recommended for optimum yield. An additional irrigation might be required depending on the weather conditions during the grain filling period.
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    Fertilization with phosphorus and nitrogen in young spruce stands (Picea abies Karst.) (1983)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 4 (1983), S. 155-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: nitrogen ; phosphorus ; fertilization ; Norway spruce ; quartz-porphyry site ; reforestation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Growth of young Norway spruce plantations on quartz-porphyry sites can be improved by applying phosphorus fertilizer as this acid parent rock is extremely poor in phosphorus. If fertilization is performed in connection with reforestation, the increment in height and volume of the developing crop increases for a period of about ten years. Additional liming prolongs the duration of the P-fertilization effect up to 20 years. Liming stabilizes phosphorus in an available form in the humus layer and upper soil horizon. Nitrogen deficiency occurs only 10 to 15 years after planting and N applied up to then has no positive effect on spruce growth.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01053253
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    A decade of fertilizer research on groundnuts (Arachis hypogaea L) in the savannah zone of Nigeria (1985)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 6 (1985), S. 157-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Phosphate ; nitrogen ; potash ; minor-element ; fertilizer requirements ; Arachis hypogaea L ; haulms and kernel yield ; semi-arid savannah
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Field experiments on fertilizer requirements of groundnuts carried out between 1970 and 1980 were reviewed and discussed. Results of the various studies seem to suggest that existing recommendations which are based on short term annual trials carried under non-intensive or semi-intensive traditional farming systems are becoming inadequate under a system of continuous intensive cultivation. Besides phosphorus and sulphur which have long been known to be deficient in the Nigerian savannah soils, the availability of the other nutrients in these soils can no longer be taken for granted. Potash and micronutrient deficiencies, notably those of B and Mo, hitherto rare, are now showing up with increasing frequency. As a P source, single superphosphate appears to be the most suitable fertilizer for groundnuts in the Nigerian savannah at present partly because it also contains S and partly because of its solubility. Nitrogen fertilizer application tends to depress pod and kernel yield although it enhances haulm production. Groundnut haulm constitutes an important livestock feed in the West African savannah and the role of fertilizer N may have to be viewed in this context. Calcium as a nutrient does not appear to cause any serious fertility problem. Where gypsum application has produced large increases in kernel and haulm yields the dominant effect has been attributed to the sulphate component. Magnesium response has so far not been reported on groundnuts in Nigeria. It is suggested that soil fertility research in the savannah zone of West Africa should move away from short-term annual trials to long-term studies designed to tackle problems that are likely to arise under continuous cultivation in these poorly buffered sandy soils.
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    Modelling agroforestry systems of cacao (Theobroma cacao) with laurel (Cordia alliodora) and poro (Erythrina poeppigiana) in Costa Rica (1986)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 4 (1986), S. 175-189 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: cacao ; shade trees ; modelling ; organic matter ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; potassium ; erythrina ; cordia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The agroforestry systems of cacao (Theobroma cacao) under laurel (Cordia alliodora) and cacao under poro (Erythrina poeppigiana) were studied at CATIE, Turrialba, Costa Rica. An inventory was taken of the organic matter and nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, and Mg) separating the species into their compartments (leaves, branches, trunks and roots). Studies of the litter and of the mineral soil (0–45 cm) yielded these results: Patterns of nutrient accumulation are discussed in relation to the characteristics of these agroforestry systems.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02028353
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    Modelling agroforestry systems of cacao (Theobroma cacao) with laurel (Cordia alliodora) and poro (Erythrina poeppigiana) in Costa Rica II. Cacao and wood production, litter production and decomposition (1988)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 6 (1988), S. 37-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: Theobroma cacao ; shade trees ; Erythrina poeppigiana ; Cordia alliodora ; modelling ; organic matter ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; potassium ; calcium ; magnesium ; litter production
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract During 7 years (1979–1985) cacao harvests (beans and husks) have been recorded for the agroforestry systems ofTheobroma cacao underCordia alliodora andErythrina poeppigiana shade trees. The mean oven dry cacao yields were 626 and 712 kg.ha−1.a−1 cocoa beans underC. alliodora andE. poeppigiana respectively. Harvests have gradually increased over the years and the plantation has now reached maturity. Annual extraction of N, P, K, Ca and Mg in fruits, which is relatively small, was calculated on the basis of chemical analyses. The following average values were found (kg.ha−1.a−1): At the age of 8 years, theC. alliodora trees have reached 26.7 cm diameter (DBH) and 14.0 m in height. Mean annual growth (from age 5 to 7) is 14.6 m3.ha−1.a−1. Natural plant residue production has been measured for 4 years (Nov. 1981–Oct. 1985). UnderE. poeppigiana it has reached a value of 8.91 t.ha−1.a−1 and underC. alliodora 7.07 t.ha−1.a−1. The shade trees have contributed 57 and 47% respectively. Transference and decomposition rates are high and important in the nutrient cycles. The nutrient content of the litter was analysed and corresponding average yearly transfers were (kg.ha−1.a−1):
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02344744
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    Modelling agroforestry systems of cacao (Theobroma cacao) with laurel (Cordia alliodora) and poro (Erythrina poeppigiana) in Costa Rica II. Cacao and wood production, litter production and decomposition (1988)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 6 (1988), S. 37-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: Theobroma cacao ; shade trees ; Erythrina poeppigiana ; Cordia alliodora ; modelling ; organic matter ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; potassium ; calcium ; magnesium ; litter production
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract During 7 years (1979–1985) cacao harvests (beans and husks) have been recorded for the agroforestry systems ofTheobroma cacao underCordia alliodora andErythrina poeppigiana shade trees. The mean oven dry cacao yields were 626 and 712 kg.ha−1.a−1 cocoa beans underC. alliodora andE. poeppigiana respectively. Harvests have gradually increased over the years and the plantation has now reached maturity. Annual extraction of N, P, K, Ca and Mg in fruits, which is relatively small, was calculated on the basis of chemical analyses. The following average values were found (kg.ha−1.a−1): At the age of 8 years, theC. alliodora trees have reached 26.7 cm diameter (DBH) and 14.0 m in height. Mean annual growth (from age 5 to 7) is 14.6 m3.ha−1.a−1. Natural plant residue production has been measured for 4 years (Nov. 1981–Oct. 1985). UnderE. poeppigiana it has reached a value of 8.91 t.ha−1.a−1 and underC. alliodora 7.07 t.ha−1.a−1. The shade trees have contributed 57 and 47% respectively. Transference and decomposition rates are high and important in the nutrient cycles. The nutrient content of the litter was analysed and corresponding average yearly transfers were (kg.ha−1.a−1):
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02220107
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    Modelling agroforestry systems of cacao (Theobroma cacao) with laurel (Cordia alliodora) and poro (Erythrina poeppigiana) in Costa Rica III. Cycles of organic matter and nutrients (1988)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 6 (1988), S. 49-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: Theobroma cacao ; shade trees ; Erythrina poeppigiana ; Cordia alliodora ; modelling ; organic matter ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; potassium ; calcium ; magnesium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Models for cycles for organic matter and nutrients element (N, P, K, Ca and Mg) are presented for the agroforestry systems of cacao (Theobroma cacao) withCordia alliodora orErythrina poeppigiana in Turrialba, Costa Rica. For the models, system reserves (soil, humus, vegetation divided into leaves, branches, stems, fine roots, fruits) and transference between compartments (production and decomposition of litter residues) inputs (fertilizer, rainfall) and outputs (harvests) of the system are considered. The implications of the models are discussed in detail. Aspects of net primary production in the systems studied are considered. N fixation is calculated on the basis of balances. Analysis of soil water showed high variations that coincided with rainfall patterns and pruning of theE. poeppigiana.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02220108
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    Modelling agroforestry systems of cacao (Theobroma cacao) with laurel (Cordia alliodora) and poro (Erythrina poeppigiana) in Costa Rica III. Cycles of organic matter and nutrients (1988)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 6 (1988), S. 49-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: Theobroma cacao ; shade trees ; Erythrina poeppigiana ; Cordia alliodora ; modelling ; organic matter ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; potassium ; calcium ; magnesium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Models for cycles for organic matter and nutrients element (N, P, K, Ca and Mg) are presented for the agroforestry systems of cacao (Theobroma cacao) withCordia alliodora orErythrina poeppigiana in Turrialba, Costa Rica. For the models, system reserves (soil, humus, vegetation divided into leaves, branches, stems, fine roots, fruits) and transference between compartments (production and decomposition of litter residues) inputs (fertilizer, rainfall) and outputs (harvests) of the system are considered. The implications of the models are discussed in detail. Aspects of net primary production in the systems studied are considered. N fixation is calculated on the basis of balances. Analysis of soil water showed high variations that coincided with rainfall patterns and pruning of theE. poeppigiana.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02344745
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    Role of weeds in the management of nitrogen in a young Pinus radiata plantation (1989)
    Springer
    New forests 3 (1989), S. 203-224 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5095
    Keywords: weeds ; Pinus radiata ; competition ; nitrogen ; water
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Pinus radiata trees were grown on a podzolized sandy soil at a second rotation site under the following treatments: total weed control, total weed control plus ammonium nitrate, strip weed control and no weed control. During the first two summers after planting the differences in needle water potential between trees under no, strip or total weed control were very small. Despite similar rates of net N-mineralization in strip and total weed control treatments, which averaged 64 kg ha−1 yr−1 in the 0–15 cm soil depth, weeds in the strip weed control treatment reduced soil mineral-N concentrations by 50–80%, leaching of N by the end of the first growing season by 45%, foliar-N concentrations by 4–14% and stem biomass at 20 months after planting by 46%. Although N-uptake by above-ground vegetation (trees plus weeds) was 49% higher in the strip weed control treatment, the amount of N apportioned to trees during the first 20 months after planting was reduced from 15.5 to 9.0 kg ha−1. These effects of weeds were even more pronounced in the no weed control treatment. Since weeds had little effect on the needle water potential of trees and the annual rates of N-mineralization, but adversely affected N-uptake by trees, results indicate that weeds directly competed with trees for N, and thereby aggravated N-deficiency in trees. Application of ammonium nitrate after complete weed control increased foliar-N concentrations, and N-uptake and growth of trees, but also induced severe stem deformation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00028929
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    Indirect measures of N2 fixation in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) under field conditions: The role of lateral root nodules (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 113 (1989), S. 181-187 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: acetylene reduction ; breeding ; inbred backcross lines ; leghemoglobin ; nitrogen ; rhizobium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The role of lateral root nodules in N2 fixation and the relationships between total shoot N and several traits which influence or control N2 fixation in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)i.e., acetylene reduction value, specific nodule activity, leghemoglobin concentration, total leghemoglobin and nodule mass, were investigated in field studies. Significant variation among bean lines was observed for all the traits measured. Lines varied for the proportion of total N accumulated up to the R3 growth state, thus measurements of total shoot N near maturity (e.g., R7) provided a better estimate of total N2 fixation than measurements taken at an early growth stage. Nodule mass was correlated with acetylene reduction and total leghemoglobin, and total leghemoglobin was correlated with acetylene reduction value. Total shoot N at R7 was correlated with seasonal means of nodule mass and number, acetylene reduction value and total leghemoglobin. For all traits except total leghemoglobin, values for lateral roots were more highly correlated with total shoot N than were values for either crown roots or the whole root system. Seed yield was most highly correlated with nodule mass of the lateral roots. These results will be useful in devising breeding strategies for improved N2 fixation of the host plant.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02280179
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    Alfalfa N2-fixation enhances the phosphorus uptake of walnut in interplantings (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 113 (1989), S. 291-293 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: agroforestry ; interspecies transfer ; nitrogen ; nitrogen fixation ; nutrient cycling ; pH ; phosphorus ; rhizosphere
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Walnut tree seedlings exhibited greater phosphorus (P) uptake from32P-labelled hydroxyapatite when interplanted with alfalfa than with other walnuts, black locust, or orchard grass. Three mechanisms are proposed as possible explanations of this enhnaced P uptake by walnut. In this study, diffusion of solubilized apatite-P to the roots of walnut at points of walnut-alfalfa root intersection is believed to be the operative mechanism. Phosphorus is solubilized due to rhizosphere acidification of alfalfa during nitrogen fixation. These results underscore the interdependence of nutrient cycles. Enhancement of the phosphorus cycle through manipulation of the nitrogen cycle has important implications for world food and fiber production.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02280196
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    Value of cane trash in nitrogen nutrition of sugarcane (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 102 (1987), S. 79-83 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: mineralization ; nitrogen ; sugarcane ; trash ; uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The significance of trash containing 0.3 to 0.5% N in the N nutrition of sugarcane (Saccharum hybrid sp.) was investigated in pot- and field experiments using15N-labelled trash. The data obtained from the pot study with 2 silty-clay loams (a Humic Nitosol and a Humic Acrisol) showed that surface-applied trash (10 tonnes/ha), although ground to pass a 1-mm sieve, contributed less than 10% of N removed by sugarcane. Uptake of trash N was most active during the initial 6 months of the experiment though at the end of the study period of 18 months less than 15% of trash N was altogether recovered by sugarcane. In the absence of fertilizer N in a field study on the Humic Acrisol (C/N ratio 22), unground trash (5 tonnes. ha−1) depressed soil N uptake by sugarcane by immobilizing available soil N. The field study moreover confirmed that the contribution of trash N in the supply of N to sugarcane is negligible. The value of trash would reside in its capacity to increase over the long term the organic matter level in the soils.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370904
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    Effect of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium on spikelet sterility induced by low temperature at the reproductive stage of rice (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 109 (1988), S. 31-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: nitrogen ; phosphorus ; potassium ; rice ; low temperature ; reproductive stage ; flag leaf ; auricle distance ; spikelet sterility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Spikelet sterility induced by low temperature at the reproductive stage of rice increased further with the increase of nitrogen supply. Spikelet sterility in Fujisaka-5 did not increase due to low temperature when nitrogen supply was increased from 10 to 40 ppm and at 80 ppm nitrogen supply it was less affected than IR36. Total nitrogen content in the leaves increased with the increase of nitrogen supply and was forced to be associated with the spikelet sterility induced by low temperature. Based on auricle distance between the last two leaves, the most sensitive stage to low temperature damage differed in Fujisaka-5 and IR36. Spikelet sterility induced by low temperature for 10 days was very high in both the varieties and the effect of nitrogen was not clear. The effect of phosphorus on the spikelet sterility induced by low temperature at reproductive stage was not clear except that at the highest phosphorus (P) level (10 ppm) the spikelet sterility increased both in Fujisaka-5 and IR36. Spikelet sterility induced by low temperature at the reproductive stage of rice decreased with the increase of Potassium (K) supply in both Fujisaka-5 and IR36. With an increase of potassium supply, nitrogen (N) content decreased in the leaves and panicles and spikelet sterility induced by low temperature decreased with an increase of the K to N ratio in the leaves and panicles. The results suggest that potassium might play a major role to counteract the low temperature damage at the reproductive stage of rice.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02197577
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    Comparisons of primary production and nutrients absorption by aMiscanthus sinensis community in different soils (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 112 (1988), S. 143-149 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: absorption ; clay ; Miscanthus sinensis ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; primary production ; serpentine gangue ; standing biomass
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Soil properties, primary production, nitrogen and phosphorus uptake in aMiscanthus sinensis community on serpentine gangue area were compared with that on nonserpentine area. Soil water content, soil pH and nitrogen content were quite different between the serpentine gangue area and nonserpentine area; but phosphorus content of the soil was similar between the two sites. The maximum above-ground net production in the serpentine gangue and nonserpentine areas was 4.5±0.2 kg m−2 yr−1 and 7.8±0.2 kg m−2 yr−1, respectively. The total maximum standing biomass in the serpentine gangue and nonserpentine areas was 8.5±0.8 kg m−2 and 11.9±0.4 kg m−2, respectively. Nitrogen uptake by plants in the nonserpentine area was 2.4 times greater than that in the serpentine gangue area. Phosphorus uptake by plants were similar for the two sites. The most probable reasons for the small biomass produced by theMiscanthus sinensis community in this serpentine gangue area are the low levels of nitrogen and water availability in the soil.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02181764
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    Nutritional disturbances of young pines in a dry heath forest (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 113 (1989), S. 229-235 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aluminium ; calcium ; foliar analysis ; magnesium ; nitrogen ; nutritional disturbance ; Pinus sylvestris L. ; potassium ; soil analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Tree decline has been observed recently in 25–30 year old pine stands inCladina andCalluna-type heath forests in the Hämeenkangas and Pohjankangas areas of southwestern Finland. The trees had grown more or less normally for 15 years. During the following 7 to 8 years increased growth occurred. From 1982 to 1984, however, the trees revealed a sudden reduction in height increment. Additionally, some trees were marked by poor apical shoot dominance. Occasionally complete crown dieback was observed. The trees retained only one to three years' needles. These needles often were characterized by a brownish yellow discoloration. Chemical foliar and soil analysis indicate both a nitrogen deficiency and a deficiency in calcium and magnesium related to the relatively high aluminium levels in the soil. In the needles of affected trees phosphorus and especially potassium concentrations were higher than normally. The low content of nitrogen, calcium and magnesium in the soil is related to the acidic, nutrient-poor bedrock, and the low cation exchange capacity. Also the leaching of nutrients, the shallow and poor quality of the humus layer, and the removal of nutrients by tree harvesting may have effected on the nutritional disturbances.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02280185
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    Mineralization of carbon and nitrogen in soil samples taken from three fertilized pine stands: Long-term effects (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 114 (1989), S. 99-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ammonium nitrate ; apatite ; biotite ; carbon ; fertilization ; forest soil ; mineralization ; nitroform ; nitrogen ; nutrients ; pH ; urea ; ureaformaldehyde
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Seven years after fertilization the rate of CO2 production in the soil samples taken from the organic horizons of a poor pine forest site (Calluna vulgaris site type), treated with urea or ammonium nitrate with lime, was lower than that in the unfertilized soil. The same trend was also observed in samples of theEmpetrum-Calluna site type 14 years after fertilization. In the more fertileVaccinium myrtillus site type these rapidly-soluble N fertilizers had a long-term enhancing effect on the production of CO2. Apatite and biotite eliminated the decreasing effect of urea on the production of CO2. One reason for this might be the long-term increase in soil pH caused by apatite and biotite, or their constituents (Ca, Mg, K, P). Nitroform (a slow-releasing N fertilizer) had no statistically significant effect on the production of CO2 in soil samples from any of the forest types. Despite the high N mineralization in the samples from nitroform fertilized soils there was no nitrification, and the high content of total N indicated that after nitroform fertilization the losses of N were low. The correlation between the net mineralization values for C (CO2 production) and N was poor. However, multiple linear regression analysis, which also took into account the effect of nutrients and pH, indicated that there was a link between the mineralization of C and N.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02203087
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    A comparison of organic and inorganic nitrogen fertilizers: Their nitrate-N and ammonium-N release characteristics and effects on the growth response of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. cv. Fortune) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 115 (1989), S. 135-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: growth response ; inorganic fertilizer ; Lactuca sativa L. ; leaching loss ; nitrogen ; organic fertilizer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The response of pot grown lettuce to inorganic (ammonium nitrate) and organic (dried blood and Protox) N fertilizers was determined at two temperature regimes (15°C day/10°C night and 20°C day/15°C night) and related to the NH4−N and NO3−N release characteristics of each material. The N release characteristics of the organic materials matched the N requirements of lettuce more closely than the inorganic fertilizer. However, was rapidly released from the protein based materials such that composts were depleted of available fertilizer N at the same time irrespective of the form supplied. The warmer temperature regimes resulted in a more rapid depletion of the fertilizers due to biological immobilization such that N recoveries in shoots, roots and leachates were reduced. Approximately 20% of the N present in Protox (a material derived from activated sewage sludge, processed to reduce the heavy metal content to minimal levels) appeared to be resistant to microbial degradation and was unavailable to the plants. Therefore, the growth response of lettuce was slightly reduced with Protox compared to the other materials at similar rates of incorporation. The organic materials did not contribute NO3−N to the plant and small NO3−N concentrations in petioles were derived from the water used for irrigation. However, NO3−N levels in plants receiving inorganic ammonium nitrate were initially high but progressively declined as the fertilizer NO3−N became depleted.
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    Effects of nitrogen fertilizer and weed control on nutritive quality of carrots (Daucus carota L.) (1988)
    Springer
    Plant foods for human nutrition 38 (1988), S. 67-73 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9104
    Keywords: carrots ; carotene ; T.S.S. ; herbicides ; nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The nutritive quality of carrots, obtained from different herbicide-treated plots and under different levels of nitrogen application ranging from zero to 80kg nitrogen/ha, was compared. There were significant differences in carotene content, T.S.S. (total soluble solids) and organolptic characteristics under the influence of different treatments. The maximum carotene content, T.S.S. and organoleptic characteristics were observed with the application of 80 kg. nitrogen/ha and fluchloralin herbicide at 0.90 and 1.20 kg/ha.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01092312
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    Temperature-related effects of three insects on growth ofSalvinia molesta in Brazil (1986)
    Springer
    BioControl 31 (1986), S. 19-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Salvinia ; Cyrtobagous ; Samea ; Paulinia ; Biocontrol ; temperature ; nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'effet deCyrtobagous salviniae, deSamea multiplicalis et dePaulinia acuminata sur la croissance deSalvinia molesta a été étudié en relation avec la température dans des cages implantées dans 2 situations au Brésil, un canal avec de l'eau courante et une lagune avec de l'eau stagnante. Chaque espèce réduit la croissance deS. molesta dans une gamme de températures des feuilles s'étendant de 16° à 30°C, les dégâts augmentent avec l'accroissement de la température. Il n'y a pas de différence entre les 3 espèces vis-à-vis de leur réaction à la température. Ces résultats et leur implication quant au rendement de ces insectes comme agents biologiques de lutte contreS. molesta sont discutés.
    Notes: Abstract The effect ofCyrtobagous salviniae, Samea multiplicalis, andPaulinia acuminata on the growth ofSalvinia molesta was assessed in relation to temperature in field cages at 2 sites in Brazil, a canal with running-water and a lagoon with stillwater. Each insect species reduced the growth ofS. molesta over a mean leaftemperature range of 16–30°C, causing more damage as temperature increased. There was no difference between the 3 species in response to temperature. These results and their implication to the performance of these insects as biological control agents againstS. molesta are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02390916
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    Feeding by adultCyrtobagous salviniae onSalvinia molesta under different regimes of temperature and nitrogen content and the effects on plant growth (1985)
    Springer
    BioControl 30 (1985), S. 279-286 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Cyrtobagous ; feeding ; temperature ; nutrition ; Salvinia molesta ; nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La prise de nourriture par les adultes deCyrtobagous salviniae n'était pas influencée par la concentration d'azote dans les bourgeons deSalvinia molesta. Le temps mis pour's alimenter sur un bourgeon dépendait de la température et de la vitesse de développement du bourgeon parce que les adultes abandonnaient un bourgeon quand il commençait à s'ouvrir. Quand 2 paires d'adultes furent placées sur un bourgeon partiellement développé 35°C, le développement du bourgeon était arrêté. Les plants attaqués par les charançons durant 3 jours furent plus gros que les plants indemnes, mais après 10 jours de plus sans attaque ultérieure, la croissance des plants indemnes était significativement plus forte.
    Notes: Abstract Feeding by adultCyrtobagous salviniae was not influenced by the concentration of nitrogen in the buds ofSalvinia molesta. The time spent feeding on a bud was dependent on temperature and the rate of bud development because adults abandoned a bud when it started to open. When 2 pairs of adults were placed on a partially developed bud at 35°C, bud development was stopped. Plants attacked by weevils for 3 days were heavier than insect-free plants but after another 10 days without further attack, growth of unattached plants was significantly greater.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02372229
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