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  • Articles  (116)
  • Nitrogen  (116)
  • Springer  (116)
  • EDP Sciences
  • 1985-1989  (42)
  • 1980-1984  (74)
  • 1970-1974
  • Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition  (116)
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  • Articles  (116)
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  • Springer  (116)
  • EDP Sciences
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Extraction of nitrogen from soils (1989)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 8 (1989), S. 189-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Nitrogen ; Ammonium ; Nitrate ; Nitrogen extraction ; Soils ; Nitrogen mineralization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A roller bed and rotary end-over-end shaker were compared for the extraction of mineral N from a variety of soil types; both were equally efficient with an optimum extraction time of 30 min. However, the roller bed permitted a greater operational capacity, a faster throughput of samples, and easier identification of sample bottles compared with the end-over-end shaker. More NH4 +-N and NO3 −-N (P〈0.001) was recovered from soil by 2 M KCl than by any other extractant, in a soil: extractant ratio of 1 to 5 (w:v), except water, which was equally efficient at removing NO3 −-N from soils.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00257765
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microbial activity and nutrient dynamics in earthworm casts (Lumbricidae) (1987)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 5 (1987), S. 230-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Earthworm casts ; Microbial respiration ; Microbial biomass ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Aporrectodea caliginosa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Microbial respiration, microbial biomass and nutrient requirements of the microflora (C, N, P) were studied in the food substrate (soil taken from the upper 3 cm of the mineral soil of a beech wood on limestone), the burrow walls and the casts of the earthworm Aporrectodea caliginosa (Savigny). The passage of the soil through the gut caused an increase in soil microbial respiration of about 90% over a 4-week period. Microbial biomass was increased only in freshly deposited casts and decreased in aging faeces to a level about 10% lower than in soil. Microbial respiration of the burrow walls was only increased over a shorter period (about 2 weeks). The microflora of the soil and the burrow walls was limited by P, whereas in earthworm casts, microbial growth was limited by the amount of available C. In aging faeces the P requirement of the microflora increased and approached that of the soil. Immobilization of phosphate in earthworm casts is probably caused by mainly abiotic processes. C mineralization by soil microflora fertilized with glucose and P was limited by N, except in freshly deposited casts. Ammonium, not nitrate, was responsible for this process. N dynamics in earthworm casts are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00256906
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Varietal and fertilizer effects on straw phytotoxins (1986)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 2 (1986), S. 109-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Straw ; Phytotoxins ; Acetic Acid ; Wheat ; Barley ; Cultivar ; Nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Acetic acid production over 10 days from fresh barley straw was greater than that from fresh wheat straw, but there were only minor consistent differences between different cultivars. The effect depended on the soil type on which the straw had been produced and acid production was greatest with the largest amounts of N fertilizer which had been used. The fertilizer also affected the C:N ratio of the straw
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00257588
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Long-term tillage and rotation effects on soil microbial biomass, carbon and nitrogen (1987)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 5 (1987), S. 265-270 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Microbial biomass ; Tillage ; Rotation ; Carbon ; Nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Three mollisols, typical of the Palouse winter wheat region of eastern Washington and northern Idaho, were analyzed for microbial biomass, total C and total N after 10 years of combined tillage and rotation treatments. Treatments included till, no-till and three different cereal-legume rotations. All crop phases in each rotation were sampled in the same year. Microbial biomass was monitored from April to October, using a respiratory-response method. Microbial biomass, total C and total N were highest under no-till surface soils (0–5 cm), with minimal differences for tillage or depth below 5 cm. Microbial biomass differences among rotations were not large, owing to the relative homogeneity of the treatments. A rotation with two legume crops had the highest total C and N. Microbial biomass was significantly higher in no-till surface soils where the current crop had been preceded by a high-residue crop. The opposite was true for the tilled plots. There was little change in microbial biomass over the seasons until October, when fresh crop residues and rains had a strong stimulatory effect. The seasonal pattern of biomass in no-till surface soils reflected the dry summer/winter rainfall climate of the region. The results of this study show that numerous factors affect soil microbial biomass and that cropping history and seasonal changes must be taken into account when microbial biomass data are compared.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00256912
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitrogen contribution to wetland rice by green manuring with Sesbania spp. in an alkaline soil (1988)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 6 (1988), S. 22-25 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Nitrogen ; Green manure ; Sesbania sp. ; Wetland rice ; Oryza sativa L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Two annual species of Sesbania, S. aculeata and Sesbania sp. PL Se-17, were field evaluated as green manure for wetland rice in an alkaline soil. The two species were raised as a catch crop during summer in a wheat-rice rotation, and added as 24.7 and 20.8 t ha−1 of green matter, 116 and 98 kg N ha−1, respectively, after 45 days of growth. For the optimum green manuring effect on rice grain yield and N uptake, S. aculeata required 5 days of decomposition (after turning in and before rice transplantation), whereas no decomposition period was necessary for Sesbania sp. PL Se-17. The effect on grain yield and N uptake of rice was equivalent to an application of 122 and 78 kg ha−1 of chemical N, for the two species, respectively. There was no residual effect of the green manuring on the soil N status after rice harvest.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00257915
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The impact of protozoa on the availability of bacterial nitrogen to plants (1989)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 8 (1989), S. 13-18 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Bacteria ; Protozoa ; Predation ; Nitrogen ; Mineralization ; Plant uptake ; Soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Microbial N from 15N-labelled bacterial biomass was investigated in a microcosm experiment, in order to determine its availability to wheat plants. Sterilized soil was inoculated with either bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa alone or with a suspension of a natural bacterial population from the soil) or bacteria and protozoa to examine the impact of protozoa. Plant biomass, plant N, soil inorganic N and bacterial and protozoan numbers were determined after 14 and 35 days of incubation. The protozoa reduced bacterial numbers in soil by a factor of 8, and higher contents of soil inorganic N were found in their presence. Plant uptake of N increased by 20010 in the presence of protozoa. Even though the total plant biomass production was not affected, the shoot: root ratios increased in the presence of protozoa, which is considered to indicate an improved plant nutrient supply. The presence of protozoa resulted in a 65010 increase in mineralization and uptake of bacterial 15N by plants. This effect was more pronounced than the protozoan effect on N derived from soil organic matter. It is concluded that grazing by protozoa strongly stimulates the mineralization and turnover of bacterial N. The mineralization of soil organic N was also shown to be promoted by protozoa.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00260510
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Factors affecting N release of urea from reactive layer coated urea (1988)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 16 (1988), S. 273-284 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Nitrogen ; coated fertilizer ; slow-release fertilizer ; RLCU
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract An experimental fertilizer called reactive layer coated urea (RLCU) has been developed by coating urea with a mixture of diisocyanate and polyol in the presence of a catalyst. The hard, durable layer that is formed on the granule conveys slow-release character to the product. A series of soil incubation tests were conducted under simulated upland conditions for periods up to 56 days to study the effect of factors such as temperature, pH, soil moisture, and organic C additions on N release. The N release rate from RLCU was shown to be increased with increasing temperature and decreasing coating thickness. It was unaffected by the addition of lime to raise the pH or organic carbon sources to increase microbial activity. Although a slight effect of soil moisture was noted, it was not pronounced. Urea release tended to be in two stages — a constant diffusive stage in which, it is postulated, urea was still dissolving within the granule and diffusing to the soil at a constant rate and a slower logarithmic stage where the rate of release decreased with time.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01051376
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Africa — how much fertilizer needed: Case study of Sierra Leone (1988)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 17 (1988), S. 101-118 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Nitrogen ; phosphorus ; potassium ; organic matter ; fallow ; forecasting ; fertilizer requirement ; Sierra Leone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The quantities of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium supplied by an ‘average’ African soil cleared from bush fallow, assuming no losses, were approximated. Values ranged from 23 to 120 Kg N ha−1, 1.8 to 12 Kg P ha−1, 47 to 187 Kg K ha−1, depending on type of fallow, length of fallow, drainage and extent of depletion of native supplies. Additional amounts of 4 to 5 Kg N ha−1, 4 to 6 Kg P ha−1 and 14 to 20 Kg K ha−1 are obtained from the ash. Using crop nutrient removal data and approximate efficiencies of native and fertilizer N, P and K, fertilizer requirements at the reconnaissance level were estimated for selected target yields. For newly cleared uplands at cropping/fallow ratio of 2:7, N fertilizer requirements for cassava (30 t ha−1), maize (4 t ha−1), and sweet potato (16 t ha−1), were 138, 98, 42 kg ha−1 respectively. Wetland rice (4 t ha−1) required 55 kg N ha−1. Corresponding P fertilizer requirements for cassava, maize, sweet potato, upland rice (1.5 t ha−1) and ground-nut (1 t ha−1) were 190, 80, 30, 30 and 16 kg P ha−1 respectively. Wetland rice required 83 kg P ha−1. Substantial residual values of applied P are to be expected. Cassava required 60 kg ha−1 of K on newly cleared land. In soils of lowered nutrient status higher N, P, and K fertilizer requirements were indicated for all crops. Land use data from Sierra Leone were used to illustrate how the total quantities of N, P and K fertilizers in a country in the forest zone of Africa can be approximated. Fertilizer needs in Sierra Leone were in decreasing order P 〉 N ≫ K. N, P and K requirements were estimated to be 10,000 t, 20,000 t and 4,000 t respectively. The nutrient balance sheet method described in this paper is a useful tool to estimate the order of magnitude of fertilizer requirement at selected target yields for countries in Africa.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01050271
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Review and simplification of calculations in15N tracer studies (1989)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 20 (1989), S. 11-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Nitrogen ; nitrogen isotopes ; fertilizers ; 15N balance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Calculations in nitrogen (N) balance research using15N involve several steps that require care to avoid errors. The objective of this paper is to provide examples of these calculations using established procedures and to present shortened alternative calculations that give the same result. The calculations examined include determination of the amount of N to apply, determination of the atom %15N abundance needed in the labeled fertilizer, preparation of the labeled fertilizer, and calculation of the fertilizer N recovered. Calculations needed in the preparation of the labeled fertilizer using established procedures include the determination of the mean atomic weight of the enriched source from which the labeled fertilizer is prepared. This determination is not needed in the shortened alternative calculations, because the procedure places the calculations on a mole basis rather than a mass basis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01055396
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A concise simulation model for interpreting N-fertilizer trials (1984)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 5 (1984), S. 355-369 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Nitrogen ; fertilizer ; dynamic model ; sugar beet
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A concise model is described for calculating day-to-day increments in nitrogen uptake and dry matter of crops grown with different levels of N-fertilizer. Inputs are the initial distribution of inorganic-N down the profile, the maximum yield, the maximum depth of rooting, and the mineralization rate. The validity of the model was tested against measurements of the %N and total dry weights of storage roots and foliage in nine N-fertilizer trials with sugar beet, six of which included both irrigated and unirrigated treatments. Agreement between the model and experiment was good except in one experiment severely attacked by virus yellows. Simulation studies with the model indicated that no simple correlation would be expected between N fertilizer requirement and any single indicator of N availability for crops grown under a wide range of conditions in the UK.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01049116
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modelling nutrient flux and interspecies root competition in agroforestry interplantings (1989)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 8 (1989), S. 257-265 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: Nitrogen ; phosphorus ; potassium ; rooting density ; root biomass
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Nutrient competition between interplanted species is investigated using mechanistic modelling. Though tree and crop plant roots may occupy the same soil volume, nutrient competition is seen to be dependent on soil supply mechanisms. Model simulations illustrate the effects of nutrient diffusion rate, mobility/soil interaction, root diameter, soil moisture content, and rooting density on nutrient concentration gradients governing uptake adjacent to plant roots. These factors, unique for each nutrient and soil, combine to determine the potential for competition in agroforestry plantings. Nutrient competition is most likely for the more mobile nutrients and mechanistic modelling can be used to select tree and crop species with superior rooting and physiological characteristics for interplantings to better manage below-ground competition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00129653
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cation exchange capacity of plant roots in relation to nutrients uptake by shoot and grain as influenced by age (1980)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 55 (1980), S. 215-224 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: CEC ; Iron ; Manganese ; Nitrogen ; Organic matter ; Paddy ; Phosphorus ; Potassium ; Uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Four varieties of each paddy and wheat crops were grown in pots to see their cation exchange capacities of roots and their relationships with the uptake of nutrients by shoot and grain at different physiological growth stages. The results are summarised, as follows: (i) The cation exchange capacity of roots was maximum at tillering stage which continued to decrease with an increase in the age of plants. At early stages of plant growth, significant differences in the root CEC of different varieties of paddy and wheat were recorded but the differences became almost narrow in later stages of plant life and ultimately the CEC of roots became almost similar, in all the varieties as the crops reached to maturity. Higher root CEC of paddy varieties were observed than wheat varieties throughout their physiological growth. (ii) Uptake of phosphorus, potassium, iron and manganese by shoot and grain was found significantly and positively correlated with the CEC of roots in most of the varieties of both, paddy and wheat crops throughout their plant life.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02181801
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitrogen transformation processes in relation to improved cultural practices for lowland rice (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 100 (1987), S. 47-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Ammonia volatilization ; Denitrification ; Nitrogen ; Rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Inappropriate method and timing of N fertilizer application was found to result in 50–60% N losses. Recent nitrogen transformation studies indicate that NH3 volatilization in lowland rice soils is an important loss mechanism, causing a 5–47% loss of applied fertilizer under field conditions. Estimated denitrification losses were between 28 and 33%. Ammonia volatilization losses from lowland rice can be controlled by i) placement of fertilizer in the reduced layer and proper timing of application, ii) using phenylphosphorodiamidate (PPD) to delay urease activity in flooded soils, and iii) using algicides to help stabilize changes in floodwater pH. Appropriate fertilizer placement and timing is probably the most effective technique in controlling denitrification at the farm level. The effectivity of nitrification inhibitors as another method is still being evaluated. With 60–80% of N absorbed by the crop derived from the native N pool, substantial yield gains in lowland rice are highly possible with resources already in the land. Extensive studies on soil N and its management, and an understanding of soil N dynamics will greatly facilitate the decrease in immobilization and ammonium fixation in the soil and the increase in N availability to the rice crop. Critical research needs include greater emphasis on N transformation processes in rainfed lowland rice which is grown under more harsh and variable environmental regimes than irrigated lowland rice.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370932
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of different fertilizers on nett gain or loss of soil nitrogen in long-term manure and fertilizer applications (1980)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 57 (1980), S. 159-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Crop rotations ; Fertilizers ; Lime ; Manures ; Nitrogen ; Nutrient ; Phosphorus ; Potassium ; Removal ; Weedicide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The nett gain or loss of total soil nitrogen was worked out from a long-term manure and fertilizer experiment conducted for seven years and still continuing at Ranchi Agricultural College, Kanke, Ranchi India. The total nitrogen in soil showed a deficit balance where lower and unbalanced doses of fertilizers were applied. Increasing levels of fertilizer combinations with lime removed the highest amount of nitrogen in intensive cropping. The nett loss was highest (95 kg/ha) in case of control, at 100% NPK the nett gain was 37 kg N per ha, and at 150% NPK 72 kg N per ha which was the highest.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02211675
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mineralization of15N-labelled legume residues in soils with different nitrogen contents and its uptake by Rhodes grass (1980)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 57 (1980), S. 237-248 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Mineralization ; Nitrogen ; Residues ; Rhodes grass ; Soil N
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Soil was collected from pots that had grown 1,3 or 6 soybean (Glycine max) or Siratro (Macroptillium atropurpureum) crops that had received organic residue returns from each crop.15N-labelled residues were added to half the pots in the experiment and the other half left unamended. Half of each group was then sown to Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana) which was grown, under glasshouse conditions, for 12 weeks. Ten grams of organic matter residues were added to each pot (1.5 kg soil) and the pots subjected to two wetting and drying cycles. At the end of the second wet cycle, soil mineral N values ranged from 6 to 64 ppm in unamended soils and from 19 to 177 ppm in amended soils. These levels generally declined over a 12 week period both in the presence and absence of sown grass. Nitrogen uptake by the grass increased with the number of previous cycles and was higher in Siratro than soybean soils. Recovery of15N by plant growth from the incorporated soybean residues was little effected by previous crop history and averaged 15.4%. On the other hand, Siratro recoveries were 13.7, 42.4 and 55.5% from soils that had grown 1, 3 and 6 previous Siratro crops, respectively. The addition of organic residues stimulated the release of native organic N (positive priming effect) on all soils. These results show that the turnover rate of nitrogen from organic residues can be high and the net result of these additions depends on the nature of the organic residues and the soil system to which they are added. These data emphasise the need to consider the rate of nutrient turnover from organic sources rather than concentrate on the nature and size of the resident nutrient pools.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02211684
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  • 16
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    Effects of acid irrigation and liming on two clones of Norway spruce (1980)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 57 (1980), S. 305-321 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Aluminium ; Acid precipitation ; Calcium ; Calcium carbonate ; Clone ; Iron ; Magnesium ; Manganese ; Nitrogen ; Picea abies ; Phosphorus ; Potassium ; Sulphate ; Sulphur
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effect of acid irrigation on the growth of rooted cuttings ofPicea abies (L.) Karst, was investigated in a pot experiment lasting 3 years. It involved two clones of Norway spruce, H 253 Bogstad I and H 254 Bogstad II. Irrigation water of pH 5.4, 4.0, 3.0 and 2.5 was used. Liming was included in the experiment. After the experimental period, the plants of all treatments were growing reasonably well. However, those plants irrigated at pH 2.5 were slightly discoloured. The plant mortality was only 3% throughout the experiment, and was not connected to acid irrigation. The limiting growth factor was N. All other nutrient elements measured in the plants were close to optimal concentration. Plants irrigated at pH 2.5, and to some extent at pH 3, contained excessively high concentrations of Al, t-S and SO4. The total amount of Ca, Fe and Mn taken up by the plants decreased with increasing soil acidity. The increased growth of clone H 254 relative to H 253, produces a corresponding impression on soil characteristics. Soil acidity is governed by acid irrigation and CaCO3 application, but the clonal effects are also of importance. Norway spruce appears to be tolerant to Al concentrations as high as 50 mmol/kg in the needles.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02211689
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  • 17
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    The effect of lime on nitrogen mineralization as measured by grass growth (1981)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 60 (1981), S. 177-186 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Aluminium ; Bacteria ; Fungi ; Lime ; Mineralization ; Nitrogen ; pH ; Pot ; trial ; Ryegrass
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effect of rates of lime and nitrogen on the growth of ryegrass (Lolium perenne) was measured in a pot experiment using two yellow-brown earth steepland soils (pH 5.1 and 5.3). Nitrogen or raising the soil pH above 5.8–6.0 markedly increased growth on both soils. Negative lime×N interactions on both soils together with other data indicated that an increase in the rate of mineralization of N was the major effect of lime. Numbers of bacteria and fungi as measured by plate counts were not increased by liming and hence the increased rate of mineralization of N was attributed to increased microbial activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374102
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  • 18
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    Effect of legume cropping and organic matter accumulation on the infiltration rate and structural stability of a granite soil under a simulated tropical environment (1981)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 60 (1981), S. 11-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Infiltration ; Legumes ; Nitrogen ; Physical fertility ; Tropics ; Structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary An experiment was conducted under a simulated tropical environment to examine the effect of legume cropping on the infiltration rate and aggregate stability of a sandy granite soil. The stability of aggregates 〉2 mm increased from 47.3% in soil on which one siratro crop had been grown to 61.6% where six crops had been grown. In a soil on which soybeans had been grown this increase was from 39.4 to 77.1%. Infiltration rate (IR) was measured over a 30 min. period using a constant 2.5 cm head. IR in the 0 to 5 min. time period was related to soil total nitrogen by the relationship y=158.5x−0.738, (R=0.87**) where y=infiltration rate and x=soil total N(%). Beyond 5 minutes IR was determined by the sub-soil permeability. These results demonstrate the beneficial effects of legume cropping on infiltration rate and structural stability and the difficulty of improving soil water relations in soils with impermeable sub-soils.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02377108
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  • 19
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    The productivity of pine plantations in relation to previous land use (1981)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 60 (1981), S. 161-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Aggregation ; Forests ; Land use ; Mycorrhiza ; Nitrogen ; Pasture ; Phosphorus ; Pine productivity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Differences in the productivity of establishedP. radiata plantations on pasture and forest soils were found to be reproducible withP. radiata seedlings in a glasshouse environment. The growth of seedlings on pasture soil exceeded that of seedlings on native forest soil (the ‘primary pasture effect’). After a history of pine on both native and pasture soils a residual effect of pasture on seedling growth was evident (the ‘secondary pasture effect’). However, the effect of a history of pine plantation (the ‘pine effect’) was to decrease the productivity of both native and pasture soil as assessed by seedling growth. These effects were not related to changes due to land management in mycorrhizal infection or in soil structure. The analysis of seedling growth leads to the conclusion that soil fertility, particularly the availability of nitrogen and phosphorus, has changed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374101
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    Balance sheet of soil phosphorus and potassium as influenced by intensive cropping and fertilizer use (1981)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 60 (1981), S. 187-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Fertilizer ; Intensive cropping ; Lime ; Multiple cropping ; Manure ; Nutrient removal ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Potassium ; Weedicide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The balance sheet of phosphorus and potassium were worked out from a long term manure and fertilizer experiment conducted for eight years and is still continuing at Ranchi Agricultural College, Kanke, Ranchi, India. Increasing levels of fertilizer combination with organic manure and lime give the highest yield as well as removed the highest amount of phosphorus and potassium from the soil and gave the positive gain of soil phosphorus and potassium in intensive cropping. The highest gains of 59.0 and 278.0 kg/ha of phosphorus and potassium respectively were recorded in 150% NPK application.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374103
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    Effect of nitrogen and zinc on the yield of submerged rice and uptake of N and Zn on unlimed and limed soils (1981)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 62 (1981), S. 183-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Liming ; Nitrogen ; Rice ; Submerged rice ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effect of N and Zn on the yield of submerged rice and uptake of N and Zn was studied on limed and unlimed soils in greenhouse. Nitrogen was applied at the rate of 0,80 and 160 ppm through urea, ammonium sulphate and ammonium nitrate, Zn at 0 and 10 ppm in limed (4% CaCO3) and unlimed soils. Liming (4% CaCO3) decreased dry matter yield of rice at tillering, heading and straw and grain at maturity significantly against unlimed treatments. Ammonium sulphate gave highest yield with all applied doses followed by ammonium nitrate and urea. Zinc at 10 ppm increased dry matter and grain yield significantly over no Zn treatment in rice. The N sources gave N concentration and uptake in rice plants in decreasing order: $$Ammonium sulphate 〉 Ammonium nitrate 〉 Urea.$$ The highest N concentration was recorded with 160 ppm followed by 80 ppm N through any source and lowest in control. The application of Zn increased and liming decreased N concentration and uptake by rice at all sampling stages. Highest N concentration (2.37 to 3.92%) was observed at tillering followed at heading (0.48 to 1.05%). At maturity N in grain ranged from 0.69 to 1.13% whereas in straw from 0.24 to 0.41%. There were positive significant interactions of N(S) x N(L), N(S) and N(L) x Zn and negative interaction with lime on yield, N concentration (%) and N uptake (mg/pot). The application of N sources and levels and Zn increased Zn uptake (μg/pot), and liming decreased it. But 160 ppm N through any source decreased straw Zn concentration over 80 ppm N in absence of added Zn, however, effects on grain were not so strong particularly that of 160 ppm, when 10 ppm Zn was also added even 160 ppm N increased Zn concentration over 80 ppm significantly in both straw and grain. In this case the effect of N sources on Zn concentration was in the order: $$Ammonium sulphate 〉 Urea 〉 Ammonium nitrate.$$
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374083
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    The effect of ammonium and nitrate nitrogen sources on copper uptake and amino acid status of cereals (1981)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 62 (1981), S. 279-290 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Amino acids ; Ammonium ; Copper ; Barley ; Nitrate ; Nitrogen ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effects of different nitrogen sources (NH4, NO3, and NH4 NO3) on the uptake of copper by wheat and barley growing in solution culture were compared in three experiments. Both the copper concentration and weight gain of shoots and roots were found to decrease in the order NO3〉NH4 NO3〉NH4 irrespective of the solution copper concentration. Ammonium nitrogen was also found to decrease the copper concentration of wheat grown on a copper deficient soil compared with a nitrate source of nitrogen. Increasing concentrations of ammonium ions in solution culture caused ammonium toxicity and reduced both plant copper concentrations and vegetative yield. Biochemical investigations using paper chromatography revealed that the amino acid asparagine was the major detoxification product of ammonia in wheat. Copper deficient plants were found to have elevated levels of amino acids compared with controls, irrespective of the nitrogen source.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374091
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    Effect of zinc, phosphorus and nitrogen on tryptophan concentration in rice grains grown on limed and unlimed soils (1981)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 62 (1981), S. 305-308 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Liming ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Rice ; Tryptophan ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effects of Zn, P, N and CaCO3 on tryptophan concentration in rice grain were studied in greenhouse at Haryana Agricultural University. Zinc application upto 20 ppm increased tryptophan concentration in rice grain. Zn-EDTA gave highest increase followed by ZnSO4 and then ZnO. Liming at the rate of 4 and 8 per cent decreased tryptophan concentration significantly. Phosphorus application upto 100 ppm also decreased tryptophan significantly but Zn in combination with P increased tryptophan and overcame negative effect of P. Nitrogen application upto 120 ppm increased tryptophan concentration. There was positive interaction between Zn and N. Ammonium sulphate gave highest tryptophan followed by ammonium nitrate and then urea. The tryptophan concentration ranged between 766 ppm and 2011 ppm in paddy grain. The lowest tryptophan concentration was in the plants treated with 8 per cent lime in absence of added Zn and highest with 10 ppm Zn through Zn-EDTA.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374094
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    Distributional gradients and variability of macroelement concentrations in the crowns of plantation grownPinus resinosa (AIT.) (1981)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 63 (1981), S. 345-353 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Foliage age ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Potassium ; Red pine ; Tissue sampling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The vertical distribution of inorganic nutrient concentrations in red pine were dependent on the foliage age. Older foliage did not show an average vertical gradient while younger foliage did show a significant gradient. Horizontal gradients across foliage age classes in a branch whorl were consistent for all branch whorls, but the relative difference between the concentration of the current foliage and foliage three years-old or older was dependent on crown position. Coefficients of variation (CV) did not show a variability gradient in the crown for nitrogen and phosphorus. Variability of potassium tended to decrease as foliage age increased.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370035
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    Nitrate reductase and nitrogenase activities of common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) from different geographic locations (1981)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 63 (1981), S. 427-438 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Assimilation ; Fixation ; Nitrate reductase ; Nitrogen ; Nitrogenase ; Phaseolus vulgaris ; Temperate cultivar ; Tropical cultivar
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Cultivars ofPhaseolus vulgaris (L.) from contrasting geographic locations were cultivated under fields conditions for measurements of nitrogenase and nitrate reductase activities. A first trial with two cultivars indicated that a tropical cultivar B-789 has a higher nitrogenase activity than a temperate one Elsa. And the converse was true for the nitrate reductase activity. While where a post flowering application was made, a renewal of nitrate reductase activity occurred. Further similar comparisons of both enzymatic activities upon eight tropical and temperate cultivars of equivalent vegetative cycles indicated, on the average, that tropical cultivars have a higher level of (C2H2) reduction and a lower nitrate reductase activity than temperature cultivars. These observations suggest that there exists an inverse relationship between the two enzymatic activities in common beans, and there probably exists genetic variability for a possible improvement of N-fixation ability. An early application of N-fertiliser upon the Elsa and B-789 plots promotes later nitrogenase activity while a post flowering application shows obvious a renewal of nitrate reductase activity. Thus, analyses of nitrate reductase and nitrogenase activities of a common bean crop at different physiological stages may give us an indication of the best time to apply supplementary nitrogen fertilisation to common beans to increase seed yield.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370042
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    Effects of a soil fulvic acid on the growth and nutrient content of cucumber (Cucumis sativus) plants (1981)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 63 (1981), S. 491-495 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Calcium ; Copper ; Flowers ; Iron ; Leaves ; Magnesium ; Nitrogen ; Nutrient uptake ; Phosphorus ; Potassium ; Koots ; Shoots ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) plants were grown in Hoagland solution to which 20 to 2000 ppm of a soil fulvic acid (FA) were added. The addition of 100 to 300 ppm of FA produced highly significant increases in the growth and development of above and below ground plant parts, in the uptake of nutrient elements (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe and Zn), and in the formation of numbers of flowers per plant. Effects of adding 500 and more ppm of FA were less beneficial.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370049
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    Nutrition ofPinus caribaea in its native savanna habitat (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 64 (1982), S. 381-391 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; Calcium ; Fertility ; Forestry ; Magnesium ; Nitrogen ; Nutrients ; Phosphorus ; Pinus caribaea ; Potassium ; Savanna ; Sodium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Fertility levels in soils beneathPinus caribaea trees were examined in the Mountain Pine Ridge savannas, Belize, where fire control has precipitated the development of pine woodland. Slight surface soil enrichment was recorded beneath pine canopies, but to levels well below those found beneath associated hardwoods. Estimates of total nutrient pools beneath trees showed modest cation accumulation beneath a 73 year old tree but some defecits in Ca and Mg beneath a 24 year old tree. A tap root cutting experiment on trees of the same species revealed no significant declines in foliar nutrient levels after 19 months. It is concluded that no pronounced long-term deterioration in soil fertility levels is developing beneath stands ofP. caribaea in the savanna, although some temporary nutrient declines may exist beneath young pine stands. Atmospheric inputs are the most likely source of nutrient accretion and it is suggested that the establishment of hardwood associates with pine may enhance the rates of nutrient capture from this source.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02372521
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    Macronutrient content in leaves of bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris, L.) grown with differents rates of N/S as fertilizers (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 65 (1982), S. 421-424 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Bean ; Fertilizers ; Macroelements ; Nitrogen ; Phaseolus vulgaris ; Sulphur
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effect of increasing rates of nitrogen (N) and sulphur (S) as fertilizers on the yield, leaf area and N, P, S, Ca, Mg, NO3 − and SO4 = content in leaves of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris, L.) were studied in a hydroponic culture experiment under greenhouse conditions. Bean plants responded significantly to all treatments with differents N/S ratios. When plants grew with high N/S ratios, the leaf content of N, Ca and NO3 − increased while the content of K, P and SO4 = decreased. However, optimal yield and leaf area were not obtained. Optimal leaf and fruit dry matter was obtained at N/S ratio value of 1.41. When lower N/S rates were used, optimal leaf and fruit dry matter was only observed when the leaf N/S ratio was between 15 and 16. At high sulphate levels in the nutrient solution there is no interaction with nitrate which is easily observed, resulting in an increase in yield. An interaction between nitrate and sulphate in the nutrient solution was found at a N/S ratio of 0.81 which produced in leaves a synergic effect between P-K, an antagonistic effect between N-P and N-K and a lower yield.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02375063
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    Response of irrigated dry-seeded rice to nitrogen and phosphorus in a semi-arid environment (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 65 (1982), S. 429-432 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Dry-seeded rice ; Nitrogen ; Oryza sativa L. ; Phosphorus ; Semi-arid environment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Under semi-arid conditions, three field experiments were conducted at Gezira Research Station to determine response of irrigated dry-seeded rice (Oryza sativa L. var IR 2053-206-1-3-6) to addition of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers. The experimental treatments included the factorial combinations of seven levels of nitrogen applied as urea and four levels of phosphorus applied as super phosphate. Plant growth and grain yield were significantly and progressively increased with the rise in the levels of added nitrogen and phosphorus. However, response to added phosphorus was restricted by the applied level of nitrogen. The responses of grain yield to nitrogen and phosphorus levels are given by quadratic regression equations. Without addition of nitrogen or phosphorus grain yield averaged 1.52 t/ha compared to 6.07 t/ha with addition of the optimal levels (160 kg N plus 35 kg P/ha). The high potential for rice production in semi-arid environment is evidently restricted by addition of relatively high rates of nitrogen and phosphorus.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02375065
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    The effect of deep placement and surface application of nitrogen fertilizers at different light intensities on growth and yield of wetland rice (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 68 (1982), S. 341-351 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Deep placement ; Light intensity ; Nitrate ; Nitrogen ; Oryza sativa L. ; Rice ; Surface application ; Urea ; Wetland rice ; Yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Lowland rice (RD 3) was cultivated in containers of clay soil submerged with 5 cm water under controlled conditions in the phytotron. Deep placement of urea supergranules 5 cm in the soil significantly enhanced both plant growth and fertilizer efficiency when the plants were cultivated under high light intensity (70 Wm−2). At the highest urea level grain yield increased 119% above the control level, while growth and fertilizer efficiency was not as high when deep placement of calcium nitrate was used. The application of urea prills and calcium nitrate (18.4g Nm−2) in two split doses on the soil surface increased grain yield as much as 91% above the control level. At the lower nitrogen concentration (9.2 g N m−2), the urea prills were more efficient than calcium nitrate as indicated by the grain yield. The height of those plants fertilized by surface application was affected by the concentration and not the type of fertilizer. The number of tillers, however, was significantly higher on urea fertilized plants. When the rice plants were cultivated under low light intensity 930 Wm−2), neither the nitrogen fertilizers nor the method of application had a significant effect on growth and yield.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02197939
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    Nutrient accumulation byPinus caribaea in its native savanna habitat (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 69 (1982), S. 105-118 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Calcium ; Fertility ; Forestry ; Magnesium ; Nitrogen ; Nutrients ; Phosphorus ; Pinus caribaea ; Potassium ; Savanna
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Concentrations of P, N, K, Ca, and Mg in above-ground tissues ofP. caribaea were sampled in the species'native savanna habitat. Concentrations were relatively low, but some evidence of higher consumption of K and Ca was found in trees grown on more fertile soils. Regressions were developed to predict the quantities of nutrients sequestered in above-ground tree tissues, and estimates made of the quantities stored in above-ground stands of this species in its native habitat and in several plantations elsewhere. Estimates were also made of the nutrient removals to be expected by harvesting these stands in different ways. Nutrient quantities stored in stands generally exceed those extractable from savanna surface soils, and it is suggested that inputs from the atmosphere are the most probable alternate nutrient source. A comparison of these inputs for tropical areas with the quantities required for stand growth in the savanna, and harvesting removals, suggests that an adequate supply of all elements except P exists, provided that capture by pine is effective. However, atmospheric inputs generally fall below the storage and harvest removal rates for fast growing exotic plantations of this species suggesting that multiple rotations of these plantations at current growth rates may not be feasible without artifical fertilization.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02185709
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    Removal of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium by rice-wheat double cropping system as affected by duration of rice variety, methods of planting rice and levels and sources of nitrogen (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 70 (1983), S. 287-295 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Neem cake coated urea ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Potassium ; Rice ; Rice-wheat ; Sulphur coated urea ; Urea ; Urea briquette
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Removal of NPK in the rice-wheat double cropping system was studied in a field experiment conducted for two crop years (1977–79) at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi. The double cropping system producing 8×103 kg/ha/yr grain (4.5×103 kg rice and 3.5×103 kg wheat) removed 166 kg N, 35 kg P and 174 kg K per hectare per year. Thus the rice-wheat double cropping system heavily depletes the soils of their NPK content and calls for balanced fertilization for continued high production. NPK removal was higher when a 135-day duration rice variety was grown than when a 105-day duration variety was grown, because the former resulted in overall (rice + wheat) more grains and straw. Similarly grain and straw yield and NPK removal was more with transplanted rice than when sprouted rice seeds were sown on puddled seedbed; the latter method was in turn superior to direct drilling. Use of urea briquette, neem cake coated urea and sulphur coated urea gave higher yields and resulted in removal of more NPK than prilled urea.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374787
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    Nitrogen nutrition, photosynthesis and carbon allocation in ectomycorrhizal pine (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 71 (1983), S. 415-431 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Carbon allocation ; Light Mycorrhizas ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Photosynthesis ; Pinus contorta ; Pinus taeda ; Pisolithus tinctorius ; Respiration ; Source-sink ; Suillus granulatus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Studies examined net photosynthesis (Pn) and dry matter production of mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizalPinus taeda at 6 intervals over a 10-month period. Pn rates of mycorrhizal plants were consistently greater than nonmycorrhizal plants, and at 10 months were 2.1-fold greater. Partitioning of current photosynthate was examined by pulse-labelling with14CO2 at each of the six time intervals. Mycorrhizal plants assimilated more14CO2, allocated a greater percentage of assimilated14C to the root systems, and lost a greater percentage of14C by root respiration than did nonmycorrhizal plants. At 10 months, the quantity of14CO2 respired by roots per unit root weight was 3.6-fold greater by mycorrhizal than nonmycorrhizal plants. Although the stimulation of photosynthesis and translocation of current photosynthate to the root system by mycorrhiza formation was consistent with the source-sink concept of sink demand, foliar N and P concentrations were also greater in mycorrhizal plants. Further studies examined Pn and dry matter production ofPinus contorta in response to various combinations of N fertilization (3, 62, 248 ppm), irradiance and mycorrhizal fungi inoculation. At 16 weeks of age, 6 weeks following inoculation with eitherPisolithus tinctorius orSuillus granulatus, Pn rates and biomass were significantly greater in mycorrhizal than nonmycorrhizal plants. Mycorrhizal plants had significantly greater foliar %P, but not %N, than did nonmycorrhizal plants. Fertilization with 62 ppm N resulted in greater mycorrhiza formation than either 3 or 248 ppm. Increased irradiance resulted in increased mycorrhiza formation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02182683
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    Agronomical and physiological aspects of the role of nitrogen in yield formation of cereals (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 75 (1983), S. 379-391 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Crop development ; Grain yield ; Nitrogen ; Nitrogen dressing ; Nitrogen economy ; Nitrogen harvest-index ; Soil Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Nitrogen exerts its influence on crop growth and grain yield in various ways. Early top dressings or a high level of soil nitrogen stimulate tiller formation and leaf growth, which results in an increase of shoot dry weight and leaf area index. Late top dressings promote the survival of ear-bearing tillers, grain set and leaf area duration. Nitrogen compounds for grain growth are mainly supplied by the vegetative aerial parts (65–80%); the remainder originating from uptake and relocation by the roots after anthesis. The proportion of the total amount of nitrogen present in the grains, the nitrogen harvest-index, centers around 0.78 under optimum conditions. The recommendations for nitrogen dressing are based on the amount of residual soil nitrogen and on the requirement of the crop in the given environment. Both components may vary considerably due to environmental constraints. Despite inaccuracies in the assessment of mineral nitrogen content of the soil and the predicted nitrogen requirement of the crop, the recommendations for splitting nitrogen dressing in winter wheat have considerably improved the efficient use of nitrogen fertilizer.
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    The uptake of soil and fertilizer-nitrogen by barley growing under Scottish climatic conditions (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 76 (1984), S. 49-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Ammonium ; Barley ; Fertilizer ; Mineralization ; Nitrate ; Nitrogen ; Nitrogen-15
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Field experiments were carried out using15N-labelled calcium nitrate, to investigate the relative uptake by barley of fertilizer-N and soil-N. On imperfectly drained till soils uptake of soil-N increased with increasing rate of fertilizer, but remained constant on a brown sand, possibly due to more efficient root exploration in the latter soil. In four out of five seasons, late uptake of soil-derived N was a major feature, and uptake from ploughed soil as compared with uptake from direct-drilled soil was correlated with seasonal rainfall patterns. Significantly higher quantities of both fertilizer- and soil-derived N were taken up by winter barley than by spring barley, reflecting the longer growth period and higher dry matter yield from the former crop.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02205566
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    Biological and biochemical analysis of soils (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 76 (1984), S. 127-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Adenylate pool ; Biomass volume ; CO2 evolution ; Chitin ; DNA ; Electron microscopy ; Enzymes ; Fluorescent antibody ; Fumigation-respiration ; Fungi Histochemistry ; Imunofluorecence ; Jones-Mollison technique ; Microcosms ; Monoclonal antibodies ; Nitrogen ; Nutrients ; Oxygen consumption ; Phosphorus ; Phytotoxins ; Plate counts ; Rhizobium ; Rhizosphere ; Sulphur ; Xenobiotics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary There is an immense literature on biological and biochemical analyses of soils. Such analyses have revealed the enormous richness of species in soil and their vast range of metabolic potentials and ecological diversity. Accordingly, the approaches used to investigate the soil biota and its biochemistry usually have to be modified or adapted depending upon the purpose of the investigation. Studies of micro-organisms in the soil environment, are complicated because microbial cells are commonly attached to surfaces where they live side-by-side with other populations in consortia usually containing different morphological and physiological types. Such assemblages of organisms cannot be described quantitatively using cultural techniques, such as plate counts, which underestimate both cell numbers and viable biomass. The development of more powerful observational and staining techniques has improved our knowledge of the diverse morphological and biochemical composition of soil micro-communities. Such findings have been amplified at a grosser level by laboratory studies with multi-component systems (microcosms) to mimic field situations and to assess the range of biochemical potentials of microbial consortia. But despite notable advances in analytical methods we are still, with a few exceptions, unable to detect or identify those microorganisms which carry out specific biochemical transformations or determine whether particular cells are alive, dormant or dead at the time of observation. Considerable work has been done to define some of the fundamental ecological attributes of microbial assemblages in soil. Productive work on the metabolic activities of the soil microbiota, specially geochemical transformations of C, N, S and P, has been under way for more than a century. But only in more recent years have more sensitive and reproducible analytical methods become available to measure viable biomass in soil. This will enable some insight to be gained into the role that microbial biomass plays as a labile source and sink for plant nutrients.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02205573
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    Denitrification in field soils (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 76 (1984), S. 213-226 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acetylene ; Arable crops ; Cultivation ; Denitrification ; Drainage ; Gas ; Chromatography ; Grassland ; Inorganic N fertilizer ; Irrigation ; Nitrogen ; Nitrous oxide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Recent denitrification research is reviewed to answer questions a) how much N is lost from the soil as N2 and N2O and b) how do agronomic practices affect this loss? The methods used to quantify denitrification are also discussed. Gaseous losses of inorganic N range between the equivalent of 0 to 20 per cent of the fertilizer N applied to arable soils and 0–7 per cent on grassland soils. Losses are greater on undrained land and also after using direct drilling to establish arable crops. Appendix 1 summarizes reported measurements of gaseous N losses.
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    Concepts of soil organic matter transformations in relation to organo-mineral particle size fractions (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 76 (1984), S. 287-295 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Carbon ; Concepts ; Cultivation effects ; Nitrogen ; Nitrogen-15 ; Organic matter models ; Particle size fractions ; Phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Changes in the composition of organo-mineral particle size fractions as a result of cultivation of a grassland soil are discussed with reference to models of soil organic matter formation and turnover. The data presented indicated that physically stabilized organic matter is an important reservoir, with an intermediate turnover time, which is responsible for nutrient supply in agricultural soils. Possible mechanisms of stabilization and mobilization of organic matter are presented in the light of the arrangement of organic and inorganic components of the soil.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02205587
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    Litterfall and nutrient returns in red alder stands in western Washington (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 79 (1984), S. 343-351 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Alnus rubra ; Aluminum ; Annual returns ; Essential elements ; Litterfall ; Leaf litter ; Nitrogen ; Nutrients ; Red alder
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Litterfall was collected over 1 year from eight natural stands of red alder growing on different sites in western Washington. The stands occurred at various elevations and on different soils, and differed in age, basal area, and site index. Most litterfall was leaf litter (average 86 percent). Amounts of litterfall and leaf litter varied significantly (P〈0.05) among the sites. Average weights of litterfall and leaf litter in kg ha−1 yr−1, were 5150 and 4440, respectively. Weight of leaf litter was not significantly (P〈0.05) related to site index, stand age, or basal area. The sites varied significantly (P〈0.05) in concentrations of all elements determined in the leaf litter, except Zn. Average chemical concentrations were: N, 1.98 percent; P, 0.09 percent; K, 0.44 percent; Ca, 1.01 percent; Mg, 0.21 percent; S, 0.17 percent; SO4−S, nil; Fe, 324 ppm; Mn, 311 ppm; Zn, 53 ppm; Cu, 13 ppm; and Al, 281 ppm. There were significant correlations between some stand characteristics and concentrations of some elements, and among the different chemical components of the leaf litter. Important correlations were found between stand age and P concentration (r=−0.84,P〈0.01); weight of leaf litter and P concentration (r=0.74,P〈0.05); weight of leaf litter and K concentration (r=0.71,P〈0.05); concentrations of N and S (r=0.81,P〈0.05); and concentrations of Fe and Al (r=0.98,P〈0.01). Returns of the different elements to the soil by leaf litter varied among the different sites. Average nutrient and Al returns, in kg ha−1 yr−1, were: N, 82; Ca, 41; K, 19; Mg, 8; S, 7; P, 4; Fe, 1; Mn, 1; Al, 1; Zn, 0.2, and Cu, 〈0.1.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02184327
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    Growth responses of selected clones of birch (Betula pendula roth.,B. pubescens Ehrh.) and willow (Salix caprea L.,S. cinerea L.) to nitrogen in solution culture (1986)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 92 (1986), S. 209-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Betula ; Clones ; Growth responses ; Nitrogen ; Salix ; Solution culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Growth of selected clones of birch and willow obtained from nitrogen deficient soils was compared with that of unselected controls in pot experiments using three levels of nitrogen. Unselected controls of both genera continued shoot growth, albeit very slowly, with a very low level of nitrogen (5 ppm), while selected clones of birch grew significantly more than the controls. Selected clones of willow, on the other hand, ceased shoot growth after 10 weeks with this low nitrogen treatment. Nevertheless, they remained healthy, their leaves containing similar concentrations of nitrogen to those of the plants which continued stem growth throughout the experiment. Furthermore, they had very high root: shoot ratios compared with those of control willows and both selected and unselected birch. The two genera may have developed different mechanisms for tolerating low nitrogen, birch producing a small, relatively efficient root system; willow a larger but less efficient one. Both appear equally effective in ensuring survival on low-nitrogen sites in the field since all the selected clones were obtained from such sites and have survived well in field trials on similar sites. Both birch and willow responded toincreased nitrogen availability with increasing shoot growth and a relative decline in root growth. However, whereas in willow the unselected plants responded significantly more than selected clones, a similar but less markeddifference was found in birch. It appears that in both genera, as in herbaceous plants originating from nitrogen deficient sites, selected clones are less able to respond to increasing nitrogen supply than control plants from more fertile habitats. Attempts to correlate the response of the selected clones to nitrogen in this experiment with that to added nitrogen fertilizer in field trials has been unsuccessful. Further work is required to determine the importance of the many interacting factors which influence the response of young trees to nitrogen under the unusual field conditions associated with restored mineral workings.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02372635
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    Nutrient cycling and nitrogen mineralization in eucalypt forests of south-eastern Australia (1986)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 92 (1986), S. 319-339 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Eucalypt forests ; Litterfall ; Nitrogen ; Nutrient cycling ; Turnover
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Nutrient pools in litter and soil and the major nutrient transfers and additions in rainfall, throughfall and litterfall were measured in eight mature, undisturbed eucalypt forests covering a range of species, climate, productivity and soil type. Litterfall is the major pathway for the return of N, P, Ca and usually Mg, to the soil. The forests covered almost the range of litterfall reported for eucalypt forests and, in conjunction with published data, litterfall was strongly related to climatic variables. Extractable P in the soil and P concentrations in litter and litterfall were significantly higher in two sub-alpine forests (Eucalyptus pauciflora andE. delegatensis) than in all other forests. In general, nutrient turnover, particularly N turnover, was related to the rate of organic matter turnover. Rates of organic matter turnover in these forests and in other studies of eucalypts were correlated with climatic conditions using the simple climatic scalar developed by Vitousek. Nitrogen turnover, especially that proportion cycling via leaf litterfall is primarily a function of organic matter turnover, but litter quality appears also to have an influence.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02372482
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    Fate of applied nutrients in a long-term superphosphate trial inPinus radiata (1986)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 93 (1986), S. 373-382 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Calcium ; Fertilizer ; Magnesium ; Nitrogen ; Nutrient content ; Phosphorus ; Pinus radiata ; Potassium ; Superphosphate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Nutrient contents of aPinus radiata stand, that is, aboveground tree, understorey, forest floor and soil to 200 mm depth, were estimated in a replicated fertilizer trial, treated 30 years previously. The fertilizer treatments were 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 kg P/ha as broadcast superphosphate. Highly significant growth responses had been obtained to the applied P. Estimation of the P content of the stand showed that 129%, 89%, 72% and 67% of the applied P was found in the 25, 50, 75 and 100 kg P/ha treatments respectively. The larger losses of P at the higher application rates would explain the lack of increased response with the highest application rate, however, it also shows that significant quantities of P are still present after a period of 30 years, giving a basis for growth responses in the subsequent rotations. Elevated quantities of N, Ca, Mg and K were found in the treatments compared with the control and these could not be explained on the basis of atmospheric inputs. For the cations, uptake from deeper in the soil profile could explain most of the effect but not for the higher amounts of N which, in the case of the highest superphosphate treatment, amounted to an accumulation of 27 kg N/ha/yr. These nutrient changes together with increased soil organic matter contents are considered to have provided a long term increase to the site productivity.
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    Copper nutrition of wheat in relation to nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 65 (1982), S. 433-436 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Copper-nutrition ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In a pot culture study, copper addition to soil increased the crop yield only in presence of nitrogen. The latter increased the utilization of both native as well as applied copper but more that of applied. It also minimised the adverse effect of applied phosphorus on copper utilization. Phosphorus at the rate 45 ppm had the tendency of decreasing copper uptake by wheat if applied without nitrogen or with its low level.
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    Competition for nitrogen in a tussock tundra ecosystem (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 66 (1982), S. 317-327 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Carbon ; Competition ; Isotope ; Mosses ; Nitrogen ; Soil microbes ; Tundra ; Vascular plants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The objective was to measure the competition for nitrogen among vascular plants, mosses, and soil microbes along a continuum of nitrogen availability, induced by carbon and nitrogen amendments, in a tussock tundra ecosystem.15N was used as a tracer. Vascular plants showed an increasing15N recovery with increasing time and with increasing nitrogen availability; the latter suggests that nitrogen was limiting vascular plant growth. Green mosses took up15N initially, but showed no significant trends with either treatment or time. There was a higher15N recovery in the soil insoluble compartment for the carbon-amended treatment than in the nitrogen-amended treatments; this suggested that carbon as an energy source limited microbial activity. After two months, the relative15N recovery fell in the order: soil microbes (≈79%)〉vascular plants (≈16%) 〉green mosses (≈2%).
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    Utility of phyllosphere N2-fixing micro-organisms in the improvement of crop growth (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 68 (1982), S. 69-74 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Azotobacter ; chroococeum ; Derxia ; gumnosa ; Klebsiella ; Nitrogen ; fixation ; Phyllosphere ; Triticum aestivum ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Five highly active N2-fixing strains of Klebsiella isolated from the phyllosphere of tropical plants, KUPBR1, KUPBR2, KUPM, KUP4 and KUP6 along withAzotobacter vinelandii OP,A. chroococcum G40 andDerxia gumnosa were sprayed on the foliage of a high yielding wheat cultivar, Kalyansona. The strains of Klebsiella enhanced dry wt., chrorophyll and nitrogen content, and 1000 grain weight. Grain yield in inoculated plants varied between 19.9 and 25.09 quintals ha−1 against 24.34 quintals with urea. Best results were obtained with KUP4 which when applied at half dose was as effective as 52.5 kg Urea-N ha−1. Azotobacter and Derxia only slightly improved growth and nitrogen content of grain or straw.
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    Response of maize toAzotobacter chroococcum (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 69 (1982), S. 265-273 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Azotobacter chroococcum ; Fertilizers ; Farmyard manure ; Nitrogen ; Nitrogen fixation ; Potassium ; Phosphorus ; Yields of grain stover ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Field trials were conducted during theKharif seasons of 1979 and 1980 to examine the effect of the nitrogen-fixing bacteriumAzotobacter chroococcum (isolate M4) on yields of maize and N-economy. Different levels of nitrogen and farmyard manure (FYM) were supplied to assess their interaction with Azotobacter inoculation. Seed inoculation without fertilization raised grain and stover yields significantly. FYM coupled with inoculation gave higher yields than either could singly. The financial gain due to an increase in grain yield upon applying per ha 80 kg N, 10×103 kg FYM and Azotobacter over the treatment 40N + FYM + Azotobacter was offset by the cost of the additional N; thus, the higher N-application was not economical. Azotobacter inoculation was economically most efficient at lower doses of fertilizer nitrogen which not only increased yields but resulted in a saving of fertilizer N when applied in combination with FYM.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374521
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    Total nitrogen uptake by maize with Azotobacter inoculation (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 69 (1982), S. 275-280 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Azotobacter chroococcum ; Fertilizers ; Farmyard manure ; Zea mays ; Maize ; Nitrogen ; Nitrogen fixation ; Phosphorus ; Potassium ; Total nitrogen uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The economic feasibility of using cultures of nitrogen fixing microorganisms in programmes to increase crop production, as a selfgenerating source of nitrogen, has been proved beyond doubtviz. Legume-Rhizobium symbiosis and blue green algal ‘fertilizer’ for rice. The extent to which the free living, N-fixing, aerobic, heterotropicAzotobacter chroococcum could replace the application of nitrogenous fertilizer to maize was investigatedin vivo. Total nitrogen uptake (kg ha−1) by maize after inoculation with Azotobacter combined with moderate applications of nitrogen fertilizer and farmyard manure was influenced significantly and resulted in a higher nitrogen concentration in grain and stover along with a higher yield.
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    Effects of N fertilisation on populations of fine roots and mycorrhizas in spruce humus (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 71 (1983), S. 49-53 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Fertiliser ; Fine roots ; Mycorrhizas ; Nitrogen ; Picea sitchensis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Fertilisation with N alters the numbers, biomass and seasonal pattern of activity of fine roots and mycorrhizas in spruce humus. Production and mortality decrease, and longevity increases. Fertilisation reduces mycorrhizal infection, alters the relative proportions of mycorrhizal types and permits the appearance of new types.
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    Plant genotype differences in the uptake, translocation, accumulation, and use of mineral elements required for plant growth (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 72 (1983), S. 175-196 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Boron ; Calcium ; Copper ; Genotypic differences ; Iron ; Magnesium ; Manganese ; Mineral nutrition ; Molybdenum ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Plant adaptation ; Plant breeding ; Potassium ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Plant genotypes differ in their uptake, translocation, accumulation, and use of mineral elements. Examples of genotype differences to iron, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, manganese, boron, copper, zinc, and molybdenum are discussed. Current knowledge is sufficient to indicate that many crop plants can be improved for the efficient use of mineral elements and better adaptation to mineral stress conditions.
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    Nutrient inflows into apple roots (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 71 (1983), S. 371-380 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Apple ; Calcium ; Copper ; Iron ; Irradiance ; Magnesium ; Manganese ; Nitrogen ; Nutrient uptake rate ; Phosphorus ; Potassium ; Scion effects ; Season ; Source of nitrogen ; Temperature ; Tissue nutrient level ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The rates of uptake of nutrients from solution by apple roots were measured (a) in a root laboratory, using intact roots of mature trees growing under field conditions and (b) in controlled environment using young trees. Maximum nitrate inflows into Discovery/M.9 roots under field conditions were only slightly lower than those into roots of the same genotype in controlled environment, but up to 80 times lower than those into roots of Worcester Pearmain seedlings. At any given external P concentration, P inflows into roots of field-grown trees were about 2.5-times lower than those into the roots of young trees in controlled environment. Nitrate inflows were constant above a solution concentration of 20 mmol m−3 in both field-grown and small trees. In both cases, phosphate inflows increased linearly with solution concentration up to 10 mmol m−3. Among the various plant and environmental factors influencing nutrient uptake characteristics of apple roots were: the scion genotype, tissue nutrient levels, root origin, the form in which N is supplied, level of irradiance of the shoot, root temperature and the season of the year. The effects of these factors are illustrated with examples.
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    Nutrient reserves in roots of fruit trees, in particular carbohydrates and nitrogen (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 71 (1983), S. 401-413 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Carbohydrates ; Cultural factors ; Environment ; Fruit trees ; Nitrogen ; Reserves ; Seasonal pattern
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In trees, nutrient reserves built up in the previous year are of primary importance for early spring growth. Despite the relatively great importance of roots for nutrient storage, the root system should not be regarded as a special storage organ. Quantitatively, carbohydrates predominate in these reserves, but qualitatively N and other minerals are of more than minor significance. In roots carbohydrates are usually stored in insoluble form, mainly as starch; sorbitol is the predominant soluble compound in apple and peach. For nitrogen reserves, the soluble form predominates in roots, especially arginine in apple and peach, followed by asparagine. The level of reserves usually becomes maximal early in the winter. During leafing-out the reserves are drawn on until, later in the season, the supply of newly produced or absorbed nutrients exceeds the demand and replenishment occurs. The initial carbohydrate reserves do not determine the amount of new growth, whereas reserve nitrogen is of decisive importance for shoot growth vigour. Environmental factors such as light intensity and temperature affect the level of carbohydrates in roots; the concentration can be reduced by defoliation and summer pruning and increased by ample supply of nitrogen fertilizer in the autumn. The main cultural factors that influence nitrogen reserves are the amount and the time of nitrogen fertilization.
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    Rationale of selection for specific nutritional characters in crop improvement withPhaseolus vulgaris L. as a case study (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 72 (1983), S. 351-364 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acid soils ; Cation exchange capacity ; Fertilizer use ; Nitrogen ; Phaseolus vulgaris ; Phosphorus ; Selection ; Soil stresses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Genetic effects are obtainable for any aspect of transport, accumulation, and efficiency of nutrient use by plants, and for virtually any element. Some of the important characters are: tolerance to acid soils (18% of soils or 2.4 billion ha), tolerance to high pH induced Fe-chlorosis, and tolerance to salinity (about 1,000 m ha). Genotypes which made better use of N and P would be the means of saving fertilizers, especially important to developing countries. A 10% economy of fertilizer use represents a minimum world saving of US$6 billion annually. Phaseolus vulgaris is taken as a model to show that although we know quite a lot about the extent of its nutritional variation, e.g. adaptability to acid soils, and the crop's utilization of N and P, we are handicapped in exploiting this because of lack of genetic information. This in turn depends on knowledge of specific mechanisms, and investigating these must be a priority.
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    Efficiency of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium use by corn, sunflower, and sugarbeet for the synthesis of organic matter (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 72 (1983), S. 219-223 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Corn ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Potassium ; Sugarbeet ; Sunflower
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A three-year experiment was conducted in natural conditions on chernozem soil to examine the efficiency of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium use by corn (C4 type), sunflower and sugarbeet (C3 type) grown in optimum conditions of mineral nutrition (N100P100K100 kg/ha). Plant materials were analysed for the concentration of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium and dry matter mass per individual plant parts and the whole plant. Leaves of different age, of all three plant species, were analysed to find eventual differences in the efficiency of use of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in the synthesis of organic matter depending on leaf age. It was found that corn had the lowest concentration of the elements studied but the highest dry matter mass. In other words, corn was more efficient than sunflower or sugarbeet in the use of these elements for the synthesis of an organic matter unit. Such results were arrived at in both sets of analyses, i.e., the analyses of leaves performed in the course of ontogenetic plant development as well as the analyses of leaves of different age.
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    Cycling of nitrogen in modern agricultural systems (1984)
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    Plant and soil 76 (1984), S. 3-21 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Barley ; Budgets ; Fauna ; Fertilizers ; Global cycles ; Lucerne ; Meadow fescue ; Microorganisms ; Nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Agro-ecosystems have developed from mixed- and multiple-cropping systems with relatively closed N cycles to intensively managed monocultures with large N inputs in the form of commercial fertilizers. Cultivation of increasingly larger areas of land has resulted in substantial losses of soil organic matter and N. Also, the move from slash and burn agriculture to intensively ploughed systems has resulted in losses through increased erosion. The use of N fertilizers has increased rapidly toca. 60 Tg N yr−1 (1980/81), which is equivalent to at least 40% of the N fixed biologically in all terrestrial systems and 36% more than is fixed in all croplands. On a global scale, the major losses of N from agro-ecosystems are estimated to be: harvest, 30 Tg; leaching, 2 Tg; erosion, 2–20 Tg; denitrification 1–44 Tg; and ammonia volatilization, 13–23 Tg. However, the data base is very crude and several estimates may be wrong by as much as one order of magnitude. Additions of N fertilizers have both direct and indirect effects on soil microorganisms. The possible importance of such effects is briefly discussed and a specific example is given on long-term effects on soil microbial biomass and nitrification rates in 27-year-old cropping systems with different N additions: (i) 0 kg N ha−1 yr−1, (ii) 80 kg N ha−1 yr−1, (iii) farmyard manureca. 80 kg N ha−1 yr−1. Few detailed N budgets exist for agro-ecosystems, despite its major importance as a limiting plant nutrient and the large losses of N from such systems. In conclusion, preliminary nitrogen budgets for four cropping systems (barley receiving 0 or 120 kg N ha−1 yr−1; meadow fescue ley with 200 kg N ha−1 yr−1 and a lucerne ley) are presented, with special attention to N flow through the soil organisms.
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    Tillage effects on nitrogen uptake by maize from fine textured soils in the northwestern Corn Belt, USA (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 76 (1984), S. 67-73 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Maize ; Nitrogen ; Nitrogen uptake ; Tillage ; Zea mays L
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Nitrogen (N) accumulation data from a replicated field study were fitted to a tanh (time) function and the derivate obtained to determine relative maximum rates of accumulation by maize. Both positive and negative effects of tillage on N accumulation rates were observed. Most of the N accumulation occurred over a 30-day period and time of N accumulation was not affected by tillage. Tilled profiles tend to contain greater NO3−N, greater aeration, and lower moisture contents than untilled profiles, and these characteristics interact to affect plant N accumulation.
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    Copper deficiency inPinus radiata planted in a podzol in Victoria, Australia (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 77 (1984), S. 73-86 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Fertiliser ; Foliar analysis ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Pinus radiata ; Potassium ; Soil organic matter ; Steenbjerg effect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Copper deficiency inPinus radiata in Gippsland, Victoria was found to be associated with acid, organic-rich sandy podzols. A trial designed to find a Cu supplement for P and NPK fertilisation on these soils showed significant growth in stem-length following Cu-solution treatment in the nursery, and Cu fertiliser applied in the field up to at least 13.5 kg Cu ha−1. The Steenbjerg effect was evident in foliar concentrations of nutrients following fertilisation; this makes diagnosis from foliar analysis difficult. Foliar Cu∶N ratios proved a more sensitive indicator of Cu fertiliser treatment than either Cu or N alone. Two phases of seasonal drainage and podzol development were identified in the experiment. Trees growing on the better-drained, more acid soil with a high content of organic matter responded better to Cu fertiliser.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02182813
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    Effect of substrate concentration, inorganic nitrogen, O2 concentration, temperature and pH on dehydrogenase activity in soil (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 77 (1984), S. 285-293 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Dehydrogenase ; Electron transport system ; Nitrogen ; Oxygen pH ; Substrate ; Temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Dehydrogenase activity was measured in a sandy loam soil under a variety of incubation conditions using the reduction of 2-(p-iodophenyl-3-(p-nitrophenyl)-5-phenyl tetrazolium chloride (INT) to iodonitrotetrazolium formazan (INT-formazan). There was a high positive correlation between dehydrogenase activity and substrate concentration, incubation temperature, and soil pH. Dehydrogenase activity also displayed a high negative correlation with O2 concentrations. Ammonium sulfate at concentrations from 40 to 120 μg/g soil had no significant effect on dehydrogenase activity. However, at concentrations of 160 and 200 μg/g, dehydrogenase activity was significantly reduced. Potassium nitrate at concentrations ranging from 40 to 200 μg/g had no significant effect on soil dehydrogenase activity, whereas sodium nitrite significantly inhibited activity at concentrations of 120 and 160 μg/g soil.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02182931
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    The release, diffusion and nitrification of nitrogen in soils surrounding sulfur-coated urea granules (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 78 (1984), S. 345-356 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Ammonium sulfate ; Nitrification ; Nitrogen ; Slow-release fertilizers ; Sulfur-coated urea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary We have compared sulfur-coated urea granules (SCU) with ammonium sulfate granules (AS) in regard to nitrogen (N) release, diffusion, nitrification and the effect of irrigation. In the experiments plastic containers were filled with six layers of soil, separated from each other by fine nylon cloths. The fertilizer granules were placed between the two central layers, and irrigation was simulated by application of tap water to the uppermost layer. Nitrogen release from the SCU was slow, and after three months, 29.5% of the applied N remained in the granules. At the end of the experiment there was a deficit of 37.1% N in the case of the AS granules, while there was virtually none with the SCU. Throughout the experiment, N from SCU remained at a relatively even level, while 95% of the N applied as AS had disappeared after irrigation. Nitrification was rapid in both cases.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02450368
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    Gains and losses in soil nutrients associated with harvesting and burning eucalypt rainforest (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 74 (1983), S. 437-450 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Burning controlled ; Calcium ; Carbon ; CEC ; Eucalyptus ; Magnesium ; Nitrogen ; N. mineralisation ; Potassium ; Rainforest
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In mixed eucalypt/rainforest in southern Tasmania, samples of surface soil 0 to 2 cm, 2 to 5 cm, and 5 to 10 cm were taken from a clear-felled coupe before and after burning in 1982, from a similar coupe after burning in 1979, and from an uncut area adjacent to each coupe. Factors compared were bulk density; total organic C, N, P, Ca, Mg, and K; pH; exchangeable Ca, Mg, and K; cation exchange capacity; extractable P; and N-mineralisation rates. The effect of burning was found to be restricted mainly to the upper 2 cm of soil. The combustion of organic matter caused losses of 7360 kg organic C and 211 kg N/ha; 348 kg Ca and 282 kg Mg and 151 kg K/ha were added to the soil in ash. Burning caused significant increases in pH, exchangeable Ca, Mg, and K, and in extractable P; cation exchange capacity was reduced. In the 6 months after burning only K was leached from the upper 2 cm of soil. Equilibrium levels of NH4−N increased initially after the fire, but between 6 and 18 months, equilibrium levels and rate of production of NH4−N during anaerobic incubation in soil of burned coupes differed little from that in adjacent uncut forest. Rates of production of NO3−N during aerobic incubation were very low throughout the period of study. It is concluded that for soils developed on dolerite in mixed eucalypt/rainforest, a single regeneration burn probably improves the nutritional status of the soil. Nutrients lost from the area as particulate ash are in quantities that will probably be replaced in rainfall in 15 to 20 years.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02181361
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    Pertilization and nutrition experiments with conifer seedlings in pots (1980)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 55 (1980), S. 269-281 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Ammonium-vs nitrate-N ; Conifers ; Fertilization ; Deficiency ; Greece ; Nitrogen ; Nutrition ; Phosphate ; Pinus halepensis ; P. maritima ; P. radiata ; Potassium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In conifer fertilization and nutrition experimentsPinus halepensis, P. radiata andP. maritima seedlings were grown in pots, filled with soil derived from mica schist and siliceous tertiary deposits and also in peat substrate in paperpots. Fertilization with P ofP. radiata andP. maritima seedlings growing in soil low in available P and N improved seedling height only in combination with N fertilization and fertilization with alone induced P deficiency symptoms. N fertilization with from 100 to 150 ppm (2.4 to 3.2 g N/kg, respectively) in the soil regardless of the form of N (NH4 + or NO3 −) applied in the summer or autumn together with application of 20 ppm P before sowing was the fertilization regime which produced the best seedlings. Fertilization of peat before sowingP. halepensis, P. radiata andP. maritima with omission of one of the nutrients N, P and K resulted in visible symptoms of N, P and K deficiency, respectively, in the seedlings. Comparative chemical analysis of needles from the three kinds of conifer seedlings with deficiency symptoms and healthy ones verified the visual symptoms of N and P deficiency but not so convincingly the K deficiency symptoms.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02181807
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    Release of carbon and nitrogen from decomposing roots of red clover as affected by liming of soil (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 105 (1988), S. 149-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: C release ; liming ; mesh bag ; Nitrogen ; N release ; red clover
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Red clover root material confined in mesh bags was buried in three different limed and unlimed soils and incubated for 196 days at room temperature. Remaining amounts of organic matter, as well as concentrations of C and N of the decomposing material were determined three times during the incubation and finally the concentration of soil mineral N and pH of remaining roots was also assessed. Liming only temporarily affected the decomposition rate of organic matter and N release, and at the end of the incubation no effects could be observed due to liming. A possible explanation is that the decomposing root residues provide a well buffered micro-environment for the decomposing microflora. Liming did not change the pH of the root residues even when 97–98% of dry mass had disappeared from the mesh bags. Concentrations of mineral N were higher in limed than in unlimed soils.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02371153
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    The effect of copper and nitrogen on the amino acid composition of oat straw (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 66 (1982), S. 139-147 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Amino acids ; Ammonium ; Avena sativa ; Copper ; Nitrate ; Nitrogen ; Oats ; Protein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effect of fertilization with nitrogen and copper on the amino acid composition of oat straw has been studied. The plants (Avena sativa cv Yielder) were grown in peat with a very low copper content and supplied with two levels of nitrogen (NH4 or NO3) and three levels of copper sulphate. The higher level of nitrogen stimulated growth only when copper was added, whereas, without copper, it had an adverse effect on growth and prevented grain formation altogether. The higher level of nitrogen increased the nitrogen content of the straw at all levels of copper, but particularly in plants receiving no copper. Total amino acids in the straw hydrolysate of copper sufficient oats accounted for about 50% of the total N and was about 20% higher in copper-deficient tissues. The addition of copper caused a decrease in the amounts of all amino acids. The relative proportions of most of the amino acids to glycine remained fairly constant. Threonine, serine, alanine, iso-leucine, histidine and arginine showed small significant differences with copper treatment, whereas valine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, proline, lysine and cysteic acid (derived from cysteine and cystine) showed no differences. The proportion of aspartic acid relative to glycine in the straw hydrolysate was greatly increased in copper deficient plants supplied with the higher level of nitrogen, particularly as ammonium. The proportion of glutamic acid was also increased by the higher level of nitrogen, but showed no effect of added copper. Most of the difference in aspartic acid could be accounted for as free asparagine. The possible reasons for higher proportions of asparagine are discussed in relation to the metabolism of the oat plant.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02183973
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    Effect of soil salinity and water stresses on growth and content of nitrogen, chloride and phosphate of wheat and triticale (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 68 (1982), S. 207-216 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Calcareous soil ; Chloride ; Dry matter ; Nitrogen ; Phosphate ; Soil salinity ; Triticale ; Triticum aestivum L. ; Water stress ; Wheat ; X Triticosecale Wittmack
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Three wheats and one triticale were grown, up to flowering stage, in pots on calcareous soil adjusted to a range of salinities (S1=3.5, S2=6, S3=8.5, and S4=11 mmhos/cm, 20°C, soilpaste extract) by adding solution consisting of 3∶2∶1 of Na-, Ca- and Mg chlorides in chemical equivalent amounts. Moisture in the pots was kept at 100% (W1), 40% (W2) and 20% (W3) of the available water. The vegetative growth, nitrogen and phosphate were affected by S and W treatments, chloride was affected only by S. The interaction S×W affected only dry weight. Varietal effect was observed between wheat as a group and triticale. Multiple quadratic regression equations of these properties on salinity and water revealed that the higher the available water the wider the range of tolerable salinity. Triticale was relatively more tolerant to water stress. Salinity increases Cl and decreases N, whereas water stress enhances N accumulation to a certain extent. However, in triticale at S3 and S4 the effect of water stress on N was overshadowed by the excessive salinity. This did not occur for the wheat (Florence). P trends were described. R2 for P was low (0.7435–0.3603) which made interpretations rather difficult.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02373706
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    Soil and plant tests for available sulfur in wetland rice soils (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 68 (1982), S. 97-113 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Available sulfur ; Eh ; Critical sulfur ; Nitrogen ; Nitrogen/sulfur ratio ; pH ; Rice ; Soil solution ; Sulfur ; Wetland rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Soil tests, plant performance, and plant tissue analyses were used to study the availability of sulfur to wetland rice in 30 Philippine soils. The critical concentrations of available sulfur by the calcium phosphate, lithium chloride, ammonium acetate, and hydrochloric acid extractions were 9, 25, 30, and 5 mg/kg, respectively. The critical total sulfur limits were 0.11% in the shoot at maximum tillering 0.055% in the straw at maturity, and 0.065% in the grain. The critical N:S ratio was 15 in the shoot at maximum tillering, 14 in the straw at maturity, and 26 in the grain. The critical sulfate-sulfur limit was 150 mg/kg in the shoot at maximum tillering and 100 mg/kg in the straw at maturity. The critical sulfate-sulfur/total sulfur percentage ratio was 15% in the shoot at maximum tillering and the straw at maturity. Plant performance, judged by appearance and yield of dry matter, straw, and grain, was generally poorer in the sulfur deficient soils than in the other soils. Although the calcium phosphate and ammonium acetate methods gave a better correlation between plant performance and available sulfur than the others, all four methods separated sulfur-deficient soils from non-deficient ones. The hydrochloric acid method merits further study because it is simple and versatile.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374730
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    Studies on sulphur in vertisols (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 70 (1983), S. 133-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Glycine max L. Merr ; Nitrogen ; Soybean ; Sulphur deficiency ; Vertisols
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Some soil and plant test methods were evaluated for predicting response of soybean crop (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) to S application in vertisols. Morgan's reagent, 500 ppm P containing Ca(H2PO4)2.H2O and KH2PO4 solutions, 0.5N NH4OAc+0.25N HOAc and 0.15% CaCl2 were found to be suitable extractants for measuring available soil S. The critical limits of extractable S were 9.0 ppm by Morgan's reagent, 10.0 ppm by phosphate solutions, 8.0 ppm by 0.5N NH4OAc +0.25N HOAc and 14.0 ppm by 0.15% CaCl2. Morgan's reagent was regarded as superior to other soil test methods in view of its high relationship with S uptake by plants, A values and relative yield. Critical S concentration in soybean plants varied with age. It was 0.15% and 0.185% for 36 and 60 days old plants, respectively. The critical N/S ratio on the other hand appeared to be constant at about 16.5 during vegetative growth period. Constancy of critical N/S ratio in plants was attributed to the near constancy of N/S ratio in plant proteins. There was highly significant relationship between response of soybean to S and to N, supporting the conclusion of some earlier workers that any soil showing large responses to N may not be supplying adequate S from the mineralization of soil organic matter.
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    The acquisition of phosphorus byLupinus albus L. (1983)
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    Plant and soil 70 (1983), S. 391-402 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Intercropping Lupins ; Lupinus albus ; Manganese ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Triticum aestivum ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Significant interactions between wheat and lupins occur below ground and wheat intercropped with lupins has access to a larger pool of available P, Mn and N than has wheat grown in monoculture. This suggests that the wheat is able to take up nutrients produced or made available by lupins grown in association with it.
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    Effect of seed nitrogen on response to applied nitrogen in six spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars in a glasshouse (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 73 (1983), S. 203-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Barley ; Cultivars ; Early vigour ; Glasshouse ; Hordeum vulgare L. ; Nitrogen ; Seed
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Variation in the nitrogen content of seed of six barley cultivars was brought about by growing parent plants at four nitrogen levels. Shoot dry weight of plants grown for 23 days from these seeds was generally enhanced by an increase in seed nitrogen content. The most responsive cultivar was a primitive type of barley from Ethiopia. Cultivars with a longer breeding history were less responsive. Risø 1508 apparently had physiological and biochemical limitations in responding to extra seed nitrogen. In the barley cultivars studied extra seed nitrogen seems to supplement, rather than substitute for, nitrogen fertilizer in the seed bed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02197716
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    Mineralization of C and N from microbial biomass in paddy soil (1984)
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    Plant and soil 76 (1984), S. 165-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Biomass ; Carbon ; Chloroform fumigation ; Drying ; Mineralization flush ; Nitrogen ; Paddy soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Soil samples of paddy fields with different fertilizer managements in Yamaguchi Agricultural Experiment Station, Japan were used to investigate the contribution of microbial biomass to the pool of mobile plant nutrients in paddy soil. The quantities of nutrients mobilized in soils which had been fumigated or dried were closely related to the quantities available in freshly killed biomass. A “KN-factor” (28 days) of 0.24 for the proportion of total N mineralized from dead biomass in paddy soils was obtained. It was observed that the C to N ratio mineralized from freshly killed biomass by chloroform fumigation of paddy soils was nearly 10 under aerobic conditions. For an approximate calculation of biomass C from the flush-N by chloroform fumigation of paddy soils, the equations of (B=33 Fn, 10 days) and (B=26 Fn, 28 days) were indicated. In oven-dried (70°C, 24 h) and rewetted soils, about 66% of N was mineralized from the freshly killed biomass during 28 days of incubation and the remaining 34% was derived from non-biomass organic matter of paddy soils.
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    Nitrite: a key compound in N loss processes under acid conditions? (1984)
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    Plant and soil 76 (1984), S. 233-241 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Chemo-denitrification ; Iron oxyhydroxide ; Nitrate ; Nitric oxide ; Nitrite ; Nitrogen ; Nitrogen dioxide ; Reduced conditions ; Soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Nitrite is very important in N transformation processes because it is an intermediate product in the aerobic nitrification as well as in the anaerobic denitrification process. Under soil conditions whereby aerobic and anaerobic zones are close to each other, the mobile nitrite can be a link between both N transformation processes. Because of its low stability in acid conditions, nitrite can be a key compound in N loss processes. The results are presented in three sets of incubation experiments using soil+added nitrite before and after oxidation of organic matter; soil+added nitrite and various iron oxide minerals; nitrite solutions without soil but with added ferrous iron. It was found that under acid conditions, soil organic matter as well as the soil mineral phase have a stimulating effect on the nitrite decomposition. Conditions favouring the solubility of Fe(III)-compounds and promoting the formation of Fe2+ increase the nitrite decomposition, even under slightly acid conditions. Of the gaseous decomposition products, only trace amounts of NO2 occur while NO is the major component. Conditions whereby NO and NO2 cannot escape from the medium promote production of some nitrite.
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    Modelling C and N turnover through the microbial biomass in soil (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 76 (1984), S. 257-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Biomass turnover ; Carbon ; Experimental verification ; Models ; Nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Many mathematical descriptions of C and N transformations in soils have been developed in the last decade, but only a few explicitly model the activity and mass of soil organisms. Great difficulties still exist in establishing basic parameters governing the kinetics of microbial turnover. The present state of the art is discussed briefly. The model of Van Veen and Frissel on C transformations and related mineralization and immobilization of N has been developed further based on laboratory and field data obtained with different Australian soils. Firstly, case studies show the large effects of the frequency of drying and rewetting of soils on the decomposition of organic matter and on the turnover of biomass. Secondly, the more refined model embraces the concept that soils have characteristic capacities to preserve both organic matter and microorganisms. Preservation of microorganisms could result from protection against predation and/or from amelioration of harsh environmental conditions. Biomass formed in excess of a soil's preservation capacity is assumed to die at a relatively high rate. Furthermore, biomass and its immediate organic products of decay are considered to form mainly a closed system from which only small proportions of the products leak out as stabilized materials. These concepts have been tested with data from laboratory experiments in which14C- and15N- labelled substrates and bacteria were added to a clay and sandy soil. Net mineralization of C and N (labelled and unlabelled) and changes in the total and labelled biomass as determined by the chloroform fumigation technique allowed for a thorough testing of these concepts in the manner in which they were included in the model. The fits between experimental observations and model outputs were very close. The model indicated that the contrasting metabolism of both C and N in a clayversus a sandy soil could largely be explained by differences in the capacities of the two soils to preserve microorganisms. The ability of a simulation model to describe accurately not only short-term events,e.g. N cycling during one growing season, but also the same processes over, say a decade, is an important criterion in assessing its predictive power. In this paper some of the results will be discussed of testing the model, developed from a consideration of the aforementioned laboratory studies, for its accuracy in describing the decomposition of plant residues in an 8-year field experiment.
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    Extractable N and P in relation to microbial biomass in UK acid organic soils (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 76 (1984), S. 139-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Chloroform-fumigation ; Microbial biomass ; Mor humus ; Nitrogen ; Peat ; Phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Samples of peat and mor humus were treated with CHCl3 to kill microbial cells and the amounts of C as CO2, N as soluble- and mineral-N, and P as inorganic-P released by the treatment were compared with estimates of the microbial biomass by the Anderson and Domsch test and ATP determination. Increased amounts of soluble-N and inorganic-P, extracted with 1M KCl and 0.01M CaCl2 respectively, were detected immediately after the fumigation treatment. However, the subsequent rates of production of CO2−C and mineral-N measured during a 10-day incubation period at 25°C were low and variable, resulting in anomalously low estimates of microbial biomass. The flush of inorganic-P was more consistent and, in mor humus, generally related to biomass-C as measured by the Anderson and Domsch test.
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    Dynamics of organic matter in soils (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 76 (1984), S. 275-285 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Biomass dynamics ; carbon ; Nitrogen ; Nutrient management ; Soil organic matter
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Dynamics of C, N, S, and to some extent P are expressed by a knowledge of the size and turnover rates of plant constituents such as soluble C and N components, cellulose and hemicellulose, and lignin. Soil organic matter constituents include: the microbial biomass as determined chemically or microscopically, non-biomass active components determined by isotopic dilution, stabilized N constituents for which good techniques are not yet available, and resistant or old C and associated N determined by carbon dating. The processes involved in the nutrient transformations and transfers are reasonably well understood. The control mechanisms require further elucidation to be able to extrapolate from the laboratory to the field, and between field sites. Major control mechanisms requiring further insight include the effects of C availability on transformations of C and N. The other control for which every little is known is that of spatial compartmentalization. Compartmentalization ranges from landscape or management sequences to pedogenic layers, rhizosphere-mycorrhizal effects, clay-sesquioxide surfaces, aggregation, localized enzymes, and microbial effects such as membrane boundaries. Control mechanisms for concurrent mineralization-immobilization, the stabilization of microbial products, and the relative role of the biomass as a catalyst rather than as a source-sink for nutrients, must be understood. There is potential for combining a knowledge of microbial production and turnover with that of the roles of the soil organic active fraction as a temporary storehouse for nutrients. This, in conjunction with management techniques such as zero tillage and crop rotation, should make it possible to better utilize soil and fertilizer N, especially in areas of the world where the cost of nutrients is high relative to the value of the crop grown.
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    Relationships of bio-climatic zones and lithology with various characteristics of forest soils in Greece (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 79 (1984), S. 101-121 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Base saturation ; Bio-climatic zones ; Calcium ; Clay accumulation ; Copper ; C:N ratio ; EDTA ; Forest soils ; Greece ; Iron ; Magnesium ; Manganese ; Nitrogen ; Phosphate ; Potassium ; Soil classification ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Soils derived from a number of different parent materials (lithologies) and developed along a climatic gradient, manifested by the altitudinal succession of natural vegetation zones (Mediterranean, sub-Mediterranean, Mountainous and Pseudoalpine), were sampled throughout mainland Greece. In soils derived from siliceous parent materials low in clay, acidity increase and percent base saturation decreases from the Mediterranean to the Pseudoalpine vegetation zones. Clay illuviation is found mainly in soils developed in the Mediterranean and the sub-Mediterranean zones. No such changes are apparent in clayey soils rich in bases. Organic matter content of the mineral portion of the soil profile increases by a factor of 2 with a decrease in mean annual air temperature of about 10°C. The pattern of change in clay and soil organic matter content with climate is in relatively good agreement with soil development trends in the area, when soil profiles are named according to the FAO-Unesco soil map of the world. Concentrations of Ca and Mg decrease and those of total N, total and extractable P, K, Fe, Mn and Zn increase from the Mediterranean to the Mountainous zone. Within the same zone, however, concentrations of N, Ca, K, Fe, Mn and Zn decrease, but those of Mg, total and extractable P increase with soil depth. The concentrations of most macro- and micronutrients in the humic horizon are several times higher than those in the mineral portion of the soil profile due to biological enrichment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02182148
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    Plow down effects of different forage legume species, cultivars, cutting strategies and seeding rates on the yields of subsequent crops (1986)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 95 (1986), S. 419-430 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Alfalfa ; Barley ; Corn ; Management ; Nitrogen ; Nitrogen fixation ; Plow down ; Red clover ; Sweetclover ; Temperate climate ; Trefoil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Under some conditions the plow down of forage legumes increases the yield of subsequent crops, which is usually caused by improved soil N. However, better soil structure is also a contributing factor. Three experiments were conducted to measure the effect of legume plow down on the yield of subsequent corn crops grown at the Ottawa Research Station (ORS), Ottawa, Canada. In all experiments, corn yields were not affected by legume species, legume cultivars, and/or planting methods. Corn yields from barley plots receiving 0, 60, or 120 kg N ha−1 did not differ until two years after establishment in one experiment and three years in another. The data from these experiments indicated that soil N was high at the ORS, which may inhibit N2-fixation by forage legumès in the establishment year. Therefore, legume plow down was not beneficial to subsequent crops under these conditions. Two other experiments were conducted to measure the effect of legume plow down on the yield of subsequent barley crops. In both experiments, barley yields in the field were not affected by legume type or legume seeding density. Greenhouse and field data indicated that the two cuts with removal strategy benefitted the most to succeeding crops. Data from the greenhouse test indicated that soil N levels were not low in the establishment year, and that some cultivars improved soil fertility more than others.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374622
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    The effects of pH and aluminium toxicity on the growth and symbiotic development of cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp) (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 80 (1984), S. 423-430 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acidity ; Aluminium ; Cowpea ; Nitrogen ; Rhizobium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The interaction of pH (4 or 6), aluminium (0 or 16 ppm at pH 4) and N source (symbiotic or combined) on the growth and nutrient status of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) was studied in a glasshouse experiment. Low pH significantly decreased the growth of the plants dependent on symbiotic nitrogen fixation but at pH 4 the addition of 16 ppm Al further depressed growth in both nitrogen regimes. Al-ions appear to exert their effect primarily on the root system, as shown by the reduction in total length and fresh weight. The symbiotic development of the plants was affected by low pH but more markedly by the Al treatment. Shoot nitrogen concentrations were reduced from ca. 2.6% at pH 6 to 1.8% and 0.9% at pH 4 without and with aluminium respectively. Calcium concentration was decreased by low pH and further by Al in both nitrogen regimes. In all Al-treated plants, the aluminium was mainly accumulated in the roots and was associated with an increase in their phosphorus concentration.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02140049
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  • 76
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    Effects of nitrogen nutrition on xylem sap composition of Casuarinaceae (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 81 (1984), S. 291-293 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Casuarinaceae ; Citrulline ; Frankia ; Nitrogen ; Nutrition ; Xylem sap
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The major nitrogenous compound in the xylem sap ofCasuarina equisetifolia is citrulline, irrespective of nitrogen nutrition (dinitrogen fixation, nitrate or ammonium). The detection of citrulline in non-nodulated Casuarina suggests that its formation is not confined to root nodules. This precludes the possibility of using the relative citrulline content of xylem sap for quantification of N2 fixation in Casuarina. The possibility exists, however, that the relative abundance of citrulline to other nitrogenous compounds (e.g. amides or nitrate) in the xylem sap could be used as an indicator of N2 fixation and should be evaluated further.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02197162
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  • 77
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    Nutritional effects of non-steady state soil salinity on a salt-tolerant wheat cultivar (1985)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 83 (1985), S. 223-231 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Absorption ; Accumulation ; Calcareous soil ; Calcium ; Chloride ; Leaching ; Magnesium ; Nitrogen ; Phosphate ; Potassium ; Sea water ; Triticum aestivum L. ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary On an initially non-saline calcareous soil, the advanced wheat line RI 3748 (Triticum aestivum L.) was irrigated by sea water dilutions having ECi-2, 12, 18 and 24 mS cm−1 at 20°C in quantities equal to 1.1, 1.3, and 1.5 times evapotranspiration. Leaching of the soil (L) significantly affected concentrations of N, Ca, P, Na, Cl, and Mg in topgrowth at specific ages. These effects were attributed to the non-steady state salinity of the rootzone and were found to be of minor importance with respect to plant performance. Concentrations of Ca and N did not respond to ECi. Nitrogen and P levels were very low under all ECi levels and decreased rapidly until maturity. Sodium and Cl attained fairly high concentrations in plant tops, in response to ECi and plant age. However, it was found that up to ECi=12 increased absorption of Cl controlled its concentration whereas above this level, growth inhibition was the cause of higher Cl concentrations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02184294
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    Effects of fertilization on the nutrient distribution of aboveground components ofAbies balsamea (L.) Mill (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 80 (1984), S. 433-439 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Balsam fir ; Foliar analysis ; Lime ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The following fertilizer treatments were applied to a 20-year-old aspen-birch-sprucefir stand in southeastern Maine: N at 448 kg/ha, P at 112 kg/ha, N and P applied as above in addition to 1751 kg/ha Ca and 27 kg/ha Mg. Five years after treatment, foliar concentrations of N, P and Ca for understory blasam fir exhibited significant increases in response to fertilization with those nutrients. Mean five-year height growth, adjusted for pretreatment differences, increased 36 percent in response to fertilization with N alone and in combination with P and lime.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02140050
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  • 79
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    Seasonal changes in foliar macronutrients (N, P, K, Ca and Mg) inEucalyptus saligna Sm. andE. wandoo Blakely growing in rehabilitated bauxite mine soils of the Darling Range, Western Australia (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 81 (1984), S. 377-388 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Calcium ; Eucalyptus saligna ; Eucalyptus wandoo ; Foliar nutrients ; Magnesium ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Potassium ; Rehabilitation ; Seasonal trends
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Seasonal changes in the foliar concentration of macronutrients (N, P, K, Ca and Mg) in sapling trees ofEucalyptus saligna Sm. andE. wandoo Blakely growing in rehabilitated bauxite mined areas in the Darling Range of Western Australia are described. Foliar N concentration decreased with age of the fully expanded leaf tissue. Leaf N concentrations were also high when rates of litter decomposition were expected to be high during the period of early spring. The greatest foliar N difference between trees growing in good soil conditions and those from poorer soil conditions also occurred during this period. Levels of P in leaves were highest in young developing leaves but once the leaves reached full size, no seasonal trend in P concentration was observed. Foliar K was lower during the winter and probably related to the period of maximum leaching by precipitation. High foliar K during summer, however, could be related to the role of K in lowering cellular water potential. Leaf Ca was highest during early sping. Low mobility of cellular Ca during the cool portion of the year was indicated. Foliar Mg showed a weak pattern of decreasing concentration with leaf age. The best season for sampling for these broadleafed evergreen species to provide information on plant nutrient status appears to be in spring.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02323052
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  • 80
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    Nitrogen and potassium fertilization and environmental factors affecting the grass tetany hazard of wheat forage (1985)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 86 (1985), S. 173-184 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Calcium ; Magnesium ; Nitrogen ; Potassium ; Soil moisture ; Temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effects of temperature and soil moisture levels on the chemical composition of wheat forage grown in growth chambers were studied. In addition to the environmental variables, K and N fertilization effects were studied. In all the studies, increasing levels of K fertilization depressed the Mg and Ca concentration of the shoots. Nitrogen fertilization increased the Mg concentration but had no effect on the Ca concentration of the plants. N fertilization depressed the K concentration in the soil moisture experiment, but had no effect on K concentration in the temperature experiment. Increasing the temperature from 10 to 20°C did not affect the Mg and Ca concentration of the shoots, but the K concentration declined due to dilution effects caused by the greater yield at the higher temperature. In the soil moisture level experiment the K, Mg and Ca concentration in wheat tended to decline with soil moisture level due to dilution effects. Calculations showed that uptake of K was regulated primarily by diffusion of K from the soil to the plant root and that the uptake of Mg was regulated by the uptake process of the plant root and not by the nutrient transport process through the soil.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02182892
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    Nitrogen-induced boron deficiency in lucerne (1985)
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    Plant and soil 86 (1985), S. 443-446 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Alfalfa ; Boron ; Lucerne ; Medicago sativa ; Nitrogen ; Nutrient interaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In a glasshouse experiment with a boron deficient soil the application of nitrogen was found to decrease the boron concentration and boron uptake by lucerne (Medicago sativa). Without added boron, nitrogen applications killed the lucerne, probably by inducing severe boron deficiency. With added boron, the lowest rate of nitrogen application increased lucerne yield but further additions depressed yields. The effect was due to a physiological interaction rather than an effect of the nitrogen on the availability of the boron in the soil.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02145464
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  • 82
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    Influence of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers on ammonia-assimilating enzymes of Azolla (1985)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 88 (1985), S. 271-273 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Ammonia assimilating enzymes ; Anabaena azollae ; Azolla ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A field experiment was conducted and studied the effect of nitrogen and phosphorus on ammonia assimilating enzymes of Azolla. Nitrogen and phosphorus at 30 and 60 kg/ha respectively were tested andAzolla pinnata was inoculated at 200 g/m2. The Azolla samples were drawn on 24th hr, 7th day and 14th day and the ammonia assimilating enzymes glutamine synthetase (GS), glutamate synthase (GOGAT) and glutamine dehydrogenase (GDH) were estimated. Nitrogen and phosphorus have markedly suppressed the GDH activity but fertilizer nitrogen has no significant influence in inhibiting the enzyme activity of GOGAT and GS. In general phosphorus application also has stimulated the GS activity significantly during the first sampling period of 24th hour.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02182453
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    Effects of roots and litter on mineralization processes in forest soil (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 80 (1984), S. 391-405 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Carbon ; Clear cutting ; Exponential decay ; Forest ; Litter ; Mineralization ; Nitrogen ; Podzol ; Respiration ; Rhizosphere Soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Leaf litter breakdown and fine root production, including exudation, are two major influences upon carbon and nitrogen mineralization rates in forest soil. Sieving and root removal experiments were used to examine their effects. Although carbon mineralization rates declined in smaller particle size fractions of forest litter, this trend largely disappeared when results were calculated on an ash-free basis. Nitrogen mineralization by contrast, was greatest in smaller fractions. Much of the variation in carbon mineralization rates appeared to be associated with fine roots. A rapid initial exponential decay phase noted in laboratory respiration studies was probably associated with disappearance of available carbon in the form of root exudates and/or the microorganisms dependent on them. Clear cutting caused a marked reduction in the size of available carbon pools, reflecting decreased root exudation and rhizosphere activity. A model of mineralization is proposed which represents the available and humified carbon pools.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02140046
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    Fertilization management of crops irrigated with saline water (1985)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 89 (1985), S. 285-299 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Calcium ; Chloride ; Ion antagonism ; Magnesium ; Nitrate ; Nitrogen ; Nutrition disorders ; Phosphorus ; Salinity-fertility relationship ; Sodium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Available data concerning nutrition and fertilization effects on crops irrigated with saline water are presented and discussed. Published data on the salinity-fertility relationship are, at least to some extent, contradictory; both positive and negative effects as well as no effect of fertilization on salinity tolerance have been recorded. However, a great deal of the experimental work supports the view that standard fertilization recommendations for non-saline conditions are also suitable for saline conditions. In addition, available data indicate that the apparent salt tolerance of agricultural crops varies with soil fertility level. Consequently, crops showing exceptionally high apparent salt tolerance at a low fertility level become more sensitive when adequately fertilized, although the absolute yield may be greatly increased. On the other hand, some data seem to show a real increase in salinity tolerance under improved fertility conditions. Important information concerning the responses of plants to salinity under various fertility levels was obtained by tissue analysis. It should be kept in mind that this information may be influenced also by the plant species and by environmental conditions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02182248
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    Nitrogen uptake, assimilation and transport in barley in the presence of atmospheric nitrogen dioxide (1986)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 91 (1986), S. 353-356 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Hondeum vulgare L. ; Nitrogen ; NO2
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Exposure of the leaves of young barley plants to nitrogen dioxide (NO2) was shown to affect the rate of translocation of N, the form in which it is transported in the xylem stream and the partitioning of N between roots and shoots. Following its entry through the leaves, NO2 is assimilated by the plant into reduced nitrogenous compounds which accounted for the major increases in plant N content and growth. The various effects of atmospheric NO2 upon barley seedlings were strongly influenced by nitrate supply to the roots.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02198122
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    Partitioning of reduced nitrogen derived from exogenous nitrate in maize roots: Initial priority for protein synthesis (1986)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 91 (1986), S. 343-347 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Zea mays L. ; Nitrogen ; Protein ; Roots
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary When roots of five day-old maize seedlings were exposed to15N-nitrate, a constant (25–29%) proportion of the reduced15N derived from the entering15N-nitrate accumulated as insoluble15N nitrogen. Constancy was established by two hours and lasted through 12 hours at ambient15N-nitrate concentrations of 0.05 mM to 20.0 mM. Even when little15N nitrate had been reduced (〈2 μmoles), there was a linear relationship between accumulation of insoluble15N (but not accumulation or translocation of soluble reduced15N) and total reduced15N. It is proposed that protein synthesis from the entering nitrate occurs in close association with nitrate reduction.
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    Preliminary studies of the fertilizer capability of some novel high analysis multinutrient compounds (1984)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 5 (1984), S. 245-257 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Adamantane-type compounds ; Fertilizer ; High analysis nutrient compounds ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Phytotoxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In a preliminary assessment of the fertilizer capability of three high analysis NP(S) compounds, their possible phytotoxic effects were investigated in solution culture tubes. One of the compounds was studied in more detail in pot experiments with sand and a red-brown earth soil. Two adamantane-type compounds (APA and APAS) were capable of supplying N and P to plants, but also showed toxicity effects. With APA, this effect appeared to be dissipated in soil but not in sand. The toxic effect was alleviated by addition of soluble P or soluble P + N. Some plants absorbed excessive amounts of P, probably not all in the form of orthophosphate.
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    Manganese tolerance in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) genotypes grown with ammonium nitrate or symbiotic nitrogen (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 97 (1987), S. 207-215 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Ammonium ; Clover ; Manganese ; Nitrate ; Nitrogen ; Symbiotic ; Tolerance ; Toxicity ; Trifolium subterraneum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A wide range of clover accessions were screened for reaction to manganese (Mn) in solution culture. Growth was supported with ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) or symbiotic nitrogen to assess Mn effects on symbiosis and the suitability of NH4NO3 dependent growth for assessing Mn tolerance in clover. Reduction of dry matter at Mn 45 ppm varied 0–70%, at Mn 90 ppm, 38–92%, the extent depending on genotype. Tolerant clovers tended to restrict the movement of Mn from roots to shoots. Several previously untested lines were the most tolerant while some commercial lines possessed poor tolerance. Ranks of tolerance for the two nitrogen (N) sources at Mn 45 ppm were correlated suggesting no dominant, discriminatory effects of N source on Mn tolerance; but inclusion of symbiotic effectiveness in a multiple correlation improved the relation between relative tolerances of genotypes under different N sources. Mn affected some aspects of symbiosis. Total nodule nitrogenase activity mainly reflected effects of Mn on nodule number but nitrogenase activity per nodule also contributed. To establish relative tolerances of subterranean clover to Mn growth with NH4NO3 is suitable and useful when symbiotic effectiveness is unknown.
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    Nitrogen dynamics in conventional and no-tillage agroecosystems with inorganic fertilizer or legume nitrogen inputs (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 97 (1987), S. 315-332 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Denitrification ; Leaching ; Legumes ; Nitrification ; Nitrogen ; Tillage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Nitrogen (N) dynamics were studied in conventional and no-tillage agroecosystems on the Georgia Piedmont. Nitrogen inputs in the form of ammonium nitrate (95 kg-N/ha) and winter legume (crimson clover) residues were compared. The legume provided adequate N for summer crop (grain sorghum) production, but water use by the legume reduced the ability of sorghum to utilize the N. Legume N inputs became availabe to plants more gradually than fertilizer inputs. Weed growth and potential denitrification activity were higher in legume-N treatments than in fertilizer-N treatments. Tillage affected the timing of N avaialbility more than the total amount of available N. Summer crops took up more N under conventional tillage while winter crops took up more N under no-tillage. Denitrification activity was higher under no-tillage but was not a significant output from the agroecosystems. Leaching losses of N differed seasonally between treatments but were not significant in any of the agroecosystems.
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    pH optima for crop growth (1980)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 54 (1980), S. 339-357 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Calcium ; Cassava ; Chemical composition ; Control of solution pH ; Copper ; Flowing solution culture ; French bean ; Ginger ; Hydrogen ion injury ; Magnesium ; Maize ; Manganese ; Nitrogen ; Optimum pH range ; pH ; Plant growth ; Root weight ratio ; Tomato ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Ginger, cassava, maize, wheat, french bean and tomato were grown for periods up to six weeks in continuously flowing nutrient solutions at seven constant pH values ranging from 3.3 to 8.5. All species achieved maximum or near-maximum growth in the pH range 5.5 to 6.5. However, there were substantial differences in the ability of species to grow outside this range. Ginger and cassava were the most tolerant species to low solution pH, while ginger and tomato were the only species to show no yield depression at the highest solution pH. Roots of all species at pH 3.3 and some species at pH 4.0 exhibited symptoms of hydrogen ion injury. In addition, the concentrations of magnesium in the tops of all six species, of nitrogen in the tops of tomato and cassava, and of manganese in the tops of maize at these pH values were inadequate for optimal growth. Growth depression at high solution pH was associated with iron deficiency in maize and wheat and with nitrogen and/or copper deficiency in cassava. The relevance of the present results to crop growth under field conditions is discussed. The complex interplay of plant and soil characteristics militates against precise definition of an optimum pH range for the growth of a particular crop unless the soil is also specified.
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    Nitrate reductase activity of nonmycorrhizal Douglas-fir rootlets and of some associated mycorrhizal fungi (1980)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 54 (1980), S. 395-398 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Amanita ; Cenococcum ; Ectomycorrhizae ; Hebeloma ; Nitrogen ; Piloderma ; Rhizopogon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Douglas-fir root tips reduced nitrate at much higher rates than seven mycorrhizal fungi, which also differed between species in rate of nitrate reduction. Results are related to nitrogen nutrition of Douglas-fir. Excised, nonmycorrhizal root tips of Douglas-fir reduced nitrate at much higher rates than seven mycorrhizal fungi commonly associated with Douglas-fir. The fungi differed significantly in degree of activity:Cenococcum geophilum, Piloderma bicolor, andRhizopogon vinicolor were highest;Amanita muscaria was intermediate; andHebeloma crustuliniforme, Thelephora terrestris, andLaccaria laccata were lowest.
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    Effects of artificial acid rain on decomposition of spruce needles and on mobilisation and leaching of elements (1980)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 56 (1980), S. 365-378 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acid rain ; Calcium ; Decomposition ; Leaching ; Magnesium ; Manganese ; Mobilisation ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Potassium ; Spruce litter
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Dry matter and chemical changes in decomposing spruce needles were investigated after 16 and 38 weeks in laboratory lysimeters treated with distilled water or distilled water acidified to pH 3 or 2 with sulphuric acid. The water was added twice weekly in quantities equal to 100 or 200 mm month−1. The CO2 evolution and leaching of P, K, Mg, Mn, and Ca was followed together with pH measurements of the leachate. The loss of dry matter was approximately 25% during the first 16 weeks and approximately 37% after 38 weeks. At the first samling, 16 weeks, the amount of material decomposed was greater from the lysimeters given 100 mm month−1 of water. At this water quantity dilute sulphuric acid increased the decomposition. After 38 weeks sulphuric acid at pH 3 and 2 had decreased the decomposition at 200 mm month−1. However, the effects of acid application were small. The effect of treatment using acidified water on the content of monosaccharides was not consistent, whereas there was an indication of reduced decomposition of lignin when treated with 200 mm water month−1 at pH 3 and 2. Nitrogen was conserved in the lysimeters with small differences between the various treatments. The order of mobility of metal elements was K〉Mg〉Mn〉Ca. Increasing the quantity of water increased the leaching of K especially, whereas addition of dilute sulphuric acid increased the leaching of Mg, Mn and particularly Ca. During the first 16 weeks of the experiment, sulphuric acid reduced the leaching of P while later on this treatment increased the leaching. The pH of the leachate from the lysimeters treated with distilled water was initially 4.0–4.6 increasing to approximately 6.6 after 22 weeks. The pH of the decomposed needle material was 4.6 and approximately 5.2 after 16 and 38 weeks respectively. When treated with water at pH 3 the pH of the leachate was between 4 and 5, and the pH of the needles 4.2–5.1. Treatment with water at pH 2 gave a leachate with pH just above 2 and decreased the pH of the needles that had received 200 mm ‘rain’ month−1 to 2.9. The effect of the artificial acid rain appears to be more pronounced on the leaching of metal elements than on the biological activity and the dynamics of N and P. The treatments must be considered extreme when compared with the acidity of natural rain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02143031
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  • 93
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    Soil organic matter and yield of forest and tree crops (1980)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 57 (1980), S. 61-67 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Girth ; Nitrogen ; Organic matter ; Plantations ; Soil fertility ; Tree crops
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Three hundred and sixty eight soil samples collected from the surface layers of plantations of coffee (Coffea robusta) andGmelina arborea (a forest tree crop) were analyzed for organic carbon, total nitrogen and loss-on-ignition as the case might be. The aim was to investigate the direct influence of soil organic matter on the yield of tree crops in different ecological zones of Nigeria. Coffee yield collected at different harvests and total coffee yield were seperately regressed on soil organic carbon content. In most cases, positive regressions of coffee yield on soil organic carbon were recorded. Consistent positive correlations between each of indicators of soil organic matter and girth ofGmelina arborea were recorded in the order of organic carbon, nitrogen and loss-on-ignition. The relationship between C: N ratio and the performance of Gmelina depended on which of organic carbon and soil nitrogen was more influential at a particular location.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02139642
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  • 94
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    The growth and nitrogen uptake of Rhodes grass grown on soils with varying histories of legume cropping (1980)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 57 (1980), S. 249-255 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Legumes ; Nitrogen ; Rhodes grass
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana) was grown under glasshouse conditions on soils that had previously grown from 1 to 6 soybean (Glycine max) or Siratro (Macroptillium atropurpureum) crops. Soil mineral N contents at sowing were higher in Siratro-cropped than soybean-cropped soils and increased with cropping history. Yields of Rhodes grass at the first harvest (14 weeks) were related to soil mineral N levels at sowing by the relationship Y=138.7 (1−0.917e−0.012x). Grass grown on all soybean soils was responsive to N at both harvests (14 and 28 weeks). Grass grown on soil that had grown three or more Siratro crops was non-responsive to N at the first harvest but responses to N were recorded on all Siratro soils at the second harvest. The amount of N removed by the grass crops was small in relation to the total amount present in the soil system. This resulted in no change in soil total N levels over the two crop periods. These results highlight the need to study N dynamics in crop systems rather than continue to measure N pool sizes when evaluating the contribution of biologically fixed N to the nutrition of subsequent non-legume crops.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02211685
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  • 95
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    The influence of some soil and plant factors on the concentration of copper in perennial ryegrass (1981)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 60 (1981), S. 275-286 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Absorption ; Availability ; Copper ; Extractable-Cu ; Lolium perenne ; Nitrogen ; Roots ; Soils ; Transport
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The absorption and transport of Cu were studied in perennial ryegrass grwon on 21 soils under controlled environment conditions. Neither the concentration, nor the total amount, of Cu in the shoots was related to available Cu in the soils as assessed by extraction with 0.05M EDTA, 0.005M DTPA, or 1.95 per cent HNO3. The concentration in the roots and, more especially, absorption per unit weight of root (i.e. μg Cu g dry wt−1) were, however, highly correlated with available soil Cu. This suggests that, unless the extent of exploitation of the soil by roots is taken into account, measurements of available Cu will not be effective in predicting uptake by plants. On average, 63 per cent of the Cu absorbed by the roots was retained in the roots, and variation in the proportion retained was related to the transport of nitrogen from roots to shoots. On some soils the concentrations of N and Cu in the shoots were significantly correlated, and variation in N concentration accounted for a considerable proportion of the variance in the Cu concentration at later harvests. The relative importance of the measured soil (pH, organic matter) and plant (dry weight, N content) factors changed markedly over 6 successive harvests.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374111
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  • 96
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    The productivity of pine plantations in relation to previous land use (1981)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 61 (1981), S. 329-339 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Availability ; Krasnozem ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Pinus radiata
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The improved growth of pine plantations on pasture soils compared with that on soils which previously supported native eucalypt forest is primarily explained in terms of soil phosphorus. Pasture development has resulted in a decrease in the P adsorption maximum of about 300 μg g−1 soil, a figure which agrees with the increase in total P due to the application of superphosphate. P adsorption isotherms were used to calculate additions of P to give comparable levels of soil solution P in eucalypt and pasture soils. The growth of pine seedlings in soils thus amended showed a strong N×P interaction. When P was non-limiting, addition of N raised productivity of the eucalypt soil above that of the pasture soil. It is postulated that the different nature of the N×P interaction in eucalypt and pasture soils results from differences in the nitrogen cycle in the two soils.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02182014
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  • 97
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    Effects of red and far red lights on nodulation and nitrogen fixation in soybean (Glycine max L.Merr) (1986)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 92 (1986), S. 427-430 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Light ; Nitrogen ; Fixation ; Nodulation ; Phytochrome ; Soybean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Rooted leaves and plants were irradiated at the end of the photoperiod with red light for 15 minutes, while another group was also irradiated with red light and immediately afterwards with far- red light. The reduction in Pfr/Ptotal established by far red irradiation promoted nodulation probably by affecting an hormonal balance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02372490
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  • 98
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    Microclimatic controls of nitrogen mineralization and nitrification in shortgrass steppe soils (1986)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 93 (1986), S. 347-357 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Dew ; Grasslands ; Nitrification ; Nitrogen ; Semiarid ecosystems ; Soil texture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The depth distributions of rates of net nitrogen mineralization and nitrification were measured in a series of field and laboratory incubations. Field studies suggested that the highest rates of mineralization and nitrification occurred in the surface 2.5 cm such that forty to sixty percent of the N mineralization in 20-cm soil column occurred in the surface 2.5cm. Some upward nitrate movement occurred but laboratory studies suggested that surface rates were not an artifact of nitrate mobility alone. Microclimatic data indicate that either dew or upward movement and condensation of soil water vapor may drive biological activity at the soil surface. High rates of N mineralization even in dry horizons were sustained as long as water was stored within the 0-to 20-cm depth. High rates of nitrification were found in all incubations, and field measurements showed NO 3 − to be the predominant form of inorganic N, despite previous characterization of the shortgrass steppe as an NH 4 + -dominated system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374285
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  • 99
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    Remobilization of labelled nitrogen from vegetative tissues to pods of mungbean (1986)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 94 (1986), S. 147-151 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Nitrogen fixation ; 15N Rhizobia ; Vigna radiata ; Nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Remobilization of15N from vegetative tissue of mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) into pods was measured during the reproductive phase of growth. Plant tissue was labelled with15N during vegetative development. Experiments were conducted in the field at two sites. At one site the soil provided cowpeas with most of their N but at the other site N fixation provided most of the N. Remobilized N from vegetative tissue to pods occurred soon after they began to develop. The quantity of the labelled N ultimately remobilized to the pods amounted to 50% for one cultivar (Tx33) at the high soil N site and 70% at the low N site. For the other cultivar (Tx13) the values were 25% and 30%, respectively. The two cultivars performed very differently with respect to partitioning of N into pods and the rate of N fixation. Even though more N was accumulated in the shoots of the high N fixing cultivar (Tx13) less total N was contained in the pods.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02380597
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  • 100
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    Effect ofLupinus spp. on soil nutrient availability and the growth ofPinus radiata D. Don seedlings on a sandy podzol in Victoria, Australia (1986)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 95 (1986), S. 183-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Fertilizer ; Lupinus ; Nitrogen ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nutrient availability ; Pinus ; Water potential
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effects ofLupinus angustifolius, L. arboreus. and nitrogen fertilizer plus weedicide on soil inorganic nitrogen, and the growth, nutrition and water status ofPinus radiata seedlings were compared on a sandy podzol in Victoria Australia. Both lupins increased the concentration of soil inorganic nitrogen from 6 μg g−1 to at least 11 μg g−1 one year after treatment.Lupinus arboreus (a perennial) led to high mortality ofP. radiata seedlings and no growth response in survivors because it competed for water during summer. In contrast,L. angustifolius (an annual) senesced prior to summer and resulted in increased fascicle size and stem growth rates ofP. radiata. Growth ofP. radiata withL. angustifolius was similar to that with weedicide only. The concentration. of phosphorus in foliage ofP. radiata seedlings was highest when growth withL. angustifolius. However, the highest growth rate ofP. radiata occurred in the nitrogen fertilizer plus weedicide treatment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02375070
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