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  • 1
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    Impacts of land management on fluxes of trace greenhouse gases (2004)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-06-01
    Print ISSN: 0266-0032
    Electronic ISSN: 1475-2743
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Wiley on behalf of British Society of Soil Science.
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    PAPER CURRENT
  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polycondensation of methyltrimethoxysilane (1987)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Macromolecules 20 (1987), S. 2514-2520 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-5835
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma00176a033
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitrous oxide emissions from grassland and spring barley, following N fertiliser application with and without nitrification inhibitors (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 25 (1997), S. 261-268 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Grassland ; Spring barley ; Nitrification inhibitor ; Nitrous oxide emission ; Denitrification ; Global warming ; Ozone layer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The aims of this study were to assess the effectiveness of the nitrification inhibitors dicyandiamide (DCD) and nitrapyrin on reducing emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O) following application of NH4 + or NH4 +-forming fertilisers to grassland and spring barley. DCD was applied to grassland with N fertiliser applications in April and August in 1992 and 1993, inhibiting N2O emissions by varying amounts depending on the fertiliser form and the time of application. Over periods of up to 2 months following each application of DCD, emissions of N2O were reduced by 58–78% when applied with urea (U) and 41–65% when applied with ammonium sulphate (AS). Annual emissions (April to March) of N2O were reduced by up to 58% and 56% in 1992–1993 and 1993–1994, respectively. Applying DCD to ammonium nitrate (AN) fertilised grassland did not reduce emissions after the April 1993 fertilisation, but emissions following the August application were reduced. Nitrapyrin was only applied once, with the April fertiliser applications in 1992, reducing N2O emissions over the following 12 months by up to 40% when applied with U. When N fertiliser was applied in June without DCD, the DCD applied in April was still partly effective; N2O emissions were reduced 50%, 60% and 80% as effectively as the emissions following the April applications, for AS in 1993, U in 1992 and 1993, respectively. In 1992 the persistence of an inhibitory effect was greater for nitrapyrin than for DCD, increasing after the June fertiliser application as overall emissions from U increased. There was no apparent reduction in effectiveness following repeated applications of DCD over the 2 years. N2O emissions from spring barley, measured only in 1993, were lower than from grassland. DCD reduced emissions from applied U by 40% but there was no reduction with AN. The results demonstrate considerable scope for reducing emissions by applying nitrification inhibitors with NH4 + or NH4 +-forming fertilisers; this is especially so for crops such as intensively managed grass where there are several applications of fertiliser nitrogen per season, as the effect of inhibitors applied in April persists until after a second fertiliser application in June.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050312
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of cycloheximide on N2O and NO3– production in a forest and an agricultural soil (1998)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 27 (1998), S. 27-34 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Acetylene ; Cycloheximide ; Heterotrophic nitrification ; Inhibitors ; Microbial biomass
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The present work aims at evaluating the effect of cycloheximide at concentrations of between 0.5 and 5mgg–1 on N2O and NO3 – production in two slightly alkaline soils, sampled from deciduous woodland and arable cultivation. In the first experiment, peptone was used as the “inducing substrate” for heterotrophic activity, and soil was incubated with cycloheximide (at different concentrations) and/or acetylene (1mll–1) to block induced eukaryotic protein synthesis and ammonia monooxygenase activity, respectively. Peptone addition stimulated N2O and NO3 – production significantly in woodland soil, whereas arable soil showed no significant N2O emissions and low NO3 – production. Low cycloheximide concentrations drastically reduced N2O emissions in woodland soil, suggesting a potential role of fungi in N2O emissions. However, acetylene was equally effective in blocking N2O emissions and part of NO3 – production, so that a possible role of ammonia monooxygenase in an organic-inorganic pathway of N nitrification in fungal metabolism can be hypothesized. A second experiment was carried out on the woodland soil to check if low cycloheximide concentrations had non-target biocidal effects on soil microorganisms. Attention was focused on the range of concentrations which had reduced N2O emission in the woodland soil. The results suggested that at concentrations of cycloheximide between 0.5 and 2mgg–1 any biocidal effect on microbial biomass was negligible in the first 48h; therefore only selective inhibition of protein synthesis could be expected. The whole nitrifier population seemed to be particularly sensitive to cycloheximide concentrations higher than 2.5mgg–1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050395
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitrous oxide emissions from fertilised grassland: A 2-year study of the effects of N fertiliser form and environmental conditions (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 25 (1997), S. 252-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Grassland ; Denitrification ; N-fertiliser ; Nitrification ; Nitrous oxide emissions ; Global warming ; Ozone layer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The aim was to investigate the effects of different N fertilisers on nitrous oxide (N2O) flux from agricultural grassland, with a view to suggesting fertiliser practices least likely to cause substantial N2O emissions, and to assess the influence of soil and environmental factors on the emissions. Replicate plots on a clay loam grassland were fertilised with ammonium sulphate (AS), urea (U), calcium nitrate (CN), ammonium nitrate (AN), or cattle slurry supplemented with AN on three occasions in each of 2 years. Frequent measurements were made of N2O flux and soil and environmental variables. The loss of N2O-N as a percentage of N fertiliser applied was highest from the supplemented slurry (SS) treatment and U, and lowest from AS. The temporal pattern of losses was different for the different fertilisers and between years. Losses from U were lower than those from AN and CN in the spring, but higher in the summer. The high summer fluxes were associated with high water-filled pore space (WFPS) values. Fluxes also rose steeply with temperature where WFPS or mineral N values were not limiting. Total annual loss was higher in the 2nd year, probably because of the rainfall pattern: the percentage losses were 2.2, 1.4, 1.2, 1.1 and 0.4 from SS, U, AN, CN and AS, respectively. Application of U in the spring and AN twice in the summer in the 2nd year gave an average emission factor of 0.8% – lower than from application of either individual fertiliser. We suggest that similar varied fertilisation practices, modified according to soil and crop type and climatic conditions, might be employed to minimise N2O emissions from agricultural land.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050311
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Negative ion production in collisions between K(nd) Rydberg atoms and CF3Br and CF2Br2 (1990)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 92 (1990), S. 1672-1676 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Negative ion production via electron transfer in collisions between K(nd) Rydberg atoms and CF3Br and CF2Br2 has been investigated over a wide range of of n (10≤n≤70). For both species, the major negative ion observed is Br−, although with CF2Br2, a small Br−2 signal is also detected. Kinematic studies show that Br− production via dissociative attachment is accompanied by sizable translational energy release (∼0.35 eV for CF3Br; ∼0.2 eV for CF2Br2). These studies further show that, despite this large energy release, post-attachment interactions between the product ions are important at intermediate values of n(n(approximately-less-than)20) and suggest that the transient CF3Br−@B| and CF2Br2−* ions initially formed by electron capture have quite different lifetimes against dissociation. Cross sections for free-electron attachment to both species are derived from measurements of rate constants for electron transfer at high n. These cross sections are in reasonable agreement with results obtained in free-electron studies using the threshold photoelectron spectroscopy technique.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.458048
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Translational kinetic energy release in dissociative electron attachment to C2Cl4, CCl4 , CFCl3, and 1,1,1-C2Cl3F3 (1989)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 90 (1989), S. 1652-1656 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Translational energy release in dissociative electron attachment to C2Cl4, CCl4 , CFCl3, and 1,1,1-C2Cl3F3 has been investigated at subthermal electron energies through studies of collisions involving K(nd) Rydberg atoms. For CCl4 and CFCl3 , the observed mean translational energy release is in good agreement with the predictions of quasiequilibrium theories of unimolecular decay, suggesting that the excess energy of reaction is well-distributed among the internal modes of the intermediate negative ion prior to dissociation. In contrast, the data for 1,1,1-C2Cl3F3 indicate rapid dissociation before effective redistribution of the excess energy can occur. Implications of this as regards measurement of free-electron attachment cross sections at very-low energies are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.456058
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Study of low-energy electron attachment to C6F6 using K(nd ) Rydberg atoms (1988)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 88 (1988), S. 2853-2854 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An investigation of electron attachment to perfluorobenzene at subthermal energies using K(nd) Rydberg atoms is reported. The data indicate that electron capture occurs through two channels, one resulting in formation of long-lived C6F−6 ions, the other yielding C6F−6 ions that undergo rapid autodetachment. The data are compared to results obtained in free-electron studies using swarm and threshold photoelectron spectroscopy techniques.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.453972
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Semiclassical model for analysis of dissociative electron transfer reactions involving Rydberg atoms (1990)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 93 (1990), S. 8669-8675 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Collisions between atoms in high Rydberg states and molecules that dissociatively attach free low-energy electrons can lead to ionization through capture of the excited electron by the target molecule. A Monte Carlo code is described that models the detailed kinematics of such dissociative electron transfer reactions. The model takes into account the velocity distributions of the reactants, the lifetime and decay energetics of the transient intermediate negative ion, and the electrostatic interaction between the product positive and negative ions. Data for CF3I are presented that illustrate how detailed comparisons between model predictions and experimental data can lead to a better understanding of the dynamics of dissociative electron attachment reactions. In particular, such comparisons can provide estimates of the lifetime of the intermediate negative ions and show how the excess energy of reaction is partitioned between translational and internal degrees of freedom in the dissociation process.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.459253
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rydberg-atom destruction in collisions with electron attaching targets at low-to-intermediate n (1990)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 92 (1990), S. 285-287 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Semiclassical model calculations of rate constants for Rydberg-atom destruction through electron transfer in collisions between K(nd) atoms and CF3I and SF6 are presented. The calculated rate constants are in good agreement with experimental data, but at low-to-intermediate values of n fall below those expected on the basis of the simple free-electron model. Reasons for this apparent discrepancy are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.458475
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