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  • Articles  (420)
  • nitrogen  (227)
  • Zea mays  (193)
  • Springer  (420)
  • International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
  • 1990-1994  (420)
  • 1
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 71 (1994), S. 177-180 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: aflatoxin ; Carophilus ; Zea mays ; corn ; plant resistance ; Coleoptera ; Nitidulidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 2
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 72 (1994), S. 17-23 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: plant varietal resistance ; armyworm ; Spodoptera exempta ; leaf extracts ; Zea mays ; feeding deterrent ; toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Maize (Zea mays L.) leaf tissue of cv Bastille and cv Michoacan 12 was extracted with n-hexane. The extracts were bioassayed against 5th instar African armyworm,Spodoptera exempta (Walker)(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), by feeding the larvae on agar based media or sucrose impregnated glass fibre discs. The hexane extract of the ‘resistant’ cv Bastille exhibited feeding deterrency and toxicity which were not shown by the ‘susceptible’ cv Michoacan 12. The hexane extract of cv Bastille was adsorbed onto silica gel, the solution filtered off and the adsorbed component taken up into ethyl acetate. Bioassay of these fractions indicated that the toxic and deterrent action was retained in the ethyl acetate fraction. Preparative thin layer chromatography of the ethyl acetate fraction isolated two biologically active constituents. These were both growth inhibitors and lethal by ingestion to the 5th instar African armyworm. Implications for resistance in maize varieties to insect pests are discussed.
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  • 3
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    Mycorrhiza 5 (1994), S. 119-124 
    ISSN: 1432-1890
    Keywords: Key words Glomus mosseae ; Manganese uptake ; Root exudation ; Manganese reduction ; Mycorrhizal effect ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The influence of rhizosphere microorganisms and vesicular-arbuscular (VA) mycorrhiza on manganese (Mn) uptake in maize (Zea mays L. cv. Tau) plants was studied in pot experiments under controlled environmental conditions. The plants were grown for 7 weeks in sterilized calcareous soil in pots having separate compartments for growth of roots and of VA mycorrhizal fungal hyphae. The soil was left either uninoculated (control) or prior to planting was inoculated with rhizosphere microorganisms only (MO-VA) or with rhizosphere microorganisms together with a VA mycorrhizal fungus [Glomus mosseae (Nicol and Gerd.) Gerdemann and Trappe] (MO+VA). Mycorrhiza treatment did not affect shoot dry weight, but root dry weight was slightly inhibited in the MO+VA and MO-VA treatments compared with the uninoculated control. Concentrations of Mn in shoots decreased in the order MO-VA〉MO+VA〉control. In the rhizosphere soil, the total microbial population was higher in mycorrhizal (MO+VA) than nonmycorrhizal (MO-VA) treatments, but the proportion of Mn-reducing microbial populations was fivefold higher in the nonmycorrhizal treatment, suggesting substantial qualitative changes in rhizosphere microbial populations upon root infection with the mycorrhizal fungi. The most important microbial group taking part in the reduction of Mn was fluorescent Pseudomonas. Mycorrhizal treatment decreased not only the number of Mn reducers but also the release of Mn-solubilizing root exudates, which were collected by percolation from maize plants cultivated in plastic tubes filled with gravel quartz sand. Compared with mycorrhizal plants, the root exudates of nonmycorrhizal plants had two fold higher capacity for reduction of Mn. Therefore, changes in both rhizosphere microbial population and root exudation are probably responsible for the lower acquisition of Mn in mycorrhizal plants.
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  • 4
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    Biology and fertility of soils 18 (1994), S. 228-230 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Fine root ; Root litter ; Biofertiliser ; Leucaena leucocephala ; Trigonella foenum-graecum ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The efficacy ofLeucaena leucocephala root litter as a natural biological fertiliser was assessed usingZea mays as a test plant. Up to 8% of the fine roots of the plants constituted root litter. This fine root litter was better than that ofTrigonella foenum-graecum at increasing the growth and productivity ofZea mays. The root litter increased the growth of maize shoots more than the growth of roots. This appears to be a general phenomenon when plant nutrients are insufficient, as in the present study.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: Great Basin ; climatic variations ; productivity ; organic matter ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; hardwater lake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Sediment cores from the shallow and deep basins of Pyramid Lake, Nevada, revealed variations in composition with depth reflecting changes in lake level, river inflow, and lake productivity. Recent sediments from the period of historical record indicate: (1) CaCO3 and organic content of sediment in the shallow basin decrease at lower lake level, (2) CaCO3 content of deep basin sediments increases when lake level decreases rapidly, and (3) the inorganic P content of sediments increases with decreasing lake volume. Variations in sediment composition also indicate several periods for which productivity in Pyramid Lake may have been elevated over the past 1000 years. Our data provide strong evidence for increased productivity during the first half of the 20th Century, although the typical pattern for cultural eutrophication was not observed. The organic content of sediments also suggests periods of increased productivity in the lake prior to the discovery and development of the region by white settlers. Indeed, a broad peak in organic fractions during the 1800's originates as an increase starting around 1600. However, periods of changing organic content of sediments also correspond to periods when inflow to the lake was probably at extremes (e.g. drought or flood) indicating that fluctuations in river inflow may be an important factor affecting sediment composition in Pyramid Lake.
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  • 6
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 38 (1994), S. 53-59 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: controlled-release fertilizer ; gel ; iron ; manganese ; nitrogen ; polyacrylamide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Using diverse technological approaches, many types of delivery devices have been used to supply plant nutrients at a controlled rate in the soil. One new approach is the use of hydrophilic polymers as carriers of plant nutrients. These polymers may be generally classified as 1) natural polymers derived from polysaccharides, 2) semi-synthetic polymers (primarily cellulose derivatives), and 3) synthetic polymers. By controlling the reaction conditions when forming the polymers, various degrees of cross-linking, anionic charge, and cationic charge can be added, thereby changing their effectiveness as fertilizer carriers. When fertilizer-containing solutions are mixed with hydrophilic polymers to form a “gel” prior to application in the soil, the release of soluble nutrients can be substantially delayed compared with soluble fertilizer alone. The effectiveness of a specific controlled-release polymeric system is determined in part by its specific chemical and physical properties, its biodegradation rate, and the fertilizer source used. Addition of some polymers with nutrients has been shown to reduce N and K leaching from well-drained soils and to increase the plant recovery of added N, P, Fe, and Mn in some circumstances
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  • 7
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 40 (1994), S. 165-173 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Animal manure ; eutrophication ; ground water ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; surface runoff
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract With the rapid growth of the poultry industry in Oklahoma, U.S.A., more litter is applied to farm land. Thus, information is required on the impact of applications on regional soil and water resources. The effect of soil and poultry litter management on nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) loss in runoff and subsurface flow from four 16 m2 plots (Ruston fine sandy loam, 6 to 8% slope) was investigated under natural rainfall. Plots under Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) received 11 Mg litter ha−1, which amounts to contributions of approximately 410 kg N and 140 kg P ha−1 yr−1. In spring, litter was broadcast on 3 of the plots; the upper half of one and total area of the other two. One of the total-area broadcast plots was tilled to 6 cm, the other remained as no till. The fourth plot served as a control. Relative to the control, litter application increased mean concentrations of total N and total P in runoff during the 16-week study for no-till (15.4 and 5.8 mg L−1) and tilled treatments (16.7 and 6.1 mg L−1). However, values for the half-area application (5.6 and 2.0 mg L−1) were similar to the control (5.7 and 1.3 mg L−1). Interflow (subsurface lateral flow at 70 cm depth) P was not affected by litter application; however, nitrate-N concentrations increased from 0.6 (control) to 2.9 mg L−1 (no till). In all cases, 〈 2 % litter N and P was lost in runoff and interflow, maintaining acceptable water quality concentrations. Although litter increased grass yield (8518 kg ha−1) compared to the control (3501 kg ha−1), yields were not affected by litter management. An 8-fold increase in the plant available P content of surface soil indicates long-term litter management and application rates will be critical to the environmentally sound use of this nutrient resource.
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  • 8
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 37 (1994), S. 107-113 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Ensete ventricosum ; fertilizer response ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; potassium ; sulphur ; starch
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Ensete (Ensete ventricosum W. Cheesm.) is a root crop which stores starch in the root and in the lower part of the stem. It is grown in the southwest of Ethiopia and due to its drought resistance, it is of outstanding importance for the supply of food to the local population. Until now virtually nothing is known about the response of Ensete to fertilizer application. Field trials carried out on three representative soils in Ethiopia showed that Ensete biomass yields were increased significantly on all three soils by nitrogen and phosphorus application. Potassium had only marginal effect on biomass growth but favourably influenced starch production. Sulfate application had no major impact on growth and starch yield. The yield response was well related to the level of available nutrients in the soil, as determined by electroultrafiltration (EUF). Leaf analysis provided preliminary evidence that optimum levels of N, P, and K may be 3.8%, 0.3%, and 4.8%, respectively.
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  • 9
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 37 (1994), S. 227-234 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: catch crop ; mineralization ; nitrogen ; plant species ; residual effects ; soil depletion ; winter hardiness
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Ten widely different plant species were compared for their ability to reduce soil mineral nitrogen levels in the autumn and their ability to improve the nitrogen nutrition of the succeeding crop. The species included monocots and dicots, crops that survived the winter (persistent) or were winter killed (non-persistent) as well as legumes and non legumes. Their ability to reduce soil mineral nitrogen content was dependent on both root depth and persistency of the crops in the autumn. For non-persistent catch crops most of the mineralization of plant nitrogen occurred during the winter, and for some of these so early as to allow leaching of some mineralized nitrogen. For persistent crops most of the mineralization occurred shortly after incorporation in the spring. The effect of the catch crops on nitrogen uptake by the succeeding barley crop varied from 13 to 66 kg N ha−1 and the differences between the crops could not be related to any single character, but to a combination of root depth, persistency, plant nitrate accumulation, and depletion of the soil mineral nitrogen pool in spring.
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  • 10
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 39 (1994), S. 223-228 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: drip-fertigation ; efficiency ; nitrogen ; sugar cane ; uptake ; yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Nitrogen (N) fertilizer use efficiency by sugar cane in Mauritius rarely exceeds 40%. Since drip-irrigation delivers water uniformly and directly to the root zone with little run-off, application of N via the drip-irrigation system could therefore provide a means of enhancing fertilizer N use by sugar cane. A study was initiated in Mauritius to determine what benefits would accrue from applying urea (120 kg N per ha) to sugar cane through the drip-irrigation network. The data obtained showed that the efficiency of fertilizer N when measured at harvest was nearly doubled by supplying the N daily over 10 to 20 weeks by fertigation. Increased yields of sugar or cane did not, however, accompany the improved N use efficiency. Furthermore, when N was applied through the drip-irrigation network, recovery of N at harvest did not accurately reflect N use efficiency.
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  • 11
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 39 (1994), S. 199-203 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: farmyard manure ; floodwater ; nitrogen ; Oryza sativa L. ; partial pressure of ammonia ; urea ; Vietnam
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Farmyard manure (FYM) applied to rice-growing soils can substitute for industrial fertilizers, but little is known about the influence of FYM on the effectiveness and optimal management for industrial N fertilizers. A field experiment was conducted in northern Vietnam on a degraded soil in the spring season (February to June) and summer season (July to November) to determine the effect of FYM on optimal timing for the first application of urea. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with two rates of basal incorporated FYM (0 or 6 Mg ha−1) in factorial combination with two timings of the first application of 30 kg urea-N ha−1 (basal incorporated before transplanting or delayed until 14 to 16 d after transplanting). The FYM was formed by composting pig manure with rice straw for 3 months. Basal incorporation of FYM, containing 23 kg N ha−1, increased rice grain yield in both seasons. The yield increase cannot be attributed to reduced ammonia loss of applied urea-N, because FYM did not reduce partial pressure of ammonia (pNH3) following urea application in either season. Basal and delayed applications of urea were equally effective in the absence of FYM, but when FYM was applied rice yields in both seasons were higher for delayed (mean = 3.2 Mg ha−1) than basal (mean = 2.9 Mg ha−1) application of urea. Results suggest that recommendations for urea timing in irrigated lowland rice should consider whether farmers apply FYM.
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  • 12
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    Aquatic sciences 56 (1994), S. 16-28 
    ISSN: 1420-9055
    Keywords: Chlorophyll-a ; phosphorus ; nitrogen ; lake ecosystem ; nutrient limitation ; regression analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Regression results based on data from 46 northern temperate lakes show that total phosphorus (TP) is the best predictor for phytoplankton (as chl-a) at lower trophic levels, TP 〈 200 mg · m−3. A regression including both TP and TN as regressors is the best predictor for lakes with TP 〉 200 mg · m−3. However, the good correlation is probably due to a high correlation between lake average chl-a (all years observed) and lake average TP and TN. Within single hypereutrophic lakes, TN alone is the best predictor. It was not possible to identify a medium trophic domain where TN and TP in combination was the best predictor for chl-a. The ratio TN:TP in the water decreases from about 40 to about 5 with increasing trophic level. Optimum TN:TP ratio for algal species with high abundance during late summer and autumn reflects this decreasing ratio, but within a lesser range, i.e., 20 to 5. In contrast, TN:TP ratios for species abundant during the early vernal period showed no, or an inverse, relation to the TN:TP ratio of the water.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Anthocyanin ; Cold stress ; mRNA ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Changes in anthocyanin content and transcript abundance for genes whose products function in general phenylpropanoid metabolism and the anthocyanin pathway were monitored in maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings during short-term, low-temperature treatment. Anthocyanin and mRNA abundance in sheaths of maize seedlings increased with the severity and duration of cold. Anthocyanin accumulation was found in all tested lines that were genotypically capable of any anthocyanin production. Within 24 h of transferring 7-d maize (B37N) seedlings to 10° C, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (Pal) (EC 4.3.1.5)-homologous and chalcone synthase (C2) (EC 2.3.1.74) transcript levels increased at least 8- and 50-fold, respectively, and 4-coumarate:CoA ligase (4Cl) (EC 6.2.1.12)-homologous and chalcone isomerase (Chi) (EC 5.5.1.6)-homologous transcripts increased at least 3-fold over levels in unstressed plants. Time-course studies showed thatPal (EC 4.3.1.5) andC2-transcript levels remained relatively constant for the first 12 h of cold stress, dramatically increased over the next 12 h, and declined to pretreatment levels within 2 d of returning coldstressed seedlings to ambient (25° C) temperature. Transcripts4Cl (EC 6.2.1.12) andChi (EC 5.5.1.6) increased in abundance within 6 h of cold stress, exhibited no further increase over the next 36 h, and declined to pretreatment levels upon returning seedlings to 25° C. Transcripts homologous to two regulatory (R, C1) and three structural (A1,A2, andBz2) anthocyanin genes increased at least 7- to 10-fold during cold treatment, exhibiting similar kinetics of accumulation as forPal (EC 4.3.1.5) andC2 transcripts. Transcripts encoded byBz1, the anthocyanin structural gene for UDP:glucose-flavonol glucosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.91), were relatively abundant in control tissues and exhibited only a transient increase during the cold period. Our studies suggest that the genes of the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway can be consideredcor (Cold-Regulation) genes, and because this pathway is well defined, it is an excellent subject for characterizing plant molecular responses to low temperatures.
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  • 14
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    Biology and fertility of soils 17 (1994), S. 1-8 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Ammonium excretion ; Azospirillum brasilense ; Auxine ; 2,4-Dichlor-phenoxy-acetic acid ; Nitrogen fixation ; Paranodulation ; Maize ; Zea mays ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Maize seedlings develop nodule-like tumour knots (para-nodules) along primary roots when treated with the auxin 2,4-dichlor-phenoxy-acetic acid (2,4-D). Inoculated NH 4 + -excreting Azospirillum brasilense cells were shown to colonize these tumours, mostly intracellularly, promoting a high level of N2 fixation when microaerophilic conditions were imposed. The nitrogenase activity inside the para-nodules was less sensitive to free O2 than in non-para-nodulating roots. Both light and electron microscopy showed a dense bacterial population inside intact tumour cells, with the major part of the cell infection along a central tumour tissue. The bacteria colonized the cytoplasm with a close attachment to inner cell membranes. In an auxin-free growth medium, young 2,4-D-induced para-nodules grew further to become mature differentiated root organs in which introduced bacteria survived with a stable population. These results provide evidence that gramineous plants are potentially able to create a symbiosis with diazotrophic bacteria in which the NH 4 + -excreting symbiont will colonize para-nodule tissue intracellularly, thus becoming well protected.
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  • 15
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    Plasma chemistry and plasma processing 14 (1994), S. 451-490 
    ISSN: 1572-8986
    Keywords: Transport coefficients ; transport properties ; viscosity ; thermal conductivity ; electrical conductivity ; diffusion coefficient ; Chapman Enskog method ; argon ; nitrogen ; oxygen ; plasma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Calculated values of the viscosity, thermal conductivity, and electrical conductivity of argon, nitrogen, and oxygen plasmas, and mixtures of argon anti nitrogen and of argon anti oxygen, are presented. In addition, combined ordinary, pressure, and thermal diffusion coefficients are given for the gas mixtures. These three combined diffusion coefficients fully describe di fusion of the two gases, irrespective of their degree of dissociation or ionizati on. The calculations, which assume local thermodynamic equilibrium, are performed! for atmospheric-pressure plasmas in the temperature range /torn 300 to 30,000 K. A number of the collision integrals used in calculating the transport coefficients are significantly more accurate than values used in previous theoretical studies, resulting in more reliable values of the transport coefficients. The results are compared with those of published theoretical and experimental studies.
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  • 16
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    Plant molecular biology 24 (1994), S. 35-49 
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: acetyl CoA carboxylase ; cDNA Cloning ; herbicide ; nucleotide sequence ; purification ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Acetyl CoA carboxylase (EC 6.4.1.2) in plants is a chloroplast-localized, biotin-containing enzyme that catalyses the carboxylation of acetyl CoA to malonyl CoA, the first committed step of the fatty acid biosynthesis pathway. Acetyl CoA carboxylase is the target site for the monocotyledon-specific aryloxy-phenoxypropionate and cyclohexanedione groups of herbicides. We have purifed a herbicide-sensitive acetyl CoA carboxylase from maize leaves to homogeneity (specific activity 7 μmol min-1 mg-1), separating it during the purification from a minor herbicide-resistant acetyl CoA carboxylase. The purified enzyme is a dimer of 230 kDa subunits. Antibodies raised to the purified acetyl CoA carboxylase detected three cross-reacting clones in a maize leaf cDNA expression library, each having an insert of 4–4.5 kb. Restriction analysis and sequencing showed that the cDNAs were derived from two different transcripts. Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequences with those of chicken and yeast acetyl CoA carboxylases confirmed that both types encoded acetyl CoA carboxylase, corresponding to the C-terminal half of the enzyme. The overall identity of the maize and chicken sequences was 37% (58% similarity) but for some shorter regions was much higher. Analysis of six other acetyl CoA carboxylase clones recovered from the maize cDNA library showed four belonged to one type and two to the other. The nucleotide sequence similarity between the two types of cDNA was approximately 95% in the coding region but considerably less in the 3′-untranslated region. Northern blot analysis of maize RNA showed a single band of 8.2–8.5 kb for acetyl CoA carboxylase mRNA. Southern blot hybridisations indicated that there are probably no more than two genes in maize for acetyl CoA carboxylase. The possible significance of two different cDNAs for acetyl CoA carboxylase is discussed.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Opaque-2 and opaque-2 genes ; allelic diversity ; Opaque-2 proteins ; transcriptional activator ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The expression of the various members of the zein multigene family in maize endosperm is controlled by different regulatory loci. One of these loci, Opaque-2, coding for a bZIP transcriptional factor, controls the expression of a subset of zein genes. Analysis of genomic DNA from plants carrying wild-type (O2) or mutant o2 alleles shows specific DNA restriction patterns that correlate with transcript types and their various gene products. Northern and western analyses show the presence in different wild types of a 1.7 kb transcript coding for different sizes of normal O2 proteins that migrate as doublets in the 68–72 kDa range. Among the various o2 mutants analysed we showed the occurrence of various null-transcript alleles, the presence of alleles with a normal size transcript which, however, produce a different-sized o2 protein, and a mutant producing both a normal size transcript and a longer transcript, but generating only a single o2 product migrating around 40 kDa. Analysis of other mutations (o7, fl2) known to affect zien polypeptide synthesis shows no interference of these mutations in the expression of the O2 gene products. The overall results indicate the occurrence of micro heterogeneity in the O2 wild-type genes and a broad spectrum of o2 mutations, both producing different sizes of O2 or o2 proteins. A nomenclature of the O2 and o2 genes based on the RFLP, transcripts and products of the various alleles is presented.
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  • 18
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    Plant molecular biology 25 (1994), S. 909-916 
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: heat shock 70 kDa protein ; multigene family ; polymerase chain reaction ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In this study we have analysed the multigene family coding for the cytoplasmic heat shock 70 kDa proteins (hsp70) inZea mays. Fully degenerate primers were used in a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify selected regions of the hsp70 genes. Sequence and Southern blot analysis reveals that at least three highly conserved genes exist in maize. In addition, amplification reveals the presence of a conserved intron in all genes examined. Expression analysis shows that the hsp70 genes studied represent members of the inducible and constitutive families. The results obtained may indicate that there are subfamilies of cytoplasmic hsp70 genes expressed in higher plants.
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  • 19
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    Plant molecular biology 25 (1994), S. 343-353 
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: cytochrome P450 ; flower development ; meristem-specific gene ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Four cDNA clones exhibiting preferential hybridization to transcripts present in developing maize tassels were isolated by differential screening. One of these cDNA clones hybridizes to transcripts detectable only in the shoot apex. The abundance of this transcript is significantly higher in developing inflorescence apices than in vegetative apices. DNA sequence analysis of a 2107 nucleotide cDNA clone corresponding to this transcript revealed that the transcript encodes a polypeptide of 547 amino acids, with a molecular mass of 58.4 kDa. This polypeptide shares significant sequence similarity with members of the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase gene superfamily, including the conserved C-terminal domains typical of the cytochrome P450 monooxygenases.
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  • 20
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    Plant molecular biology 25 (1994), S. 565-568 
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: chromatin ; high-mobility-group (HMG) proteins ; protein stability ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Chromosomal non-histone high-mobility-group (HMG) proteins represent essential components of eukaryotic chromatin and have also been isolated from a variety of plants. In maize, studies on structure and function of the two larger of the four major HMG proteins have recently been performed and are now extended by analysis of theirin vivo stability using pulse-chase experiments in a cell suspension culture. The half-life of the analyzed HMGa and HMGb proteins was found to be 65 h or more than 78 h, respectively.
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  • 21
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    Plant molecular biology 25 (1994), S. 817-828 
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: B-Peru ; germinal revertants ; Mutator ; tandem duplication ; unequal recombination ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Theb locus ofZea mays encodes a transcriptional activator of the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway. TheB-Peru allele is expressed in the aleurone layer of the seed, which results in dark purple pigmentation of this tissue. An unstableMutator-inducedB-Peru mutant allele,b-Perum220, displays weak, variable pigment and a high germinal reversion rate not characteristic of otherMutator insertions. Characterization of relevant regions ofb-Perum220 revealed aMu2 element insertion in one copy of a 534 bp sequence. This 534 bp sequence is tandemly triplicated in the progenitorB-Peru allele, upstream of theB-Peru transcription start site. In addition to theMu2 insertion, theb-Perum220 allele contains a newly formed large tandem duplication of 4.0 kb, which includes the promoter region and the first three exons of theB-Peru gene. TheMu2 element does not reside at any of the duplication breakpoints. The molecular study of eleven independent germinal revertants revealed five structural classes including structures in which the 4.0 kb tandem duplication is partially or completely deleted, theMu2 element is partially or completely deleted, or a combination of these events has occurred. We hypothesize that most of the revertants arose by unequal recombination between the duplicated regions. Based on these structural analyses, models are discussed to explain the reducedb gene expression inb-Perum220.
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  • 22
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: primary response ; ferredoxin NADP+ oxidoreductase ; nitrate ; cycloheximide ; Zea mays ; roots
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract To more fully understand the biochemical and molecular events which occur in plants exposed to nitrate, cDNAs whose accumulation was enhanced in nitrate- and cycloheximide-treated maize (Zea mays L. W64A × W182E) roots were isolated. The 340 bp Zmrprn 1 (for Zea mays root primary response to nitrate) cDNA also hybridized with a probe enriched for nitrate-induced sequences, and was characterized further. Sequence analysis of a near full-length cDNA (Zmrprn 1A) showed strong homology (〉90% amino acid identity) with a root ferredoxin-NADP+ oxidoreductase (FNR) of rice, and 45–50% amino acid identity with leaf FNR genes. When expressed in Escherichia coli, the Zmrprn 1A cDNA produced a protein with NADPH: ferricyanide reductase activity, consistent with the enzymatic properties of an FNR. The Zmrprn 1 cDNA hybridized with a 1.4 kb transcript which was expressed in the maize root primary response to nitrate. That is, mRNA levels in roots increased rapidly and transiently in response to external nitrate, and low levels of nitrate (10 μM) induced transcript accumulation. The accumulation of the Zmrprn 1 transcript was not prevented by cycloheximide, indicating that the cellular factor(s) required for expression were constitutively present in maize roots. The Zmrprn 1 mRNA accumulated specifically in response to nitrate, since neither K+ nor NH4 + treatment of roots caused transcript accumulation. Maize leaves had about 5% of the transcript level found in roots, indicating a strong preference for expression of Zmrprn 1 in roots. Analysis of maize genomic DNA indicated the presence of only a single gene or very small gene family for the Zmrprn 1. Together, the data indicate that Zmrprn 1A encodes a nitrate regulated maize root FNR.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: glutamine synthetase genes ; regulation ; nitrate ; ammonium ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The responses of the five cytosolic-type glutamine synthetase (GS1) genes of maize to treatment of hydroponically grown seedlings with 10 mM KNO3 or 10 mM NH4Cl were analyzed. Non-coding 3′ gene-specific hybridization probes and radioanalytic imaging were used to quantitate individual gene transcript levels in excised roots and shoots before treatment and at selected times after treatment. Genes GS1−1 and GS1−2 exhibited distinct organ-specific responses to treatment with either nitrogen source. The GS1−1 transcript level increased over three-fold in roots, but changed little if any in shoots. In contrast, the GS1−2 transcript level increased over two-fold in shoots, but decreased in roots after treatment. Increased transcript levels were evident at 4 h after treatment with either nitrogen source, with maximum accumulations present at 8 h after treatment with ammonium and at 10–12 h after treatment with nitrate. The GS1−3 gene transcript level showed little or no change after treatment with either nitrogen source. The GS1−4 gene transcript level remained constant in shoots of treated seedlings, whereas in roots, it exhibited relatively minor, but complex responses to these two nitrogen sources. The GS1−5 gene transcript is present in very small amounts in seedlings, making it difficult to analyze its response to metabolites in young plants. These results provide support for the possibility that different cytosolic GS genes of maize play distinct roles in nitrogen metabolism during plant growth and differentiation.
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  • 24
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    Plant molecular biology 25 (1994), S. 137-140 
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: DNA acquisition ; retrotransposon ; retrovirus ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The recently identified maize retroelement Bs1 encodes domains of the plasma membrane H+-ATPase. This is the first example of host DNA captured by a plant retroelement and resembles the acquisition of oncogenes by vertebrate retroviruses. The ability to capture sequences from its host provides plant retroelements with a mechanism to alter gene structure which could be important for evolutionary adaptive change.
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  • 25
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: intron ; maize ; splicing ; vectors ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The mechanisms of intron recognition and processing have been well-studied in mammals and yeast, but in plants the biochemistry of splicing is not known and the rules for intron recognition are not clearly defined. To increase understanding of intron processing in plants, we have constructed new pairs of vectors, pSuccess and pFail, to assess the efficiency of splicing in maize cultured cells. In the pFail series we use translation of pre-mRNA to monitor the amount of unspliced RNA. We inserted an ATG codon in the Bz2 (Bronze-2) intron in frame with luciferase: this construct will express luciferase activity only when splicing fails. In the pSuccess series the spliced message is monitored by inserting an ATG upstream of the Bz2 intron in frame with luciferase: this construct will express luciferase activity only when splicing succeeds. We show here, using both the wild-type Bz2 intron and the same intron with splice site mutations, that the efficiency of splicing can be estimated by the ratio between the luciferase activities of the vector pairs. We also show that mutations in the unique U-rich motif inside the intron can modulate splicing. In addition, a GC-rich insertion in the first exon increases the efficiency of splicing, suggesting that exons also play an important role in intron recognition and/or processing.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Glutathione S-transferase ; herbicide safener ; inducible gene expression ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Several GSTs have been characterised in maize. GST I is a homodimer of 29 kDa subunits, GST II a hetrodimer of 27 kDa and 29 kDa subunits and GST IV a homodimer of 27 kDa subunits. We report the isolation and characterization of a herbicide-safener inducible cDNA clone, GST-27. Based on partial amino acid sequence, GST-27 encodes the 27 kDa subunit present in both glutathione S-transferase isoforms GST II and IV. Northern blotting was used to compare the expression patterns of GST-27 with that of GST-29. Transcripts corresponding to GST-27 were found to be constitutively expressed in RNA isolated from the root, but no expression was detected in RNA isolated from aerial parts of the plant. The application of herbicide safener caused a dramatic increase in the expression of GST-27 in all aerial plant parts tested. GST-29 was found to be constitutively expressed in RNA isolated from a number of maize tissues. The basal level of GST-29 expression showed a minimal increase upon herbicide safener treatment. Although a range of hormonal, environmental and physiological stimuli failed to elevate GST-27 levels, some increase in GST-27 mRNA was observed in the late stages of leaf senescence and after treatments resulting in phytotoxic effects.
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  • 27
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    Mycorrhiza 5 (1994), S. 119-124 
    ISSN: 1432-1890
    Keywords: Glomus mosseae ; Manganese uptake ; Root exudation ; Manganese reduction ; Mycorrhizal effect ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The influence of rhizosphere microorganisms and vesicular-arbuscular (VA) mycorrhiza on manganese (Mn) uptake in maize (Zea mays L. cv. Tau) plants was studied in pot experiments under controlled environmental conditions. The plants were grown for 7 weeks in sterilized calcareous soil in pots having separate compartments for growth of roots and of VA mycorrhizal fungal hyphae. The soil was left either uninoculated (control) or prior to planting was inoculated with rhizosphere microorganisms only (MO-VA) or with rhizosphere microorganisms together with a VA mycorrhizal fungus [Glomus mosseae (Nicol and Gerd.) Gerdemann and Trappe] (MO+VA). Mycorrhiza treatment did not affect shoot dry weight, but root dry weight was slightly inhibited in the MO+VA and MO-VA treatments compared with the uninoculated control. Concentrations of Mn in shoots decreased in the order MO-VA 〉 MO+VA 〉 control. In the rhizosphere soil, the total microbial population was higher in mycorrhizal (MO+VA) than nonmycorrhizal (MO-VA) treatments, but the proportion of Mn-reducing microbial populations was fivefold higher in the nonmycorrhizal treatment, suggesting substantial qualitative changes in rhizosphere microbial populations upon root infection with the mycorrhizal fungi. The most important microbial group taking part in the reduction of Mn was fluorescent Pseudomonas. Mycorrhizal treatment decreased not only the number of Mn reducers but also the release of Mn-solubilizing root exudates, which were collected by percolation from maize plants cultivated in plastic tubes filled with gravel quartz sand. Compared with mycorrhizal plants, the root exudates of nonmycorrhizal plants had two fold higher capacity for reduction of Mn. Therefore, changes in both rhizosphere microbial population and root exudation are probably responsible for the lower acquisition of Mn in mycorrhizal plants.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Sorghum ; Zea mays ; Phylogeny rDNA sequence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The phylogenetic relationships of the genus Sorghum and related genera were studied by sequencing the nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA) internal transcribed spacer region (ITS). DNA was extracted from 15 Sorghum accessions, including one accession from each of the sections Chaetosorghum and Heterosorghum, four accessions from Parasorghum, two accessions from Stiposorghum, and seven representatives from three species of the section Sorghum (one accession from each of S. propinquum and S. halepense, and five races of S. bicolor). The maize (Zea mays) line, H95, and an accession from Cleistachne sorghoides were also included in the study. Variable nucleotides were used to construct a strict consensus phylogenetic tree. The analyses indicate that S. propinquum, S. halepense and S. bicolor subsp. arundinaceum race aethiopicum may be the closest wild relatives of cultivated sorghum; Sorghum nitidum may be the closest 2n=10 relative to S. bicolor, the sections Chaetosorghum and Heterosorghum appear closely related to each other and more closely related to the section Sorghum than Parasorghum; and the section Parasorghum is not monophyletic. The results also indicate that the genus Sorghum is a very ancient and diverse group.
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  • 29
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 259-264 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: RFLP ; Bootstrap ; Sampling variance ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Knowledge of genetic relationships among genotypes is useful in a plant breeding program because it permits the organization of germplasm and provides for more efficient sampling. The genetic distance (GD) among genotypes can be estimated using random restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) as molecular markers. Knowledge of the sampling variance associated with RFLP markers is needed to determine how many markers are required for a given level of precision in the estimate of GD. The sampling variance for GD among all pairs of 37 maize (Z. mays L.) inbred lines was estimated from 1202 RFLPs. The 1202 polymorphisms were generated from 251 enzyme-probe combinations (EPC). The sampling variance was used to determine how large a sample of RFLPs was required to provide a given level of precision. The coefficient of variation (CV) associated with GD has a nearly linear relationship between its expected standard deviation and mean. The magnitude of the decrease in the mean CV for GD with increasing numbers of bands was dependent upon the sampling unit; e.g., individual polymorphic bands vs EPC, and the degree of relatedness among the inbreds compared. The rate of reduction in mean CV with increasing sample size was the same regardless of the restriction enzyme used, BamHI, EcoRI or HindIII, when the bootstrap sampling units were individual polymorphic bands. In constrast, although the rate of reduction (slopes) was the same, the intercepts of the mean CVs were different when EPCs were used as the bootstrap sampling unit. This difference was due to the higher number of bands per EPC in BamHI (4.94) compared with EcoRI (4.83) and HindIII (4.63).
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  • 30
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 88 (1994), S. 780-784 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Acetochlor tolerance ; Gene expression Pollen selection ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The objectives of this research were to determine if genes controlling the reaction to the herbicide acetochlor in maize (Zea mays L.) are active during both the haploid and the diploid phases of the life cycle and if pollen selection can be utilized for improving sporophytic resistance. Pollen of eight inbred lines, previously characterized through sporophytic analysis for the level of tolerance to acetochlor, showed a differential reaction to the herbicide forin vitro tube length; moreover, such pollen reactions proved to be significantly correlated (r =0.786*,df=6) with those of the sporophytes producing the pollen. Pollen analysis of two inbred lines (i.e. Mo17, tolerant, and B79, susceptible) and their single cross showed that thein vitro pollen-tube length reaction of the hybrid was intermediate between those of two parents. An experiment on pollen selection was then performed by growing tassels of Mo17xB79 in the presence of the herbicide. Pollen obtained from treated tassels showed a greater tolerance to acetochlor, assessed asin vitro tube length reaction, than pollen obtained from control tassels. Moreover, the backcross [B79 (Mo17xB79)] sporophytic population obtained using pollen from the treated tassels was more tolerant (as indicated by the fresh weight of plants grown in the presence of the herbicide) than was the control backcross population. The two populations did not differ when grown without the herbicide. These findings indicate that genes controlling the reaction to acetochlor in maize have haplodiploid expression; consequently, pollen selection can be applied for improving plant tolerance.
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  • 31
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Zea mays ; Aspartate kinase Threonine-overproducing mutants ; Lysine ; Methionine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The aspartate-derived amino-acid pathway leads to the production of the essential amino-acids lysine, methionine, threonine and isoleucine. Aspartate kinase (AK) is the first enzyme in this pathway and exists in isoforms that are feedback inhibited by lysine and threonine. Two maize (Zea mays L.) threonine-overproducing, lysine-insensitive AK mutants (Ask1-LT19 and Ask2-LT20) were previously isolated. The present study was conducted to determine the map location of Ask2 and to examine the amino-acid profiles of the Ask mutants. The threonine-overproducing trait conferred by Ask2-LT20 was mapped to the long arm of chromosome 2. Both mutants exhibited increased free threonine concentrations (nmol/mg dry weight) over wild-type. The percent free threonine increased from approximately 2% in wild-type kernels to 37–54% of the total free amino-acid pool in homozygous mutant kernels. Free methionine concentrations also increased significantly in homozygous mutants. Free lysine concentrations were increased but to a much lesser extent than threonine or methionine. In contrast to previous studies, free aspartate concentrations were observed to decrease, indicating a possible limiting factor in threonine synthesis. Total (free plus protein-bound) amino-acid analyses demonstrated a consistent, significant increase in threonine, methionine and lysine concentrations in the homozygous mutants. Significant increases in protein-bound (total minus free) threonine, methionine and lysine were observed in the Ask mutants, indicating adequate protein sinks to incorporate the increased free amino-acid concentrations. Total amino-acid contents (nmol/kernel) were approximately the same for mutant and wild-type kernels. In five inbred lines both Ask mutations conferred the threonine-overproducing phenotype, indicating high expressivity in different genetic backgrounds. These analyses are discussed in the context of the regulation of the aspartate-derived amino-acid pathway.
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  • 32
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Zea mays ; Opaque-2 ; RFLPs Marker-assisted selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Quality Protein Maize (QPM) is a name given to genetically modified opaque-2 maize with hard endosperm. The opaque-2 mutation conditions a reduction in the amount of zein seed storage protein; zeins are deficient in the essential amino acids lysine and tryptophan, and mutant seed have a higher nutritional value. To utilize the potential of opaque-2 maize, elite inbreds can be converted to o2/o2 forms and subsequently to hard endosperm opaque-2. Since opaque-2 is recessive and endosperm specific, conventional backcross procedures to convert elite inbreds to opaque-2 forms are inefficient. To alleviate this problem, a marker-assisted selection procedure was developed for the Texas A&M University Quality Protein Maize breeding program. Hybridization of an O2 cDNA probe to blots of DNA from plants carrying O2 and o2 alleles showed that restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) exist between the W64A o2 allele and O2 alleles of Mo17 and TX5855 inbred lines. To identify the opaque2 genotypes in segregating populations, an RFLP marker assay combining the O2 cDNA probe and HindIII-digestion of genomic DNA was developed. The effectiveness of the O2 RFLP marker assay was tested under field conditions using F2 and backcross populations of several hard endosperm opaque-2 lines. A comparison of the genotypes identified by RFLP analysis with the seed phenotypes of the next generation indicated that this procedure is accurate and can be used for identifying O2/O2, O2/o2, and o2/o2 genotypes of individual juvenile plants in breeding populations.
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  • 33
    ISSN: 1573-9368
    Keywords: transient gene expression ; β-glucuronidase ; luciferase ; Hordeum vulgare ; Zea mays ; Nicotiana tabacum ; quantitation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The particle gun approach was used for the quantification of promoter efficiency in a test system for transient gene expression. β-Glucuronidase was used as reporter gene for determining promotote strength. The variability inherent in this gene transfer system was considerably reduced by calculating a transformation efficiency factor given by the expression of a cotransferred second reporter gene (firefly luciferase). The calibration of β-glucuronidase activity by the transformation efficiency factor caused a lower statistical variance of the values and allowed reliable results to be obtained with a smaller set of repetitions. The CaMV 35S promoter (as a control) and the monocot-specific promoters for maize polyubiquitin1, rice actin 1 and the maize-derivedEmu were characterized and compared with respect to expression strength, as tested under identical conditions in suspension cell cultures of maize, barley and tobacco. Compared to the 35S promoter, the monocot-specific promoters show up to 15-fold higher expression in maize and barley but give only weak expression in tobacco. No expression was found for the rice actin 1 promoter in tobacco. The level of reporter gene expression is influenced by the osmotic potential in the agar medium. For theEmu promoter, the calibrated β-glucuronidase activities remained mearly constant at low sucrose concentrations. Above 8% sucrose, the calibrated activities increased steadily with increasing osmotic conditions, reaching a three-to four-fold higher level at the highest sucrose concentration (32%) as compared to the standard concentration (4% sucrose) in the medium.
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  • 34
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    Protoplasma 179 (1994), S. 131-141 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Inosine diphosphatase ; Golgi membranes ; Zea mays ; Roots
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Light microsomes of corn roots, enriched in endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi membranes, have an IDPase activity which is stimulated by Triton X-100 and by cold storage. In the native state, the enzyme activity does not follow Michaelis-Menten kinetics. It hydrolyses IDP with K0.5 of about 900 μM and Vmax of 300–400 nmol Pi/mg protein/min. In the presence of Triton X-100, the enzyme is maximally stimulated and it renders to a Michaelis-Menten behavior with a Km of about 500 μM and a Vmax of 800–1200 nmol Pi/mg protein/min. The maximal effect of the detergent occurs at about 1 mM IDP (270%), being reduced (190%) at high IDP concentrations (〉2 mM) which, per se, have a slight stimulatory effect on the enzyme. On the other hand, we observed that ATP (〉2 mM) and adenosine inhibit the IDPase. The effects of the nucleotides and of the adenosine are abolished in the presence of Triton X-100, which makes the enzyme fully active. Furthermore, we observed that detergent treatment of the membranes reduces the change in the activation energy which occurs at 10 °C and eliminates cooperative effects, as revealed by the Arrhenius analysis and the Hill analysis, respectively. We also observed that IDPase inhibition by ATP is maximal at low IDP concentrations (1 mM), whereas it decreases at high concentrations of IDP (4 mM), which promote maximal velocities in the native enzyme. Conversely, the inhibitory effect of adenosine is not reduced at high IDP concentrations. Pyrophosphate also inhibits the IDPase, but the effect is non-competitive and it is cumulative with that of ATP. We also observed that the latent activity of the IDPase (Triton-stimulated IDPase) is reduced by pre-treatment of the membranes with glutaraldehyde. The results indicate that Golgi IDPase is an allosteric enzyme which is positively modulated by IDP and negatively modulated by ATP and adenosine. Pyrophosphate inhibits the IDPase, but it seems to act at the catalytic site, whereas the other modulators appear to interact with a distinct regulatory site.
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  • 35
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Auxin ; Mechanical stress ; Mechanosensor ; Microtubule orientation ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Plants respond to mechanical stress by adaptive changes in growth. Although this phenomenon is well established, the mechanism of the perception of mechanical forces by plant cells is not yet known. We provide evidence that the cortical microtubules sub-adjacent to the growth-controlling outer epidermal cell wall of maize coleoptiles respond to mechanical extension and compression by rapidly reorientating perpendicular to the direction of the effective force change. These findings shed new light on many seemingly unrelated observations on microtubule reorientation by growth factors such as light or phytohormones. Moreover, our results suggest that microtubules associated with the plasma membrane are causally involved in sensing vectorial forces and provide vectorial information to the cell that can be utilized in the orientation of plant organ expansion.
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  • 36
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Zea mays ; (1→3), (1→4)-β-D-glucan ; Glucan synthase ; Golgi apparatus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The synthesis of (1→3), (1→4)-β-D-glucan (MG) is associated with the Golgi apparatus of maize. Identification of in vitro reaction products by enzymic hydrolysis and separation of diagnostic oligosaccharides by HPLC was used as a specific assay for MG synthase activity. Large quantities of highly enriched membrane are needed to study the enzyme components of MG synthesis. We directly obtained highly enriched Golgi apparatus in a single flotation centrifugation, without the necessity of an initial downward centrifugation. This new procedure has improved the yield of Golgi apparatus, and has improved recovery of MG synthase activity. The substrate in glucan synthase reactions is UDP-Glc, but UDP-Glc is also a substrate in many other reactions, including the production of simple glucosides. In addition, much of the labeled Glc from UDP-Glc is broken down to Glc-1-P and Glc under MG synthase reaction conditions. We have explored some inhibitors of phosphatase, phosphorylase, phosphodiesterase, and glucosidase activities in order to minimize these competing reactions and increase the activity of MG synthase.
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  • 37
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Auxin ; Meristem (root) ; Quiescent center ; Root cap ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Using roots of maize, we tested the hypothesis that the origin and maintenance of the quiescent center (QC) are a consequence of polar auxin supply. Exposing roots to the polar auxin transport inhibitor 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA), or to low temperature (4 °C, with subsequent return to 24 °C), enhances mitotic frequency within the QC. In both treatments, the QC most typically is activated at its distal face, and the protoderm/dermatogen undergoes several periclinal divisions. As a result, the root body penetrates and ruptures the root cap junction and the characteristic “closed” apical organization changes to “open”. A QC persists during these changes in apical organization, but it is diminished in size. The data from the TIBA-treated roots suggest a role for auxin in the origin and maintenance of the QC, and further, that alterations in QC dimensions are a consequence of polar auxin supply. We hypothesize that the root cap, and specifically the root cap initials, are important in regulating polar auxin movements towards the root apex, and hence are important in determining the status of the QC.
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  • 38
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    Aquatic ecology 28 (1994), S. 117-133 
    ISSN: 1573-5125
    Keywords: checklist ; diatoms ; The Netherlands ; pH ; salinity ; nitrogen ; oxygen ; saprobity ; trophic state ; moisture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This first comprehensive checklist of the diatoms from fresh and weakly brackish water in The Netherlands comprises 948 taxa, belonging to 776 species in 56 genera. The generaNavicula, which has a very wide ecological amplitude, andNitzschia, which has many pollution tolerant species, are most numerous. Each taxon is identified with a unique eight-letter code, to facilitate computer processing of data. Ecological indicator values for pH, salinity, nitrogen uptake metabolism, oxygen, saprobity, trophic state and moisture are presented.
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  • 39
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    Molecular genetics and genomics 242 (1994), S. 1-8 
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Zea mays ; Flavonoid biosynthesis ; P gene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We report here the first cloning of a chalcone flavonone isomerase gene (CHI) from maize. Northern blot experiments indicate that the maize CHI gene (ZmCHI1) is regulated in the pericarp by the P gene, a myb homologue. The ZmCHI1 gene encodes a 24.3 kDa product 55% and 58% identical to CHI-A and CHI-B from Petunia, respectively. This maize CHI gene has four exons and an intron-exon structure identical to the CHI-B gene of Petunia hybrida. RFLP mapping data indicate that some inbred lines contain two additional CHI-homologous sequences, suggesting an organization more complex than that found in Petunia or bean. The possibility that the additional CHI-homologous sequences are responsible for the lack of CHI mutants in maize will be discussed.
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  • 40
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: nitrogen ; phosphorus ; revegetation ; silica ; succession ; shrubland
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Fire is the principal means of stand renewal in big sagebrush-steppe communities of western North America. Plant growth following fire may be influenced by heat-induced changes in the nutrient status of the soil. Moreover, post-wildfire pioneer plant species may alter soil properties, and thereby, impact subsequent plant recruitment. Our study compared the growth and elemental content of big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata), squirreltail (Elymus elymoides), cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum), and Indian ricegrass (Achnatherum hymenoides), grown under greenhouse conditions in post-wildfire and similar unburned soil. We also examined soil attributes following plant growth. Cheatgrass and squirreltail, grown in post-wildfire soil, had significantly (p≤0.05) greater aboveground mass than plants grown in unburned soil. As compared with unburned soil, post-wildfire soil engendered the following significant (p≤0.05) differences in leaf elemental content: 1) big sagebrush had higher levels of P and lower levels of Mn; 2) squirreltail accumulated more P and N; and 3) all grass species had higher SiO2 content. Following harvest of plants, post-wildfire soil generally contained significantly (p≤0.05) more KCl-extractable ortho-P, NH inf4 + , and SO 4 − , than unburned soil. Plant growth in both burned and unburned soils fostered a significant (p≤0.05) increase in the bicarbonate-extractable pool of P as compared with unplanted controls. Soil Kjeldahl-N was significantly (p≤0.05) greater after plant growth in burned treatments as compared with the control. This study demonstrates that post-wildfire soil can have a stimulatory effect on plant growth for some species. Squirreltail deserves consideration as a post-wildfire revegetation species. Furthermore, pioneer plant growth following wildfires can attenuate soil properties and therefore influence plant succession.
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  • 41
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    Plant and soil 161 (1994), S. 225-232 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: minirhizotron ; root-length density ; soil core ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Detailed knowledge of the distribution of roots in the soil is important in understanding the extraction of water and nutrients from soil. Various techniques have been developed to monitor root-length density under field conditions. Excavation techniques, including soil cores, have long been considered to give reliable estimates of root-length density, but these techniques are laborious in sample collection and tedious in determination of root lengths. An attractive alternative for monitoring root-length density has been the minirhizotron whereby a periscope is inserted into a clear tube permanently installed in the soil for repeated and rapid measures of root development. The objective of this study was to compare the ability of the minirhizotron technique to measure root-length density as compared to the root-core technique. As in previous studies, substantial disagreement existed between the two techniques in the top 30-cm of the soil. The results from the minirhizotron consistently indicated a much lower root population than the root-core technique in the surface layer of soil. This is especially worrisome because more than 45% of the root-length density was found in this layer with the root-core technique. At deeper soil layers, the minirhizotron data proved to be no less variable than the root-core technique making the determination of statistically significant results difficult. Finally, the relationship between the minirhizotron and soil-core results varied with time even when the observations from the soil surface layer were ignored. Attempts to directly translate minirhizotron observations into a root-length density using a correlation approach would be suspect based on the results of this experiment.
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  • 42
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: biological method ; chemical method ; mineralization potential ; nitrogen ; soil incubation ; temperate humid-zone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The potentially mineralizable organic N of 33 different soils was estimated by a chemical test (hot extraction with 2N KCl) and the values compared with those previously obtained by a biological method (aerobic incubation in the laboratory). On average, the organic N solubilized by the chemical procedure was significantly lower than that mineralized by a two weeks aerobic incubation for all the soils as a whole. The same was true for soils developed over acid rocks and over sediments. However, the values obtained for the soils developed over limestone and basic rocks were similar by both methods. The values obtained by both methods were not significantly correlated neither when considering all soils together nor when considering different groups according to soil management or parent material. Significant correlations between both methods were only found when the soils were separated into two groups according to their organic N content: soils with less than 400 mg N 100 g−1 soil and soils with more than 400 mg N 100 g−1 soil. The organic N solubilized by the chemical procedure was significantly correlated with the hexosamine-N content; however, it was not correlated with the factors that control the biological mineralization of the organic N, except with the soluble Al content. Therefore, the chemical extraction did not seem to address the biologically active N pool in a selective way.
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  • 43
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: mineralization rate ; nitrogen ; stabilized organic matter ; crop rotation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A simple model was developed to estimate the contribution of nitrogen (N) mineralization to the N supply of crops. In this model the soil organic matter is divided into active and passive pools. Annual soil mineralization of N is derived from the active pool. The active pool comprises stabilized and labile soil organic N. The stabilized N is built up from accumulated inputs of fresh organic N during a crop rotation but the labile N is a fraction of total N added, which mineralizes faster than the stabilized N. The passive pool is considered to have no participation in the mineralization process. Mineralization rates of labile and stabilized soil organic N from different crop residues decomposing in soil were derived from the literature and were described by the first-order rate equation dN/dt =-K*N, where N is the mineralizable organic N from crop residues andK is a constant. The data were groupedK 1 by short-term (0–1 year) andK 2 by long-term (0–10 years) incubation. Because the range of variation inK 2 was smaller than inK 1 we felt justified in using an average value to derive N mineralization from the stabilized pool. The use of a constant rate ofK 1 was avoided so net N mineralization during the first year after addition is derived directly from the labile N in the crop residues. The model was applied to four Chilean agro-ecosystems, using daily averages of soil temperature and moisture. The N losses by leaching were also calculated. The N mineralization varied between 30 and 130 kg N ha−1 yr−1 depending on organic N inputs. Nitrogen losses by leaching in a poorly structured soil were estimated to be about 10% of total N mineralized. The model could explain the large differences in N- mineralization as measured by the potential N mineralization at the four sites studied. However, when grassland was present in the crop rotation, the model underestimated the results obtained from potential mineralization.
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  • 44
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    Plant and soil 158 (1994), S. 129-134 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Betula lenta L. ; black birch ; nitrogen ; root architecture ; soil heterogeneity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Inorganic soil nitrogen is often heterogeneously distributed, both spatially and in form (ammonium versus nitrate). Here we present information on the architecture of black birch (Betula lenta L.) root systems exposed to homogeneous and heterogeneous nitrogen environments. The major effects on root architecture were at the whole root system level in response to heterogeneity of nitrogen form rather than the effect of local of local nitrate or ammonium supply on local root growth. In the heterogeneous treatment, plant root systems had greater link lengths and more simple branching patterns. Root architectural responses to heterogeneous nitrogen, independent of localized responses to patches, suggest that in a seedling of B. lenta whole plant integration of its environment may override local control of root growth.
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  • 45
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    Plant and soil 165 (1994), S. 21-32 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: allocation ; CO2 ; image analysis ; loblolly pine ; nitrogen ; root morphology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This paper examines how elevated CO2 and nitrogen (N) supply affect plant characteristics of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) with an emphasis on root morphology. Seedlings were grown in greenhouses from seeds during one growing season at two atmospheric CO2 concentrations (375 and 710 μL L-1) and two N levels (High and Low). Root morphological characteristics were determined using a scanner and an image analysis program on a Macintosh computer. In the high N treatment, elevated CO2 increased total plant dry weight by 80% and did not modify root to shoot (R/S) dry weight ratio, and leaf and plant N concentration at the end of the growing season. In the low N treatment, elevated CO2 increased total dry weight by 60%. Plant and leaf N concentration declined and R/S ratio tended to increase. Nitrogen uptake rate on both a root length and a root dry weight basis was greater at elevated CO2 in the high N treatment and lower in the low N treatment. We argue that N stress resulting from short exposures to nutrients might help explain the lower N concentrations observed at high CO2 in other experiments; Nitrogen and CO2 levels modified root morphology. High N increased the number of secondary lateral roots per length of first order lateral root and high CO2 increased the length of secondary lateral roots per length of first order lateral root. Number and length of first order lateral roots were not modified by either treatment. Specific root length of main axis, and to a lower degree, of first order laterals, declined at high CO2, especially at high N. Basal stem diameter and first order root diameters increased at high CO2, especially at high N. Elevated CO2 increased the proportion of upper lateral roots within the root system.
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  • 46
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: blue grama ; Bouteloua gracilis ; C4 grass ; CO2 enrichment ; mycorrhizae ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; VAM ; water relations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In order to better elucidate fixed-C partitioning, nutrient acquisition and water relations of prairie grasses under elevated [CO2], we grew the C4 grass Bouteloua gracilis (H.B.K.) lag ex Steud. from seed in soil-packed, column-lysimeters in two growth chambers maintained at current ambient [CO2] (350 μL L−1) and twice enriched [CO2] (700 μL L−1). Once established, plants were deficit irrigated; growth chamber conditions were maintained at day/night temperatures of 25/16°C, relative humidities of 35%/90% and a 14-hour photoperiod to simulate summer conditions on the shortgrass steppe in eastern Colorado. After 11 weeks of growth, plants grown under CO2 enrichment had produced 35% and 65% greater total and root biomass, respectively, and had twice the level of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) infection (19.8% versus 10.8%) as plants grown under current ambient [CO2]. The CO2-enriched plants also exhibited greater leaf water potentials and higher plant water use efficiencies. Plant N uptake was reduced by CO2 enrichment, while P uptake appeared little influenced by CO2 regime. Under the conditions of the experiment, CO2 enrichment increased root biomass and VAM infection via stimulated growth and adjustments in C partitioning below-ground.
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  • 47
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    Plant and soil 165 (1994), S. 315-321 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: cell wal's ; epidermis ; growth ; root development ; soil penetration ; stiffness ; Zea diploperennis ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The development of the epidermal layer of roots of Zea is traced from the quiescent centre to the zone where root hairs develop. In the zone of cell division a three layered coat forms on the outside of the epidermal cells consisting of the outer epidermal walls, overlaid by a two-layered pellicle composed of a thick fibrillar inner layer of polysaccharide, and a thin fibrillar outer layer of protein. The epidermal cells divide several times in the same longitudinal file but rarely across a radius to give a new longitudinal file. Thus, the radial walls become much thicker than all but the original transverse walls, and packets of up to 32 daughter cells derived from a single initial may be distinguished. The pellicle develops during these divisions as a continuum over the outer walls of the daughter cells. It is proposed that the pellicle provides a stiffening to the forward end of the root which permits it to penetrate soil without bending. Support for this hypothesis is shown by the Zea mays mutant Ageotropic in which the pellicle is absent, the epidermal surface is disorganized, and which grows crookedly through soil. In the zone of extension growth of normal roots of two Zea species the pellicle thins and disappears. Circumferential strips of the pellicle were peeled off the young epidermal cells and could be stretched to twice their length. This deformation is partly the result of the pellicle stretching and breaking above the attachments of the radial walls. After normal thinning of the pellicle, detachment of the radial walls at their outer ends produces a corrugated surface in the proximal zone of the root tips. In dicotyledons (e.g., soybean), there is no similar pellicle, but a stiff root tip is produced by a long multi-layered root cap, the proximal portion of which covers the elongating epidermal surface.
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  • 48
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: carbon ; elevated CO2 ; nitrogen ; suspension culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A photoautotrophic soybean suspension culture (SB-P) was used to study CO2 assimilation while exposed to elevated or ambient CO2 levels. These studies showed that under elevated CO2 (5% v/v) malate is the dominant fixation product, strongly suggesting that phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPCase) is the primary enzyme involved in carbon fixation in these cells under their normal growth conditions. Citrate and [aspartate + glutamate] were also significant fixation products during fifteen minutes of exposure to 14CO2. During the ten minute unlabeled CO2 chase however, 14C-malate continued to increase while citrate and [aspartate + glutamate] declined. Fixation of 14CO2 under ambient CO2 levels (0.037%) showed a very different product pattern as 3-phosphoglycerate was very high in the first one to two minutes followed by increases in [serine + glycine] and [aspartate + glutamate]. Hexose phosphates were also quite high initially but then declined relatively rapidly. Thus, the carbon fixation pattern at ambient CO2 levels resembles somewhat that seen in C3 leaf cells while that seen at elevated CO2 levels more closely resembles that of a C4 plant. The initial fixation product of C3 plants, 3-PGA, was never detectable under high CO2 conditions. These data suggest that an in vitro photoautotrophic system would be suitable for studying carbon fixation physiology during photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic growth.
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  • 49
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: bialaphos ; glufosinate ; phosphinothricin ; l-proline ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effectiveness of four phosphinothricin (PPT)-based selective agents were evaluated for use in maize transformation: glufosinate, bialaphos, Basta® and Herbiace®. Glufosinate and its commercial formulation, Basta®, were less effective in controlling growth of non-transgenic corn callus than the tripeptide, bialaphos, or its commercial formulation, Herbiace®. Addition of 25 mM l-proline had no significant effect on selection when using bialaphos. However, when l-proline was included with the selective agent glufosinate, selection was inhibited and callus growth was enhanced. At four weeks, callus growth on 0.3, 1.0 and 3.0 mg l-1 glufosinate in the presence of proline was 76, 43, and 21% of control growth, respectively, and in the absence of proline was only 32, 9, and 6% of control growth. Optimized selection protocols for Basta® and bialaphos yielded comparable numbers of transformants. Using these protocols, fertile transgenic plants were regenerated from transformed callus cultures.
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  • 50
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: abscisic acid ; inheritance ; drought stress ; Zea mays ; maize
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary This study analyzes the components of phenotypic variation for abscisic acid (ABA) content in maize (Zea mays L.) leaves and the correlations with drought sensitivity index (DSI) and silk delay (SD), involved in the reaction to water deficit. Eight early- and seven medium-maturity inbreds were examined in field trials: in 1990 with low irrigation volume and in 1991 with low and high irrigation volumes. ABA concentration and DSI were investigated at growth stages (S) corresponding to stem elongation (S3), appearance of the first husks (S4), and mid-end of silking (S5). The ABA concentration was significantly higher in conditions of water deficit and in the later growth stage. The genetic component for ABA concentration attained higher relative values than those shown by DSI in the same growth stages and by SD; moreover, it increased from growth stage 3 to stage 5. The genotype × year and genotype × irrigation volume interactions were smaller for ABA concentration than for DSI and SD. The broad sense heritability on a plant basis, estimated in drought conditions, for ABA concentration ranged from 21.4 to 55.1% according to maturity group and growth stage. A wide variation was observed among lines for ABA concentration: the medium-maturity group showed a three-fold range (from 219 to 605 ng ABA g−1 dry weight). No clear relationships between ABA concentration, DSI and SD were found. These results indicate the feasibility of a selection for ABA concentration within segregating populations derived from crosses between the inbred lines herein tested.
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  • 51
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    Plant and soil 164 (1994), S. 187-193 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: apatite ; biotite ; forest soil ; mineralization ; nitrogen ; nutrient additions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of slow (apatite, biotite) and fast-release nutrients (P, K, Mg) on C and N mineralization in acid forest soil were studied. These nutrients were applied alone or together with urea or urea and limestone. The production of CO2 in the soil samples taken one and three growing seasons after the application was lower in the soils treated with the fast-release nutrients than in the untreated soils. Similar reduction of microbial activity was not seen after the apatite and apatite+biotite treatments. In the first growing season, urea and urea+limestone enhanced CO2 production, but after three growing seasons, the opposite was true. Apatite and apatite+biotite added together with urea did not compensate for the decreasing effect of urea on the CO2 production. The addition of fast-release salts increased somewhat the concentration of NH inf4 sup+ in the soil and more NH4 + accumulated during laboratory incubation in the soil samples taken one growing season after the application. The urea addition immediately increased the concentrations of NH4 + and of NO3 − in the soil, but, three growing seasons after application, urea had only a slight increasing effect on mineral N content of the soil. Slow-release nutrients seem to have a more favourable effect than fast-release salts on nutrient turnover in acid forest soil.
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  • 52
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    Plant and soil 161 (1994), S. 241-250 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: carbon ; microorganisms ; nitrogen ; plant succession ; range grasses ; rhizosphere
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Nitrogen and rhizosphere microorganism effects on nitrogen and carbon dynamics of Sitanion hystrix (early successional species), Stipa comata and Poa secundu which are (mid-successional species), and Agropyron spicatum (late successional species) were evaluated in a growth chamber study. Rhizosphere inocula resulted in increased nitrogen in both root and shoot tissue, and also of water-extractable carbon in the rhizosphere. Plant species, rhizosphere inocula and nitrogen level showed a three-way significant interaction for total and plant-available nitrogen. Rhizosphere microbe presence resulted in higher plant-available nitrogen in the rhizosphere of S. hystrix and less with A. spicatum, suggesting nitrogen immobilization with the later successional grass. Higher nitrogen resulted in decreased active bacteria in the rhizosphere of all plants tested, and decreased fungal hyphal lengths in the rhizosphere of the later successional P. secunda and A. spicutum. Exudate carbon in the rhizosphere of the late successional species A. spicatum, was more recalcitrant, which also may contribute to nitrogen immobilization. These differential responses of early- and late-successional grasses may be important factors contributing to plant succession.
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  • 53
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ammonium sulphate ; fine roots ; needles ; nitrogen ; Norway spruce ; rhizosphere
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Rhizosphere, fine-root and needle chemistry were investigated in a 28 year old Norway spruce stand in SW Sweden. The uptake and allocation pattern of plant nutrients and aluminium in control plots (C) and plots repeatedly treated with ammonium sulphate (NS) were compared. Treatments started in 1988. Current year needles, one-year-old needles and cylindrical core samples of the LFH-layer and the mineral soil layers were sampled in 1988, 1989 and 1990. Compared to the control plots, pH decreased significantly in the rhizosphere soil in the NS plots in 1989 and 1990 while the SO4-S concentration increased significantly. Aluminium concentration in the rhizosphere soil was generally higher in the NS plots in all soil layers, except at 0–10 cm depths, both in 1989 and 1990. Calcium, Mg and K concentrations also increased after treatment with ammonium sulphate. Ammonium ions may have replaced these elements in the soil organic matter. The NS treatment significantly reduced Mg concentrations in fine roots in all layers in 1990. A similar trend was found in the needles. Ca concentrations in fine roots were significantly lower in the NS plots in the LFH layer in 1990 and the same pattern was found in the current needles. The N and S concentrations of both fine roots and needles were significantly higher in the NS plots. It was suggested that NS treatment resulted in displacement of Mg, Ca and K from exchange sites in the LFH layer leading to leaching of these cations to the mineral soil. Further application of ammonium sulphate may damage the fine roots and consequently adversely affect the water and nutrient uptake of root systems.
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  • 54
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    Plant and soil 163 (1994), S. 121-130 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: decomposition rates ; enriched CO2 ; lignin ; litter respiration ; microcosms ; nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.), birch (Betula pubescens Ehrh.), sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus L.) and Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) leaf litters were monitored for decomposition rates and nutrient release in a laboratory microcosm experiment. Litters were derived from solar domes where plants had been exposed to two different CO2 regimes: ambient (350 μL L-1 CO2) and enriched (600 μL L-1 CO2). Elevated CO2 significantly affected some of the major litter quality parameters, with lower N, higher lignin concentrations and higher ratios of C/N and lignin/N for litters derived from enriched CO2. Respiration rates of the deciduous species were significantly decreased for litters grown under elevated CO2, and reductions in mass loss at the end of the experiment were generally observed in litters derived from the 600 ppm CO2 treatment. Nutrient mineralization, dissolved organic carbon, and pH in microcosm leachates did not differ significantly between the two CO2 treatments for any of the species studied. Litter quality parameters were examined for correlations with cumulative respiration and decomposition rates: N concentration, C/N and lignin/N ratios showed the highest correlations, with differences between litter types. The results indicate that higher C storage will occur in soil as a consequence of litter quality changes resulting from higher atmospheric concentrations of CO2.
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  • 55
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    Plant and soil 160 (1994), S. 193-199 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: gaps ; ion uptake ; nitrogen ; nutrient acquisition ; phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Tree seedlings that colonize large treefall gaps are generally shade-intolerant species with high potential relative growth rates. Nutrient availability may be significantly elevated in disturbance-induced gaps, however, little is known about the role of differences in nutrient uptake capacities of different species in structuring the community response to gap openings in eastern North American deciduous forests. Seven tree species were grown from seed under both a high and a low nutrient regime, and uptake kinetics of phosphate, ammonium, and nitrate were studied. Yellow birch, a species with intermediate shade tolerance and relative growth rate, had the highest maximum rates of uptake of all ions, while tulip tree, a gap-colonizing species with high relative growth rate, had the lowest rate of phosphate uptake and intermediate rates of ammonium and nitrate uptake. Beech and hickory, which have low relative growth rates and are not gap-colonizing species, had intermediate levels of nutrient uptake. There was no evidence that species with the highest maximum uptake rates measured at high supply concentrations had relatively low uptake at low nutrient supply concentrations. Although birch increased phosphate absorption capacity when grown under a low nutrient regime, this pattern did not hold for nitrate or ammonium uptake, and other species showed no change in nutrient uptake capacity according to nutrient growth regime. Clearly, factors other than nutrient absorption capacity, such as nutrient use efficiency or allocation to root vs. shoot biomass, underlie differences in species' capacities to colonize and maintain a high relative growth rate in canopy gaps.
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  • 56
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: CO2 ; gas exchange ; nitrogen ; Populus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Soil N availability may play an important role in regulating the long-term responses of plants to rising atmospheric CO2 partial pressure. To further examine the linkage between above- and belowground C and N cycles at elevated CO2, we grew clonally propagated cuttings of Populus grandidentata in the field at ambient and twice ambient CO2 in open bottom root boxes filled with organic matter poor native soil. Nitrogen was added to all root boxes at a rate equivalent to net N mineralization in local dry oak forests. Nitrogen added during August was enriched with 15N to trace the flux of N within the plant-soil system. Above-and belowground growth, CO2 assimilation, and leaf N content were measured non-destructively over 142 d. After final destructive harvest, roots, stems, and leaves were analyzed for total N and 15N. There was no CO2 treatment effect on leaf area, root length, or net assimilation prior to the completion of N addition. Following the N addition, leaf N content increased in both CO2 treatments, but net assimilation showed a sustained increase only in elevated CO2 grown plants. Root relative extension rate was greater at elevated CO2, both before and after the N addition. Although final root biomass was greater at elevated CO2, there was no CO2 effect on plant N uptake or allocation. While low soil N availability severely inhibited CO2 responses, high CO2 grown plants were more responsive to N. This differential behavior must be considered in light of the temporal and spatial heterogeneity of soil resources, particularly N which often limits plant growth in temperate forests.
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  • 57
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: carbon dioxide ; nitrogen ; ponderosa pine ; soil respiration ; soil carbon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of this paper is to describe the effects of CO2 and N treatments on soil pCO2, calculated CO2 efflux, root biomass and soil carbon in open-top chambers planted with Pinus ponderosa seedlings. Based upon the literature, it was hypothesized that both elevated CO2 and N would cause increased root biomass which would in turn cause increases in both total soil CO2 efflux and microbial respiration. This hypothesis was only supported in part: both CO2 and N treatments caused significant increases in root biomass, soil pCO2, and calculated CO2 efflux, but there were no differences in soil microbial respiration measured in the laboratory. Both correlative and quantitative comparisons of CO2 efflux rates indicated that microbial respiration contributes little to total soil CO2 efflux in the field. Measurements of soil pCO2 and calculated CO2 efflux provided inexpensive, non-invasive, and relatively sensitive indices of belowground response to CO2 and N treatments.
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  • 58
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    Plant and soil 165 (1994), S. 293-300 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: gravitropism ; living systems theory ; nutation ; Phleum pratense L. ; simulation ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Roots have the ability to change the direction of their forward growth. Sometimes these directional changes are rapid, as in mutations, or they are slower, as in tropisms. The gravitational force is always present and roots have an efficient graviperception mechanism which enables them to initiate gravitropic movements. In trying to model and simulate the course of gravitropic root movements with a view to analyse the component processes, the following aspects of the plant's interaction with gravity have been considered: (1) The level of organization (organism, organ, cell) at which the movement process is expressed; (2) whether the gravity stimulation event is dynamic or static (i.e. whether or not physiologically significant displacements take place with respect to the gravity vector); (3) the sub-systems involved in movement and the processes which they regulate; (4) the mathematical characterization of the relevant sub-systems. A further allied topic is the nature of nutational movements and whether they are linked with gravitropic movements in some way. In considering how they can best be modelled, two types of nutational movements are proponed: stochastic nutation and circumnutation. Most, if not all, natural movements developed in response to static gravistimulation can be viewed as gravimorphisms. This applies at the levels of cell, organ and organism. However, when a system at any one of these levels experiences dynamic gravistimulation, because of its inherent homeostatic properties, it is induced to regenerate a state similar to that previously held. Thus, gravitropism is a regenerative gravimorphic process at the level of the organ.
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  • 59
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: nitrogen ; precoditioning ; roots ; sycamore
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Acer pseudoplatanus L. trees were grown in sand culture for 2 years and, in 1988, supplied with either 1.0 mol N m-3 (low N) or 6.0 mol N m-3 (high N) to precondition their growth. In 1989, the same trees received either high or low nitrogen, producing four treatments; High N in 1988/High N in 1989; High N in 1988/Low N in 1989; Low N in 1988/Low N in 1989; and Low N in 1988/High N in 1989. Plant growth was affected by N supply in both years. In 1989 the Low N/High N treated trees had the same overall mass, leaf mass and stem girth as the High N/High N treatment. Early spring growth of foliage and roots was conditional on nitrogen supplied in the previous season. Later, the rapid increases in leaf, stem and root growth under high N was through root uptake. Internal partitioning of growth was affected, with the Low N/High N treatment producing more new leaves on axillary shoots, and more new white roots on existing structures, than the Low N/Low N treatment. Despite effects of the N preconditioning on the structure of both canopy and root system, nitrogen uptake was solely dependent on the current nitrogen supply.
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  • 60
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: enzymes ; fine root vitality ; nitrogen ; Picea abies ; Pinus sylvestris ; triphenyltetrazolium chloride
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The present study is an attempt to investigate whether triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC), a chemical compound which measures dehydrogenase activity, could be used to study fine-root vitality from two different points of view: (i) in relation to ageing; (ii) as an indicator of environmental stress, in this case of excess nitrogen. The study was performed with excavated fine-roots from middle-aged Norway spruce and Scots pine stands. The ageing aspect was investigated by applying TTC to fine roots separated into different vitality classes, based on certain morphological characteristics. A significant difference in activity was demonstrated only in the case of roots that could be referred to as living and dead, respectively. The use of TTC on fine roots grown at different nitrogen supply levels indicates a possible increase in dehydrogenase activity with increasing nitrogen supply.
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  • 61
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    Plant and soil 163 (1994), S. 267-277 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: cultivar ; critical root length density ; field experiment ; nitrate ; N utilization ; root growth ; uptake rate ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In a 2-year field study conducted on a high fertilized Gleyic Luvisol in Stuttgart-Hohenheim significant differences among 10 maize cultivars were observed in soil nitrate depletion. The different capability of the cultivars to utilize nitrate particularly from the subsoil was positively correlated with (a) shoot N uptake at maturity, and (b) root length density (Lv) in the subsoil layers at silking. “Critical root length densities” for nitrate uptake were estimated by (a) calculating uptake rates per unit root length (U), (b) subsequent calculation of needed nitrate concentration in soil solution (C1) to sustain calculated U according to the Baldwin formula, and (c) reducing measured Lv and proportionate increase of U until needed concentration equaled measured concentration. Uptake rate generally increased with soil depth. “Critical root length densities” for cultivar Brummi (high measured root length densities and soil nitrate depletion) at 60–90 cm depth ranged from 7 % (generative growth) to 28 % (vegetative growth) of measured Lv Measured root length density of each other cultivar was higher than “critical root length density” for Brummi indicating that the root system of each cultivar examined would have been able to ensure N uptake of Brummi. Positive relationships between root length density and nitrate utilization as indicated by correlation analysis therefore could not be explained by model calculations. This might be due to simplifying assumptions made in the model, which are in contrast to non-ideal uptake conditions in the field, namely irregular distribution of roots and nitrate in the soil, limited root/soil contact, and differences between root zones in uptake activity. It is concluded from the field experiment that growing of cultivars selected for high N uptake-capacity of the shoots combined with “high” root length densities in the subsoil may improve the utilization of a high soil nitrate supply.
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  • 62
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    Plant and soil 167 (1994), S. 127-134 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: herbicides ; chlorsulfuron ; metsulfuron methyl ; root cap ultrastructure ; root growth ; Pisum sativum ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Herbicide residues may affect seedlings during early stages of their development. We studied this possibility by the use of light and electron microscopy after incubation of germinating seeds ofPisum sativum L. andZea mays L. with different concentrations of chlorsulfuron and metsulfuron-methyl. By in vitro experiments, we have shown that both herbicides caused growth reduction of the very young roots, and severe ultrastructural alterations and injuries of the root caps of both species. Chlorsulfuron caused increase of electron-dense material in the vacuoles, cytoplasmic degeneration even in the inner secretory cell layers of the cap, and disruption of the amyloplast envelopes with release of the statolithic starch grains. In the initial cell complex of the root cap, the herbicides caused the formation of large concentric aggregates of the rough ER and wall disformations in the cells adjacent to this complex. Scanning electron microscopic observations revealed a decrease of the slime layer ensheathing the root cap and the subapical root surface. We conclude that even in early stages of seed germination, both herbicides seriously affect the gravity perception centre (consisting of the statocytes), and the secretory tissue of the root caps, thus probably disturbing the processes of gravitropism and the protective slime secretion of the roots.
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  • 63
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: Fatty acids ; hyoscyamine ; Hyoscyamus muticus ; nitrogen ; sucrose ; transformed root cultures
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abatract The effect of carbon and nitrogen sources on two well-established hairy root clones, LBA1S and C58A, of Hyoscyamus muticus strain Cairo, were investigated. Both clones exhibited completely different patterns with regards to their growth rate, hyoscyamine accumulation, and fatty acid contents. Clone C58A grew faster and yielded more biomass (17.4 g l-1, in 21 days), but produced less hyoscyamine. The maximum hyoscyamine content (120 mg l-1) in clone LBA1S was reached in 28 days. Neither of the clones could use lactose or fructose as the sole carbon source, nor ammonium as the sole nitrogen source. The growth in the medium containing glucose was significantly reduced compared to that containing sucrose. Clone LBA1S was sensitive to the changes in sucrose concentration and an increase in ammonium in the culture medium, whereas C58A tolerated these changes better but was more sensitive to the increase in total nitrogen. Lipid synthesis was active in the exponential growth phase, and the total fatty acid content varied from 5 to 34 mg g-1 of dry root material. The major fatty acids were linoleic, palmitic and linolenic. There were considerable differences in the total amount of lipids and in their relative ratios when different nutrients were applied.
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  • 64
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    Hydrobiologia 275-276 (1994), S. 359-369 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: agriculture ; blue-green algae ; eutrophication ; internal loading ; nitrogen ; phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The impact of agriculture was estimated on two shallow, eutrophic lakes, Lake Kotojärvi and Lake Villikkalanjärvi in southern Finland. The main emphasis was on phosphorus and nitrogen budgets and on the phytoplankton dynamics. Special attention was paid to internal P loading and blue-green algal blooms. The mean Tot-P load from agricultural land was 1.2 kg ha-1 a-1 in both basins and Tot-N loads were 19 kg ha-1 a-1 in L. Villikkalanjärvi and 12 kg ha-1 a-1 in L. Kotojärvi. The Tot-P input to L. Kotojärvi was on an average 0.62 g m-2 a-1 (per lake surface area), and the Tot-N input 9.1 g m-2 a-1. The corresponding inputs to L. Villikkalanjärvi were 3.1 and 57 g m-2 a-1, respectively. The annual variation followed the runoff volumes. About half of the Tot-P and one third of the Tot-N load was retained in L. Kotojärvi. In L. Villikkalanjärvi the retention was only 24% for Tot-P and 19% for Tot-N. The difference was very probably due to a longer theoretical retention time in L. Kotojärvi. In L. Villikkalanjärvi the mean concentration of Tot-P was 120 µg 1-1 and that of Tot-N 1700 µg 1-1 and the corresponding figures in L. Kotojärvi 67 and 990 µg 1-1, respectively. The mean chlorophyll a concentration was, however, higher in L. Kotojärvi (26 µg 1-1) than in L. Villikkalanjärvi (20 µg 1-1). This was probably due to an internal P load in L. Kotojärvi: in 1988 the internal load of dissolved P was estimated to be as much as twofold the external load. In L. Villikkalanjärvi the internal dissolved P load was only up to 50% of the external input. In L. Kotojärvi the high internal P load coupled with a low DIN:DIP ratio resulted in a strong blue-green algal bloom in the summer of 1988. In L. Villikkalanjärvi blue-green algae were observed only in small amounts. Even in August 1990, when the DIN:DIP ratio was low enough to favor the occurrence of blue-green algae, they contributed only up to 10–15% of the total phytoplankton biomass.
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    Hydrobiologia 277 (1994), S. 17-39 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: carbon ; phosphorus ; nitrogen ; silica ; sedimentation ; mineralization ; meromixis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The dynamics of seston and dissolved elements in a meromictic lake with high concentrations of manganese and iron in the monimolimnion were studied through an annual cycle. This publication presents results for assimilation, sedimentation and recovery of nutrients (C, N, P, and Si) in the trophogenic zone. Phosphorus deficiency kept the productivity of the diatom dominated phytoplankton at an oligotrophic level. High concentrations of iron in influent streams and redistribution followed by precipitation of iron during periods of partial turnover removed phosphorus from the water. High concentrations of manganese and sulfate did not have the anticipated fertilizing effect, and recovery of nutrients from the depth of the lake was negligible. Mass balance calculations indicate that liberation of phosphorus from the sediments in the trophogenic zone was most important for the maintenance of primary production. 75% of carbon, 80% of nitrogen and 25% of phosphorus assimilated by the phytoplankton was mineralized in the trophogenic zone. Silica was effectively regenerated from the littoral zone during the decline of diatom blooms. Nitrogen and silica retention was 45% of the external load compared to 66% for phosphorus.
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  • 66
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: eutrophication ; birds ; lake ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; eutrophisation ; oiseaux ; lac ; azote ; phosphore
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le plus grand lac de plaine français, Grand-Lieu, est actuellement largement eutrophisé. Le but de cette étude est d'estimer l'importation annuelle de N et P par les fientes des oiseaux qui s'alimentent à l'extérieur du lac, et de la comparer avec les apports des rivières alimentant le lac. Deux années sont comparées: 1981–82 et 1990–91. Les populations nicheuses (jusqu'à 956 couples de hérons cendrés et 136 couples de grands cormorans et 30 000 canards) et hivernantes (jusqu'à 17 000 canards, 1100 grands cormorans, 15 000 goélands et 2,4 millions d'étourneaux) ont respectivement importé 5800 kg de N total en 1981–82 et 7640 en 1990–91, soit 0,7% et 0,4% des entrées totales du système, et 2000 à 2530 kg de P total soit 2,4 et 6,6% des entrées. Les étourneaux sont responsables des trois quarts des apports d'azote par les oiseaux, et les canards de l'essentiel du reste, tandis que la part des étourneaux baisse pour le phosphore (36% en 1981–82 et 41% en 1990–91), au profit des Canards et des Hérons (respectivement 35% et 27% en 1981–82, 22% et 24% en 1990–91). Mais pendant la phase de croissance végétale (avril–septembre), la part des oiseaux monte jusqu'à 37% des entrées totales de phosphore. L'action localisée des colonies d'oiseaux piscivores est significative, avec une teneur de phosphore 42 fois plus grande dans l'eau sous la colonie qu'à l'extérieur des colonies. A l'échelle du l'ac, l'action actuelle globalement mineure des oiseaux sur les apports totaux d'azote et de phosphore est largement due à l'augmentation catastrophique des apports d'origine humaine (agriculture intensive et stations d'épuration). La teneur moyenne des rivières atteint désormais 10 mg l−1 de N (jusqu'à 23 mg en crue) et 394 mg m−3 de P (jusqu'à 468 mg en crue). Avant cette pollution généralisée, l'eau des rivières bretonnes ne contenait dans les années 1960 que 0,1 à 1,1 mg l−1 de N et 1 à 5 mg m−3 de P lors des périodes de débits maximum. A cette époque, les oiseaux représentaient probablement jusqu'à 36% des apports de N et 95% des apports de P dans les entrées du système lacustre.
    Notes: Abstract The largest natural lake in France, Grand-Lieu, has suffered eutrophication. The objective of the study was to estimate the annual input of nutrients (N, P) resulting from avian excrement, deposited by birds feeding out of the lake and returning to its waters for breeding or roosting, as compared to the input by the rivers that enter in the lake. Two years are compared: 1981–82 and 1990–91. About 1600–2000 breeding herons and cormorants, 20 000–33 000 wintering ducks, gulls and cormorants and 1–2.4 million starlings deposited about 5800 kg total N in 1981–82 and 7640 kg in 1990–91. Respectively, 2000 and 2530 kg total P were deposited over the same time periods. These represent 0.7% and 0.4% of the total N input of the lake and 2.4 and 6.6% of the total P input in 1981–82 and 1990–91. Starlings account for 74% of the N and mallards most of the rest. P input by starlings (36% in 1981–82, 41% in 1990–91), and by mallards and herons (35% and 27% in 1981–82 and 22% and 24% in 1990–91 respectively) plays an appreciable role among birds. During the plant growing period (April–September), the contribution by birds can increase to 37% of total P input of the lake. Piscivorous bird colonies concentrate Phosphorus 42 times more within the colony than outside the colony. Overall, the role birds play in total N and P input is relatively small due to very high inputs from human sewage and agriculture run off. The monthly mean concentration of the water of the two rivers reaches currently 10 mg l−1 of N (to 23 mg during peak floods) and 394 mg m−3 of P (to 468 mg during peak floods). Earlier, for example in the 1960's, water in Brittany only contained 0.1 to 1.1 mg 1−1 of N and 1 to 5 mg m−3 of P during the maximum flow period. At this time, birds could probably have represented annually up to 37% of the N input and up to 95% of the P input to the lake.
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    Hydrobiologia 286 (1994), S. 155-165 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: decomposition ; marsh ; litter ; nitrogen ; Scolochloa festucacea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of seasonal inundation on the decomposition of emergent macrophyte litter (Scolochloa festucacea) was examined under experimental flooding regimes in a northern prairie marsh. Stem and leaf litter was subjected to six aboveground inundation treatments (ranging from never flooded to flooded April through October) and two belowground treatments (nonflooded and flooded April to August). Flooding increased the rate of mass loss from litter aboveground but retarded decay belowground. Aboveground, N concentration decreased and subsequently increased earlier in the longer flooded treatments, indicating that flooding decreased the time that litter remained in the leaching and immobilization phases of decay. Belowground, both flooded and nonflooded litter showed an initial rapid loss of N, but concentration and percent of original N remaining were greater in the nonflooded marsh throughout the first year. This suggested that more N was immobilized on litter under the nonflooded, more oxidizing soil conditions. Both N concentration and percent N remaining of belowground litter were greater in the flooded than the nonflooded marsh the second year, suggesting that N immobilization was enhanced after water-level drawdown. These results suggest different mechanisms by which flooding affects decomposition in different wetland environments. On the soil surface where oxygen is readily available, flooding accelerates decomposition by increasing moisture. Belowground, flooding creates anoxic conditions that slow decay. The typical hydrologic pattern in seasonally flooded prairie marshes of spring flooding followed by water-level drawdown in summer may maximize system decomposition rates by allowing rapid decomposition aboveground in standing water and by annually alleviating soil anoxia.
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  • 68
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: auxin-transport ; indoleacetic acid ; maize ; photoinhibition ; transport ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The uptake of IAA into excised mesocotyls of non-irradiated maize seedlings was linear up to a concentration of about 4×M and in this range there was a tight coupling between the IAA in the stele and the cortex. Prior irradiation with white light of intact seedlings unbalanced this coupling. Lateral and longitudinal transport were affected differently. In the stele, the effect of prior irradiation on longitudinal transport was multiphasic, with an initial stimulatory effect followed by a negative effect at longer prior irradiation times. The lateral transport from the stele to the cortex showed no stimulatory effect and appeared to be inhibited within at least 15 min. The effect of the prior irradiation on longitudinal transport in the stele appeared to be a high intensity effect. In contrast, the effect of the prior irradiation on the lateral transport from the stele to the cortex was saturated at much lower intensities. The data suggest that the light induced change in the lateral transport of IAA between the two tissues may be due to changes either in the number of open lateral transport channels/carriers or in the conductivity of these channels/carriers.
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  • 69
    ISSN: 1573-5095
    Keywords: foliage ; grafting ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; Pinus caribaea ; rootstock ; scion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Both scion and rootstock clones significantly influenced scion elongation and concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus in the scion foliage. Scion clone was the more important determinant. Scion clone × rootstock clone interactions were not significant. The ability of a clone to elongate as a scion was not correlated with its capacity to promote or retard scion elongation when used as a rootstock. Genetic differences in foliar nutrient concentrations appeared to reflect levels of nutrient demand, rather than the ability of roots to absorb nutrients. Nutrient demand of the rootstock can also explain negative correlations between nitrogen levels in rootstock clones and levels of both nitrogen and phosphorus in the scions. There was no significant relationship between scion elongation and foliar nitrogen concentrations of either rootstock or scion. The weak relationship between scion elongation and concentration of phosphorus in the rootstock apparently resulted from tissue dilution.
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  • 70
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    Biogeochemistry 25 (1994), S. 19-39 
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: denitrification ; mineralization ; nitrification ; nitrogen ; riparian ; stream ; wetland ; New Jersey ; Pennsylvania ; Pinelands
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Denitrification (N2 production) and oxygen consumption rates were measured at ambient field nitrate concentrations during summer in sediments from eight wetlands (mixed hardwood swamps, cedar swamps, heath dominated shrub wetland, herbaceous peatland, and a wetland lacking live vegetation) and two streams. The study sites included wetlands in undisturbed watersheds and in watersheds with considerable agricultural and/or sewage treatment effluent input. Denitrification rates measured in intact cores of water-saturated sediment ranged from ≤ 20 to 260 μmol N m-2 h-1 among the three undisturbed wetlands and were less variable (180 to 260 μmol N M-2 h-1) among the four disturbed wetlands. Denitrification rates increased when nitrate concentrations in the overlying water were increased experimentally (1 up to 770 μM), indicating that nitrate was an important factor controlling denitrification rates. However, rates of nitrate uptake from the overlying water were not a good predictor of denitrification rates because nitrification in the sediments also supplied nitrate for denitrification. Regardless of the dominant vegetation, pH, or degree of disturbance, denitrification rates were best correlated with sediment oxygen consumption rates (r 2 = 0.912) indicating a relationship between denitrification and organic matter mineralization and/or sediment nitrification rates. Rates of denitrification in the wetland sediments were similar to those in adjacent stream sediments. Rates of denitrification in these wetlands were within the range of rates previously reported for water-saturated wetland sediments and flooded soils using whole core15N techniques that quantify coupled nitrification/denitrification, and were higher than rates reported from aerobic (non-saturated) wetland sediments using acetylene block methods.
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  • 71
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    Journal of aquatic ecosystem stress and recovery 3 (1994), S. 27-34 
    ISSN: 1573-5141
    Keywords: nutrient limitation ; critical tissue concentrations ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; macroalgae ; biomonitoring
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Discs of the macroalga,Ulva lactuca L., were transplanted around an ocean outfall and at a reference site in Køge Bay, Denmark, to assess the influence of the outfall on the nutrient availability. At 2-wk intervals, samples were collected and analyzed for growth, nitrogen, and phosphorus content. The tissue concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus decreased with distance to the outfall, showing that the tissue concentrations are suitable for monitoring nutrient availability in coastal areas and provide a time-integrated measure of the nutrient availability. The lowest tissue concentrations of nitrogen were recorded at the reference station, where the internal concentrations generally were below the critical concentration level, showing that nitrogen limited the growth. At the station located close to the outfall, the flux of nitrogen was sufficient to maintain the maximum growth rate. The tissue concentrations of phosphorus were only below the critical concentration level on one occasion, and the result showed a net uptake throughout the study period. It was concluded that in the Køge Bay, nitrogen was the main limiting factor for macroalgae growth during the summer. The applicability of tissue concentrations for assessment of nutrient availability is discussed and it is considered that the method, when evaluated against established critical concentrations, provides a valuable tool for assessing ecosystem health with regard to eutrophication.
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    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 10 (1994), S. 477-478 
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Ethylenediamine ; glutamine synthetase ; nitrogen ; Nostoc ANTH
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Nostoc ANTH metabolizes ethylenediamine (EDA) as sole nitrogen source but not as a carbon source. EDA is assimilated by the glutamine synthetase-glutamate synthase pathway. EDA represses heterocyst formation and nitrogenase activity but this is reversed by l-methionine-dl-sulphoximine.
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  • 73
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    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 3335-3344 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Diabrotica virgifera virgifera ; fatty acids ; linoleic acid ; oleic acid ; stearic acid ; semiochemical ; attractants ; western corn rootworm ; host location ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; Zea mays ; kairomone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A bioassay-driven sequential fractionation scheme was used to isolate fractions of a crude dichloromethane maize seedling extract behaviorally active to larvae of the western corn rootworm,Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte. (Z,Z)-9,12-Octadecadienoic (linoleic) acid, (Z)-9-octadecenoic (oleic) acid, and octadecanoic (stearic) acid were identified from a purified fraction of maize extract that was attractive to western corn rootworm larvae in choice tests with equal levels of carbon dioxide on both sides of the choice. When synthetic linoleic, oleic, and stearic acids were tested together in the amounts and proportions found in the attractive fraction (1000, 800, and 300 ng of linoleic, oleic, and stearic acids, respectively), significantly more western corn rootworm larvae were found on the side with synthetic free fatty acids plus carbon dioxide than on the side with carbon dioxide alone. Results of the choice-test bioassays were not significantly different when the synthetic blend of free fatty acids was substituted for the purified maize fraction. Neither the purified extract nor the synthetic blend was behaviorally active in preliminary single-choice experiments without carbon dioxide. Linoleic, oleic, and stearic acids were also tested individually in the choice test bioassay with carbon dioxide on both sides of the choice to determine a dose-response curve. Linoleic and oleic acid each had one dose that was significantly attractive in conjunction with carbon dioxide on both sides of the choice, but stearic acid was not active in the doses tested.
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 37 (1994), S. 93-105 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Erosion/Productivity Impact Calculator (EPIC) model ; leaching ; lettuce ; net N mineralization ; nitrate ; nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Low N use efficiency and high nitrate (NO 3 - ) pollution potentials are problems in intensive vegetable production systems. The purpose of this study was to quantify N utilization by lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. cv Salinas), and identify periods of NO 3 - loss in an on-farm study in the Salinas Valley in coastal California. During autumn and winter, surface moisture remained low, and NO 3 - concentrations increased, reflecting high net mineralizable N, as determined by anaerobic incubation, and nitrification potential, as determined by the chlorate inhibition method. At the onset of a large winter storm, tracer levels of15NO 3 - were injected in the top 5 mm of soil in 30 cm-deep cylinders. After two weeks, most of the15N was present as15NO 3 - at 10–30 cm depth. By difference, losses to denitrification accounted for ~ 25% of the surface-applied15N. Leaching below 30 cm did not occur, since no15N enrichment of NO 3 - -N was measured in anion-exchange resin membranes placed at the base of each cylinder. During the crop period, NO 3 - losses were most pronounced after irrigation events. Uptake of N by two crops of lettuce (above- and belowground material) was approximately equal to fertilizer inputs, yet simulation of N fates by the Erosion/Productivity Impact Calculator (EPIC) model indicated losses of 14.6 g-N m−2 by leaching and 2.5 g-N m−2 by denitrification during the 6-month crop period. The large NO 3 - losses can be attributed to accumulation of soil NO 3 - during winter that was leached or denitrified during the irrigated crop period.
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 40 (1994), S. 105-108 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: annual ryegrass ; dry matter ; logistic ; model ; nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The logistic model has proven very useful in relating dry matter production of warm season perennial forage grasses to applied nitrogen. A recent extension of the model coupled dry matter and plant N accumulation through a common response coefficient c. The objective of this analysis was to apply the extended logistic model to cool season Gulf annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) and to establish a common response coefficient c between accumulation of dry matter and plant N. Analysis of variance established the validity of this hypothesis. The model accurately described response of dry matter, plant N removal, and plant N concentration to applied N, with an overall correlation coefficient of 0.9954. Furthermore, the model closely described the relationship between yield and plant N removal, as well as between plant N concentration and plant N removal. The logistic equation is well-behaved and simple to use on a pocket calculator. It can be used to estimate yields and plant N removal in evaluation of agricultural production and environmental quality.
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  • 76
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: Argania spinosa ; micro-elements ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; V.A. mycorrhization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'influence de la mycorhization V.A. sur la nutrition minérale de 2 clones d'Arganier (Argania spinosa) a été étudiée sur des plantules micropropagées in vitro poussant en conditions contrôlées. L'inoculation (qui augmentait la production de matière sèche d'un facteur 4,5) accroit également la teneur des plantes en phosphore, notamment dans les feuilles, et les plantes mycorhizées mobilisent 15 fois plus de phosphore que les plantes non inoculées. La teneur en azote est légèrement plus faible chez les plantes mycorhizées mais au total ces dernières exportent 3 fois plus d'azote. L'absorption des micro-éléments est aussi affectée par l'inoculation, qui accroit les teneurs des plantes en Fe, Zn et Cu. La nutrition minérale des deux clones étudiés semble affectée par le rapport racines/parties aériennes et d'autres caractéristiques génétiques, comme l'efficacité de translocation du fer. Ces résultats nous permettent de comprendre en quoi son système racinaire profond et mycorhizé permet à l'Arganier non seulement de pousser dans des zones arides aux sols pauvres, mais aussi d'améliorer la fertilité des couches supérieures du sol par l'effet litière.
    Notes: Abstract The influence of V.A. mycorrhization on mineral nutrition of 2 clones ofArgania spinosa was studied with in-vitro micropropagated plantlets grown in confined medium under controlled conditions. Inoculation, which increased dry matter production by a factor of 4.5, also increased P concentration in the plant, especially in the leaves, and the mycorrhizal plants mobilized 15 times more P than control plants. N concentration was slightly lower in mycorrhizal plants, but total N content was 3 times higher. Uptake of micro elements was also affected, inoculation increasing plant Fe, Zn and Cu content. Mineral nutrition in the test clones seemed affected by root/shoot ratio and other genetically-related characteristics, such as Fe translocation efficiency. These results help us to understand how its deep mycorrhizal root system might allowArgania spinosa not only to grow in infertile arid areas but also to improve top-soil fertility by a litter effect.
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    International journal of thermophysics 15 (1994), S. 1211-1219 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: binary system ; butane ; carbon dioxide ; nitrogen ; ternary system ; vapor-liquid equilibria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The system studied was nitrogen + carbon dioxide +n-butane at 250 and 270 K and at pressures from 1.5 to 14 MPa. The Peng-Robinson equation was used to model the results, since it is the most widely accepted equation of state in the gas processing industry. In general, the predictions are most accurate at low and moderate pressures and poorest at high pressures, especially near the critical region.
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    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 65 (1994), S. 179-182 
    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Keywords: Aspergillus ; fungus ; catabolism ; activation ; repression ; nitrogen ; carbon ; zinc fingers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract TheamdS gene codes for an acetamidase enzyme that hydrolyses acetamide to acetate and ammonium thus providingA. nidulans with a source of carbon and nitrogen. The exceptionally favourable genetics of this system combined with molecular analysis have enabled many regulatory circuits affectingamdS to be identified genetically. Characterization of the regulatory genes and the definition of the cis-acting sites involved have been done using bothin vivo andin vitro mutagenesis. Recent results on the analysis of the system are presented.
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  • 79
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    Hydrobiologia 278 (1994), S. 129-131 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: small rivers ; water contamination ; Tubificidae ; bacteria ; nitrogen ; phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two small rivers, the Yerik and Nezhegolyok, were studied seasonally in 1979–1980. Increase in concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus compounds in the river water as well as proliferation of enterococci and enterobacilli favoured the abundance of Tubificidae while, at the same time, their numbers were reduced by chironomids and leeches.
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  • 80
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: Fragaria x ananassa ; in vitro ; nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The uptake of 15NO3 - and 15NH4 + has been examined in 5-,10- and 28-day-old micropropagated strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch. cv. Kent) shoots rooted in one-half strength Murashige and Skoog (MS) liquid medium on cellulose plugs (Sorbarods). The results indicated that the plantlets absorbed both NO3 - and NH4 + during the culture with a greater uptake of NH4 + at 5 days of culture. Furthermore, a pronounced reduction in NO3 - and NH4 + uptake at 10 and 28 days of culture was observed within 6 h of the short-term uptake study. This reduction could be explained by the low CO2 concentration in test tubes during the photoperiod, since no reduction in nitrogen uptake occurred in the CO2 enriched condition. The results are interpreted as an indication of the important role for photosynthetic CO2 fixation in the process of nitrogen uptake by the plantlets during the rooting stage.
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  • 81
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    Euphytica 79 (1994), S. 149-161 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: maize ; germplasm ; cluster analysis ; landraces ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Two experiments were carried out with two objectives. First, to establish the phenetic relationships among the maize (Zea mays L.) landraces from Galicia (Northwestern Spain) maintained at the Misión Biológica de Galicia. Second, to assess the resemblance between a collection of Spanish populations (including the landraces from Galicia) and a set of US Corn Belt varieties. For the first objective 73 varieties from Galicia, along with 9 hybrid checks, were grown in 9×9 simple lattices at two locations for two years. For the second objective 131 populations from the US Corn Belt and Spain, along with 9 hybrid checks, were grown for three years in unreplicated experiments. Cluster analyses were carried out with the first principal components that accounted for a significant amount of the total variation. Four groups were found among the landraces from Galicia. The populations from Spain and America were classified as belonging to nine main groups. The replicated experiment was more accurate than the unreplicated one. However, it is concluded that an unreplicated test grown in several environments is accurate enough to detect the main groups, although some inaccuracies should be expected.
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  • 82
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: maize ; Zea mays ; photoinhibition ; photosynthesis ; low-temperature adaptation ; breeding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Sixty-seven inbred lines of maize were evaluated for resistance to low-temperature photoinhibition of photosynthesis, using a pulse-modulated chlorophyll fluorescence technique. The evaluation procedure was based on leaf discs, which were exposed to a high irradiance (1000 µmol/m2/s) at 7°C. The efficiency of open PSII reaction centres as a reflection of overall photosynthesis was measured before and after a photoinhibition-inducing treatment. Exposure of leaf discs to photoinhibitory condition for 2, 4, and 8 hours resulted in an efficiency reduction of 30, 53 and 83%, respectively. Testing of inbred lines showed large differences for photoinhibition susceptibility. The difference in photosynthetic efficiency between the most extreme lines after a treatment of eight hours was 39%. Resistance to photoinhibition was shown to be relevant under cool field conditions. It proved to be a trait strongly amenable to selection.
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  • 83
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    Photosynthesis research 39 (1994), S. 67-73 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: Zea mays ; C4-photosynthesis ; decarboxylation ; NADP-ME type ; l-malate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of structural analogues of l-malate was studied on NADP-malic enzyme purified from Zea mays L. leaves. Among the compounds tested, the organic acids behaved as more potent inhibitors at pH 7.0 than at pH 8.0, suggesting that the dimeric form was more susceptible to the inhibition than the tetrameric form of the enzyme. Oxalate, ketomalonate, hydroxymalonate, malonate, oxaloacetate, tartrate, α-hydroxybutyrate, α-ketobutyrate, α-ketoglutarate and α-hydroxyglutarate exhibited linear competitive inhibition with respect to the substrate l-malate at pH 8.0. On the other hand, glyoxylate and glycolate turned out to be non-competitive inhibitors, while glycolaldehyde, succinate, fumarate, maleate and β- and γ-hydroxybutyrate had no effect on the enzyme activity, at the concentrations assayed. These results suggest that the extent of inhibition was dependent on the size of the analogues and that the presence of an 1-carboxyl group along with a 2-hydroxyl or 2-keto group was important for binding of the substrate analogue to the enzyme.
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  • 84
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: atmospheric deposition ; δ15N ; δ34S ; forest decline ; nitrogen ; Picea abies ; stable isotopes ; sulfur
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Concentrations and natural isotope abundance of total sulfur and nitrogen as well as sulfate and nitrate concentrations were measured in needles of different age classes and in soil samples of different horizons from a healthy and a declining Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) forest in the Fichtelgebirge (NE Bavaria, Germany), in order to study the fate of atmospheric depositions of sulfur and nitrogen compounds. The mean δ15N of the needles ranged between −3.7 and −2.1 ‰ and for δ34S a range between −0.4 and +0.9 ‰ was observed. δ34S and sulfur concentrations in the needles of both stands increased continuously with needle age and thus, were closely correlated. The δ15N values of the needles showed an initial decrease followed by an increase with needle age. The healthy stand showed more negative δ15N values in old needles than the declining stand. Nitrogen concentrations decreased with needle age. For soil samples at both sites the mean δ15N and δ34S values increased from −3 ‰ (δ15N) or +0.9 ‰ (δ34S) in the uppermost organic layer to about +4 ‰ (δ15N) or +4.5 ‰ (δ34S) in the mineral soil. This depth-dependent increase in abundance of 15N and 34S was accompanied by a decrease in total nitrogen and sulfur concentrations in the soil. δ15N values and nitrogen concentrations were closely correlated (slope −0.0061 ‰ δ15N per μmol eq N gdw −1), and δ34S values were linearly correlated with sulfur concentrations (slope −0.0576 ‰ δ34S per μmol eq S gdw −1). It follows that in the same soil samples sulfur concentrations were linearly correlated with the nitrogen concentrations (slope 0.0527), and δ34S values were linearly correlated with δ15N values (slope 0.459). A correlation of the sulfur and nitrogen isotope abundances on a Δ basis (which considers the different relative frequencies of 15N and 34S), however, revealed an isotope fractionation that was higher by a factor of 5 for sulfur than for nitrogen (slope 5.292). These correlations indicate a long term synchronous mineralization of organic nitrogen and sulfur compounds in the soil accompanied by element-specific isotope fractionations. Based on different sulfur isotope abundance of the soil (δ34S=0.9 ‰ for total sulfur of the organic layer was assumed to be equivalent to about −1.0 ‰ for soil sulfate) and of the atmospheric SO2 deposition (δ34S=2.0 ‰ at the healthy site and 2.3 ‰ at the declining site) the contribution of atmospheric SO2 to total sulfur of the needles was estimated. This contribution increased from about 20 % in current-year needles to more than 50 % in 3-year-old needles. The proportion of sulfur from atmospheric deposition was equivalent to the age dependent sulfate accumulation in the needles. In contrast to the accumulation of atmospheric sulfur compounds nitrogen compounds from atmospheric deposition were metabolized and were used for growth. The implications of both responses to atmospheric deposition are discussed.
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  • 85
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: charcoal rot ; Macrophomina phaseolina ; nitrogen ; NH4NO3 ; Sorghum bicolor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Colonization of sorghum by Macrophomina phaseolina in field plots was determined at nitrogen fertilization rates of 0, 56, 112, and 168 kg ha-1 in 1988 and 0, 84, 168, and 256 kg ha-1 in 1989. Above ground plant tissue and roots were sampled monthly to determine total nitrogen and percent colonization of root segments by natural inoculum. Root infection was not affected by nitrogen treatment, but was affected by growth stage and environment. High root infection occurred before reproductive development (growth stage 3) in 1988 and was associated with hot, dry weather early in the growing season. In 1989, when the weather was cool and wet, root infection began after reproductive development (growth stage 4). The effect of nitrogen treatments on lesion length was determined in sorghum stalks artificially inoculated with M. phaseolina. Lesion lengths were significantly affected by both nitrogen treatments and growth stage. Lesions were significantly longer with all nitrogen treatments at growth stage 9 than with the no-nitrogen treatment, and lesions tended to increase with increased levels of nitrogen fertilization. Significant increases in lesion length occurred between growth stages 5, 7, and 9 in 1988 and between 7 and 9 in 1989. This study demonstrates that nitrogen fertilization affects colonization of sorghum stalks but not root infection by M. phaseolina.
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  • 86
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: allelopathy ; crop rotation ; nitrogen utilization ; root growth ; soil nitrate depletion ; Vigna unguiculata ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In the northern Guinea Savanna of Ghana (1984–1987) a field experiment was conducted to study the reasons for beneficial effects of rotating maize (Zea mays) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) on yield and N and P use of maize. The treatments included two cropping systems, maize monocropping and maize/cowpea rotation, two levels of nitrogen (0 and 80 kg N ha-1 as urea) and two levels of phosphorus application (0 and 60 kg ha-1 P as Volta phosphate rock). Yields and nutrient accumulation of maize were larger in rotation than in monocropping, independent of the N and P level. Fertilizer application (N and P) increased yields of maize in both cropping systems to the same extent. Nitrate contents of the soil after cowpea and after maize monoculture were comparable at the beginning of the cropping period. Also, potential nitrogen mineralization was only slightly larger after cowpea in the unfertilized plots. However, soil nitrate of fertilized plots was similar or even higher under monocropping than under crop rotation, especially in deeper soil layers and at the end of the cropping period. This indicates that in addition to the availability of mineral N, its use by the plants was limiting for the productivity of maize. Root length densities of maize were significant lower in monocropped maize than in maize grown in rotation. Soil physical parameters (infiltration, bulk density, aggregate stability and water capacity) showed a significant deterioration compared to a bush fallow plot, but differed only slightly between the cropping systems. Also in a pot experiment maize growth was much better in the soil from the crop rotation than from the monocropping plots, provided P was eliminated as the main growth-limiting factor. Since this effect persisted in spite of N application and optimization of soil physical properties by mixing the soil with polystyrol it is concluded that the results indicate that yield decline in maize monocropping might be due to allelopathic effects.
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  • 87
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ammonification ; H+ production ; in-situ incubation ; liming ; mineralization ; nitrification ; nitrogen ; Pinus sylvestris
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract H+ production due to N uptake in a mature Scots pine stand subjected to high NH4 + deposition was previously estimated to amount to approx. 2.2 kmol ha-1 y-1. The question whether H+ transfers related to N mineralization (ammonification and nitrification) offset or corroborate this proton production is investigated in the present research. To determine N mineralization, soil cores were used of which both ends were closed with layers of ion exchange resin (IER) to prevent influx and efflux of ions. The effect of liming on N mineralization and the resulting H+ production was investigated in 7 incubation periods of each ca. 8 wk. Because of its high mobility NO3 accumulated in both IER layers at the expense of that in the incubated forest floor and mineral soil. Net N mineralization in the soil cores as a whole amounted to 40 and 77 kg N ha-1 in 384 d in the control and limed plots, respectively. In both treatments ca. 65% of mineralized N was nitrified. H+ production due to N mineralization amounted to approx. 1.2 kmol ha-1 y-1 in the control and limed plots. Liming reduced the amount of C in the forest floor, but not forest floor mass, because of an increased mixing with mineral particles.
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  • 88
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: C distribution ; native soil organic matter ; rhizosphere ; root released carbon ; wheat ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Wheat and maize were grown in a growth chamber with the atmospheric CO2 continuously labelled with 14C to study the translocation of assimilated carbon to the rhizosphere. Two different N levels in soil were applied. In maize 26–34% of the net assimilated 14C was translocated below ground, while in wheat higher values (40–58%) were found. However, due to the much higher shoot production in maize the total amount of carbon translocated below ground was similar to that of wheat. At high N relatively more of the C that was translocated to the root, was released into the soil due to increased root respiration and/or root exudation and subsequent microbial utilization and respiration. The evolution rate of unlabelled CO2 from the native soil organic matter decreased after about 25 days when wheat was grown at high N as compared to low N. This negative effect of high N in soil was not observed with maize.
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  • 89
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    Euphytica 79 (1994), S. 13-18 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Zea mays ; haploid induction ; maternal haploids ; inducer line ZMS ; maize
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Presented are the results of a two-year study of haploid maize plants in the field. The haploids were produced with the aid of inducer line ZMS. In total, 604 and 1030 haploids were obtained and studied in the first and second years, respectively. Tassels of haploid plants were found to be almost completley sterile. Fertility of ears was studied by pollinating them with the pollen from diploid inbred lines, the cross resulting in almost all of the haploid ears carrying kernels. On average 27.4 kernels per ear of haploid plant were obtained in the first year of study and 26.3 in the second. These gave rise to normal diploid plants. This property allows genotypes selected at the level of haploid plants to be involved in breeding process. Unusual plants were found among haploids, phenotypically resembling homozygous lines. It was assumed that the plants had resulted from spontaneous chromosome doubling in haploids. The results of comparative studies of progenies of unusual plants and inbred lines derived from the same synthetic population are presented.
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  • 90
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    Plant growth regulation 14 (1994), S. 235-242 
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: auxin transport ; calcium ; gravitropism ; root cap ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract There is evidence that the cap is the initial site of lateral auxin redistribution during the gravitropic response of roots. We tested this further by comparing asymmetric auxin redistribution across the tips of gravistimulated intact roots, decapped roots, isolated root caps and isolated apical sections taken from decapped roots. Gravistimulation caused asymmetric (downward) auxin movement across the tips of intact roots and isolated root caps but not across the tips of decapped roots or across isolated apical root segments. Naphthylphthalamic acid and pyrenoylbenzoic acid, inhibitors of polar auxin transport, inhibited asymmetric auxin redistribution across gravistimulated isolated root caps and across the tips of gravistimulated intact roots. For intact roots there was a positive correlation between the extent of inhibition of assymmetric auxin redistribution by polar auxin transport inhibitors and the extent of inhibition of asymmetric calcium chelating agent, ethylene glycol-bis(β-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid, also caused parallel inhibition of asymmetric auxin redistribution and gravitropic curvature and this effect was reversed by subsequent treatment with calcium. The results support the hypothesis that the cap is a site of early development of auxin asymmetry in gravistimulated roots and that calcium plays an important role in the development of lateral auxin redistribution.
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  • 91
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    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 10 (1994), S. 348-349 
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Aspergillus ; glucoamylase ; nitrogen ; rice bran
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Corn steep liquor, peptone or NH inf4 sup+ salts increased the yield of glucoamylase from Aspergillus niger growing in a solid-state fermentation on rice bran up to 360 IU/g dry substrate over 96 h at 30°C.
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  • 92
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 35 (1993), S. 217-226 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: calcium ; dry matter distribution ; fertilizer ; harvest index ; magnesium ; manure ; millet ; nitrogen ; nutrient uptake ; phosphorus ; potassium ; Senegal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In a fertilizer and manure experiment, millet was grown under four treatments (no fertilizer or manure, farmyard manure, chemical fertilizer, and both). Grain yield and total aboveground biomass production of the unfertilized plot were relatively high. The observed differences in total dry matter production must be attributed to differences in nutrient availability, as amount of rainfall and its distribution were favourable. Results show only small differences in distribution of dry matter among the various plant organs between the best and the non-fertilized treatments. Nutrient supply from natural sources, defined as crop content of N, P, and K at maturity without fertilizer application, amounted to 104, 16 and 103 kg ha−1, respectively, which are very high values. Total uptake of calcium and magnesium is related to that of potassium, as the combined content of these three elements is linearly related to total aboveground biomass production. Minimum removal of nitrogen and phosphorus per ton grain dry matter amounts to 29 and 4kg, respectively, and 9 kg potassium per ton total aboveground dry matter. A possible double function of phosphorus as element of structural biomass and for maintenance of electro-neutrality is discussed.
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  • 93
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 34 (1993), S. 121-126 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Controlled release fertilizers ; electroultrafiltration ; nitrogen ; ryegrass
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The efficiency of different nitrogenous fertilizers under forced leaching conditions was determined in pot experiments using ryegrass as an indicator plant in a sandy loam soil. Treatments were: ON (unfertilized), AN (ammonium nitrate), U (urea), DAP (diammonium phosphate), T (Triabon), FK (Floranid Komplett) and CDU (crotonylidendiurea). N source effects on N uptake, and N leached (as % of N applied) were evaluated. Results show that the fertilizers which behaved best with regard to N uptake were FK followed by Triabon and AN. The most soluble fertilizers, AN and urea, gave the highest N leaching losses. Significant correlations between EUF-NI (rapidly soluble fraction) and leaching, as well as between EUF-N (I + II) and N uptake by the plant (where EUF-N II relates to the slowly soluble fraction) were obtained.
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  • 94
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: alley cropping ; maize ; nitrogen ; organic matter ; soil fertility ; Leucaena leucocephala ; Flemingia congesta
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A detailed study of the soil chemical and physical properties in seven-year-old alley cropping trial containingLeucaena leucocephala andFlemingia congesta in Northern Zambia is described. There was a strong correlation between the maize yield and the total amount of nitrogen applied, both from prunings and fertiliser, suggesting that a major reason for the observed benefit from alley cropping, particularly withLeucaena, was due to an improvement in nitrogen supply.Leucaena produced significantly more biomass, and its leaves had higher concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium and lower C/N and C/P ratios than did those ofFlemingia. There was also evidence that the trees had a beneficial effect on other soil chemical properties; under the hedgerows, particularly those ofLeucaena, there were higher levels of organic carbon, Mg, K and ECEC, and pH values were also highest. It is suggested that higher levels of organic carbon in the alley crop treatments were responsible for the improvements observed in soil physical properties. Lower bulk density, lower penetration resistance, and a higher infiltration rate and pore volume fraction were measured in the alley crops, although there was no significant change in the soil water release parameters. A deteriorating effect of constant applications of nitrogen fertiliser on soil fertility was observed; as the level of urea application increased, there were significant decreases in Mg, K and pH, increases in Al and soil acidity, and higher penetrometer resistance. These results highlight the urgent need for further research on biological methods of maintaining soil fertility.
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  • 95
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    Aquatic sciences 55 (1993), S. 132-142 
    ISSN: 1420-9055
    Keywords: nitrogen ; phosphorus ; uptake ; regeneration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Dissolved inorganic nutrient pools are small relative to particulate pools, and dissolved pools turnover rapidly. It has been observed that pools change little from day to day on the sampling scales usually employed. A simple model is presented where uptake and regeneration rates balance to cause a local steady state concentration for dissolved inorganic nutrients. Enrichment and dilution perturbation experiments with lake water support the idea of steady state nutrient concentrations. Although inorganic nutrient concentrations are often controlled by biota, the absolute concentrations present tell little about the activity of that biota.
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  • 96
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: carbon/nutrient balance hypothesis ; carbon allocation ; fertilization ; phenolics ; nitrogen ; terpene ; Abies grandis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Nitrogen fertilization resulted in a linear increase in the growth ofAbies grandis seedlings, but linear decrease in foliage concentrations of phenolic compounds. These data are consistent with the inverse relationship between growth and production of carbonbased secondary chemicals predicted by the carbon/nutrient balance (CNB) hypothesis. However, in contrast to predictions of the CNB hypothesis, nitrogen fertilization had no effect on foliage terpene concentrations. The results suggest that not all carbon-based chemicals respond in the same manner to environmental variation, and that the carbon/nutrient balance hypothesis does not adequately explain all patterns of environmentally-induced variation in secondary metabolism.
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  • 97
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    Sexual plant reproduction 6 (1993), S. 239-243 
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Zea mays ; Sperm cell ; Protein synthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Sperm cells are thought to be quiescent in pollen and activated upon pollen germination. To test this hypothesis, protein, RNA and DNA synthesis were assessed in Zea mays sperm cells at different times after isolation from pollen. Protein synthesis changed with time; while some proteins were found to be constitutive in both 0 and 24 h cells, others were synthesized and some disappeared. Overall, the number of proteins detected at 24 h doubled compared with freshly isolated cells. Incorporation of [3H]leucine in 24 h cells was about 50 times that in freshly isolated cells, and that of [5, 6-3H]uridine, about 7 times. Very low incorporation of [6-3H]thymidine into the cells was detected; there was no difference between freshly isolated and 24 h cells. It is possible that the differences in synthetic activity between freshly isolated and 24-h-old cells might correspond to sperm cell activation during pollen tube growth. If so, these metabolic changes may play an important role in fertilization.
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  • 98
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    Plant cell reports 12 (1993), S. 564-568 
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: Zea mays ; In vitro culture ; Isolated microspores ; Pollen development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary An in vitro method to simulate pollen development was developed in maize (Zea mays L.). Microspores at the late uninucleate to early binucleate stage were isolated and cultured under various conditions. Cell viability, starch content and the formation of the three nuclei as found in normal mature pollen were monitored during the course of the culture. Media composition was modified in order to promote starch accumulation and frequency of mitosis, while maintaining the viability of the microspores. Under the best conditions, up to 12% of the microspores matured in vitro into trinucleate, starch-filled viable pollen grains which were unable to germinate or produce seeds. At different stages during in vitro maturation, proteins patterns were analyzed and compared with their in vivo equivalent and the patterns were only partially similar.
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    Plant cell reports 12 (1993), S. 607-611 
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: Transient expression ; Particle bombardment ; Tassel primordia ; In vitro culture ; Anthers ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Maize (Zea mays L.) tassel primordia were used as a target for particle bombardment, to assess the possibility of introducing foreign DNA into male reproductive structures. Transient expression of the β-glucuronidase gene (GUS) or anthocyanin marker genes (C1 and B-Peru) driven by the CaMV 35S promoter was obtained in tassel primordia 24h after bombardment. Gold particles coated with DNA reached stamen primordia tissues, which eventually form the anthers and pollen. Bombarded tassels were also cultured in vitro and GUS activity was detected in the vascular tissue of mature anthers that developed within 4 weeks. This new approach represents a preliminary step toward pollen mediated transformation.
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  • 100
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    Plant cell reports 12 (1993), S. 648-651 
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: chromosome doubling ; Zea mays ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Anther-derived calli of corn were treated with 10 μM pronamide for 2, 3 and 4 days. The ploidy level of the calli was then evaluated using flow cytometry, at different times after the treatment. Untreated haploid calli did not change in ploidy level for 97 days but by 466 days, there were up to 50% diploid or higher ploidy cells thus showing that spontaneous doubling may occur during corn calli subculture with this genotype. Pronamide treatment did increase the percentage of diploid and tetraploid cells and by 466 days, all of the lines showed an additional change toward higher ploidy levels. This change may be due to spontaneous chromosome doubling or to differential cell cycle times of cells with different ploidy levels. The ploidy level of plants regenerated from the cultures was determined by counting the guard cell chloroplast numbers and the correlation with the ploidy level of the cultures was r2=0.84. These studies show that pronamide treatments can increase haploid maize callus chromosome numbers and that spontaneous chromosome doubling can occur with time in maize callus.
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