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  • Articles  (316)
  • maize  (165)
  • phosphorus  (157)
  • Springer  (316)
  • 1995-1999  (174)
  • 1985-1989  (114)
  • 1980-1984  (28)
  • Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition  (316)
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  • Articles  (316)
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  • Springer  (316)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of repeated manure and fertilizer phosphorus additions on soil phosphorus dynamics under a soybean-wheat rotation (1999)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 28 (1999), S. 150-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Phosphorus dynamics ; Olsen ; phosphorus ; Soil phosphorus fractions ; Manure ; Soybean-wheat rotation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  Soil P availability and efficiency of applied P may be improved through an understanding of soil P dynamics in relation to management practices in a cropping system. Our objectives in this study were to evaluate changes in plant-available (Olsen) P and in different inorganic P (Pi) and organic P (P0) fractions in soil as related to repeated additions of manure and fertilizer P under a soybean-wheat rotation. A field experiment on a Typic Haplustert was conducted from 1992 to 1995 wherein the annual treatments included four rates of fertilizer P (0, 11, 22 and 44 kg ha–1 applied to both soybean and wheat) in the absence and presence of 16 t ha–1 of manure (applied to soybean only). With regular application of fertilizer P to each crop the level of Olsen P increased significantly and linearly through the years in both manured and unmanured plots. The mean P balance required to raise Olsen P by 1 mg kg–1 was 17.9 kg ha–1 of fertilizer P in unmanured plots and 5.6 kg ha–1 of manure plus fertilizer P in manured plots. The relative sizes of labile [NaHCO3-extractable Pi (NaHCO3-Pi) and NaHCO3-extractable P0 (NaHCO3-P0)], moderately labile [NaOH-extractable Pi (NaOH-Pi) and NaOH-extractable P0 (NaOH-P0)] and stable [HCl-extractable P (HCl-P) and H2SO4/H2O2-extractable P (resisual-P)] P pools were in a 1 : 2.9 : 7.6 ratio. Application of fertilizer P and manure significantly increased NaHCO3-Pi and -P0 and NaOH-Pi, and -P0 fractions and also total P. However, HCl-P and residual-P were not affected. The changes in NaHCO3-Pi, NaOH-Pi and NaOH-P0 fractions were significantly correlated with the apparent P balance and were thought to represent biologically dynamic soil P and act as major sources and sinks of plant-available P.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050477
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A review of investigations to improve pest managemet of stored maize in smallholder farms in Kenya (1996)
    Springer
    Integrated pest management reviews 1 (1996), S. 251-263 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9745
    Keywords: storage ; maize ; Prostephanus truncatus ; larger grain borer ; Kenya
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A 4-year project in Kenya to develop management strategies for the larger grain borer (Prostephanus truncatus) in smallholder maize stores is described. The entomological investigations included behavioural and ecological studies of pest activity in experimental and farmers' maize stores and the natural environment, the use of insecticides to protect maize stored as grain and cobs and the release of a biological control agent. The latter was a predatory beetle; this marks the first release of a biological control agent against a storage pest in East Africa. The operation of a national trapping network to assess the extent and future spread of the pest and predator and target control campaigns is outlined. Recommendations for the control of the stored product pests, resulting from these investigations, were tested for likely adoption and modification in the light of socioeconomic surveys and a cost-benefit analysis. A decision tree approach to managing stored product pests is suggested which allows extension workers and farmers to decide the necessity of pesticide application when assessing how best to protect stored maize.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00139767
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fertilizer regime and changes in the phosphate and potash status of a silty marine clay soil during 25 years (1980)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 1 (1980), S. 95-101 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: soil fertility ; phosphorus ; potassium ; green manure ; crop rotation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Changes in the soil phosphorus and potassium status on three farming systems in the Northeast Polder during 25 years are related to the fertilizer regime over this period. The changes in the nutrient status of the soil are reflected in fertilizer policy. High rates of phosphate dressings markedly increased the phosphate status of the soil and built up a reserve of phosphate. In contrast, the potassium status decreased by about half, because only potatoes in the rotation were dressed with potassium. Methods of fertilization are discussed and suggestions are made with regard to possible improvements.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01073181
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The variation of element contents in triticale during vegetative growth (1987)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 13 (1987), S. 155-159 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: triticale ; contents of nitrogen ; phosphorus ; potassium ; calcium ; magnesium ; trace elements ; heavy metals ; stage of growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurden die Schwankungen in den Konzentration von N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, B, Ba, Be, Bi, Sn, Sr, Sb, Ti, Te, V, Se, As und Hg in Triticale unter Feldbedingungen untersucht. Von der Bestockung bis zur Vollreife wurden alle 10 Tage von je 0.5 m2 pro Parzelle Pflanzenproben genommen. In allgemeinen haben die Konzentrationen von Frühjar bis zur Ernte abgenommen. Der elementengehalt in Triticale war demjenigen der übrigen Getreidearten verschieden, aber der Trend der Änderungen war ähnlich.
    Notes: Abstract The variation of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, B, Ba, Be, Bi, Sn, Sr, Sb, Ti, Te, V, Se, As and Hg concentrations was studied under field conditions in triticale. The samples were collected every 10 days from tillering to full ripening stage using plant material from 0.5 m2 per plot. The concentrations generally decreased from early growth to harvest. The elemental concentrations in triticale differed from the other cereals, but the variation's trend was similar.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01064828
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of N fertilizer rate, soil water tension and soil texture on growth and N uptake by maize (Zea mays L.) (1987)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 13 (1987), S. 241-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: maize ; nitrogen fertilizer ; nitrogen uptake and concentration ; soil texture ; water tension
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Maize was grown at four rates of N (28, 112, 252 and 448 mg pot−1) and basal P and K dressings at three soil water tensions on three soils of contrasting texture for 40 days in a greenhouse during July/August 1978. Water tensions were maintained as nearly as possible at 0.001, 0.01 and 0.08 MPa. Dry matter yield increased with increase in N rate and decrease in soil water tension. N concentration in the tissue increased with both N rate and increase in soil water tension. Soil water tension had no effect on N uptake, but N uptake increased with increase in N rate. The effect of the interaction of soil water tension and N application rate on dry matter yield was significant. While there was no significant response to moisture tension with the lowest N rate, there was progressively and significantly more response to moisture tension at the higher N application rates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01066447
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of nitrogen, phosphorus and soil and crop residues management practices on maize (Zea mays L.) yield in ultisol of eastern Cameroon (1987)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 14 (1987), S. 135-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: nitrogen ; phosphorus ; soil and crop residues management practices ; maize yield ; Plinthudult ; Cameroon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The shortening of fallow period in several areas in tropical Africa has reduced soil fertility and exposed soils to erosion and run-off. Fertilizer application and crop conservation practices are needeed to sustain high crop yield and to conserve the natural resource base for upland crop production in the continent. Field trials were carried out to evaluate the effect of fertilizer application and soil and crop residues management practices on yield of maize (Zea mays L.) planted on a Plinthudult soil at Bertoua, Eastern Cameroon. Maize yields increased significantly with nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer application. Under the rainfall pattern prevailing in the area, the amount of nitrogen required for maximum yield was higher in the second season. On the other hand, the amount of phosphorus required for maximum yield appeared to decrease with time. The burning of crop residues and weeds prior to planting together with no-till practive gave higher yield of maize than other soil and crop residues management practices.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01066606
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Africa — how much fertilizer needed: Case study of Sierra Leone (1988)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 17 (1988), S. 101-118 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Nitrogen ; phosphorus ; potassium ; organic matter ; fallow ; forecasting ; fertilizer requirement ; Sierra Leone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The quantities of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium supplied by an ‘average’ African soil cleared from bush fallow, assuming no losses, were approximated. Values ranged from 23 to 120 Kg N ha−1, 1.8 to 12 Kg P ha−1, 47 to 187 Kg K ha−1, depending on type of fallow, length of fallow, drainage and extent of depletion of native supplies. Additional amounts of 4 to 5 Kg N ha−1, 4 to 6 Kg P ha−1 and 14 to 20 Kg K ha−1 are obtained from the ash. Using crop nutrient removal data and approximate efficiencies of native and fertilizer N, P and K, fertilizer requirements at the reconnaissance level were estimated for selected target yields. For newly cleared uplands at cropping/fallow ratio of 2:7, N fertilizer requirements for cassava (30 t ha−1), maize (4 t ha−1), and sweet potato (16 t ha−1), were 138, 98, 42 kg ha−1 respectively. Wetland rice (4 t ha−1) required 55 kg N ha−1. Corresponding P fertilizer requirements for cassava, maize, sweet potato, upland rice (1.5 t ha−1) and ground-nut (1 t ha−1) were 190, 80, 30, 30 and 16 kg P ha−1 respectively. Wetland rice required 83 kg P ha−1. Substantial residual values of applied P are to be expected. Cassava required 60 kg ha−1 of K on newly cleared land. In soils of lowered nutrient status higher N, P, and K fertilizer requirements were indicated for all crops. Land use data from Sierra Leone were used to illustrate how the total quantities of N, P and K fertilizers in a country in the forest zone of Africa can be approximated. Fertilizer needs in Sierra Leone were in decreasing order P 〉 N ≫ K. N, P and K requirements were estimated to be 10,000 t, 20,000 t and 4,000 t respectively. The nutrient balance sheet method described in this paper is a useful tool to estimate the order of magnitude of fertilizer requirement at selected target yields for countries in Africa.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01050271
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fertilizer requirement of rice-wheat and maize-wheat rotations on coarse-textured soils amended with farmyard manure (1988)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 17 (1988), S. 153-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: farmyard manure ; maize ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; rice ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Field experiments with rice-wheat rotation were conducted during five consecutive years on a coarse-textured low organic matter soil. By amending the soil with 12t FYM ha−1, the yield of wetland rice in the absence of fertilizers was increased by 32 per cent. Application of 80 kg N ha−1 as urea could increase the grain yield of rice equivalent to 120 kg N ha−1 on the unamended soil. Although the soil under test was low in Olsen's P, rice did not respond to the application of phosphorus on both amended and unamended soils. For producing equivalent grain yield, fertilizer requirement of maize grown on soils amended with 6 and 12 t FYM ha−1 could be reduced, respectively to 50 and 25 per cent of the dose recommended for unamended soil (120 kg N + 26.2 kg P + 25 kg K ha−1). Grain yield of wheat grown after rice on soils amended with FYM was significantly higher than that obtained on unamended soil. In contrast, grain yield of wheat which followed maize did not differ significantly on amended or unamended soils.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01050276
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phosphorus management of a rice-wheat cropping system (1989)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 20 (1989), S. 27-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Cropping system ; phosphorus ; rice ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A long term field experiment was conducted on a sandy loam soil from 1983 to 1987 to determine how to best apply phosphorus fertilizer in a rice-wheat cropping system. The treatments included 9 combinations of phosphorus application either to both rice and wheat or to rice or wheat alone. Direct application of phosphorus at 13 kg/ha to both the crops resulted in significantly higher total productivity of the rice-wheat cropping system as compared with 26 kg P/ha applied either to rice or wheat alone. Phosphorus at 13 kg/ha for rice and 26 kg/ha for wheat was as efficient as 13 kg P/ha for rice and 13 kg P/ha for wheat. The higher rate of P (26 kg/ha) applied to both rice and wheat resulted a decline in the total productivity. The residual effects of phosphorus applied to either rice or wheat were significant to the succeeding crop but was inferior to its direct application. Phosphorus increased the leaf area index, chlorophyll content of leaves, and interception of more photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) which resulted in increased grain yield of rice and wheat. Phosphorus status of the surface soil declined markedly, in the absence of P application from 15.4 to 6.4 kg P/ha. Phosphorus applied at 26 kg P/ha to both the crops resulted a build up of the available P status of soil. Phosphorus application at 13 kg/ha to both rice and wheat maintained the phosphorus status of the soil at original level.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01055398
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phosphorus and mycorrhizal interaction on uptake of P and trace elements by maize (1989)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 21 (1989), S. 19-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: VAM fungi ; phosphorus ; molybdenum ; interaction ; maize
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (VAM) when applied to soils can result in marked increases in plant growth and P uptake. Application of molybdenum can also result in a synergistic interaction with phosphorus, with reslutant increases in plant dry matter production. The current investigation was designed to evaluate P X Mo X VAM interactions on yield and P uptake of sweet corn (Zea mays L.) The experiment was conducted in the greenhouse using soils from Missouri and Jamaica (West Indies) which were very low in available soil P. Corn was grown in pots amended with P and VAM, with and without Mo. Colonizing Jamaican soil amended with P withGlomus etunicatum increased shoot dry matter weights significantly. Greatest P uptake occured in treatments receiving the highest application of P and mycorrhizal inoculation. There was a significant difference between the two soils with respect to treatment effects on micronutrient accumulation of the test crop. The decreases in Cu, Zn, Mn, and Mo concentration of corn leaves between control and the treated pots, is attributed to dry matter dilution effect. The results indicated that mycorrhizal inoculation increased the dry matter significantly in Jamaican soil amended with P, however not in Missouri soil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01054731
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Future directions for agricultural phosphorus research (1995)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 41 (1995), S. 167-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: phosphorus ; workshop ; environment ; review
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A workshop was held in 1990 in Muscle Shoals, Alabama to discuss current and future research on phosphorus in agriculture. Twenty four presentations were given in areas ranging from basic to applied research. For five of the research areas presented at the workshop, this paper presents a literature review, a review of presentations at the workshop, and a discussion of future research ideas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00748306
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Coordinated phosphorus research within a network of six European institutions (1995)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 43 (1995), S. 109-115 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: phosphorus ; European network ; maintenance fertilization ; fixation capacity ; comparison of methods
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract After three years of a research network project on mineral phosphorus fertilization including five experimental fields located in Europe the first results are discussed. Crop response was very significant to TSP application in the alluvial calcareous polder soil of Netherlands, and in the brown silty acid soil of Scotland, both having a low level of P availability and a high fixation capacity. In the alluvial sandy loam on chalk in England, a response was observed to the first fertilization level equal to the previous crop export of phosphorus. In the brown sandy-silty soil on sand in Germany the highest rate of TSP led to a response in the third year. No effect on the final yields was observed in the brown silt loam of Belgium characterised by a textural B horizon with a high P fixation capacity. The critical values for phosphorus fertilization are discussed as the amount of P needed to maintain a target value of soil phosphorus. Concerning the supply of the different soils, no balance was reached in the Dutch and Scottish soils, a steady state was reached in the English soil with the return of the previous crop removal and the critical value for P was lower than the return of the previous crop export in the German and Belgian soils. According to the eight methods of P determination compared in the network, the P contents in the plow layer were raised in the soils of Netherlands, England and Scotland. They remained at the same level or fluctuated depending on the soil testing methods in Germany and in Belgium. High correlations exist between the different methods used in routine analysis, except for the calcium cloride and calcium acetate lactate method. Annual fluctuations in the soil P were detected at different depths depending on analytical methods and need further research.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00747689
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Plant biomass and fruit yield induction by Ti(IV) in P-stressed pepper crops (1995)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 43 (1995), S. 131-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: phosphorus ; titanium ; fertilizer efficiency ; plant nutrition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract To study the titanium effect on P nutrition, a greenhouse experiment withCapsicum annuum L., cv. Bunejo plants growing under differential P fertilization was conducted. All the plants were grown under identical conditions and they only differred in the P fertilization and in Ti supply. Plant biomass production of the Ti-untreated plants was affected by the diminution of the P-feed, but the plants growing under the lowest P supply did not showed any deficiency symptom during the crop cycle. All the Ti-treated plots showed a significative increase of the plant biomass against their corresponding untreated references. The biomass enhancement was mainly caused by the increase of the fruit yield with an absolute enhancement of 62% in the plants growing under the lowest P feed, and of 45% in the plants with a complete P support.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00747692
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phosphate enrichment in the sandy loam soils of West-Flanders, Belgium (1995)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 43 (1995), S. 209-215 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: phosphorus ; saturation ; inventory ; leaching ; eutrophication
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The last three decades, pig breeding has evolved towards a specialised, large scaled, land independent bio-industry in the province of West-Flanders. Subsequently, in certain regions, very high amounts of liquid pig manure are produced each year. This pig slurry is used as a fertilizer at a rate which very often exceeds normal agricultural practices. Because of the nonequilibrium between the phosphorus crop requirements and the P-inputs, phosphates accumulate in the soil. However, the phosphate sorption capacity of a soil is limited. Once the sorption capacity is exceeded, phosphates will start leaching through the soil profile. Since, during winter, in these areas, the groundwater table is situated at a depth of less than 1.0 m, phosphate breakthrough might take place. In the sandy loam soil region (± 1000 km2) of the province, an inventory of the P status of the soil was made. The region was sampled according to a regular grid with 2 km intervals. At random, some sample points were only 500 m apart. This resulted in a total of 296 samplings. In view of fertilizer recommendations, lactate extractable P of the plough layer (0-30 cm) was determined. A maximum value of 101 mg P 100 g−1 of air dry soil, a minimum value of 6 mg P 100 g−1 and a median value of 31 mg P 100 g−1 were found, indicating that for half of the spots monitored, the P status of the soil is high to very high. An oxalate extraction was done to investigate the phosphate saturation of the soil profile (0-90 cm). Based on a critical phosphate saturation degree of 30%, more than half of the soil profiles are phosphate saturated. Phosphate leaching at a rate higher than 0.1 mg ortho-P 1−1 at a depth of 90 cm can be expected. Therefore, a restriction of the P fertilization should be highly recommended. The geostatistical processing of the data using block kriging resulted in a spatial continuous estimate of the phosphate saturation degree. A good agreement was found between the pig density and the phosphate saturation degree of the soil profile.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00747704
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  • 15
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    Estimating nutrient surplus and nutrient use efficiency from farm characteristics (1995)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 45 (1995), S. 221-233 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: fertilizer recovery ; modelling ; nitrogen ; nutrient efficiency ; nutrient surplus ; phosphorus ; Poland
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Research on nutrient losses from agricultural systems should try to relate these losses to farm characteristics. This was done for private farms in two districts in Poland. Using data from a farm survey, nutrient surpluses and Nutrient Use Efficiency (NUE, defined as the ratio of outgoing and incoming nutrients) were calculated for nitrogen and phosphorus. Both nutrient surplus and NUE are relatively high. A model was developed to estimate surpluses and NUE from farm characteristics like location, farm size, fertilizer application level, animal density, grass production and sugar beet or potato area. The results of the model are satisfying for nutrient surplus (R2=0.9) and nitrogen NUE (R2=0.4). Estimation of phosphorus NUE was not satisfactory. High surpluses are associated with high fertilizer applications, high animal density and high grass production while an increasing share of sugar beets leads to lower surpluses. A high nitrogen NUE is associated with low fertilizer applications, low animal density and little grass production, and with a high sugar beet area share. Results suggest that, with exception of sugar beet, fertilizer recovery in Poland is very low. Sugar beet, however, combines high fertilizer applications with low surpluses and high NUE. The outcome of the model can be used in the design of environmental policies. The paper ends with some remarks on the type of measures that can be taken, and the effects these will have on private farms in Poland.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00748593
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  • 16
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    Influence of co-granulated nutrients and granule size on plant responses to elemental sulfur in compound fertilizers (1996)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 46 (1996), S. 81-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: elemental sulfur ; granule size ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; potassium ; S oxidation ; sulfur fertilizers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Experiments were undertaken to determine the effect of granule size and nutrients in granulated compound fertilizers fortified with finely divided elemental sulfur (So) on the rate of So oxidation. In one experiment, So was banded together with or apart from triple superphosphate (TSP) while in two others, So was granulated with nutrient and inert carriers. A fourth experiment examined response to S in an So-fortified TSP from a range of granule sizes. Response and, in some cases, So recovery (using 35S labels) by test crops (maize, wheat, upland rice) was measured. In all experiments, P mixed with So increased plant growth and S recovery above treatments in which P and So were physically separated. There was however, no effect of distance of separation on S recovery. In one experiment, N as urea and N and P as diammonium phosphate (DAP) were also found to enhance response to So although to a lesser degree than P alone. These observations were attributed to a nutritional requirement of So-oxidizing microorganisms for P and N. Granulation of So with carriers also influenced oxidation rate, as inferred from the fertilizer S recovery. For a given So concentration, the effect was inversely proportional to the mean diameter of granules. It is shown that this relationship can be explained if one assumes that So particles in granules collapse into a fixed number of aggregates per granule irrespective of granule size when the soluble nutrient carrier dissolves and diffuses away from the point of application.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00210226
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  • 17
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    Fertilizer inputs, nutrient balance and soil nutrient supplying power in intensive, irrigated rice system. III. Phosphorus (1996)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 46 (1996), S. 111-125 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: long-term experiments ; phosphorus ; rice ; nutrient balance ; phosphorus uptake ; fertilizer P response ; soil testing ; ion-exchange resin ; phosphorus supplying capacity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Data from long-term experiments at 11 sites in Asia with a wide range of nutrient input treatments and yield levels were used to quantify crop P requirements of rice (Oryza sativa L.) and the P balance in intensive, irrigated rice systems. Uptake of 1.8–4.2 kg P was required to produce one ton of grain yield. Physiological P use efficiency varied between 220 to 900 kg grain kg P-1. Without added P, there was a net loss of 7 to 8 kg P ha-1 per crop; with added P there was a net gain of 4 to 5 kg P ha-1 per crop. Phosphorus adsorption kinetics on mixed-bed ion-exchange resin capsules provided an integrative measure of soil P status, P diffusion, and acid-induced P solubilization. The resin capsule was a sensitive tool to characterize buildup or depletion of soil P as a result of different P balances. Both Olsen-P and the resin capsule were suitable methods to predict P uptake of tropical lowland rice. It is hypothesized that both methods measure a similar soil P pool which is soluble under alkaline, aerobic conditions but transformed into acid-soluble P froms as a result of submergence and reduction. Present recommendations for P fertilizer use on rice of 20–25 kg P ha-1 are adequate to maintain yields of 5–6 t ha-1, but sustaining higher yields of 7–8 t ha-1 will require farm-specific management strategies based on knowledge of the long-term P balance and soil P-supplying capacity.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00704311
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    Sustainable yield trends of irrigated maize and wheat in a long-term experiment on a loamy sand in semi-arid India (1996)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 46 (1996), S. 225-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: long-term experiment ; maize ; wheat ; fertilizers ; farm yard manure ; weedicide application ; yield sustainability ; zinc deficiency ; nutrient uptake ; cropping sequence ; organic carbon build-up
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Long-term field experiments play an important role in understanding the complex interactions of plants, soils, climate and management and their effects on sustainable crop production. A long-term fertilizer experiment with maize-wheat-cowpea (fodder) is in progress since 1971 at Punjab Agricultural University farm Ludhiana, India. The experimental result for the first 21 years showed that application of N alone or in combination with P did not produce as much maize and wheat grains as the application of N, P and K together. Eight years after the start of the experiment, the optimal levels of N, P and K application (100% NPK) were unable to sustain the similar (maize) yield level as before because of Zn deficiency. Whereas in FYM amended plots the Zn deficiency did not appear and the higher crop yields could be sustained. The chemical control of weeds could not sustain the maize productivity at the same level as the manual removal of weeds. It was concluded that the high level of crop production can be sustained with the application of N, P and K under intensive cropping system provided deficiency of any of the micronutrient does not crop up. The deficiency of Zn is most likely to occur in semi-arid light textured alluvial soils under intensive cropping without the addition of farm yard manure/organic manures. In maize based cropping systems, manual control of weeds may be preferred to the chemical one. Addition of FYM in conjunction with 100% NPK is most beneficial both from bio-physical and economic point of view.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00420557
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    Preliminary results on nitric oxide emission from a southern African savanna ecosystem (1997)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 48 (1997), S. 123-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Africa ; biogenic emission ; dry season ; dynamic chamber ; forest ; grassland ; groundnut ; maize ; Miombo typesavanna ecosystem ; nitric oxide ; pulsing ; sorghum ; wet season ; Zimbabwe
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract During October to December 1994, we measured diel and seasonal variability in nitric oxide (NO) exchange by a southern African savanna ecosystem (Grasslands Research Station, Marondera, Zimbabwe). A set of automated dynamic chambers was installed in three sub-sites: Miombo forest, natural grassland, and cropped soils (maize, sorghum, groundnut). The latter received a single application of commercialy available in-organic or cowdung fertilizer. The dynamic chamber system is described in detail, including correction of the resulting data for wall losses and gas-phase reactions of the NO-NO2-O3 triad. During the dry season, net vertical NO fluxes were close to the detection limit (0.44 ngN m-2s-1) regardless of vegetation type. During the transition from dry to wet season strong "pulsing" effects of the NO flux were observed: NO emissions increased by a factor of up to 60 within hours. During the wet season, NO emissions varied between the different sub-sites of the ecosystem; corresponding means are in ranking order of fertilized agricultural plots (27.2 ngN m-2 s-1), unfertilized agricultural plots (8.5 ngN m-2 s-1 ), grassland (4.4 ngN m-2 s-1 ), and Miombo forest (1.5 ngN m-2 s-1). Soil moisture was found to be the dominant factor controlling the NO fluxes. Whenever it was not limiting, the diel behaviour of NO emission followed the daily variation of soil temperature measured 1 cm below the surface.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009765510538
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  • 20
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    Characterization of soil-fertilizer P reaction products and their evaluation as sources of P for gram (Cicer arietinum L.) (1996)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 46 (1996), S. 71-79 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: ammonium poly-phosphate ; diammonium orthophosphate ; fertilizer reaction ; gram ; Indian soils ; phosphorus ; P uptake ; single superphosphate ; triple superphosphate ; yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Laboratory studies on the characterization of soil-fertilizer P reaction products were carried out by reacting three-soils occurring in a toposequence in the plateau region of Bihar (India) with saturated solutions of diammonium orthophosphate (DAP), triple superphosphate (TSP) and ammonium polyphosphate (APP) for 1 hour and 24 hours. The reaction products (precipitates) formed in the solutions after 120 days of incubation were isolated and identified through X-ray diffraction technique. Results indicate the formation of Brushite [CaHPO4 · 2H2O, Strengite (FePO4 · 2H2O), Variscite (AIPO4 · 2H2O) and Fe4(P2O7)3 as major soil-fertilizer P reaction products in these soils with ortho-and polyphosphates as source of phosphorus. Pot cultures were used to evaluate the relative efficiency of reaction products (Struvite, Brushite, Variscite and Strengite), orthophosphates (DAP and SSP) and polyphosphate (APP) as sources of P for gram (Cicer arietinum L.) in a typical acid soil. Results indicate significant response of gram to different sources and level of added P. The dry weight and P uptake at 0, 6 and 12 mg P kg-1 soil were 0.406, 0.519 and 0.609 (g pot-1); and 0.289, 0.428 and 0.575 (mg P pot-1), respectively. Among the sources , struvite proved to be superior or equally effective as APP, DAP or SSP as sources of P for gram. Uptake of P also varied significantly with different P sources and levels of P application. Strengite was least effective in enhancing yield and P uptake by the crop.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00210225
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    Response of irrigated maize to urea-ammonium nitrate and ammonium thiosulphate solutions on a sulphur deficient soil (1996)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 46 (1996), S. 91-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: ammonium thiosulphate (ATS) ; maize ; N uptake ; phenological stages ; N-S fertilisation ; S deficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Ammonium thiosulphate solution, (ATS, (NH4)2S2O3, 12% NH4-N and 26% S), is a nitrogen-sulphur fertiliser which can also inhibit nitrification, inhibit area hydrolysis and also solubilize micronutrients in alkaline soils. A three year field study was conducted in northeastern Italy to compare the growth, yield, and nutrient uptake of irrigated maize (Zea mays L.) fertilised with 250 kg N ha-1 urea-ammonium nitrate solution (UAN, 30-0-0) or UAN plus ATS. Dry matter (DM) yield, sulphur (S) and nitrogen (N) uptake were measured at several growth stages. Grain was measured and analyzed at maturity. Maize grain yield and N uptake were increased respectively 30.6% and 42.2% in the first year by adding ATS to UAN. Adding 10% by weight ATS to UAN (22.8 kg S ha-1) increased grain yields by 1.9, 1.7 and 1.6t ha-1 for the three years of the study. To distinguish whether the response was due to S or other ATS attributes, ATS was compared to an equivalent amount of S from single superphosphate (SSP). Plots fertilised with ATS gave grain yields 0.5 and 1.2 t ha-1 greater than plots fertilised with equal rates of S from SSP in the last two years of the study. This added yield from ATS over SSP may have been due to beneficial effects of ATS on N or micronutrient availability or to the split application of the S from ATS.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00704308
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    Comparison of resin beads and resin membranes for extracting soil phosphate (1995)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 44 (1995), S. 1-8 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: aerobic incubation ; cation-anion-exchange resin ; phosphorus ; resin beads ; resin membranes ; suspension incubation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Six Portuguese soils of varying P sorption capacity were incubated aerobically at 30° C without and with added P in order to give 0.1.mg P L−1 in the soil solution. Two methods of measuring extractable P were compared: (i) mixed-bed cation-anion-resin beads in bags and (ii) a simpler method with anion-resin membrane only. The bag method extracted about twice and 1.5 times as much as the strip method, respectively, without and with added P. The relationships were much closer after one extraction for 2 hours (r = 0.982, p 〈 0.01) instead of the cumulative extraction of 24 hours (r = 0.635,p 〉 0.05.). P recovery after incubation was inversely related to some soil properties as organic matter, buffer capacity, selective dissolution Al forms (Alox and Ald) and P sorption. It is suggested that the simpler resin membrane method is more adequate to assess P for many studies of P reaction with soil. A simpler incubation method was tried, consisting of incubation as a soil suspension in water at a high temperature (50° C). The results suggested that this method gave similar results to aerobic incubation, with the advantage that there was no need to measure the required and final water contents of incubated soil.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00750686
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    Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium relations in five major cereals reviewed in respect to fertilizer recommendations using simulation modelling (1995)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 44 (1995), S. 37-49 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: millet ; sorghum ; rice ; maize ; wheat ; nutrient harvest index ; post-anthesis nutrient uptake ; recovery fraction ; simulation modelling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In land use plans, fertilizer recommendations are indispensable to avoid soil nutrient depletion or soil water pollution. Nutrient relations of five cereals have been evaluated on the basis of a literature review with the aim of arriving at such fertilizer recommendations at regional level. Nutrients considered were nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium for millet, sorghum, maize, rice and wheat. The relevant nutrient relations are fertilizer nutrient application to nutrient uptake, and nutrient uptake to crop yield. In addition, post-anthesis nutrient uptake is considered. Subsequently, obtained results are used in simulation modelling exercises to calculate the time required to attain an equilibrium nutrient balance and to investigate the effect of erosion control and straw recycling. Although fertilizer requirements could be assessed for each of the five cereals, monitoring of nutrient supply from natural sources remains necessary. Moreover, research on fertilizer use should focus on improvement of fertilizer recoveries and multiperiod models for both N and P uptakes by crops to allow quantitative land use planning where the time scale is included.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00750691
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    Effects of temperature on nutrient release from slow-release fertilizers (1996)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 46 (1996), S. 179-187 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: electrical conductivity ; leaching ; nitrogen ; pH ; phosphorus ; potassium ; release pattern ; slow-release fertilizers ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract We studied the effect of temperature on the release of N, P, and K from slow-release fertilizers (SRF). The study was conducted in micro-lysimeters filled with moist peat medium. Increasing the temperature from 4 to 12°C slightly increased N release from three different slow-release N (SRN) carriers with different particle sizes and coating thicknesses. At 21°C the rate of release was significantly different than the other two temperatures. Urea formaldehyde (UF), sulphur coated urea (SCU) and coated calcium nitrate (CCN), incubated in sphagnum moss peat, released between 3 and 20% of the applied N in six weeks. For eight synthetic and organic NPK carriers, the release pattern was similar to UF and SCU. However, the leaching losses of N from the NPK fertilizers were up to twenty times more than for the SRN products. Except for Osmocote® and Duna, which released 30–40% of the applied N as mineral-N within six weeks, all other slow-release and slowly mineralized NPK carriers acted like readily water-soluble compound NPK. Temperature did not affect the nutrient release from NPK fertilizers.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00420552
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    Leaching of nitrogen and phosphorus from rural areas to surface waters in the Netherlands (1998)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 50 (1998), S. 321-324 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: nutrient modelling ; leaching ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; schematization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In context of preparing the Fourth National Policy Document on Water Management in the Netherlands effects of different scenarios of fertilizer management on nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) leaching from rural areas into Dutch surface waters were analyzed. The manuscript offers insight into the model instrument that is used to simulate the different scenarios. Main parts of the modelinstrument are: a procedure to schematize the Netherlands in horizontal areal units, field scale mechanistic models for water and nutrient behaviour in the soil and an empirical model for fertilizer additions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009773202654
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    Changes in fertilizer and manurial practices during 1960–1990: implications for N and P inputs to the Ythan catchment, N.E. Scotland (1998)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 52 (1998), S. 19-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: agriculture ; catchment ; fertilizer ; historical ; manure ; nitrate ; phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A suggested increase in the growth of macrophytic algae within the Ythan estuary (N.E. Scotland) over recent years has been linked to the increased amounts of nitrogen in the form of NO3–N entering the estuary from the river. The increased NO3 concentration in the river has been associated with recent changes in farming practices in this predominantly agricultural catchment. Terrestrially derived phosphorus is also considered to contribute increasingly to eutrophication of fresh waters. Historical agricultural census data together with appropriate surveys of fertilizer practice were used to calculate the total quantities of fertilizer and manure derived N and P applied annually over the wholeYthan catchment during the period 1960 – 1990. While the total agricultural land area has remained similar, significant changes in cropping practice have occurred. In particular, a greater proportion of land is given to autumn sown crops while the area of grassland has declined. These changes in farming practice are associated with differences in both the total amounts and timing of fertilizer applied. The use of inorganic N in the catchment has trebled since 1960 and is currently approximately 6400 tonnes (104 kg N/ha). The use of P has decreased by more than a quarter to 1274 tonnes (21 kg P/ha) over a similar time period. There has been no obvious change in total quantity of N and P derived from animal manures, estimated to be 44 and 11 kg per ha, respectively, when averaged over the area of agricultural land. Cattle and sheep numbers have remained relatively constant and together account for approximately 80% of the manure N and 70% of the manure P produced annually. However, poultry have declined by 70% since 1960 while pig numbers have increased six-fold. The average annual application rate of manure derived N over the whole catchment (44 kg/ha) is considerably below that proposed at the farm scale in the EC Nitrate Directive (210–170 kg/ha). However, on a local scale difficulties may arise for large manure producing concerns such as dairy or pig units.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009787618943
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    Controlling soil water content in fertiliser dissolution experiments (1999)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 55 (1999), S. 7-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: fertiliser formulation ; nutrients ; phosphorus ; relative humidity ; soil moisture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Phosphorus lost in runoff from agricultural land leads to the enrichment of surface waters and contributes to algal blooms. Fertilisers are one source of this P. To compare the water available P of different fertiliser formulations in the laboratory it is necessary to control environmental conditions, temperature, relative humidity and soil water content, prior to simulating rainfall. Two chambers were designed in which relative humidity and soil water content were controlled using salt solutions. An initial design comprising a sealed chamber with three layers of soil samples over a salt bath was found to be inferior to a single layer design. The changes in water content of soil samples were used to test the single layer chamber in a constant temperature environment (15 °C) using a saturated KCl solution (90% relative humidity). Based on the final soil water content of the samples, the spatial variation within the chamber was within tolerable limits. The single layer chamber was used for a simulation experiment comparing the water available P of two commercial fertilisers. Using a saturated resorcinol solution (95% relative humidity) soil samples were equilibrated at 15 °C for 21 days, fertiliser added, and the water available P measured up to 600 h after fertiliser application. The results indicate that the amount of water available P was related to the fertiliser compound and exponentially related to the time since fertiliser application. It was concluded that the single layer chamber is suitable for controlling relative humidity and soil water content in trials such as these where the water available P of fertilisers are being compared.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009816716466
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    Transfers of phosphorus within three dairy farming systems receiving varying inputs in feeds and fertilizers (1999)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 55 (1999), S. 63-75 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: dairy systems ; feeds ; fertilizers ; phosphorus ; P surplus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Inputs of phosphorus (P) above requirements for production on dairy farms lead to surplus P with increased risk of P transfer in land run-off to surface waters causing eutrophication. The impact of reducing surplus P inputs in purchased feeds and fertilizers on milk and forage production was investigated in a comparison of three dairy farm systems on chalkland soils in southern England over a 3-year period. In accordance with current commercial practice, no attempt was made to regulate P inputs in system 1, which accumulated an average annual surplus of 23 kg P ha-1. Progressive reductions in purchased feed and/or fertilizer inputs into systems 2 and 3 decreased surplus P to 17 and 3 kg ha-1, respectively, without apparently limiting either milk or herbage dry matter production. The estimated reduction in faecal P output from system 3 cows fed a low P diet compared to system 1 cows fed a high P diet was 26%. Milk P concentrations significantly (P 〈0.001) increased in systems 2 and 3 which included maize in the diet. Output of P in milk and meat products, as a proportion of the total dietary P inputs, increased from 28% in system 1 to 36% in system 3. Surplus P was greatest in continuous maize fields receiving both dairy manure and starter P fertilizer. Withholding P fertilizer in system 3 did not reduce P offtake in cut herbage on soils of moderate P fertility. Total annual losses of P in storm run-off and leaching were no greater than annual inputs of P from the atmosphere (0.5 kg ha-1). The results indicate there is scope to reduce surplus P on commercial dairy farms without sacrificing production targets at least in the short term. Purchased feeds are the largest of the P inputs on intensive dairy farms, yet these are rarely quantified on commercial holdings.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009860915462
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    Manure and fertilizer contributions to soil mineral nitrogen and the yield of forage maize (1999)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 55 (1999), S. 175-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: fertilizer recommendation ; maize ; soil mineral nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Fifteen field trials were conducted to evaluate soil mineral N measurement as a means for quantifying the total N supply to forage maize and so to form the basis for fertilizer recommendations on a crop-specific basis. In every trial, 4 rates of cattle manure N (nominally 0, 80, 160, 240 kg N per ha) and 4 rates of ammonium nitrate (0, 50, 100, 150 kg N per ha) were factorially combined. Soil mineral N measurements were made before manure application, at the time of maize drilling, 7-10 weeks after drilling and after harvest. Measurements on control treatments which received no manure or ammonium nitrate showed extensive net mineralisation of soil N (mean 140 kg N per ha) in the 7-10 weeks after drilling followed by a decrease due to crop uptake, and probably net immobilisation, of approximately the same amount by harvest. This net mineralisation was probably the reason why only one trial showed a significant dry-matter yield response to ammonium nitrate. Results indicated that , to be useful for N recommendations, soil mineral N measurements should be taken 7-10 weeks after drilling. Only if the amount of mineral N at this time is less than expected crop N offtake should fertilizer N be applied. A mean of around 64% of the N applied in ammonium nitrate could be accounted for in soil mineral N after harvest of the maize, although this was reduced to 24% in the single trial where a dry-matter response to ammonium nitrate was recorded.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009814311097
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    Applications of poultry litter and triple superphosphate fertilizer to a sandy soil: effects on soil phosphorus status and profile distribution (1999)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 54 (1999), S. 233-242 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: leaching ; phosphorus ; poultry litter ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract To determine P loadings, added through poultry litter, sufficient to cause downward movement of P from the cultivated layer of a sandy soil, six rates of poultry litter were applied annually for four years to a site in central England. (total loading 0 – 1119 kg P ha-1). A single extra plot also received an extra 1000 kg ha-1 as triple superphosphate (TSP; total loading 2119 kg P ha-1) and three other treatments received 200 – 800 kg ha-1 P as TSP only. Annual soil sampling in 30-cm increments to 1.5-m depth provided information on P build-up in the topsoil and P movement to depth. There were strong linear trends between P balance (P applied – P removed in crops) and total P, Olsen bicarbonate extractable P and water-soluble P in the topsoil. Phosphorus from TSP and poultry litter fell on the same regression lines, suggesting that both would be equally effective as fertilizer sources. We calculated that 100 kg ha-1 surplus total P would increase the Olsen extractable P content by c. 6 mg kg-1 and the water-soluble P by c. 5 mg kg-1. Thus, relatively large amounts of P would need to be applied to raise soil P status. We found some evidence of P movement into the soil layers immediately below cultivation depth. However, neither soil sampling nor soil solution extracted through Teflon water samplers showed evidence of movement into the deep subsoil (1 m) despite large P loadings.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009744706679
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    Inorganic phosphorus and manure effects on bahiagrass production on a Spodosol (1999)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 54 (1999), S. 259-266 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: bahiagrass ; manure ; pasture fertilization ; phosphorus ; phosphorus cycling ; Spodosol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flugge) pasture fertilization recommendations have traditionally been based upon clipping studies. Inclusion of P from manure, not originally considered when P recommendations were developed for pastures, may minimize the need for P fertilization without reducing bahiagrass production or P uptake. The objective of this research was to determine if manure contributes greatly to the P crop nutrient requirement. A 2-year field study utilized a factorial arrangement of 0 and 6.9 Mg air-dried manure ha-1 with 0, 17, 34, 51, and 68 kg inorganic P ha-1 from triple superphosphate to evaluate bahiagrass yield, root distribution, and P uptake response on a Myakka fine sand (sandy, siliceous, hyperthermic Aeric Alaquod). Because air-dried manure was used in the field study, a greenhouse study was employed to confirm that there were no differences in bahiagrass yield or P uptake from either air-dried or fresh cattle (Bos spp.) manure sources. There were no manure or manure by P interaction effects on yield or P uptake of bahiagrass indicating that manure source did not effect grass production in the greenhouse. In the field study, bahiagrass roots were distributed into the Bh horizon, and the Bh horizon had at least four times more Mehlich-1 extractable P than that of the Ap horizon. This horizon was most likely acting as a main source for P-uptake by the grass. This observation was further confirmed by no yield response to levels of inorganic P application in 1989. A linear-response-and-plateau (R2=0.196) relationship with a critical point of 15.4 kg P ha-1 was found in 1990. Bahiagrass yield and P uptake were not dependent on P fertilization, either from manure or inorganic P, due to the availability of P from the Bh horizon.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009831011649
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    Integrated soil management for the savanna zone of W. Africa: legume rotation and fertilizer N (1999)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 55 (1999), S. 95-105 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: cover crops ; savanna ; N fertilizer ; maize ; cowpea ; N fertilizer replacement value
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Integrated soil management with leguminous cover crops was studied at two sites in the northern Guinea savanna zone of northern Nigeria, Kaduna (190 day growing season) and Bauchi (150 days). One-year planted fallows of mucuna, lablab, and crotalaria were compared with natural grass fallow and cowpea controls. All treatments were followed by a maize test crop in the second year with 0, 30, or 60 kg N ha−1 as urea. Above ground legume residues were not incorporated into the soil and most residues were burned early in the dry season at the Kaduna site. Legume rotation increased soil total N, maize growth in greenhouse pots, and dry matter and N accumulation of maize. Response of maize grain yield to 30 kg N ha−1 as urea was highly significant at both sites and much greater than the response to legume rotation. The mean N fertilizer replacement value from legume rotation was 14 kg N ha−1 at Kaduna and 6 kg N ha−1 at Bauchi. W ith no N applied to the maize test crop, maize grain yield following legume fallow was 365 kg ha−1 higher than natural fallow at Bauchi and 235 kg ha−1 higher at Kaduna. The benefit of specific legume fallows to subsequent maize was mostly related to above ground N of the previous legume at Bauchi, where residues were protected from fire and grazing. At Kaduna, where fallow vegetation was burned, maize yield was related to estimated below ground N. The results show that legume rotation alone results in small maize yield increases in the dry savanna zone.
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    Comparison of several nitrogen fertilisers applied in surface irrigation systems. I. Crop response (1985)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 6 (1985), S. 97-109 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Fertigation ; N fertilisers ; surface irrigation ; maize ; yield and N status
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of several N carriers applied in the surface irrigation water on the growth, yield and N status of maize was studied in 2 seasons. The carriers applied in the water included anhydrous ammonia, ammonium sulphate, ammonium nitrate, potassium nitrate and urea and they were compared with a preplant band application of anhydrous ammonia and a control treatment. All N treatments received 100 kg N ha−1. The site used in the second experiment was less responsive to N fertiliser than the first site and the crop growth in the second season was affected by an attack of charcoal rot (Macrophomina phaseolina). Urea, as a N source for fertigation, was superior to the ammonium forms, while the nitrate carriers were the least efficient. Water-run urea increased the maize yield by 27% when compared with the band application in the first season but was 6% lower in the second season. Fertigation allowed N to be applied during the grand period of growth when N stress was most likely to occur. This technique for applying N fertiliser to surface irrigated crops has been adopted by commercial growers.
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    Effect of P fertilizer on alleviating chloride toxicity in wheat (1985)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 6 (1985), S. 171-176 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Chloride ; phosphorus ; salinity ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A pot study with four levels each P (control, 6.5, 13.0, 19.5 mg kg−1) and Cl− in irrigation water (control, 30, 60, 90me l−1) was carried out to test Cl− and P interaction on wheat. It has been found that optimum P nutrition alleviates the toxic effect of excess Cl−. Highest P rate resulted in a significant yield increase upto a Cl− level of 60me l−1. Cl− depressed P content in the plant only at a Cl− level of 90me l−1, while P rates had no major impact on the Cl− concentration in the plant. Lower Cl− concentration at higher P rates are rather a dilution effect than an antagonistic one. With optimum P supply higher Cl− contents in the plants were tolerated than with a low P supply.
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    Tracking phosphorus patterns in mango (Mangifera indica L) and possible relations to floral induction (1985)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 6 (1985), S. 225-234 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: bark ; floral induction ; leaves ; mango ; phosphorus ; shoots ; stems
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Phosphorus concentration was tracked in four types of mango shoots. The mean phosphorus concentration was highest in laterals existing on shoots which had either flowered or fruited in the preceding season, followed by young flush arising in July, laterals existing on shoots which did not flower or fruit in the preceding season and shoots which did not flower or fruit in the preceding season and having further extension of growth. A higher percentage of floral induction was noted in the laterals on shoots which had either flowered or fruited in the preceding season. The study clearly showed the association of availability of phosphorus with floral induction.
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    Response of two okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) varieties to fertilizers: Yield and yield components as influenced by nitrogen and phosphorus application (1985)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 6 (1985), S. 257-267 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: nitrogen ; okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) ; phosphorus ; yield ; yield components
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The response of two okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) varieties (‘White velvet’ and ‘NHAE 47-4’) to fertilization in northern Nigeria was examined using four rates of nitrogen (0, 25, 50 and 100 kg ha−1) and three rates of phosphorus (0, 13 and 26 kg ha−1). Nitrogen application significantly increased green pod yield, pod diameter, number of fruits per plant, number of seeds per pod and pod weight. Application of phosphorus also significantly increased green pod yield, pod number and number of seeds per pod. The two varieties responded to nitrogen application differentially with respect to green pod yield. For optimum green pod yield of ‘White velvet’ 35 kg N ha−1 is suggested while for variety ‘NHAE 47-4’, N fertilization can be increased to 70 kg ha−1. There was no differential response of varieties to phosphorus fertilization for green pod yield; however, the application of 13 kg ha−1 enhanced the performance of both varieties.
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    The effect of broadcast P applications and small amounts of fertilizer placed with the seed on continuously cropped corn (Zea mays L.) (1985)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 6 (1985), S. 269-277 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: broadcast P ; corn ; fertilizer with the seed ; maize ; pop-up fertilizer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The response of corn (Zea mays L.) to broadcast P applications and to small amounts of fertilizer placed with the seed (fws) was measured in three field trials conducted for 10 years. Five rates of P (0, 11, 22, 45, and 90 kg ha−1 yr−1) were applied with and without 4.0-6.4-3.2 kg N, P, K ha−1 placed with the seed (fws) in a factorial arrangement of treatments. The fws treatment delayed emergence at all sites, reduced final emergence at two of the three sites, increased seedling dry weights at the 4 to 6 leaf stage and reduced the time to 50% silking at two of the three sites. Ear moisture content at harvest was reduced by fws at all sites which indicated that fws advanced maturity. The fws treatment increased grain yield at two of the sites by 1.3 and 2.3%, respectively. Broadcast P applications increased seedling dry weight at all sites but decreased the time to 50% silking only at one site. Broadcast P decreased ear moisture content and increased grain yield at two sites. There was a significant fws by broadcast P interaction in the most P deficient soil such that response to broadcast P was lessened by fws. The interaction was strongest during the early stages of growth and decreased with maturity resulting in no fws by broadcast P interaction for grain yield.
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    A conceptual model for initial and residual responses to phosphorus fertilizers (1985)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 6 (1985), S. 131-138 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: modelling ; phosphorus ; residual value
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A model is formulated to describe the amount of effective phosphorus in soil. For a source that is immediately fully effective only three parameters are required — the amount of effective phosphorus initially present, the proportion of phosphorus remaining effective after each year, and a parameter which determines the lower limit for the amount of effective phosphorus. An extension of the model to sources that release their phosphorus slowly requires one further parameter — the fraction of such phosphorus released each year. The effective phosphorus in soil is then related to yield using the Mitscherlich equation. The model gave a good description of the growth response ofStylosanthes humilis to superphosphate and calcined Christmas Island C-grade phosphate (CCICP) over three years on a red earth at Katherine, N.T. Furthermore, it enabled a quantitative assessment to be made of the residual value of the CCICP that was not achieved in an earlier analysis of the data.
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    Fertilizer and liming value of lime-treated sewage sludge (1986)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 8 (1986), S. 313-328 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: fertilizers ; lime ; lucerne ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; sewage sludge
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A field experiment was conducted with lucerne on a strongly acidic and phosphorus deficient soil to determine the liming and phosphorus and nitrogen fertilizer value of an undigested, lime-treated sewage sludge. The results are presented in terms of calculated combinations of lime, nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer required to obtain the same lucerne yield (or soil pH or extractable phosphorus level) as achieved with 5 or 10 t ha−1 of dried sludge. The sludge was a good source of lime, phosphorus and nitrogen. The sludge phosphorus was 49% as effective as the fertilizer phosphorus in raising extractable phosphorus in the soil to the level required for crop growth. The calcium carbonate of the sludge raised soil pH more effectively than agricultural lime, probably because of finer particle size in the former. It was not possible to achieve the yield obtained with 25 t ha−1 of sludge with combinations of agricultural lime, and nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers at high rates of application. This was attributed to the effects of the sludge on improving soil physical properties.
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    Comparisons of the fertilizing and liming properties of lime-treated sewage sludge with its incinerated ash (1986)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 9 (1986), S. 187-197 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: lime ; lucerne ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; ryecorn ; ryegrass ; sewage sludge ; sewage ash
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Two field experiments were conducted to compare the fertilizing and liming properties of dried lime-treated sewage sludge with its incineration product (ash). One experiment used a mixture of ryecorn and ryegrass on a relatively fertile soil and the other lucerne on a strongly acidic and phosphorus deficient soil. The first harvest of the ryecorn-ryegrass experiment showed small but significant linear responses in dry matter yield to both ash and sludge. Ash applications did not affect foliage nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations, or uptakes, but sludge applications increased these significantly. Sludge also increased the concentrations of K, S, Mg, Cu and Zn but ash only increased the concentrations of S and Mg. At the second harvest (ryegrass) 5 t ha−1 of sludge increased dry matter yield and foliage nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations whereas ash had no effect. Levels of phosphorus extracted from the soil were increased by both amendments but the sludge was much more effective than the ash. Both ash and sludge raised soil pH. In the lucerne experiment comparisons between sludge and ash were calculated from response surfaces fitted to the data which showed marked increased in soil pH and dry matter yield. Sludge markedly increased extractable phosphorus whereas ash had no effect. The sludge was 22% as effective as ash in raising soil pH to 6.5. The amounts of ash required to obtain the same yield as 10 t ha−1 of sludge were 5.78, 12.78 and 6.39 t ha−1 respectively for three successive harvests. These results and those for foliage concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus were also ascribed to the much greater availability of the sludge phosphorus than the ash phosphorus, and the presence of nitrogen in the sludge but not in the ash.
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    Fertilization of tropical rice: A case study on Bangkok plain (1986)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 10 (1986), S. 97-112 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: fertilizer ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; plant analysis ; nutritional status
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This study consisted of a survey on the nutritional status of rice plants in relation to nutrient application and yield in 70 farmers' fields in four provinces of Bangkok plain during the 1977 wet season. In addition a series of fertilizer experiments were carried out on rice experimental stations in the same provinces to study yield response to N and P fertilization and to develop a fertilizer recommendation system based on plant analysis. The average grain yield in the survey was 3.2 t ha−1 and the early (high yielding varieties), medium (local) and late maturity (local) types yielded 3.3, 2.8 and 3.0 t ha−1, respectively. The average amount of fertilizers applied to these maturity types were 33, 15 and 7 kg N ha−1 and 15, 8 and 6 kg P ha−1, respectively. Regression analysis indicated only a slight correlation between yield and any level of fertilizer application. On experimental stations yields over 6 t ha−1 were obtained with applications of N over 100 kg ha−1 and P over 22 kg ha−1. Evaluation of nutritional status of plants based on plant analysis showed that in all provinces there were strong and widespread nutrient deficiences primarily of N and secondarily of P, and possibly of some other nutrients. Fertilizer application based on plant analysis gave high yield responses. It was concluded that the major constraints of yield on Bangkok plain are too low fertilizer application especially of N, and unbalanced fertilization of N and P.
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    Mathematical algorithm for effective phosphorus determination in a rice based cropping system (1988)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 18 (1988), S. 57-61 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Cropping system ; modelling ; phosphorus ; residual value ; rice based ; sources of P
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A mathematical model similar to the one suggested by Probert [3] is used to calculate effective phosphorus in two rice crops followed by green gram. The effective phosphorus values are then related to dry matter yield, grain yield and phosphorus uptake in the three crops using linear and Mitscherlich equations.
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    Leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala (Lam) de Wit) prunings as nitrogen source for maize (Zea mays L.) (1981)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 2 (1981), S. 279-287 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Leucaena ; prunings ; placement ; time of application ; N-source ; maize
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effectiveness ofLeucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit, prunings as N source for maize (Zea mays L.) was evaluated in field and pot trials at Ibadan, southern Nigeria. An N deficient, sandy Apomu soil (Psammentic Usthorthent) was used. The prunings significantly increased N uptake of seedlings and N percentage in ear leaves of maize. High maize gain yield was obtained with application of 10 tons fresh prunings or a combination of 5 tons fresh prunings and N at 50 kg ha−1. The prunings as N source, appeared to be more effective when incorporated in the soil than when applied as mulch. In the pot trial, prunings applied two weeks before planting was more effective than when applied at time of planting maize. Under screen house conditions, the apparent N recovery from prunings with early incorporation about equals that of fertilizer N.
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    Effect of different nitrogen levels, plant population and soil nutrient status on yield and yield components of maize (Zea mays L.) in different ecological zones of Nigeria (1981)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 2 (1981), S. 177-191 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: soil nutrient status ; nitrogen fertilization ; maize ; yield component ; ecological zone ; relative yield ; soil testing ; spacing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Field studies on the effect of nitrogen levels, plant population and soil nutrient status on maize yield and yield components at eight different sites representing six different ecological maize growing zones of Nigeria conducted during 1976, 1977 and 1978 indicated that N significantly influenced yield at six of the eight sites, NIFOR, Umudike and Uyo (rain forest zone), Mokwa and Samaru (Savanna zone) and Riyom (derived savanna zone). Optimum N required for maize varies between 50 and 100 kgN in the different zones. There was no response to spacing except at Umudike, Uyo and Riyom, and no significant interaction between N and spacing at any location. Nitrogen application significantly influenced earweight at Ikenne, NIFOR, Umudike, Uyo and Mokwa. Nitrogen application had a significant effect on the number of cobs at NIFOR, Uyo and Mokwa, while spacing significantly influenced number of cobs at all locations except Uyo. Husk weight was significantly increased by nitrogen application at four locations, NIFOR, Uyo, Mokwa and Samaru, but spacing had no effect on this yield component in any of the other locations except Umudike. There was an N by spacing interaction on husk weight at Umudike and Mokwa. Nitrogen application significantly influenced lodging at tasseling at Uyo, Mokwa and Riyom, whilst there was a significant effect of spacing at Uyo and Samaru. At harvest, lodging was not influenced by N application but spacing significantly affected lodging at Ibadan and NIFOR. Both N application and spacing had no significant effect on shelling percentage at any location. The high correlation between relative yield and available Zn(r = 0.77), Cu (r = 0.63) and Fe (r = − 0.66) of the soil at all the locations has shown that: (i) other nutrients besides N, P and K affected maize yield, therefore the inclusion of other nutrients besides N, P and K in the fertilizer recommendation for maize should be encouraged; (ii) different levels of NPK fertilizer plus other nutrients are required in each ecological zone and this can be determined by soil testing.
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    Effects of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers on unshaded Amazon cocoa in Nigeria (1982)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 3 (1982), S. 13-16 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: cocoa ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; soil analysis ; Nigeria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract No extensive investigation on the effect of fertilizers on Amazon cocoa variety (Theobroma cacao L.) has been performed in Nigeria. Therefore eight fertilizer treatments involving nitrogen and phosphorus, replicated six times at four locations across southern Nigeria, were established in 1973. The four N levels (N0, N1, N2, N3) involved were 0, 80, 160 and 240 kg ha−1 y−1, and the two P levels (P0, P1) were 0 and 67 kg ha−1 y−1. Results of the first 5 years of fertilizer application are reported. Response to P was observed at all locations, and the response was statistically significant at 2 of the locations. There was no response to the application of nitrogen. The data suggest, however, that there is only a response to phosphorus when nitrogen is applied.
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    Suitability of North Carolina natural phosphate to Polish agriculture (1995)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 43 (1995), S. 83-86 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: phosphorus fertilizers ; phosphate rock ; maize ; winter rape
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract North Carolina Natural Phosphate (NCNP) is a natural marine sediment, excavated, washed and sold in unprocessed form as a phosphate fertilizer. In vegetation and field experiments carried on in Poland in 1992–1994 with potatoes, rye, maize and winter rape the efficiency of phosphorus in NCNP was in the range of 75–100% of phosphorus in superphosphate. Blending and granulating of NCNP with urea and sulphur proved to be very effective. Further works on blending technology and the usability of NPS or NPKS blends are recommended.
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    Towards a practical approach to fertilizer recommendations for food crop production in smallholder farms in Kenya (1996)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 47 (1996), S. 213-226 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Agro-ecological zones ; (AEZ) ; cabbages ; economic optimum (fertilizer rates) ; fertilizer response ; GIS ; maize ; modelling ; N ; P ; potatoes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A comprehensive long-term fertilizer trial programme for annual crops was established in 1985 at 70 sites in the high and medium rainfall areas of Kenya testing N and P, farmyard manure and other critical nutrients. Sites were selected according to their representativeness regarding soils and climate in agro-ecological units. The fertilizer trial programme included all major food crops typical for the respective area, both monocropped and intercropped in the case of cereals. Economic optimum fertilizer rates were calculated taking into account input/output price ratios and value-cost ratios. The majority of sites showed responses to N or P, only at one site response to both N and P with a significant interaction was found. Price elasticity of crops such as potatoes and cabbages was higher than that of maize or sorghum. Critical soil P levels were determined for maize at 13 ppm P for modified Olsen extract and 32 ppm P for Mehlich I extract. Variability of rainfall was found to greatly influence viability of fertilizer recommendations. First attempts to extrapolate fertilizer recommendations from areas of representativeness to areas with similar conditions by means of GIS and modelling approaches are discussed.
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    The value of poultry manure for wetland rice grown in rotation with wheat (1996)
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 47 (1996), S. 243-250 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: fertilizer value ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; poultry manure ; urea ; wetland rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Poultry manure applied alone or in combination with urea at different N levels was evaluated as a N source for wetland rice grown in a Fatehpur loamy sand soil. Residual effects were studied on wheat which followed rice every year during the three cropping cycles. In the first year, poultry manure did not perform better than urea but by the third year, when applied in quantities sufficient to supply 120 and 180 kg N ha−1, it produced significantly more rice grain yield than the same rates of N as urea. Poultry manure sustained the grain yield of rice during the three years while the yield decreased with urea. Apparent N recovery by rice decreased from 45 to 28% during 1987 to 1989 in the case of urea, but it remained almost the same (35, 33 and 37%) for poultry manure. Thus, urea N values of poultry manure calculated from yield or N uptake data following two different approaches averaged 80, 112 and 127% in 1987, 1988 and 1989, respectively. Poultry manure and urea applied in 1:1 ratio on N basis produced yields in between the yields from the two sources applied alone. After three cycles of rice-wheat rotation, the organic matter in the soil increased with the amount of manure applied to a plot. Olsen available P increased in soils amended with poultry manure. A residual effect of poultry manure applied to rice to supply 120 or 180 kg N ha−1 was observed in the wheat which followed rice and it was equivalent to 40 kg N ha−1 plus some P applied directly to wheat.
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    Balanced pasture fertilization in the Basque Country: I. Phosphorus and potassium budgets on dairy farms (1996)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 47 (1996), S. 261-269 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: pasture fertilization ; phosphorus ; potassium ; nutrient budget ; nutrient efficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Dairy farming is the main agricultural activity of the Basque Country. A dairy farm is characterized as a system with soils and crops, forage, cattle and manure as main components, and in such a system, nutrient cycling is very important to maintain soil fertility and optimize forage production. To quantify nutrient transfers in the cycle, a simple system was developed and has been applied to seventeen farms to examine its ability to achieve a balanced P and K fertilization. These farms have provided data on inputs (fertilizer, feeds, concentrates), pasture and manure management, and outputs (milk production), and soil samples have been taken from farm pastures. Phosphorus and K in excreta and uneaten pasture is used with a relatively high efficiency as suggested by the relatively high efficiency of P and K utilization by the pasture that usually ranges from 70 to 90%. Concentrate feeding (3000 kg cow−1 yr−1) represents one of the main P and K inputs in Basque Country dairy farms, averaging 26 and 66 kg ha−1, respectively. Besides, release of K in the soil through slow liberation from non-exchangeable sites was estimated as 30 kg ha−1. Thus, a high efficiency in excreta recycling would diminish substantially P and K mineral fertilizer needs. Farm nutrient budgets appear to be a convenient tool for determining nutrient shortages and surpluses at farm level, and thus they are considered as a first step to support a better management of maintenance fertilization of permanent pastures.
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    Nitrogen fixation of and N transfer from cowpea, mungbean and groundnut when intercropped with maize (1995)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 40 (1995), S. 41-48 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Arachis hypogaea ; intercropping ; maize ; N2 fixation ; N-transfer ; 15N ; Vigna radiata ; Vigna unguiculata
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Grain legumes are used widely in intercropping systems. However, quantitative and comparative data available as to their N2 fixation and N beneficial effect on the companion crop in intercropping systems are scarce. Hence, studies were conducted to ascertain the above when cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.), mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) and groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) were intercropped with maize. The study was15N-aided and made outdoors in basins (30 L) filled with 38 kg of soil.15N labelling was effected by incorporating15N-tagged plant material or applying15N-labelled fertilizer along with sucrose to stabilize15N enrichment in the soil during the experimental period. Intercropped groundnut fixed the highest amount of nitrogen from the atmosphere (i.e. 552 mg plant−1), deriving 85% of its N from the atmosphere. Intercropped cowpea and mungbean fixed 161 and 197 mg N plant−1, obtaining 81% and 78% of their N content from the atmosphere, respectively. The proportion of N derived by maize from the associated legume varied from 7-11% for mungbean, 11–20% for cowpea and 12–26% for groundnut which amounted to about 19–22, 29–45 and 33–60 mg N maize plant−1, respectively. The high nitrogen fixation potential of groundnut in dual stands and its relatively low harvest index for N have apparently contributed to greater N-benefical effect on the associated crop.
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    Evaluation of two unusual high analysis compounds as fertilizers, including possible slow release features (1987)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 11 (1987), S. 25-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: fertilizer ; high analysis nutrient compounds ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; Rhodes grass ; slow-release ; sulphur ; Townsville stylo
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The fertilizer potential of two unusual N-P compounds with cage structures was evaluated in pot experiments where plants were repetitively cut over 400 days. One of the compounds, hexamethyl-hexaaza-tetraphosphaadamantane (APA), having 41.6% P and 28.2% N, showed high fertilizer capability. After more than 400 days, dry matter yield of Rhodes grass given APA was 83–102% of that given conventional N-P sources, and yield of Townsville stylo 60–70%. Curves for N and P uptakes over time were of sigmoidal form, with the steepest parts between days 40 and 120, suggesting a slow-release feature. However growth was depressed up to day 40, presumably by some toxic factor associated with the decomposition of the APA. This toxicity was avoided if some conventional fertilizer was applied with the APA. The other compound, the tetrasulphide of APA (APAS) had only limited fertilizer potential. Plants did absorb P and S at least from this compound, but Townsville stylo yield was only 32–38% of that with conventional fertilizers, and Rhodes grass yield not much greater than from control pots. The possible slow-release feature, and the toxic effect, did not occur with APAS.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01049562
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    Nitrogen leaching and uptake from calcium cyanamide in comparison to urea and calcium ammonium nitrate in an ultisol from the humid tropics (1987)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 12 (1987), S. 193-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: calcium ammonium nitrate ; calcium cyanamide ; humid tropics ; maize ; nitrate leaching ; rice ; ultisol ; urea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Leaching loss of N applied as calcium cyanamide (CaCN2 — 19% N), urea and calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN — 26% N) to a coarse textured, kaolinitic ultisol profile was studied in the laboratory using undisturbed soil columns. The soil columns were leached with an amount of water equivalent to the annual rainfall of the sampling site (2420mm) using a rainfall simulator over a period of 42 days. The ‘leachability’ of the three N fertilizers differed greatly and followed the order of CAN 〉 urea 〉 CaCN2. Most of the N lost through leaching was in NO3 form. Calcium cyanamide lost only 3% of applied N. Breakdown of CaCN2 to NH4 was incomplete (64%) and nitrification in the soil was inhibited resulting in negligible leaching loss. Nitrogen retained in the soil columns after the leaching cycle was mainly in ammoniacal form irrespective of source of N used. Effectiveness of CaCN2 as a N source was also studied in a greenhouse experiment with maize (Zea mays) and upland rice (Oryza sativa) as testing crops. Calcium cyanamide applied one week before sowing of crops was as effective as CAN and urea under conditions of no N leaching. When applied at the time of planting and two or more weeks before planting gave lower dry matter yields and N uptake than CAN and urea.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01315104
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    Zinc and phosphorus interaction in a wheat-maize cropping system (1987)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 13 (1987), S. 77-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: zinc ; phosphorus ; interactions ; limed ; unlimed
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract To study the interaction effect of Zn and P in a wheat-maize cropping system, a field experiment was conducted at the H.P. Agricultural University Research Station, Palampur (India). Zinc was applied as ZnSO4·7H2O at the rate of 0, 20 and 40 kg per ha and P as superphosphate at the rate of 0, 60 and 120 kg per ha. The direct Zn-P interaction effect was investigated on wheat (S—308) and its residual effect on maize (early composite). Added Zn did not increase the grain and straw yield of wheat when P was not applied, but when P was applied, 20 kg per ha added Zn responded significantly. Contrary to this, in maize, only 20 kg per ha added Zn responded significantly when P was not applied, but when P was applied, even 40 kg per ha Zn increased the grain and straw yield of maize. The grain and straw yield of wheat and maize were higher under limed than under unlimed conditions. The concentration of Zn increased with the application of Zn and decreased with the application of P. The concentration of Zn was comparatively higher in grain than in straw of wheat and maize. The P concentration in wheat and maize plants decreased with the increasing levels of applied Zn. The concentrations of Zn were lower under limed than under unlimed condition, whereas the reverse was true for P concentrations. The respective absorption of Zn and P in wheat was 9.7 and 7.3 per cent upto tillering, 47.9 and 49.4 per cent between tillering and flowering, and 42.3 and 43.3 per cent between flowering and maturity. The corresponding absorption of Zn and P in maize was 11.7 and 9.4, 59.9 and 52.1, and 29.3 and 38.5 per cent before booting stage, between booting and tasseling stage and between tasseling and maturity stage, respectively. At maturity, about 53.1 and 13.0 per cent of the Zn and P taken up were retained by wheat straw and 46.9 and 87.0 per cent by wheat grain. The respective values for Zn and P in maize straw and grain were 66.8 and 30.3 and 33.2 and 69.7 per cent. When more Zn was applied, less Zn was translocated to grains; when more P was added, more Zn was translocated to grains. The effects of P and Zn on P distribution at maturity were opposite to that of Zn distribution.
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    Nitrogen fertilizer use in rainfed agriculture (1984)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 5 (1984), S. 371-382 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: nitrogen ; phosphorus ; dry areas ; apparent recovery fraction ; fertilizer management
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Agronomic efficiency (AE) is defined as the increase in economic yield of a crop per unit fertilizer applied. Components of AE are physiological efficiency and apparent recovery fraction. The latter can be further separated into uptake efficiency and availability index. Ways to increase the nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency in rainfed agriculture through fertilizer management are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01049117
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    The effect of ionic strength on soil P reactions is negligible (1995)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 45 (1995), S. 193-197 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: cation activity ; phosphorus ; potassium chloride ; soil solution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The electrolyte concentration of the soil solution affects the availability of some nutrients in the soil, especially of P, but it is not know at what salt concentration the reactions start to be significantly affected and their magnitude. This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of rates of potassium chloride (KCl) on some soil parameters that determine supplying of P, K, Ca, Mg, and Al in an unlimed acid soil. Increasing rates of KCl (from zero up to 2000 mg K kg−1) were applied to soil samples fertilized with 360 mg P kg−1. Solution (Cli) and exchangeable (Csi) forms of P, Ca, Mg, K, and Al were determined in the treated soil samples after 30-days of incubation; cation activity in solution and their selectivity coefficients were then calculated. Addition of KCl at rates equal to or above 500 mg K kg−1 caused a large relative increase on P in the soil solution (Pli) but a small and insignificant increase on the absolute value of Pli. All forms of soil K increased with increases on K applied, and buffer power for K varied according to the range of soil K. At all KCl rates, K displaced Ca, Mg, and Al from the solid phase to the soil solution, but had no effect on the extractable values. The relative preference of cations for the adsorption sites increased with increase on cation valency, and only those selectivity coefficients involving K were affected by K applied.
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    Response of cassava and maize to fertilizer application, and a comparison of the factors affecting their growth during intercropping (1996)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 46 (1996), S. 215-223 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: cassava ; fertilizer ; intercropping ; maize ; paleustalf
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A field experiment was conducted on a Paleustalf to examine the effect of fertilizer application and the possible yield limiting factors in a cassava-maize intercropping system. Application of N-fertilizer significantly increased maize grain and cassava root yields as well as N, P and K concentrations of both crops compared with application of non-N fertilizer or with the unfertilized controls. Intercropping, with or without fertilizer application, led to a decrease in the root yield and N, P and K concentrations of cassava, but had no significant effect on nutrient concentrations and grain yield of maize. Growth analysis revealed that from 20 weeks after planting to harvest in cassava and during the flowering to harvest in maize dry matter accumulation in both crops was similar in intercropping. However, during the same period, the mean crop growth rate in cassava was less than a fourth of the mean crop growth rate in maize. It was concluded that the main factor limiting total yield in a cassava-maize intercropping system is the depression of early cassava growth by vigorous maize component, which reduces the amount of assimilate allocated to cassava roots.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00420556
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    Napier grass strips and livestock: a bioeconomic analysis (1998)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 40 (1998), S. 41-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: hedgerow ; maize ; mulch ; Pennisetum purpureum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Napier grass strips are gaining some acceptance in Southeast Asia as a vegetative means of soil erosion control, due to the relative ease of establishment and management. In addition, the napier grass strips aid productivity of agroforestry systems by providing mulch or by being fed to livestock. In this paper, a bioeconomic comparison of different ways of utilising the napier grass cuttings is undertaken. The three uses examined for the cuttings were: as mulch in the alley areas, sold as fodder, and fed to animals with manure applied back to the system. The analysis linked the soils-oriented SCUAF model with economic and animal component models. SCUAF was parameterized using field data based on farmer interviews and field visits. Farmer interviews and field visits were conducted at Claveria, Misamis Oriental to gather additional data regarding costs and returns associated with animal production, and also to obtain the farm gate price of napier. Predicted biophysical results produced by the SCUAF model showed that application of napier grass cuttings, back into the system, directly as mulch or indirectly as animal manure resulted in higher maize and napier yields, lower soil erosion rates, and less of a reduction in soil mineral nitrogen and soil labile carbon levels. The comparison was made with the case where napier was sold off-farm as fodder. Cost-benefit analysis showed that higher economic returns were gained when napier grass cuttings were fed to animals, rather than applied directly as mulch. This economic benefit was attributed to the draught and transport services rendered by the animal and to a change in the value of the animals. This analysis highlights the value of utilizing animals within a napier grass strip system for control of erosion.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006065626800
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    Shortened bush fallow rotations with relay-cropped Inga edulis and Desmodium ovalifolium in wet central Amazonian Peru (1989)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 8 (1989), S. 173-196 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: bush fallow ; agroforestry ; Inga edulis ; Desmodium ovalifolium ; shifting cultivation ; wet tropics ; sustainable system ; maize ; cassava ; plantain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In the Palcazu Valley alluvial Inceptisols are relay-cropped with maize-cassavaplantain in rotation with 2–5 years of tree fallow. These lands, of limited extent, yet important for Yanesha Indian subsistence production, are being cropped even more intensively as population increases and land is converted to other uses. The relay-planting of the tree-thicket combination Inga edulis with Desmodium ovalifolium into the on-farm crop sequence was evaluated as a means to accelerate fallow recovery and thereby shorten fallow rotations. Three experiments with Inga/Desmodium planted with cassava-plantain and one with rice under different weeding regimes after a Desmodium fallow were conducted. Inga and Desmodium were not chopped back or pruned during these experiments. Desmodium/Inga suppressed herbaceous weeds from one year after planting. Desmodium/Inga accumulated more woody biomass than natural fallows. Cassava yields were unaffected by the presence of Desmodium/Inga, while plantain yields were greater under Desmodium/Inga compared to natural weeds. Desmodium/Inga, while promising for shortening fallow rotations, demonstrated potential difficulties: increased labor for establishment, tendency of Desmodium to weediness in later crop cycles, and suppression of the natural regeneration of trees and shrubs.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00123120
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    Modelling nutrient flux and interspecies root competition in agroforestry interplantings (1989)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 8 (1989), S. 257-265 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: Nitrogen ; phosphorus ; potassium ; rooting density ; root biomass
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Nutrient competition between interplanted species is investigated using mechanistic modelling. Though tree and crop plant roots may occupy the same soil volume, nutrient competition is seen to be dependent on soil supply mechanisms. Model simulations illustrate the effects of nutrient diffusion rate, mobility/soil interaction, root diameter, soil moisture content, and rooting density on nutrient concentration gradients governing uptake adjacent to plant roots. These factors, unique for each nutrient and soil, combine to determine the potential for competition in agroforestry plantings. Nutrient competition is most likely for the more mobile nutrients and mechanistic modelling can be used to select tree and crop species with superior rooting and physiological characteristics for interplantings to better manage below-ground competition.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00129653
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    Agroforestry systems and soil surface management of a tropical alfisol: I: Soil moisture and crop yields (1989)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 8 (1989), S. 7-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: No-till ; plow-till ; cowpea ; maize ; oxygen diffusion rate ; allelopathy ; alley cropping ; sustainable agriculture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Field experiments were conducted on a tropical Alfisol at Ibadan, Nigeria, to evaluate the effects on soil moisture and crop yields of three agroforestry systems. Effects of agroforestry treatments involving two perennial shrubs (Leucaena leucocephala and Gliricidia sepium), each at 2-m and 4-m row spacings, were compared with no-till and plow-till systems of seedbed preparation. Measurements were made for soil properties, runoff and erosion, nutrient losses in runoff, and crop growth and yield for a uniform maize (Zea mays) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) rotation. All of the six plots, each measuring 70 × 10m, were established on a natural slope of about 7%. Alterations in soil properties and effects on crop growth were evaluated for six consecutive years from 1982 through 1987. Seed germination and seedling establishment of Leucaena hedgerows were satisfactory while establishment of Gliricidia from stem cuttings was unsatisfactory. Maize germination and crop stand were normal while that of cowpea were suppressed by both Leucaena and Gliricidia. Maize growth and yield were suppressed only in the vicinity of hedgerows. Maize grain yield in agroforestry systems averaged about 10 percent lower than that of the control. In contrast with maize, agroforestry systems drastically suppressed cowpea grain yield. The average cowpea yield in agroforestry systems was 30 to 50% of the control. Regardless of the mangement system, grain yields declined over time at the rate of 340 and 96 kg ha−1yr−1 for maize and cowpea, respectively. Hedgerows of Leucaena and Gliricidia acted as windbreaks. Consequently, soil moisture content in the top 0–5 cm layer in agroforestry systems was generally higher than that in the control during both wet and dry seasons.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00159066
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    Integrated Management Practices for the Control of Maize Grey Leaf Spot (1998)
    Springer
    Integrated pest management reviews 3 (1998), S. 177-188 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9745
    Keywords: Cercospora zeae-maydis ; control ; grey leaf spot ; maize
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Grey leaf spot of maize, (Zea maydis L.) (Cercospora zeae-maydis) Tehon and Daniels, is one of the most destructive leaf diseases of maize. The distribution and severity of grey leaf spot has increased over the past 10 to 15 years. The United States and South Africa are main areas where research on the disease has been concentrated. The research results have provided valuable and significant insight into pathogen epidemiology and allowed an integrated management system to be developed. However, management options are a result of the agricultural system under which maize is produced. The pathogen survives only on maize, so crop rotation and stubble management are major factors in disease management, but resistant hybrids offer the best option for economic control. Many other factors, such as soil fertility, plant density, irrigation and chemical control, can significantly influence a grey leaf spot epidemic, although a single management practice will not control the pathogen effectively.
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    Dry matter content and mineral composition of potatoes grown in Cyprus (1980)
    Springer
    Potato research 23 (1980), S. 371-375 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: nitrogen ; phosphorus ; potassium ; calcium ; sodium ; nitrate ; sulphate ; micronutrients
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The specific gravity and dry matter content of 193 tuber samples (cultivars: Arran Banner, Spunta, Up-to-Date, Cara) from crops grown at Kokkinochoria, the major potato growing area of Cyprus, were related to each other as follows: Dry matter (%)=−269.59+268.24×specific gravity. This regression accounted for 82.4% of the variation; the fiducial limits (P〈0.05) for single determinations of specific gravity were±1.54 percentage units. The mineral contents of the tubers were similar to those reported in other countries.
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    Molecular characterization of a brown midrib3 deletion mutation in maize (1997)
    Springer
    Molecular breeding 3 (1997), S. 351-357 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: lignin ; bm3 ; maize ; O-methyltransferase ; PCR ; deletion ; brown midrib
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The caffeic acid O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene plays an important role in the synthesis of lignin. We have used the polymerase chain reaction in conjuction with genomic analysis to characterize deletion mutations of this gene in maize. In addition, we have analyzed and compared regions of the COMT gene from three distinct heterotic groups. Both PCR and Southern analysis indicate that the active wild-type COMT gene can be polymorphic. We suggest that the intron domain of at least one heterotic inbred can contribute to the alteration of the wild-type gene. In addition, multiple deletion mutations have occurred at this locus. We have found a previously uncharacterized deletion mutation in which segments of both the intron and exon have been deleted and replaced by other sequences. Precise knowledge of its sequence has allowed us to develop an assay by which we can follow this mutation in a breeding program.
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    Genetic dissection of herbicide tolerance in maize by molecular markers (1997)
    Springer
    Molecular breeding 3 (1997), S. 481-493 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: Alachlor ; herbicide tolerance ; maize ; RFLP ; SSR
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In order to detect the genetic architecture of maize tolerance to Alachlor, a widely used chloroacetanilide, linkage analysis between the expression of the trait and allelic composition of molecular markers was performed. The experiment was carried out on a population of 142 recombinant inbred lines, developed starting from the F1 between two lines with different reactivity to the herbicide, and self-fertilized for 10 generations; the lines were typed by 48 RFLP markers and 66 microsatellites (SSR). Besides seedling tolerance, evaluated as proportion of normal (non-injured) plants after herbicide treatment, other minor components of tolerance were studied: seed germination ability, pollen germination and tube growth in the presence of the herbicide. The analysis, performed by three statistical methods, revealed the presence of factors controlling seedling tolerance on seven chromosomal regions. Five QTLs appeared to be involved in seed germination ability in the presence of Alachlor, four QTLs in pollen tolerance in terms of germination and four in tube growth under stress were detected. Three loci, on chromosomes 1, 7 and 10, explained most of the variation of seedling tolerance, thus being interesting candidate for marker-assisted selection.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009631301428
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    Effects of Potato-cyst Nematodes (Globodera pallida) and Soil pH on Root Growth, Nutrient Uptake and Crop Growth of Potato (1999)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 105 (1999), S. 61-76 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: core sampling ; foliar nutrient concentrations ; minirhizotrons ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; potassium ; Rhizolab
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Potato-cyst nematodes (Globodera pallida) cause severe yield losses in potato. Plants infected with potato-cyst nematodes generally have reduced concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the foliage. This study investigated whether reduced growth of nematode-infected potato is caused by nutrient limitation. Experiments in the field and in containers showed that phosphorus concentration correlated best with total crop biomass at early stages of growth. The role of phosphorus in nematode damage was further investigated in the field and in the Wageningen Rhizolab. The experimental field was infested with potato-cyst nematodes and two levels of nematode density were established by fumigation with a nematicide. Prior applications of calcium carbonate resulted in pHKCl levels of 4.8 and 6.1. Two levels of phosphorus fertiliser were applied: either 0 or 225 kg P ha−1. In the Wageningen Rhizolab, soil of both pH levels from the field was used after treatment with 1 MRad gamma irradiation to kill the nematodes. Subsequently, half of the soil was inoculated with cysts to give a nematode density of 30 viable juveniles per gram of soil. In the field, nine weeks after planting, the total crop biomass ranged from 107 g m−2 for the treatment with nematodes at pHKCl 6.1 without phosphorus fertiliser to 289 g m−2 for the fumigated treatment at pHKCl 4.8 with phosphorus fertiliser. The differences in total biomass for the various treatments were explained by differences in foliar phosphorus concentration. Nematodes induced or aggravated P deficiency and reduced total biomass. This was not the only damage mechanism as at high, non-limiting levels of foliar phosphorus concentration, nematodes still reduced total biomass. In the Wageningen Rhizolab, directly after planting, the number of roots visible against minirhizotrons was reduced by nematodes. However, the increase of root number in the nematode treatment continued longer than in the control, until root number was higher than that of the control. The compensary root growth of the nematode treatment was restricted to the top 30 cm and nematodes reduced rooting depth. High soil pH reduced growth, mainly by reducing the availability of phosphate. Both nematodes and high soil pH reduced nutrient uptake per unit root length. Our results lead us to suggest an interaction between nematodes and soil pH, with nematode damage being higher at pHKCl 6.1 than at pHKCl 4.8.
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    Effect of planting density of maize on the progress and spread of northern leaf blight fromExserohilum turcicum infested residue source (1995)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 101 (1995), S. 25-33 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: disease progress ; disease spread ; Exserohilum turcicum ; maize ; northern leaf blight ; plant density
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Effect of plant density (37,037, 44,444 and 55,555 plants/ha) on the increase of northern leaf blight in time and space on two maize cultivars planted at spacings of 90, 75 and 60 between rows and 30 cm within rows was investigated.Exserohilum turcicum infested maize residue was used as an inoculum source. Maize density did not significantly affect the disease indices, but significantly influenced the grain yield of the two cultivars. In contrast, the two cultivars differed significantly (P≤0.01) in disease severity, but not grain yield. Higher disease severities and grain yields were associated with higher plant densities, whereas the apparent infection rate was lower in higher plant density. Distance from the maize residue (inoculum source) significantly influenced disease severity. The percentage leaf area blighted, area under disease progress curve and disease progress curve intercept decreased with distance from the maize residue area, but the apparent infection rate on EV8429-SR appeared to increase with distance. Disease gradients (b) were higher in closely planted maize and flattened with time in one location only.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01876091
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    Effect of light intensity on root growth, mycorrhizal infection and phosphate uptake in onion (Allium cepa L.) (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 111 (1988), S. 183-186 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Allium ; light intensity ; mycorrhiza ; phosphorus ; root growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02139935
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    Effects of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae on growth and phosphorus and zinc nutrition of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in an Oxisol from subtropical Australia (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 117 (1989), S. 49-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: growth ; nutrition ; peanuts ; phosphorus ; VA mycorrhizae ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Peanut plants (cv. Shulamit) were grown in an Oxisol soil in pots in the glasshouse to assess effects of soil sterilization and inoculation with spores of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (VAMF) on the response to five rates of phosphorus (0 to 240 kg P ha−1) and two rates of zinc (0 and 10 kg Zn ha−1) fertilizers. Both P and Zn nutrition were affected by VAMF activity but the dominant role of VAMF in this soil type was in uptake of P. In the absence of VAMF there was a clear threshold level of P application (60 kg P ha−1) below which plants grew poorly, which resulted in a sigmoidal response of dry matter to applied P. The maximum response was not fully defined because dry matter production continued to increase up to 240 kg P ha−1. Tissue P concentration of non-mycorrhizal plants increased linearly with P rate and was always significantly less than that in mycorrhizal plants. Mycorrhizal plants responded without threshold to increasing P rate, attaining maximum dry matter at 120 kg P ha−1 in inoculated sterilized soil and at 30 kg P ha−1 in nonsterile soil. These differences in maximal P rates and in the greater dry matter produced in sterile soil at high P rates were attributed to the negative effects of the root-knot nematodeMeloidogyne hapla in nonsterile soil. Plant weight did not respond to zinc fertilizer but tissue Zn concentration increased with applied Zn. Tissue Zn concentration and uptake were increased by VAMF.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02206256
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    Response of field-grown chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) to phosphorus fertilization for yield and nitrogen fixation (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 114 (1989), S. 135-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: chickpea ; phosphorus ; nitrogen fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Application of phosphorus at 40, 60, 80 and 100 kg P2O5 ha−1 in the presence of a uniform dressing of nitrogen (N) and potash (K2O) each applied at 20 and 24 kg ha−1 to chickpea (CM-88) grown in sandy loam soil in a replicated field experiment improved the nodulation response of the crop, increased its grain yield (ka ha−1) by 18, 59, 40 and 14 percent, biomass yield (ka ha−1) by 32, 32, 54 and 14 percent, biomass N (kg ha−1) by 31, 48, 49, 19 percent, and biomass P (kg ha−1) by 26, 40, 41 and 11 percent, respectively. The effect of phosphorus on the nitrogenase activity of the excised roots of chickpea was, however, inconsistent.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02203091
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  • 70
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    Identification of rhizobacteria from maize and determination of their plant-growth promoting potential (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 115 (1989), S. 7-11 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: rhizobacteria ; plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria activity ; maize
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract During the growing season of 1986, the rhizobacteria (including organisms from the ectorhizosphere, the rhizoplane and endorhizosphere) of 20 different maize hybrids sampled from different locations in the Province of Quebec were inventoried by use of seven different selective media. Isolates were characterized by morphological and biochemical tests and identified using the API20E and API20B diagnostic strips.Pseudomonas spp. were the prominent bacteria found in the rhizoplane and in the ectorhizosphere.Bacillus spp. andSerratia spp. were also detected, but in smaller numbers. In the endorhizosphere,Bacillus spp. andPseudomonas spp. were detected in order of importance. Screening for plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria was carried out in three soils with different physical and chemical characteristics. The results depended on the soil used, but two isolates (Serratia liquefaciens andPseudomonas sp.) consistently caused a promotion of plant growth.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02220688
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    Relationship between root elongation rate and diameter and duration of growth of lateral roots of maize (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 119 (1989), S. 271-279 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: axile root ; maize ; root diameter ; lateral root ; rhizotron ; root elongation rate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The objective of this work was to describe the relationship between elongation rate and diameter of maize roots and to estimate the length and growth duration of lateral roots of maize. Diameters and elongation rates of roots were measuredin situ on plants grown 5 weeks in small rhizotrons under greenhouse conditions. At the end of the experimental period the roots were harvested and diameters of axile and lateral roots were measured. The frequency distribution of diameters of harvested roots was bimodal with a minimum at 0.6 mm; 97% of axile roots were larger than this value and 98% of the lateral roots were smaller. Root elongation per day increased as diameter increased but the slope of the relationship with lateral roots was about 2.5 times that with axile roots when separate linear regressions were fitted to the two populations. The length of lateral roots found on axillary roots between the base and about 30 cm from the apex was approximately 2.2 cm. All of the data was consistent with the hypothesis that the lateral roots grew for about 2.5 days and then ceased growing. The axillary roots continued to grow throughout the experimental period at a rate of about 3 cm day−1.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370419
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    Effects of phosphorus on the morphology of VA mycorrhizal root system of leek (Allium porrum L.) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 119 (1989), S. 334-336 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Allium porrum L. ; phosphorus ; root growth ; root morphology ; VAM
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Leek plants were raised on sterilized soil/sand medium amended with Ca(H2PO4)2. H2O ranging up to 750 mg Pkg−1. Addition of P increased total root length by increasing the initiation of laterals, which extended at a constant rate. This change in root growth was paralleled by the P inflow into the plant, but not by the P concentration of the plant, suggesting that it is the rate of P uptake which affects root branching.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370427
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  • 73
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    Variability of C, N and P content of a tropical semiarid soil as affected by soil genesis, erosion and land clearing (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 119 (1989), S. 337-341 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: carbon ; erosion ; land clearing ; nitrogen ; noncalcic brown soils ; phosphorus ; spatial variability ; xerosols
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Several transects of topsoil samples were taken immediately after land clearing and one year later from a savannah soil in the semiarid NE of Brazil. Natural spatial variability of key fertility indicators (C, N, P) was large with coefficients of variation 〉50%. This variability was related to heterogeneity of the soil parent material, and to relative slope position which affected deposition and removal of erodible materials. The distribution of gravel and different particle size fractions was an indicator of the variability as related to soil formation and erosional resorting. One year after the site was cleared and planted to trees, the decrease in C, N and resin-extractable P was in the same range as the initial spatial variability. Treatment effects were therefore difficult to observe but became more obvious when regression analysis on soil textural components was used to reduce data variability.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370428
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    Stimulating effects of foliar K-fertilizer applied at the appropriate stage of development of maize: A new way to increase yield and improve quality (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 120 (1989), S. 111-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: chlorophyll ; foliar K fertilizer ; grain ; K-salts ; maize ; protein ; spraying site ; sweetness ; yields
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A series of eight experiments was conducted using large pots to (1) find the most effective date, site, concentration of K-solution and K-salt for foliar K-fertilization of maize plants (Zea mays, L.) grown with sufficient K-supply in soil, (2) explain why maize responded to the K-treatment, and (3) examine the influence of various levels of N and P supplies on the effectiveness of K-fertilizer via the leaves. A single spraying on sweet maize and field maize on any day between 50% tasselling date to 10 days after tasselling shortened maturity date, increased grain yield, stover yield, grain-stover ratio, absorption of N, P, K, Ca and Mg, sweetness of young grain (of sweet maize), and crude protein content of grain. However spraying on the third day after 50% tasselling was most effective. The second application later than 7 days after the 50% tasselling date suppressed the effects of spraying on the most effective date. In application of many repetitive sprayings covering the most effective date, a spraying program with late spraying could reduce grain yield. KNO3, 2.5% KNO3-solution, and applications on all aerial parts were found to be the most effective. Increases in grain yield for spraying on all aerial parts, spraying on ear leaf only, spraying on all leaves above ear leaf and applying K to soil were 74%, 51%, 41% and 23%, respectively. The foliar K-fertilization affected maize by stimulating chlorophyll synthesis and not by increasing leaf area. A balance in N and K supplies was determined to be effective for the K-fertilization.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370297
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    In situ ion exchange resin bags to estimate forest site quality (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 119 (1989), S. 186-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ammonium ; calcium ; forest soil ; ion exchange resin ; magnesium ; manganese ; nitrate ; phosphorus ; soil analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Cation and anion exchange resin bags were placed just under the humus layer at five adjacent forest sample sites with differing site quality classes in order to assess the available nutrient supply. For comparison, humus samples were collected from the same sites. Nutrients were extracted from humus samples by conventional extraction methods and by shaking together with ion exchange resin bags. Ca and Mg corresponded best to differences in site quality class, of all analysed ions in thein situ resin bag eluates. Thein situ resin bag adsorption of NH4−N, Na and Mn also showed a positive correlation with site quality. The adsorption of PO4−P was negatively correlated to site quality class. Inadequate amounts of exchange resin, or leaving resin bagsin situ for too long a time result in the replacement of already adsorbed ions by ions with higher ion exchange constants.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370284
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    Molecular marker analysis of European Setosphaeria turcica populations (1998)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 104 (1998), S. 611-617 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: Exserohilum turcicum ; Johnson grass ; maize ; northern corn leaf blight ; population genetic structure ; RAPD
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Setosphaeria turcica is the causal agent of northern corn leaf blight, a foliar maize disease of worldwide economic importance. In Europe, its severity increases. To investigate the pathogen's population-genetic structure in central Europe, a total of 80 isolates was sampled in Germany, Switzerland, France, Austria, and Hungary and investigated with 52 random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. The mating type of the isolates was determined in testcrosses. Among the 73 isolates from maize there were 26 different RAPD haplotypes. All isolates with identical haplotype are considered clonemates. The haplotype shared by most members was represented by 22 isolates from Germany, Switzerland, and France, indicating high fitness and substantial migration. Only a single clone had members in both southeastern Austria and southwestern Switzerland, suggesting that the Alps constitute a major barrier for this pathogen. Several haplotypes differed by only one or two RAPD bands from the predominant haplotype and may have arisen by mutation. Few other clonal lineages were detected. The evolution of some haplotypes could not be explained by mutation alone. Sexual recombination may rarely occur. In population samples from Germany, Switzerland, and France, mating type MAT2 was predominating, while most isolates from Austria and Hungary had MAT1. Seven isolates from Johnson grass (Sorghum halepense), an alternative host of S. turcica, were clonemates and very different in RAPD haplotypes from all isolates collected from maize.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008641920356
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    Inheritance of Resistance to Stenocarpella macrospora (Earle) Ear Rot of Maize in the Mid-altitude Zone of Nigeria (1999)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 105 (1999), S. 535-543 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: ear rot ; leaf blight ; mid-altitude ; maize ; Stenocarpella macrospora
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Inheritance of resistance to Stenocarpella macrospora (Earle) Sutton (syn. Diplodia macrospora Earle) ear rot of maize was studied among selected maize populations in the mid-altitude (1280 m) agro-ecological zone of Nigeria. Diallel analysis among the populations showed significant values for general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) effects at 5% and 1% levels respectively. Variance components of GCA and SCA on Stenocarpella ear rot were 0.019 and 0.627 respectively, indicating that non-additive genes play major roles in the inheritance of Stenocarpella ear rot resistance. The GCA and SCA effects were relatively dependent on the materials involved in the evaluations. Generation mean analysis was used on five selected parent inbreds (2 resistance and 3 susceptible crossed to give P1, P2, F1, BC1, BC2 and F2 generations). Estimates of the six parameters on ear rot indicate that dominance gene effects made the major contribution to variation in ear rot of maize in the crosses studied. The magnitude and significance of the estimates for digenic effects in the crosses suggest that epistatic gene effects are present and important in the basic mechanism of Stenocarpella ear rot inheritance in the populations studied. Additive effects have only minor importance in the total variation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008734815796
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    Zein proteins: a multigene family from maize endosperm (1982)
    Springer
    Plant foods for human nutrition 31 (1982), S. 191-203 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9104
    Keywords: maize ; endosperm ; zein ; structural genes ; chromosomes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This paper considers the main aspects of the genetic organization of the synthesis of zeins in maize endosperm. Recent advances in zein chemistry and biochemistry are discussed and the organization of zein structural genes is presented with particular emphasis on their arrangement within a multigene family. Maize chromosomes 7 and 4 bear zein structural genes. The regulation of zein synthesis is discussed in relation to opaque loci and a model is presented to explain the relationship between the regulatory genes02 and06 and the synthesis of zein polypeptides.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01108630
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    A model to predict the zinc status of soils for maize (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 116 (1989), S. 49-55 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: alluvial soils ; environmental conditions ; maize ; soil properties ; soil Zn status ; soil Zn tests
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The objective of this study, carried out over 2 years, was to evaluate the effect of soil properties on the response of maize (Zea mays L.) to zinc applications and relate these properties to soil test Zn for predicting the Zn status of soils considering the effect of environmental conditions. The relative yield, expressed as an index of crop response, was related through multiple regression to CEC (or clay), electrical conductivity (or exchangeable Na), and bulk density consistently throughout the two year period that included one relatively wet, cool and cloudy growing season when variations in relative yield were explained also by 0.5M NaHCO3-extractable-P and organic C. A procedure is presented to establish limits for the soil propeties and soil-test-extractable-Zn and to meaningfully combine them into a model to predict soil Zn status. A model that combined soil test Zn, texture and electrical conductivity was satisfactory for the purpose of prediction and for adoption for soil testing on a routine basis. The suggested approach may be suitable for designing models with soil properties associated with crop responses to micronutrients in other situations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02327256
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    Growth promotion of maize and lettuce by phosphate-solubilizing Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar. phaseoli (1996)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 184 (1996), S. 311-321 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: lettuce ; maize ; phosphorus solubilization ; plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) ; Rhizobium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. phaseoli strains P31 and R1, Serratia sp. strain 22b, Pseudomonas sp. strain 24 and Rhizopus sp. strain 68 were examined for their plant growth-promoting potential on lettuce and forage maize. All these phosphate solubilizing microorganisms (PSM) were isolated from Québec soils. The plants were grown in field conditions in three sites having high to low amounts of available P. In site 1 (very fertile soil), strains R1 and 22b tended to increase the dry matter yield of lettuce shoots (p≤0.10). Lettuce inoculated with rhizobia R1 had a 6% higher P concentration (p≤0.10) than the uninoculated control. In site 2 (poorly fertile soil), the dry matter of lettuce shoots was significantly increased (p≤0.05) by inoculation with strain P31 and 24 plus 35 kg ha-1 P-superphosphate, or with strain 68 plus 70 kg ha-1 P-superphosphate. In site 3 (moderately fertile soil), the dry matter of maize shoots was significantly increased (p≤0.05) by inoculation with strain 24 plus 17.5 kg ha-1 P-superphosphate, or with strain P31 plus 35 kg ha-1 P-superphosphate. Inoculation with PSM did not affect lettuce P uptake in the less fertile soil in site 2. In site 3 with the moderately fertile soil, maize plants inoculated with strain R1 had 8% higher P concentration than the uninoculated control (p≤0.01), and 6% with strains P31 and 68 (p≤0.05). The results clearly demonstrate that rhizobia specifically selected for P solubilization function as plant growth promoting rhizobacteria with the nonlegumes lettuce and maize. The P solubilization effect seems to be the most important mechanism of plant growth promotion in moderately fertile and very fertile soils when P uptake was increased with rhizobia and other PSM.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010460
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    Effects of P, K, and liming on soil pH, Al, Mn, K, and forage barley dry matter yield and quality for a newly-cleared Cryorthod (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 104 (1987), S. 155-161 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aluminum ; Cryorthod ; dry matter yield ; fertilization ; forage barley ; liming ; managanese ; phosphorus ; potassium ; protein ; soil pH
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Forage barley dry matter yield and quality, as well as soil pH, Al, and Mn were monitored in response to P, K, and lime application on a newly cleared Typic Cryorthod (Orthid Podzol). The overall yearly yield level was affected by precipitation. Without liming soil acidification occurred after three years of production. The liming rate of 2.2 Mg.ha−1 was found optimal for maintaining initial pH levels (5.66) and increasing forage barley yields. It was also found optimum for K and P utilization for these first years of production. Soil pH dropped an average of 0.33 units over the three years on unlimed P plots and 0.46 units over 4 years on K plots. Phosphorus and K fertilization increased N utilization and resulted in decreased soil acidification. Phosphorus availability was greater in the first year of cropping than in subsequent years, this was likely due to the effects of higher available moisture, liming release of native P, and effects of initial fertilization. There was a 148% increase in total dry matter yield and an 85% increase in protein yield of forage barley with P application. Liming increased total forage barley yields an average of 69% and total protein yields 48%. Reduced barley yields in unlimed plots were due to low soil pH. After two years of cultivation, unlimed plots contained exchangeable Al and soluble Mn levels reported toxic for other soils. The higher liming rates of 4.4 and 6.6 Mg.ha−1 reduced soluble Mn to near critically low levels. soil Al and Mn were highly correlated to pH. Soil exchangeable Al, Mn, and soluble Mn along with tissue Al were inversely correlated to percentage yield. The average yield respone to three levels of applied K, increased from zero initially to 67% by the fourth year. Total dry-matter production increased 32% and total protein yield increased an average of 32% and total protein yield increased an average of 15% with K fertilization over four years. About 60% of the yield response occurred between the 0 and 22kg K.ha−1 rates. Initial soil exchangeable K levels were not maintained even at the highest 66kg K.ha−1 treatment. Soil exchangeable Al and soluble Mn were elevated with dropping pH. Soil K reserves and resupply of exchangeable K in these soils over the long term will be an important factor in crop production.
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    Effects of added organic residues and calcium carbonate on polyphosphate hydrolysis in four Quebec soils (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 104 (1987), S. 163-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: organic residues ; phosphorus ; polyphosphate hydrolysis ; polyphosphates ; pyrophosphatase ; pyrophosphate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Polyphosphate hydrolysis was studied in three surface samples and one subsurface sample of Quebec soil treated with alfalfa residues (44.8 t ha−1) and farmyard manure (FYM; 44.8 t ha−1); and in two acid soil samples treated with CaCO3 (12.5 t ha−1). The polyphosphates used were Na4P2O7. 10H2O (NaPP) and PolyN (a triammonium pyrophosphate-orthophosphate mixture). Each polyphosphate was added at a rate of 1.00g P kg−1 soil. Addition of alfalfa residues promoted polyphosphate hyrolysis of both NaPP and PolyN through reduced polyphosphate sorption and increasing pyrophosphatase activity. Application of FYM increased polyphosphate hydrolysis in Uplands topsoil and retarded hydrolysis in the other soils. Hydrolysis was probably reduced because of orthophosphate (OP) introduced with the FYM. Added CaCO3 accelerated polyphosphate hydrolysis in an acid topsoil sample through reduced sorption, but slowed hydrolysis in the subsoil sample, due to a reduction in enzyme activity.
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    The root surface phosphatases ofEriophorum vaginatum: Effects of temperature, pH, substrate concentration and inorganic phosphorus (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 105 (1988), S. 3-10 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: arctic ; Eriophorum ; pH ; phosphatases ; phosphorus ; PNPPase ; root enzymes ; temperature ; tundra
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Eriophorum vaginatum L. subsp.spissum (Fern.) Hult., a dominant plant in arctic tundra ecosystems, has acid phosphatase activity evenly distributed along its root surface from the root tip to a distance at least 16 cm from the tip. These root surface phosphatases have optimal activity from pH 3.5 to 4.0; mean soil pH for soil samples collected with roots was 3.69. Apparent energy of activation and Q10 values (14.0 kcal mol−1 and 2.2, respectively) do not provide evidence for temperature acclimation, but substantial phosphatase activity was measured at 1°C. Kinetic parameters determined for this root surface phosphatase were as follows: Km=9.23 mM, Vmax=1.61×10−3 μmoles mm−2h−1. The presence of inorganic phosphorus in the assay medium did not inhibit root surface phosphatase activity except at very high concentrations (100 mM); even then, only slight inhibition was detected (7 to 19%). A comparison of hydrolysis rates with inorganic phosphate assimilation rates measured forE. vaginatum indicates that organic phosphate hydrolysis may occur at approximately one third the rate of inorganic phosphate absorption. Calculations show that inorganic phosphate produced by root surface phosphatase activity may satisfy 65% of the annual phosphate demand ofE. vaginatum. Since arctic tundra soils are typically higher in dissolved organic phosphorus compounds than in inorganic phosphate, root surface phosphatase activity may make a considerable contribution to the phosphate nutrition of this widespread and abundant arctic plant.
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    The use of ion-exchange resin bags for measuring nutrient availability in an arid ecosystem (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 105 (1988), S. 105-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: chronosequence ; desert ; ion-exchange resins ; mineralization ; nitrogen ; nutrient availability ; phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Anin situ resin bag technique was used to measure the relative availabilities of N and P along a chronosequence of soils in southern New Mexico, and was compared to two more common indices of nutrient availability. Accumulations of N and P during 10-week intervals over an 18 month period were separable into wet season (September–January) and dry season (February–August) groups, with wet season values significantly greater than dry season values. Only accumulations during the wet season showed significant differences among sites, thus stressing the role of field water regime in interpreting resin accumulation results. Total mineral N (NO3+NH4) sorbed by resins was significantly correlated to laboratory N mineralization rates. Although accumulation patterns of N and P were similar to patterns of %N and %P in shrub species growing along the chronosequence, these similarities were not statistically significant. A laboratory experiment demonstrated that bicarbonate-form anion resins are preferable to hydroxyl-form resins, as long as standards are made from solutions extracted by resins to account for variable ion recovery efficiencies.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02371147
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    Effect of P supply upon seasonal growth and internal cycling of P in Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis(Bong.)Carr.) seedlings (1995)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 168-169 (1995), S. 313-317 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: growth ; internal cycling ; partitioning ; phosphorus ; 32P ; Sitka spruce
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The availability of phosphorus in many UK forest soils limits growth of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.). Efficient cycling of P within such systems is therefore necessary for sustained tree growth. Internal cycling of P is an important component of the overall P cycle in forests and the current work aims to quantify the impact of P nutrition on internal cycling and seasonal growth of Sitka spruce. Two-year old seedlings of Sitka spruce were grown in sand culture in the glasshouse for one year. Two treatments were imposed in which trees received either a complete nutrient solution from which P was excluded (-P) or one in which P was applied as labelled 32P (+P). Internal cycling of P was measured directly in plants which had received no P and by difference in those which received 32P. The contrasting P treatments produced an eight-fold difference in P content and a three-fold difference in tree growth between May and October. Root:shoot ratios increased during the growing season from 0.29 to 0.38 and from 0.29 to 0.52 in +P and-P treatments, respectively. In both treatments P was translocated from old shoots to support new shoot growth. P supply did not affect the amount of P remobilised but there was evidence that the rate of remobilisation may have been affected. The partition of remobilised P was affected by current P supply and differed from the partition of current P uptake. Results are compared to those from studies of growth and internal cycling of nitrogen in Sitka spruce.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00029343
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    Separate mechanisms of aluminium toxicity for nitrate uptake and root elongation (1995)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 172 (1995), S. 229-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aluminium ; calcium ; maize ; nitrate ; roots
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Aluminium toxicity has been shown to decrease NO3 - uptake in Zea mays seedlings during the first 30 minutes after addition of Al3+. This suggests that NO3 - uptake inhibition could be a primary response to Al addition. We therefore tested the hypothesis that NO3 - uptake and root elongation are affected differently by Al3+. Eight-day old seedlings were exposed to 100 μM Al3+ in the presence of 1 or 10 mM Ca2+, added as either CaSO4 or CaCl2. In the presence of Al3+, cumulative uptake of NO3 --N during an 8 h period was not affected by Ca2+ level (1 or 10 mM). Root elongation at 1 mM Ca2+ was decreased to 63% of the control by the presence of Al3+. Raising ambient Ca2+ from 1 to 10 mM in the presence of Al3+ restored elongation rates to 78% (CaCl2) and 88% (CaSO4) of elongation without Al. Because reductions in root elongation were partially overcome by added Ca2+, but lowered uptake of NO3 - was not, it was concluded that Al3+ toxicity decreased root growth and NO3 - uptake by different mechanisms.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011325
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    Influx and efflux of organic acids across the soil-root interface of Zea mays L. and its implications in rhizosphere C flow (1995)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 173 (1995), S. 103-109 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: maize ; organic acids ; rhizosphere ; root
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The influx and efflux of organic acids across the root-soil interface were investigated in intact, sterile maize (Zea mays L.) roots under a variety of experimental conditions. Under nutrient-sufficient conditions the efflux of organic acids was shown to constitute 〈 1% of the total C lost across the root-soil interface. Under severe nutrient stress, however, the rates of malate and citrate efflux from the root increased 33 and 12 fold respectively. Influx experiments indicated that roots could not directly reabsorb citrate-Fe3+ or other metal complexes from solution. Influx of citrate was observed only at high external citrate concentration (≥ 1 mM) or from solutions with low ionic strengths. It was postulated that citrate influx is of little importance in a soil environment.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00155523
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    White lupin utilizes soil phosphorus that is unavailable to soybean (1995)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 176 (1995), S. 95-100 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: isotopically exchangeable ; lupin ; phosphorus ; uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract White lupin (Lupinus albus L. var. Ultra) and soybean (Glycine max L. var. Elgin) were grown in an acidic soil low an available phosphorus (P) to investigate their different capacities to acquire soil phosphorus. Experiments done in the controlled environment of a biotron were supplemented with four separate greenhouse experiments. Lupin and soybean were grown in monoculture and intercropped on a soil with low available P that was labeled with carrier-free 32P as phosphate. Lupin had significantly lower values of specific activity of 32P and higher values of isotopically exchangeable P than soybean in all cases. The results show that lupin utilizes soil P from a normally non-labile pool of soil P that is not utilized by soybean.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00017679
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    The effect of phosphorus on nodule formation and function in the Casuarina-Frankia symbiosis (1995)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 176 (1995), S. 161-169 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Casuarina cunninghamiana ; Frankia ; nitrogen fixation ; nodulation ; phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A study was conducted to investigate the effects of phosphorus on nodule formation and function in the Casuarina-Frankia symbiosis. The effects of P on growth and survival of Frankia in the rhizosphere was assessed by examing Frankia growth and survival in flasks of basal nutrient solution. There was no growth in the nutrient solution during the experimental period. However, the viability of Frankia in the nutrient solution without P supply was half that of the initial level, whereas, with P supply, there was only a minor decline during the first week. In a growth pouch experiment, supplying P increased plant and nodule growth, irrespective of P status of the inoculant Frankia culture. There were no effects of P status on any growth or nodulation parameters measured when the inoculants had been standardized on the basis of viability. In a split root experiment, Frankia inoculation and application of P together or separately did not cause any significant difference. This suggests that growth and nodulation respond only to total P supply. Increasing P from 0.1 to 10 μM significantly increased plant growth but not N concentrations. Both nitrogen-fixation and nitrate supported growth were strongly increased as P increased from 0.1 to 1.0 μM. This study indicates that P deficiency limits the growth of host plants more severely than nitrogen fixation processes and P deficiency on nodulation and symbiotic nitrogen fixation in Casuarina cunninghamiana operated indirectly via reducing host plant growth.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00017686
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    Growth and nutrient dynamics of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) seedlings in acid soils (1995)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 176 (1995), S. 171-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aluminium ; iron ; phosphorus ; relative growth rate ; relative uptake rate ; steady state
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The relative uptake rates of N, P, K, S, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, and Al were estimated in beech seedlings pot cultured in the field in six acid soils (treatments). The relative uptake rates were compared with the relative growth rates. The relative uptake rates of N, K and Ca agreed well with the growth rates of the seedlings irrespective of widely differing soil conditions (acid sand-clayey till, pH 4–6). The relative uptake rates of P, Fe, and Al differed from that predicted by the growth rate. The uptake rates of Fe and Al were highest at the lowest growth rates, and the P uptake rate was lower than the growth rate in these treatments. Thus the P availability probably limited growth in an eluvial (E) horizon of a podzol, and possibly in the illuvial (B) horizon of a podzol and in an acid clayey till (Dystric Cambisol). Low P uptake was associated with a tendency towards higher relative root growth rates. In terms of the concept of steady state nutrition the high relative root growth rate in some treatments may be interpreted as an acclimation to low P supply. The P limitation seemed to be related to interactions among Fe, Al and organic compounds of the soil solution.
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    Evaluation in field conditions of a three-dimensional architectural model of the maize root system: Comparison of simulated and observed horizontal root maps (1996)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 178 (1996), S. 101-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: maize ; root growth model ; root mapping ; root spatial distribution ; root system ; Zea mays L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Most existing water and nutrient uptake models are based on the assumption that roots are evenly distributed in the soil volume. This assumption is not realistic for field conditions, and significantly alters water or nutrient uptake calculations. Therefore, development of models of root system growth that account for the spatial distribution of roots is necessary. The objective of this work was to test a three dimensional architectural model of the maize root system by comparing simulated horizontal root maps with observed root maps obtained from the field. The model was built using the current knowledge on maize root system morphogenesis and parameters obtained under field conditions. Simulated root maps (0.45 × 0.75 m) of horizontal cross sections at 3 depths and 3 dates were obtained by using the model for a plant population. Actual root maps were obtained in a deep, barrier-free clay-loamy soil by digging pits, preparing selected horizontal planes and recording root contacts on plastic sheets. Results showed that both the number of cross-sections of axile roots, and their spatial distribution characterized with the R-index value of Clark and Evans (1954), were correctly accounted for by the model at all dates and depths. The number of cross-sections of laterals was also correctly predicted. However, laterals were more clustered around axile roots on simulated root maps than on observed root maps. Although slight discrepancies appeared between simulated and observed root maps in this respect, it was concluded that the model correctly accounted for the general colonization pattern of the soil volume by roots under a maize crop.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011168
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    The effect of soil desiccation on the nutrient status of Eucalyptus regnans F. Muell seedlings (1996)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 179 (1996), S. 45-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Eucalyptus regnans ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; soil desiccation ; soil microfractures
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The poor growth of young Eucalyptus regnans seedlings in undried soil from the mature forest of E. regnans can be overcome by previously air-drying the soil or by adding sufficient amounts of complete soluble fertilizer or equivalent concentrations of P (as NaH2PO4) and N (as NaNO3). A factorial pot experiment in which phosphate and nitrate were added to undried soil indicated that P was the primary deficiency for young seedlings and that response to N did not occur until this lack was satisfied. In dried soil, seedlings also responded to additions of complete fertilizer but most of this effect was due to N rather than P. Field trials in the mature forest also indicated greater growth in dried soil than undried soil and confirmed a response of young seedlings to superphosphate. In pot experiments, the concentration of P and N per g plant dry weight after four months was relatively constant irrespective of the final size of the plant. Seedlings in dried soil extracted up to 15 times more P than did those grown in undried soil. In general, chemical analysis of soil indicated more extractable P and N from dried soil although this was not always consistently so. Soil desiccation resulted in an increase in soil surface area due to the fragmentation of larger peds and to an increase in the number of microfractures which remained in the soil crumbs after rewetting. Mycorrhiza are likely to be important since the differentiation of the growth response of seedlings in dried and undried soil, which occurred at 5–6 weeks, corresponded with the establishment of full ectomycorrhizal development (80% root tips). The factors concerned with the increase in fertility after air-drying are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011641
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    Effects of liming and mycorrhizal colonization on soil phosphate depletion and phosphate uptake by maize (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max L.) grown in two tropical acid soils (1996)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 181 (1996), S. 275-285 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: arbuscular mycorrhiza ; Glomus intraradices ; lime ; Oxisol ; phosphorus ; Ultisol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of liming and inoculation with the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, Glomus intraradices Schenck and Smith on the uptake of phosphate (P) by maize (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) and on depletion of inorganic phosphate fractions in rhizosphere soil (Al-P, Fe-P, and Ca-P) were studied in flat plastic containers using two acid soils, an Oxisol and an Ultisol, from Indonesia. The bulk soil pH was adjusted in both soils to 4.7, 5.6, and 6.4 by liming with different amounts of CaCO3. In both soils, liming increased shoot dry weight, total root length, and mycorrhizal colonization of roots in the two plant species. Mycorrhizal inoculation significantly increased root dry weight in some cases, but much more markedly increased shoot dry weight and P concentration in shoot and roots, and also the calculated P uptake per unit root length. In the rhizosphere soil of mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plants, the depletion of Al-P, Fe-P, and Ca-P depended in some cases on the soil pH. At all pH levels, the extent of P depletion in the rhizosphere soil was greater in mycorrhizal than in non-mycorrhizal plants. Despite these quantitative differences in exploitation of soil P, mycorrhizal roots used the same inorganic P sources as non-mycorrhizal roots. These results do not suggest that mycorrhizal roots have specific properties for P solubilization. Rather, the efficient P uptake from soil solution by the roots determines the effectiveness of the use of the different soil P sources. The results indicate also that both liming and mycorrhizal colonization are important for enhancing P uptake and plant growth in tropical acid soils.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00012062
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    Diazotrophic endophytes: progress and prospects for nitrogen fixation in monocots (1996)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 186 (1996), S. 29-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acetobacter ; Azoarcus ; Hebaspirillum ; Klebsiella ; maize ; sugar cane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The development of nitrogen fixation in maize can be considered the “holy grail” of nitrogen fixation research. As nitrogen fertilization is one of the highest costs of corn production, the development of a symbiosis between diazotrophic bacteria and corn would be of enormous economic value. Such a discovery would also improve human health as it would decrease the amount of nitrate in ground water as well as in corn cultured for human consumption. Several proposals have been made toward this end. These include: a) the transfer of root nodulation genes from a legume to maize; b) the expression of the bacterial nif regulon in maize organelles; and c) the development of corn lines with the ability to accept fixed nitrogen from diazotrophs in the rhizosphere. All of these proposals have enormous technical problems to overcome such that the development of nitrogen-fixing corn in the near term has been considered unlikely. An alternative and less-technically challenging approach may be a thorough study of non-pathogenic bacterial endophytes that already inhabit the corn plant. The discovery of a nitrogen-fixing bacterial-sugar cane association by Döbereiner and coworkers in Brazil illustrates the enormous potential of endophytic bacteria to enhance grass biomass in the absence of nitrogen fertilizer. Döbereiner and coworkers have discovered diazotrophic strains of Acetobacter diazotrophicus and Herbaspirillum seropedicae in lines of sugar cane that were bred in the absence of nitrogen fertilizer. The Brazilian group has also demonstrated that sugar cane plants infected with these diazotrophs are capable of deriving all of their nitrogen needs from N2. Recently, the presence of non-pathogenic endophytic bacteria in corn has been shown. Based on this evidence and using the sugar cane paradigm as an example, investigators are working toward the discovery and analysis of diazotrophic endophytes in corn which includes the search for corn germplasm that would readily benefit from an association with these bacteria. Several diazotrophic endophytes have been identified in grass species that are members of the α-, β-, and γ-subclasses of the proteobacteria. Our understanding of the ability of these bacteria to enhance the growth of grasses through nitrogen fixation is only beginning to be explored but this approach is thought to be far less technically challenging than are other proposals to develop nitrogen fixation in maize.
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    Effects of phosphorus supply on in vitro growth and phosphatase activity of Frankia isolates from Casuarina (1997)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 189 (1997), S. 75-79 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Frankia ; phosphatase activity ; phosphorus ; protein ; viability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract An in vitro experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different sources and levels of P supply on growth, viability and phosphatase activity of three tropical Frankia strains isolated from Casuarina. P concentration for optimum growth was between 0.1 and 10.0 μM in the absence of external combined nitrogen. Specific viability was not influenced by P supply. Morphological features of Frankia, such as hyphal length and vesicle numbers, were found to largely mirror growth. Phosphatase activity was detected in all three Frankia strains and was highest when P was omitted from the culture solution. There were more than 10-fold differences between the Frankia strains in the level of phosphatase activities shown. This study suggested that soils low in P are unlikely to restrict micro-symbiont growth activity.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004238021805
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    Effects of colony nesting of Adrea cinerea and Egretta alba modesta on soil properties and herb layer composition in a Pinus densiflora forest (1997)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 197 (1997), S. 55-59 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: eutrophication ; herons ; nesting site ; nitrogen ; nitrophyllous species ; phosphorus ; similarity index
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Effects of colony nesting of herons on soil properties and herb layer composition in Pinus densiflora forest were studied at Pomaeri, Kangwon Province in Korea. Herons have used this habitat as a nesting site from January to October every year. In 1995, more than 500 herons were observed in this habitat. Nutrient content of soil was much higher at the nesting site than that of the non-nesting site (control). Total nitrogen concentration of soil at the nesting site and the control site was 14.8±1.85 mg g-1 and 2.8±0.35 mg g-1, respectively. Phosphorus content of soil in the nesting site was 32 times greater than that of the control site. This is evidently due to the addition of feces of the herons, and decomposition of thin twigs and organic debris from the canopy of dead trees and bird nests. Light intensity at herb layer of the nesting site and of the control site was 80% and 20%, respectively, of incident on outside forest. Species diversity of herb layer in the nesting site (9 species) was quite lower than that in the control site (14 species). Similarity index of the herb layer between the two sites was 0.07. The nesting site was dominated by indicator species of soil eutrophication such as Humulus japonicus, Persicaria perfoliata, Persicaria fauriei, Commelina communis, Chelidonium majus var. asiaticum. Changes of herb species composition in the nesting site was evidently due to the eutrophication of the soil and increased light intensity of the herb layer.
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    The diagnosis and recommendation integrated system (DRIS) for diagnosing the nutrient status of grassland swards: I. Model establishment (1997)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 197 (1997), S. 127-135 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: DRIS ; nitrogen ; perennial ryegrass ; phosphorus ; potassium ; sulphur
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Herbage analysis offers a definitive means of determining the N, P, K and S status of perennial ryegrass swards. Unfortunately, the results of such analyses can be difficult to interpret, simply because the minimum or 'critical' concentration of a nutrient in plant tissue for optimum growth, varies both with crop age and with changes in the concentrations of other nutrients. The Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) could help to improve the reliability of such interpretations. Diagnoses made using DRIS are based on relative rather than on absolute concentrations of nutrients in plant tissue, and as such should be comparatively independent of crop age. The aim of this study was to establish and test DRIS methodology for high-yielding perennial ryegrass swards. Because of prohibitive costs, setting up a whole new series of field experiments to evaluate DRIS model parameters for perennial ryegrass was out of the question. Instead, the diagnostic norms and associated coefficients of variation for the model were evaluated using data from a single (large) multi-factorial glasshouse experiment. Of the nutrient ratios selected to form the diagnostic norms, K/N and S/N had the clearest physiological rationale, whereas those involving Ca and Mg in combination with N, P, K and S appeared to have little physiological basis. It was reasoned, though, that because Ca and Mg uptake by plants are largely passive processes (ultimately governed by plant growth), the DRIS indices for these nutrients, together reflected the degree to which growth may be limited by non-nutritional (environmental) factors relative to nutritional ones. Both indices were combined to form a single reference (Ri) index. Without such an internal reference, plant growth could be limited by multiple nutrient deficiencies, and yet N, P, K and S indices might all be close to, or equal to zero (i.e. the optimum), simply because the absolute concentrations of each nutrient (while low) had been in the correct state of balance. Moreover, by effectively using Ca and Mg as internal reference parameters in DRIS, 'nutrient concentrations' which previously formed the basis of the critical value approach, were essentially incorporated into the DRIS model, thus combining the strengths of the two diagnostic approaches; the only difference being that Ca and Mg, and not dry matter, were the internal references against which the levels of the major nutrients were compared.
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    Changes in mycorrhiza development in maize induced by crop management practices (1998)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 198 (1998), S. 185-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: colonization ; crop-rotation ; maize ; mycorrhiza ; phosphorus ; tillage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract We selected three crop production practices; crop rotation, tillage and phosphorus fertilization, all known to affect arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) development, to study early AM intraradical colonization in maize. Half of the plots were planted during the first year with either a host (maize, Zea mays L.) or a non-host (canola, Brassica napus L.) crop, and all of them with maize for the second year. Tillage and P fertilization treatments were applied to the plots in the second year. Mycorrhiza development in maize was measured in pot culture bioassays conducted before planting and after harvest of the previous and the subsequent crops, and in the field during the second crop season. Previous cropping of a soil with canola (Brassica napus L.), a non-host plant species, delayed mycorrhiza development of maize in a bioassay conducted with that soil in comparison with a previous cropping cycle with maize (Zea mays L.) or with the original plant species in the field site, bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leys.) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). The delay in mycorrhiza development after cropping with canola was also observed in samples taken from the field and in a bioassay, both conducted at the beginning of the subsequent cropping cycle. Tillage had, on average, little effect on intraradical colonization either in the field or in the bioassays. Phosphorus fertilization also had little effect on mycorrhiza development in the field. Crop rotation with a non-host had the strongest effect on intraradical mycorrhiza development of the three practices studied.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004314406653
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    Modelling competition for water in intercrops: theory and comparison with field experiments (1998)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 204 (1998), S. 183-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: intercrops ; maize ; model ; roots ; sorghum ; water transport
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A knowledge of plant interactions above and below ground with respect to water is essential to understand the performance of intercrop systems. In this study, a physically based framework is proposed to analyse the competition for soil water in the case of intercropped plants. A radiative transfer model, associated with a transpiration-partitioning model based on a modified form of the Penman-Monteith equation, was used to estimate the evaporative demand of maize (Zea mays L.) and sorghum ( Sorghum vulgare R.) intercrops. In order to model soil–root water transport, the root water potential of each species was calculated so as to minimise the difference between the evaporative demand and the amount of water taken up by each species. A characterisation of the micrometeorological conditions (net radiation, photosynthetically active radiation, air temperature and humidity, rain), plant water relations (leaf area index, leaf water potential, stomatal conductance, sap flow measurements), as well as the two-component root systems and water balance (soil–root impacts, soil evaporation) was carried out during a 7-day experiment with densities of about 4.2 plant m-2 for both maize and sorghum. Comparison of the measured and calculated transpiration values shows that the slopes of the measured versus predicted regression lines for hourly transpiration were 0.823 and 0.778 for maize and sorghum, respectively. Overall trends in the variation of volumetric water content profiles are also reasonably well described. This model could be useful for analysing competition where several root systems are present under various environmental conditions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004399508452
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    Evidence for chemical changes on the root surface of tall fescue in response to infection with the fungal endophyte Neotyphodium coenophialum (1998)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 205 (1998), S. 1-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: endophyte ; Festuca arundinacea ; Neotyphodium coenophialum ; phenolics ; phosphorus ; root activity ; tall fescue
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Endophyte-infected (E+) tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) plants grown in phosphorus (P) deficient soils accumulate more P in roots and shoots than noninfected isolines. In a growth chamber experiment, four tall fescue genotypes DN2, DN4, DN7, and DN11, infected with their naturally occurring strains of Neotyphodium coenophialum (Morgan-Jones & Gams) Glenn, Bacon & Hanlin, and their noninfected isolines (E-), were cultivated in nutrient solution at two P levels: 31 ppm (P+) and 0 ppm (P-) for 4 wk. The Fe3+ reducing activity of extracellular reductants and intact root tissues, and total phenolic concentration in roots and shoots were measured. Endophyte infection significantly increased Fe3+ reducing activity rate of extracellular reductants (9.6 × 10-3 μmol Fe3+ h-1 g-1 root FW) when compared to E- plants (3.9 × 10-3) and Fe3+ reduction rate of intact root tissues (6.16 and 4.48 μmol Fe3+ h-1 g-1 root FW, respectively for E+ and E- plants). In response to P deficiency, Fe3+ reduction rate of intact root tissues increased in E+ plants by 375% when compared to E- plants, whereas no significant differences were observed when P was provided. Total phenolic concentration was 20% greater in shoots of E+ plants than in E- plants. In response to P deficiency, total phenolic concentration significantly increased in roots of E+ plants by 7%, and decreased in roots of E- plants by 10%. The most active Fe3+ reducing zones were located along branching of secondary and tertiary roots. The Fe3+ reducing activity on the root surface and total phenolic concentration in roots and shoots increased dramatically in response to endophyte infection, especially under P limiting conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004331932018
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