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  • Organic Chemistry  (5,482)
  • 42.75
  • FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
  • 2000-2004  (19)
  • 1980-1984  (4,896)
  • 1950-1954  (2,099)
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  • 1
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    A new species of Allobracon Gahan (Braconidae: Hormiinae) from Brazil, and the first record of green Hormiinae (2004)
    In:  Zoologische Mededelingen (00240672) vol.78, 1-16 (2004) p.241
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-06-03
    Description: A new species of the genus Allobracon Gahan, 1915, from Brazil is described and illustrated. It is the first green species of the genus and of the subfamily known. A key to the species is added.
    Keywords: Allobracon ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Hormiinae ; Brazil ; neotropical ; new species ; key ; green pigmentation ; 42.75
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
    Type: Article / Letter to the editor
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  • 2
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    Revision of the genus Paratropus Gerstaecker (Coleoptera: Histeridae). II. Supplement (2004)
    In:  Zoologische Mededelingen (00240672) vol.78, 1-16 (2004) p.181
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-01-18
    Description: A supplement to the “Revision of the genus Paratropus Gerstaecker” (Kanaar, 1997) is given. Additional faunistic data are presented. The following four new species are described and figured: P. angulifrons (Malaysia: Sabah), P. strigosus (Cameroon, Ghana), P. tenuis (Indonesia: Sumatra) and P. transvalensis (South Africa: Transvaal).
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Histeridae ; Paratropus ; Termitophiles ; Myrmecophiles ; Africa ; Oriental region ; new species ; 42.75
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
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  • 3
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    A new species of Phaenocarpa Foerster (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Alysiinae) from Brazil (2004)
    In:  Zoologische Mededelingen (00240672) vol.78, 1-16 (2004) p.123
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-01-18
    Description: A new species of the genus Phaenocarpa Foerster (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Alysiinae: Alysiini) from the Atlantic rainforest in Brazil is described and illustrated.
    Keywords: Braconidae ; Alysiinae ; Alysiini ; Phaenocarpa ; Neotropical ; Brazil ; atlantic forest ; 42.75
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
    Type: Article / Letter to the editor
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  • 4
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    Notes on the genus Mama Belokobylskij (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Euphorinae), and on the use of monotype taxa (2004)
    In:  Zoologische Mededelingen (00240672) vol.78, 18-28 (2004) p.451
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-01-18
    Description: The genus Mama Belokobylskij, 2000 (Braconidae; Euphorinae) is re-assessed and the type species is compared with three similar species: Microctonus cephalicus Provancher, 1886, Microctonus reclinator Ruthe, 1856, and Euphorus spiniscapus Muesebeck, 1936. The results are discussed in relation to the use of taxa based on one specimen (“monotype taxa”). Problems concerning our knowledge of important groups of Euphorinae are outlined. The context of the peculiarly tangled taxonomical situation, which this paper deals with, is considered to be widespread in parasitoid taxonomy, and should be borne in mind in current studies of parasitoid biodiversity assessment.
    Keywords: Mama Belokobylskij ; Microctonus cephalicus Provancher ; Euphorus spiniscapus Muesebeck ; Microctonus reclinator Ruthe ; monotypic genera ; monotype taxa ; biodiversity ; 42.75
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
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  • 5
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    Two new species of Pambolus Haliday (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Pambolinae) from Argentina (2004)
    In:  Zoologische Mededelingen (00240672) vol.78, 18-28 (2004) p.337
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-01-18
    Description: Two new species of the genus Pambolus Haliday, 1836, (P. leponcei spec. nov., and P. pilcomayensis spec. nov.; Braconidae: Pambolinae) from Argentina are described and illustrated.
    Keywords: Braconidae ; Pambolinae ; Pambolus ; Neotropical ; Argentina ; new species ; partial key ; 42.75
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
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  • 6
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    Bitomoides gen. nov. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Opiinae) from Europe (2004)
    In:  Zoologische Mededelingen (00240672) vol.78, 18-28 (2004) p.331
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-01-18
    Description: Bitomoides gen. nov. (type species: Bitomus latus Papp, 1999) is described and illustrated. In addition Phaedrotoma recondes spec. nov. and Chelonus lukasi nom. nov. are validated.
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Opiinae ; Bitomoides ; Orientopius ; Opius ; Phaedrotoma ; Microchelonus ; Chelonus ; Palaearctic ; Europe ; 42.75
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
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  • 7
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    In memoriam Dirk Noordam (2004)
    In:  Zoologische Verhandelingen vol.346 (2004) p.1
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-01-22
    Keywords: Dirk Noordam ; in memoriam ; bibliography ; 42.75
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
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  • 8
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    A new species of the genus Aleiodes Wesmael from New Zealand (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Rogadinae) (2004)
    In:  Zoologische Mededelingen (00240672) vol.78, 18-28 (2004) p.301
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-01-18
    Description: A new species of the genus Aleiodes Wesmael, 1838 (Braconidae: Rogadinae: Rogadini), A. declanae spec. nov. from New Zealand is described and illustrated. It has been reared from Declana floccosa Walker, Cleora scriptaria (Walker), Pseudocoremia suavis Butler and P. fenerata Felder & Rogenhofer (Geometridae: Ennominae.
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Rogadinae ; Aleiodes ; New Zealand ; Australasian ; Oriental ; East Palaearctic ; new species ; distribution ; partial key ; Geometridae ; Ennominae ; Declana floccosa ; Pseudo-coremia suavis ; Pseudocoremia fenerata ; 42.75
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
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  • 9
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    Goellneriana deckerti gen. nov. & spec. nov. (Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Phymatinae: Macrocephalini) from Namibia, with a review of the Afrotropical ambush bugs (2004)
    In:  Zoologische Mededelingen (00240672) vol.78, 1-16 (2004) p.147
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-06-03
    Description: Goellneriana deckerti gen. nov. & spec. nov. (Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Phymatinae: Macrocephalini) from Namibia is described and illustrated. Keys to the tribes and to the Afrotropical genera and species of the subfamily Phymatinae are included, a checklist and a distribution map of the Afrotropical ambush bugs is added.
    Keywords: Insecta ; Heteroptera ; Reduviidae ; Phymatinae ; Goellneriana deckerti ; new genus ; new species ; Namibia ; list of Afrotropical Phymatinae ; distribution ; 42.75
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
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  • 10
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    New species of the genera Megischus Brullé and Stephanus Jurine from China (Hymenoptera: Stephanoidea: Stephanidae), with a key to world species of the genus Stephanus (2004)
    In:  Zoologische Mededelingen (00240672) vol.78, 1-16 (2004) p.101
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-01-18
    Description: Three new species of the genera Megischus Brullé and Stephanus Jurine from China (Hymenoptera: Stephanoidea: Stephanidae) are described, illustrated and keyed. Megischus ptosimae Chao, 1964, from Fujian is redescribed and the specimen from India described as M. ptosimae Chao by van Achterberg (2002) is renamed as M. alveolifer spec. nov. and the Malaysian specimen of M. ducalis Westwood listed by van Achterberg (2002) is described as M. ducaloides spec. nov. M. ducalis Westwood, 1851, is reported for the first time from Cambodia, which is the first report after its description. A key to world species of the genus Stephanus is provided.
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Stephanoidea ; Stephanidae ; Megischus ; Stephanus ; China ; Oriental ; Palaearctic ; new species ; keys ; Buprestidae ; Cerambycidae ; 42.75
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
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  • 11
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    Phylogeny and biogeography of the genus Taractrocera Butler, 1870 (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae), an example of Southeast Asian-Australian interchange (2004)
    In:  Zoologische Mededelingen (00240672) vol.78, 18-28 (2004) p.383
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-01-18
    Description: The genus Taractrocera is distributed throughout the Oriental and Australian Regions. It contains 16 species, of which two, T. fusca and T. trikora, are described as new in this paper. All species are briefly characterized and the new species are described in full. The phylogeny of the genus is inferred, based on an analysis of morphological and genital characters, both of males and females. The biogeography of the genus is discussed in relation to the phylogeny. The genus has an Australian origin. After some diversification in Australia it dispersed into Asia, in or before the Miocene. It dispersed in the reverse direction, probably before the late-Miocene emergence of the Banda Arc and the Moluccas, 5-6 Mya. Three species are adapted to high altitude, one in the Himalayas and two in New Guinea. Apparently the adaptations occurred independently in the two areas. In New Guinea the high altitude species may have simply been carried up by the Pleistocene and recent uplift of the mountains. Possibly helped by the lowering of the sea-level several times during the Pleistocene, one Australian species colonized some of the Lesser Sunda Islands relatively recently.
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Hesperiidae ; Taractrocera ; systematics ; phylogeny ; biogeography ; Indo-australia ; 42.75
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
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  • 12
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    Neptihormius gen. nov. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Hormiinae), a parasitoid of Nepticulidae (Lepidoptera) from New Zealand (2004)
    In:  Zoologische Mededelingen (00240672) vol.78, 18-28 (2004) p.291
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    Publication Date: 2007-01-18
    Description: Neptihormius gen. nov. (type species Neptihormius stigmellae spec. nov. from New Zealand) is described and illustrated. It is a parasitoid of Nepticulidae and the first record of Nepticulidae as host for a member of the subfamily Hormiinae and of basal cyclostome Braconidae.
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Hormiinae ; Neptihormius ; New Zealand ; new genus ; new species ; Australasian ; 42.75
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
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  • 13
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    New Indo-Australian subgenera and species of the genera Xynobius Foerster and Ademoneuron Fischer (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Opiinae) (2004)
    In:  Zoologische Mededelingen (00240672) vol.78, 18-28 (2004) p.313
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    Publication Date: 2007-01-18
    Description: Two new subgenera of the genus Xynobius Foerster, 1862, from the Southern Hemisphere are described and illustrated: Paraxynobius (type species Xynobius granulatus spec. nov. from New Zealand), and Sulcynobius (type species X. latisulcus spec. nov. from Sulawesi). One new species of the genus Ademoneuron Fischer, 1988, is added: A. yasirae spec. nov. from Indonesia (Halmahera).
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Opiinae ; Xynobius ; Paraxynobius ; Sulcynobius ; Atormus ; Ademoneuron ; New Zealand ; Indonesia ; Sulawesi ; Halmahera ; new subgenus ; new species ; Australian ; Wallacean ; 42.75
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
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  • 14
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    Venom gland and reservoir morphology of the genus Pseudoyelicones van Achterberg, Penteado-Dias & Quicke (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Rogadinae) and implications for relationships (2004)
    In:  Zoologische Mededelingen (00240672) vol.78, 1-16 (2004) p.119
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    Publication Date: 2007-01-18
    Description: The venom apparatus of Pseudoyelicones nigriscutum van Achterberg, 1997 (Braconidae: Rogadinae) is described and illustrated. The venom apparatus morphology of Pseudoyelicones is closely related to that of Bulborogas van Achterberg. Therefore, we propose a sister group relationship between these two genera.
    Keywords: Pseudoyelicones ; venom apparatus ; Bulborogas ; Yelicones ; phylogeny ; 42.75
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
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  • 15
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    Revison of the Euagathis species (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Agathidinae) from Wallacea and Papua (2004)
    In:  Zoologische Mededelingen (00240672) vol.78, 1-16 (2004) p.1
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-01-18
    Description: The species of the genus Euagathis Szépligeti, 1900 (Braconidae: Agathidinae) from Wallacea and Papua (including Northeast Australia and Solomon Islands) are revised and keyed. Thirty-three species are recognized, of which 11 are new: Euagathis brevitibialis spec. nov. from Papua New Guinea; E. dejongi spec. nov. from Indonesia (Sulawesi); E. fuscistigma spec. nov. from Papua New Guinea; E. kendariensis spec. nov. from Indonesia (Sulawesi); E. maculata spec. nov. from Papua New Guinea; E. mellifacies spec. nov. from Papua New Guinea (Bougainville Island); E. mellisoma spec. nov. from Indonesia (Papua); E. minutoides spec. nov. from Indonesia (Sulawesi); E. novabritanica spec. nov. from Papua New Guinea (New Britain); E. raymondi spec. nov. from Indonesia (Papua); and E. toxopeusi spec. nov. from Indonesia (Papua). Euagathis maculipennoides nom. nov. is a new name for Euagathis maculipennis Szépligeti, 1902, not Brullé, 1846. Agathis etnaella Cameron, 1907, is a new synonym of Cremnops variceps (Cameron, 1907) and Euagathis papua Cameron, 1906, of E. novaguineensis Szépligeti, 1900. New combinations are: Biroia cameroni (Enderlein, 1920); Cremnops papuana (Cameron, 1907); C. varipilosella (Cameron, 1911); C. variceps (Cameron, 1907); and Zelomorpha maculipes (Cameron, 1911).
    Keywords: Braconidae ; Agathidinae ; Disophrini ; Euagathis ; key ; distribution ; synonyms ; Indo-Australian ; Oriental ; Sulawesi ; Moluccas ; New Guinea ; Papua ; Australia ; 42.75
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
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  • 16
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    Six new genera of Braconidae (Hymenoptera) from China (2004)
    In:  Zoologische Mededelingen (00240672) vol.78, 1-16 (2004) p.77
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-06-03
    Description: Six new genera of the family Braconidae (Hymenoptera) from China are described and illustrated: two genera of the subfamily Agathidinae: Facilagathis gen. nov. (type species: F. spinulata spec. nov.) and Cremnoptoides gen. nov. (type species: Cremnops pappi Sharkey, 1994); one genus of the subfamily Helconinae: Mangshia gen. nov. (type species: M. elongata spec. nov.); two genera of the subfamily Pambolinae: Plesiocedria gen. nov. (type species: P. intermediata spec. nov.) and Apocedria gen. nov. (type species: A. nodifer spec. nov.) and one genus belonging to the subfamily Opiinae: Opiolastes gen. nov. (type species: O. hei spec. nov.). In addition two new species are described: Facilagathis macrocentroides spec. nov. from Zhejiang and Cremnoptoides furcatus spec. nov. from Jilin.
    Keywords: Braconidae ; Agathidinae ; Agathidini ; Disophrini ; Helconinae ; Pambolinae ; Cedriini ; Pambolini ; Opiinae ; Opiini ; Facilagathis ; Cremnoptoides ; Mangshia ; Apocedria ; Plesiocedria ; Opiolastes ; key ; distribution ; Oriental ; Palaearctic ; China. ; 42.75
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
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  • 17
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    Nieuwe en minder bekende vlokreeftjes van sublitorale harde bodems in het Deltagebied (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Gammaridea) (2000)
    In:  Nederlandse Faunistische Mededelingen (01692453) vol.11 (2000) p.19
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    Publication Date: 2007-01-10
    Description: New and lesser-known amphipods of hard substrates in the Delta area of the Netherlands (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Gammaridea) The distribution of 27 new and lesser-known amphipod species of sublittoral hard substrates in the Delta area in the southwest of The Netherlands is described. Data from literature on these species are scarce and/or not readily available. They are supplemented with results from recent investigations of mainly sublittoral hard substrates. Of the 22 marine species only nine occur offshore as well as inshore. The others seem to be restricted to inshore man-made coastline protections. This probably reflects the scarcity of hard substrates further offshore. Four invasive species were recorded in the brackish and freshwater part of the Delta area, two of them of pontocaspian origin.
    Keywords: Arthropoda ; Amphipoda ; Gammaridea ; Nederland ; Verspreiding ; Biotopen ; Herkenning ; 42.75
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
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  • 18
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    De opmars van de wespenspin Argiope bruennichi in Nederland (Araneae: Araneidae) (2000)
    In:  Nederlandse Faunistische Mededelingen (01692453) vol.11 (2000) p.45
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    Publication Date: 2007-01-10
    Description: The expansion of the range of the spider Argiope bruennichi in the Netherlands (Araneae: Araneidae) Argiope bruennichi (Scopoli, 1772) is one of the biggest and most colourful spiders in Europe and therefore easy to recognise, even by non-specialists. The species has expanded its range in Germany and Belgium for several decades now and reached the south of The Netherlands in 1980. After the discovery of the first female in the south of the province of Limburg more specimens were found in this region in subsequent years. Later the species was discovered near Herkenbosch, about 30 kilometres to the north. Over the last years the expansion continued rapidly and now almost 300 records are brought together. The species has become widespread in the southern and eastern part of The Netherlands. In 1995 a leap of some 70 kilometres was made, from Limburg to the southern parts of the Veluwe. The years 1998 and 1999 were very good for Argiope, both with over 80 records per year. It is suggested that this expansion is related to the warm and sunny summers in the nineties.
    Keywords: Arthropoda ; Araneae ; Araneidae ; Argiope bruennichi ; Wespenspin ; Wespspin ; Tijgerspin ; Nederland ; Verspreiding ; Biotopen ; Uitbreiding ; Fenologie ; 42.75
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
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  • 19
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    Nesten van de reuzenmier Camponotus ligniperda in het noordwesten van haar verspreidingsgebied (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) (2000)
    In:  Nederlandse Faunistische Mededelingen (01692453) vol.11 (2000) p.13
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    Publication Date: 2007-01-10
    Description: Nests of the carpenter ant Camponotus ligniperda in the northwestern part of its range (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Camponotus ligniperda (Latreille, 1802) is a rare ant species restricted to the eastern part of the Netherlands. Most records relate to a low number of workers. In this paper the species is reported for the first time from the province of Drenthe. Some ecological features of the groundnest are compared with the only other recent nest in the Netherlands. Both nests are located under a decidious tree which protects them from excessive precipitation. In contrast with reports from Germany and Sweden, nesting sites in buildings and houses are not known. It is suggested that the low chances for settlement in our country are due to the wet atlantic climate as well as competition with larger Formica species.
    Keywords: Insecta ; Hymenoptera ; Formicidae ; Camponotus ligniperda ; Nederland ; Verspreiding ; Biotopen ; 42.75
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
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  • 20
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    Unsteady flow in turbomachinery: An overview (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The importance of understanding and modeling the unsteady flow phenomena in turbomachinery is discussed. Historical events in the application and development of gas turbines for aircraft propulsion are traced. Technology advancements over the years are highlighted with focus on the compression system components. Trends in compressor research within the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA)/National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) are noted. The impact of technology advancements on the increased occurrences of unsteady flow related problems in advanced engine development programs is discussed. The impact of the new and more demanding requirements being imposed on the propulsion system to meet advanced aircraft mission needs are also noted. Brief discussions on the present day understanding and modeling capability of the unsteady flow phenomena are presented to include discussions on rotating stall, surge, flutter, forced response and noise generation.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Von Karman Inst. for Fluid Dynamics Unsteady Flow in Turbomachines, Vol. 1; p 1-20
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 21
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    Cascade variable-conductance heat pipe (A0076) (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The objective is to verify the capability of a cascade variable conductance heat pipe (CVCHP) system to provide precise temperature control of long life spacecraft without the need for a feedback heater or other power sources for temperature adjustment under conditions of widely varying power input and ambient environment. Solar energy is the heat source and space the heat sink for thermally loading two series connected variable conductance heat pipes. Electronics and power supply equipment requirements are minimal. A 7.5 V lithium battery supplies the power for thermistor type temperature sensors for monitoring system performance, and a 28 V lithium battery supplies power for valve actuation.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF); p 66-69
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  • 22
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    Transverse flat-plate heat pipe experiment (S1005) (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The objective of this experiment is to evaluate the zero-g performance of a number of transverse flat plate heat pipe modules. Performance will include the transport capability of the pipes, the temperature drop, and the ability to maintain temperature over varying duty cycles and environments. Additionally, performance degradation, if any, will be monitored over the length of the Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF) mission. This information is necessary if heat pipes are to be considered for system designs where they offer benefits not available with other thermal control techniques.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF); p 74-77
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  • 23
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    Low-temperature heat pipe experiment package (HEPP) for LDEF (S1001) (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The principal objectives of the experiment are to determine zero-g start-up performance for conventional and diode low temperature heat pipes, to evaluate heat pipe performance in zero-g for an extended period of time, to determine zero-g transport capability of each heat pipe, and to determine diode operation, including forward conductance, turndown ratio, and transient behavior. Two heat pipes, a fixed conductance transporter heat pipe and a thermal diode heat pipe, are coupled with a radiant cooler system. Both pipes are charged with ethane. Also integrated with the radiator is a phase change material (PCM) canister which provides temperature stability during transport tests. N-heptane, which has a melting/freezing point of 182 K, is used as the PCM. The high heat capacity (28 W-hr of latent heat) provided by the canister permits high power heat pipe testing at constant temperature.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF); p 70-73
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  • 24
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    Thermal convection during Bridgman crystal growth (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Numerical experiments are used to study thermally driven flows which occur during vertical Bridgman crystal growth of a single component fluid. The solid-liquid interface was specified as parabolic and flow patterns were calculated for various insulation thicknesses, Grashof, Prandtl, and Biot numbers. When the melt is on top and the gravity vector is axially downward it is shown that flow persists as long as a radial temperature gradient is present. If the interface is convex, as viewed from the liquid, a single cell is observed. A concave interface exhibits multiple counterrotating cells. The insulation thickness and Grashof, Prandtl, and Biot numbers influence the flow in a quantitative manner.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Crystal Growth (ISSN 0022-0248); 68; 747-756
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    Coupled convective instabilities at crystal-melt interfaces (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The stability of the parallel flow between a vertical crystal-melt interface and a vertical wall held at a temperature above the melting point of the crystal is analyzed for Prandtl numbers, P, ranging from 0.01 to 100. Three modes of instability occur: (1) a buoyant mode, (2) a shear mode, and (3) a coupled crystal-melt mode. The buoyant and shear modes are similar to those that occur for flow between two vertical rigid walls held at different temperatures. For Prandtl numbers greater than approximately two, the coupled crystal-melt mode occurs at a lower Grashof number than the other two modes. Specific results are given for succinonitrile (P = 22.8) and lead (P = 0.0225). These calculations and similar calculations for a cylindrical geometry were motivated by and are in general agreement with recent experiments on succinonitrile.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Crystal Growth (ISSN 0022-0248); 66; 514-524
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    Solidification behavior of low and high thermal conductivity materials in a Bridgman-Stockbarger furnace (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The solid-liquid interface position and the temperature gradients in both the solid and liquid at the interface have been studied in a modified Bridgman-Stockbarger crystal growth furnace. These crystal growth factors have been studied as a function of ampoule translation rate, materials properties, and the size and temperature of a small auxiliary heater placed at the edge of the furnace hot zone. It has been found that the interface position with respect to a furnace reference point is essentially constant during a run for a low thermal conductivity material whereas the interface position changes continuously during a run with high thermal conductivity material. However, the ampoule translation rate and auxiliary heater conditions produce interface position changes in both high and low thermal conductivity materials.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Crystal Growth (ISSN 0022-0248); 69; 509-514
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    Periodic motion of two and four vortices in a cylindrical pipe (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The motion of two and four rectilinear vortices inside a cylindrical pipe is studied under the restriction that the total circulation be zero. In the two-vortex case, it is shown that the motion is always periodic and an expression for the period is derived. In the four-vortex case, the motion is determined not to be periodic in general. However, a class of solutions where the motion is periodic is found. Several sample calculations of the vortex motion are included.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Physics of Fluids (ISSN 0031-9171); 27; 1583-158
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    Turbulent solutions of the equations of fluid motion (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Some turbulent solutions of the unaveraged Navier-Stokes equations (equations of fluid motion) are reviewed. Those equations are solved numerically in order to study the nonlinear physics of incompressible turbulent flow. Initial three-dimensional cosine velocity fluctuations and periodic boundary conditions are used in most of the work considered. The three components of the mean-square velocity fluctuations are initially equal for the conditions chosen. The resulting solutions show characteristics of turbulence such as the linear and nonlinear excitation of small-scale fluctuations. For the stronger fluctuations, the initially nonrandom flow develops into an apparently random turbulence. Thus randomness or turbulence can arise as a consequence of the structure of the Navier-Stokes equations. The cases considered include turbulence which is statistically homogeneous or inhomogeneous and isotropic or anisotropic. A mean shear is present in some cases. A statistically steady-state turbulence is obtained by using a spatially periodic body force. Various turbulence processes, including the transfer of energy between eddy sizes and between directional components, and the production, dissipation, and spatial diffusion of turbulence, are considered. It is concluded that the physical processes occurring in turbulence can be profitably studied numerically.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Reviews of Modern Physics (ISSN 0034-6861); 56; 223-254
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    Effect of location in an array on heat transfer to a short cylinder in crossflow (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: An experiment was conducted to measure the heat transfer from a heated cylinder in crossflow in an array of circular cylinders. All cylinders had a length-to-diameter ratio of 3.0. Both in-line and staggered array patterns were studied. The cylinders were spaced 2.67 diameters apart center-to-center in both the axial and transverse directions to the flow. The row containing the heated cylinder remained in a fixed position in the channel and the relative location of this row within the array was changed by adding up to five upstream rows. The working fluid was nitrogen gas at pressures from 100 to 600 kPa. The Reynolds number range based on cylinder diameter and average unobstructed channel velocity was from 5,000 to 125,000. Turbulence intensity profiles were measured for each case at a point one half space upstream of the row containing the heated cylinder. The basis of comparison for all the heat transfer data was the single row with the heated cylinder. For the in-line cases the addition of a single row of cylinders upstream of the row containing the heated cylinder increased the heat transfer by an average of 50 percent above the base case. Adding up to five more rows caused no increase or decrease in heat transfer. Adding rows in the staggered array cases resulted in average increases in heat transfer of 21, 64, 58, 46, and 46 percent for one to five upstream rows, respectively. Previously announced in STAR as N82-19493
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: ASME, Transactions, Journal of Heat Transfer (ISSN 0022-1481); 106; 42-48
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    Wall mass transfer and pressure gradient effects on turbulent skin friction (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The effects of mass injection and pressure gradients on the drag of surfaces were studied theoretically with the aid of boundary-layer and Navier-Stokes codes. The present investigation is concerned with the effects of spatially varying the injection in the case of flat-plate drag. Effects of suction and injection on wavy wall surfaces are also explored. Calculations were performed for 1.2 m long surfaces, one flat and the other sinusoidal with a wavelength of 30.5 cm. Attention is given to the study of the effect of various spatial blowing variations on flat-plate skin friction reduction, local skin friction coefficient calculated by finite difference boundary-layer code and Navier-Stokes code, and the effect of phase-shifting sinusoidal mass transfer on the drag of a sinusoidal surface.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 22; 143-145
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    Numerical aspects of unsteady flow calculations (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The numerical aspects of simulation unsteady flows which arise in turbomachinery are addressed. In particular the simulation of rotating stall and surge is discussed.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Von Karman Inst. for Fluid Dynamics Unsteady Flow in Turbomachines, Vol. 2; 75 p
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    Numerical algorithm conjugating steady and transient, separated, compressible flow and a solid body having arbitrarily distributed heat sources (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A numerical algorithm that is second-order accurate in time has been developed for the conjugated problem of a separated, compressible flow field and a conductive solid body. The full two-dimensional time-dependent Navier-Stokes equations are coupled with the time-dependent energy equation for the solid body and are solved simultaneously. using implicit algorithms. The energy equation for the solid body may include arbitrarily distributed heat sources. The algorithm has been exmined for the case of two-dimensional supersonic compression-corner interaction, with a heat source embedded in the wall in the vicinity of the separation bubble and the attached boundary layer. The effect of the heat source on the flow field is studied for steady and transient cases.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Numerical Heat Transfer (ISSN 0149-5720); 7; 395-411
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    A unified relation for cavitation erosion (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A power-law relationship between the average erosion rate and cumulative erosion is presented. Data analyses from Venturi, magnetostriction, and liquid-impingement devices conform to this unified relation. A normalization technique is also suggested for prediction purposes.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: International Journal of Mechanical Sciences (ISSN 0020-7403); 26; 5, 19
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    Laminar flow effects in the coil planet centrifuge (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The coil planet centrifuge designed by Ito employs flow of a single liquid phase, through a rotating coiled tube in a centrifugal force field, to provide a separation of particles based on sedimentation rates. Mathematical solutions are derived for the linear differential equations governing particle behavior in the coil planet centrifuge device. These solutions are then applied as the basis of a model for optimizing particle separations.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Chromatography (ISSN 0021-9673); 295; 1-11
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    A review of turbulent-boundary-layer heat transfer research at Stanford, 1958-1983 (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: For the past 25 years, there has existed in the Thermosciences Laboratory of the Mechanical Engineering Department of Stanford University a research program, primarily experimental, concerned with heat transfer through turbulent boundary layers. In the early phases of the program, the topics considered were the simple zero-pressure-gradient turbulent boundary layer with constant and with varying surface temperature, and the accelerated boundary layer. Later equilibrium boundary layers were considered along with factors affecting the boundary layer, taking into account transpired flows, flows with axial pressure gradients, transpiration, acceleration, deceleration, roughness, full-coverage film cooling, surface curvature, free convection, and mixed convection. A description is provided of the apparatus and techniques used, giving attention to the smooth plate rig, the rough plate rig, the full-coverage film cooling rig, the curvature rig, the concave wall rig, the mixed convection tunnel, and aspects of data reduction and uncertainty analysis.
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    Turbulent roughness drag due to surface waviness at low roughness Reynolds numbers (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The current investigation has the objective to provide data which will make it possible to obtain a better estimate regarding the roughness drag for surface waviness. The data employed for this investigation were acquired in connection with a wavy wall study which was conducted as part of an overall program to reduce the skin friction of turbulent boundary layers in external flows. The results of the present investigation show that the low-speed roughness drag of small-amplitude sinusoidal wave trains having wavelengths of the order of the boundary-layer thickness is not only a function of h/lambda (h = total wave height, lambda = wavelength), but, in addition, is also a function of the roughness Reynolds number.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Aircraft (ISSN 0021-8669); 21; 978
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    Thermal conductance of pressed copper contacts at liquid helium temperatures (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 22; 1810-181
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    Flow in a differentially rotated cylindrical drop at moderate Reynolds number (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Galerkin finite-element approximations are combined with computer-implemented perturbation methods for tracking families of solutions to calculate the steady axisymmetric flows in a differentially rotated cylindrical drop as a function of Reynolds number Re, drop aspect ratio and the rotation ratio between the two end disks. The flows for Reynolds numbers below 100 are primarily viscous and reasonably described by an asymptotic analysis. When the disks are exactly counter-rotated, multiple steady flows are calculated that bifurcate to higher values of Re from the expected solution with two identical secondary cells stacked symmetrically about the axial midplane. The new flows have two cells of different size and are stable beyond the critical value Re sub c. The slope of the locus of Re sub c for drops with aspect ratio up to 3 disagrees with the result for two disks of infinite radius computed assuming the similarity form of the velocity field. Changing the rotation ratio for exact counter-rotation ruptures the junction of the multiple flow fields into two separated flow families.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Fluid Mechanics (ISSN 0022-1120); 144; 403-418
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    Three-dimensional viscous flows with large secondary velocity (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A new system of approximation equations is derived for three-dimensional steady viscous compressible flows in which a primary-flow direction is present, but in which both transverse velocity components can be large. Previous approaches which address simplification of the steady Navier-Stokes equations are discussed, and a new approach is proposed. The transverse velocity vector which corrects a given potential flow has been decomposed into potential and rotational components. It is found that the potential-velocity vector may be assumed small, whereas the rotational-velocity vector may be assumed small, whereas the rotational velocity vector and hence the composite secondary flow can be of order unity. This assumption leads to a system of governing equations whose characteristic polynomial has a non-elliptic form for arbitrary Mach numbers. The resulting non-elliptic approximation equations can be solved as an initial/boundary-value problem. Computed results confirm the small scalar-potential approximation.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Fluid Mechanics (ISSN 0022-1120); 144; 47-77
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    Shape of porous region to control cooling along curved exit boundary (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A cooled porous insert in a curved wall has a specified spatially varying heat flux applied to one side. It is desired to control the distribution of coolant flow out through this curved surface so that the surface will be kept at a desired uniform temperature. The flow regulation is accomplished by shaping the surface through which the coolant enters the region to obtain the required variation of flow resistance within the region. The proper surface shape is found by solving a Cauchy boundary value problem. Analytical solutions are given in two dimensions for various shapes of the heated boundary subjected to different heating distributions.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer (ISSN 0017-9310); 27; 243-252
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    Natural convection in steady solidification - Finite element analysis of a two-phase Rayleigh-Benard problem (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Galerkin finite-element approximations and Newton's method for solving free boundary problems are combined with computer-implemented techniques from nonlinear perturbation analysis to study solidification problems with natural convection in the melt. The Newton method gives rapid convergence to steady state velocity, temperature and pressure fields and melt-solid interface shapes, and forms the basis for algebraic methods for detecting multiple steady flows and assessing their stability. The power of this combination is demonstrated for a two-phase Rayleigh-Benard problem composed of melt and solid in a veritical cylinder with the thermal boundary conditions arranged so that a static melt with a flat melt-solid interface is always a solution. Multiple cellular flows bifurcating from the static state are detected and followed as Rayleigh number is varied. Changing the boundary conditions to approach those appropriate for the vertical Bridgman solidification system causes imperfections that eliminate the static state. The flow structure in the Bridgman system is related to those for the Rayleigh-Benard system by a continuous evolution of the boundary conditions.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Computational Physics (ISSN 0021-9991); 53; 1-27
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    Numerical simulation of turbulent flows (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Computational models of turbulence in incompressible Newtonian fluids governed by the Navier-Stokes equations are reviewed. The governing equations are presented, and both direct and large-eddy-simulations are examined. Resolution requirements and numerical techniques of spatial representation, definition of initial and boundary conditions, and time advancement are considered. Results of simulations of homogeneous turbulence in uniform shear, the evolution of a turbulent mixing layer, and turbulent channel flow are presented graphically and discussed.
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    Some physical and numerical aspects of computing the effects of viscosity on fluid flow (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Some physical, analytical, and computational aspects of viscous flow are examined with reference to examples of computed flows. The discussion of the physical aspects covers the development of important scales used to reference flow phenomena in laminar and turbulent shear layers; the usefulness of the concepts of circulation and vorticity; and some relatively large-scale organized structures that have recently been identified in transitional and fully developed turbulent flows. Among the analytical aspects discussed are a compact presentation of the compressible Navier-Stokes equations, the Reynolds-averaged form of these equations, and a simplified description of some forms of turbulent models. Finally, results of a simulation of the onset of transition, direct turbulence simulations, and large-eddy simulations are given.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
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    Characterization of sprays (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: It is pointed out that most practical power generation and propulsion systems involve the burning of different types of fuel sprays, taking into account aircraft propulsion, industrial furnaces, boilers, gas turbines, and diesel engines. There has been a lack of data which can serve as a basis for spray model development and validation. A major aim of the present investigation is to fill this gap. Experimental apparatus and techniques for studying the characteristics of fuel sprays are discussed, taking into account two-dimensional still photography, cinematography, holography, a laser diffraction particle sizer, and a laser anemometer. The considered instruments were used in a number of experiments, taking into account three different types of fuel spray. Attention is given to liquid fuel sprays, high pressure pulsed diesel sprays, and coal-water slurry sprays.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
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    An experimental investigation and some analytical considerations concerning the vaporous/gaseous cavity characteristics of an eccentric shaft seal or bearing (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
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    Recent developments in multigrid methods for the steady Euler equations (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The solution by multigrid techniques of the steady inviscid compressible equations of gas dynamics, the Euler equations is investigated. Steady two dimensional transonic flow over an airfoil section is studied intensively. Most of the material is applicable to three dimensional flow problems of aerodynamic interest.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Von Karman Inst. for Fluid Dynamics Computational Fluid Dyn., Vol. 2; 71 p
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    The structures and energetics of fully nonlinear symmetric baroclinic waves (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Rotating baroclinic flow for Richardson number lower than about 1 is studied by means of a finite difference Navier-Stokes model assuming no variations except in the vertical plane that completely contains the density gradient vector. The horizontally infinite channel to which attention is given further assumes periodic boundary conditions at the vertical computational boundaries and no-slip conducting horizontal boundaries. Two configurations are considered. Symmetric baroclinic waves developed in the flows in a manner consistent with linear theory, and it is noted that the structures and energetics of the fully developed waves were dependent on the Prandtl number Pr. For Pr greater than 1, the conversion from potential energy to wave kinetic energy was direct, via temperature and vertical motion correlation, while for Pr of less than 1, conversion proceeded from potential energy to average kinetic energy by means of an induced meridional flow, and then to wave kinetic energy.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Fluid Mechanics (ISSN 0022-1120); 142; 343-362
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    Asymmetric instabilities in buoyancy-driven flow in a tall vertical annulus (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Linear stability of the one-dimensional flow between infinite vertical coaxial cylinders induced by heating the inner cylinder is considered for various ratios (kappa) of the inner radius to the outer radius, and for Prandtl numbers (P) appropriate to air and water. For air with P = 0.71 the least stable disturbance is nonaxisymmetric for kappa less than 0.44 and is axisymmetric for kappa greater than 0.44, and in either case the instability is due to the action of the shear forces. For P = 3.5, the situation is similar, except that the asymmetric shear mode is superseded by an axisymmetric instability driven by buoyancy forces for kappa = 0.03-0.16. Wave speeds, wavenumbers, and critical Grashof numbers for these cases and for the case of zero Prandtl number are given.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Physics of Fluids (ISSN 0031-9171); 27; 1359-136
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    Convective and radiative heating of a Saturn entry probe (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The extent of convective and radiative heating for a Saturn entry probe is investigated in the absence and presence of ablation mass injection. The flow in the shock layer is assumed to be axisymmetric, viscous and in local thermodynamic equilibrium. The importance of chemical nonequilibrium effects for both the radiative and convective nonblowing surface heating rates is demonstrated for prescribed entry conditions. Results indicate that the nonequilibrium chemistry can significantly influence the rate of radiative heating to the entry probes. With coupled carbon-phenolic ablation injection, the convective heating rates are reduced substantially. Turbulence has little effect on radiative heating but it increases the convective heating considerably.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer (ISSN 0017-9310); 27; 191-205
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    Development of computational fluid dynamics at NASA Ames Research Center (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Ames Research Center has the lead role among NASA centers to conduct research in computational fluid dynamics. The past, the present, and the future prospects in this field are reviewed. Past accomplishments include pioneering computer simulations of fluid dynamics problems that have made computers valuable in complementing wind tunnels for aerodynamic research. The present facilities include the most powerful computers built in the United States. Three examples of viscous flow simulations are presented: an afterbody with an exhaust plume, a blunt fin mounted on a flat plate, and the space shuttle. The future prospects include implementation of the Numerical Aerodynamic Simulation Processing System that will provide the capability for solving the viscous flow field around an aircraft in a matter of minutes.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: National Aerospace Lab. Proceedings of the 2nd NAL Symposium on Aircraft Computational Aerodynamics; p 56-66
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    Inviscid fluid in high frequency excitation field (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The influence of high frequency excitations (HFE) on a fluid is investigated. The response to these excitations is decomposed in two parts: 'slow' motion, which practically remains unchanged during the vanishingly small period tau, and 'fast' motion whose value during this period is negligible in terms of displacements, but is essential in terms of the kinetic energy. After such a decomposition the 'slow' and 'fast' motions become nonlinearly coupled by the corresponding governing equations. This coupling leads to an 'effective' potential energy which imparts some 'elastic' properties to the fluid and stabilizes laminar flows.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Acta Mechanica (ISSN 0001-5970); 53; 245-258
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    Solidification interface shape for continuous casting in an offset mold - Two analytical methods (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A solution method for finding the unknown solidification interface in manufacturing slab ingots as a continuous casting is presented, which involves a product solution in the potential plane and the use of conjugate harmonic functions. It is argued that the method may be more direct for some geometries than the Cauchy boundary value method. Moreover, the usefulness of the Cauchy boundary value method is demonstrated through the example of a nonsymmetric horizontal mold where the walls are offset to support the lower ingot boundary.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: ASME, Transactions, Journal of Heat Transfer (ISSN 0022-1481); 106
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    Approximate analysis for resonance of an incompressible shear layer plus edges (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A method for approximately analyzing the feedback between downstream and upstream edges in incompressible shear flow is described. The shear flow is modeled by a vortex sheet. Equations for resonance eigenvalues are derived. After the reduction of growth rate by finite shear layer thickness is allowed for, agreement is found between calculated resonances and those that have been observed experimentally.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Physics of Fluids (ISSN 0031-9171); 27; 2814-281
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    Experiments in dilution jet mixing (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 22; 1436-144
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    A two-point difference scheme for computing steady-state solutions to the conservative one-dimensional Euler equations (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: An implicit finite-difference method is presented for obtaining steady-state solutions to the time-dependent, conservative Euler equations for flows containing shocks. The method uses a two-point central-difference scheme for the flux derivatives with dissipation added at supersonic points via the retarded density concept. Application of the method to 1-dimensional nozzle flow equations for various combinations of subsonic and supersonic boundary conditions show the method to be very efficient. Residuals are typically reduced to machine zero in approximately 35 time steps for 50 mesh points. For 1-dimensional Euler calculations, it is shown that the scheme offers two advantages over the more widely-used three-point schemes. The first is in regard to application of boundary conditions, and the second relates to the fact that the two-point algorithm is well-conditioned for large time steps.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Computers and Fluids (ISSN 0045-7930); 12; 1, 19
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    Small-amplitude viscous motion on arbitrary potential flows (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: This paper is concerned with small-amplitude, unsteady, vortical and entropic motion imposed on steady potential flows. It is restricted to the case where the spatial scale of the unsteady motion is small compared to that of the mean flow. Under such conditions, the unsteady motion may be influenced by viscosity even if the mean flow is not. An exact high-frequency (small-wavelength) solution is obtained for the small-amplitude viscous motion imposed on a steady potential flow. It generalizes the one obtained by Pearson (1959) for the homogeneous-strain case to the case of quasi-homogeneous strain. This result is used to study the effect of viscosity on rapidly distorted turbulent flows. Specific numerical results are given for a turbulent flow near a two-dimensional stagnation point.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Quarterly Journal of Mechanics and Applied Mathematics (ISSN 0033-5614); 37; 1-31
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    Remarks on disputed numerical results in compressible boundary-layer stability theory (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Past work on the influence of Mach number on the viscous and inviscid instability of flat-plate boundary layers is reviewed, and new spatial calculations are presented. These calculations support the previous view that viscosity is only stabilizing for both two- and three-dimensional first-mode waves above M1 = 3.0, and for second-mode waves at all Mach numbers. It is concluded that the calculations of Wazzan, Taghavi, and Keltner that show viscous instability at M1 = 6.0 for first-mode 50 deg waves, and at M1 = 3.0 for two-dimensional second-mode waves, are not correct.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Physics of Fluids (ISSN 0031-9171); 27; 342-347
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    Radiant heating tests of several liquid-metal heat-pipe sandwich panels (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Previously cited in issue 05, p. 635, Accession no. A83-16649
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets (ISSN 0022-4650); 21; 4
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  • 59
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    Injection-induced turbulence in stagnation-point boundary layers (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A theory is developed for the stagnation point boundary layer with injection under the hypothesis that turbulence is produced at the wall by injection. From the existing experimental heat transfer rate data obtained in wind tunnels, the wall mixing length is deduced to be a product of a time constant and an injection velocity. The theory reproduces the observed increase in heat transfer rates at high injection rates. For graphite and carbon-carbon composite, the time constant is determined to be 0.0002 sec from the existing ablation data taken in an arc-jet tunnel and a balistic range.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 22; 219-225
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    NASA dilution jet mixing, phase 3 (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Many of the gas turbine combustors in operation use multiple rows of dilution jets, and some have geometries that are different from circular holes. The data base available in literature is generally applicable to a single row of circular holes. Tests were performed with uniform mainstream conditions for several orifice plate configurations. Temperature and pressure measurements were made in the test section at 4 axial and 11 transverse stations. These measurements were made with a 60-element rake probe. Test results for some of these cases are discussed.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Turbine Engine Hot Section Technology, 1984; 11 p
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    Host turbine heat transfer overview (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Improved methods of predicting airfoil local metal temperatures require advances in the understanding of the physics and methods of analytically predicting the following four aerothermal loads: hot gas flow over airfoils, heat transfer rates on the gas-side of airfoils, cooling air flow inside airfoils, and heat transfer rates on the coolant-side of airfoils. A systematic building block research approach is being pursued to investigate these four areas of concern from both the experimental and analytical sides. Experimental approaches being pursued start with fundamental experiments using simple shapes and flat plates in wind tunnels, progress to more realistic cold and hot cascade tests using airfoils, continue to progress in large low-speed rigs and turbines and warm turbines, and finally, combine all the interactive effects in tests using real engines or real engine type turbine rigs. Analytical approaches being pursued also build from relatively simple steady two dimensional inviscid flow and boundary layer heat transfer codes to more advanced steady two and three dimensional viscous flow and heat transfer codes. These advanced codes provide more physics to model better the interactive effects and the true real-engine environment.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Turbine Engine Hot Section Technology, 1984; 6 p
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  • 62
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    Coolant passage heat transfer with rotation, a progress report (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The objective of this 36-month experimental and analytical program is to develop a heat transfer and pressure drop database, computational fluid dynamic techniques, and correlations for multipass rotating coolant passages with and without flow turbulators. The experimental effort will be focused on the simulation of configurations and conditions expected in the blades of advanced aircraft high pressure turbines so that the effects of Coriolis and buoyancy forces on the coolant side flow can be rationally included in the design of turbine blades.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Turbine Engine Hot Section Technology, 1984; 10 p
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    Effects of very high turbulence on convective heat transfer (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The effects of high-intensity, large-scale turbulence on turbulent boundary-layer heat transfer are studied. Flow fields were produced with turbulence intensities up to 40% and length scales up to several times the boundary layer thickness. In addition, three different types of turbulence will be compared to see whether they have the same effect on the boundary layer. The three are: the far field of a free jet, flow downstream of a grid, and flow downstream of a simulated gas turbine combustor. Each turbulence field will be characterized by several measures: intensity (by component), scale, and spectrum. Heat transfer will be measured on a 2.5 m long, 0.5 m wide flat plate using the energy-balance technique. The same plate will be used in each of the four flow fields; a low-turbulence tunnel for baseline data, and the three flow situations mentioned.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Turbine Engine Hot Section Technology, 1984; 8 p
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  • 64
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    Measurement of airfoil heat transfer coefficients on a turbine stage (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The primary basis for heat transfer analysis of turbine airfoils is experimental data obtained in linear cascades. A detailed set of heat transfer coefficients was obtained along the midspan of a stator and a rotor in a rotating turbine stage. The data are to be compared to standard analyses of blade boundary layer heat transfer. A detailed set of heat transfer coefficients was obtained along the midspan of a stator located in the wake of a full upstream turbine stage. Two levels of inlet turbulence (1 and 10 percent) were used. The analytical capability will be examined to improve prediction of the experimental data.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Turbine Engine Hot Section Technology, 1984; 8 p
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    The 3D inelastic analysis methods for hot section components (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Advanced 3-D inelastic structural/stress analysis methods and solution strategies for more accurate and yet more cost-effective analysis of combustors, turbine blades, and vanes are being developed. The approach is to develop four different theories, one linear and three higher order with increasing complexities including embedded singularities. Progress in each area is reported.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Turbine Engine Hot Section Technology, 1984; 3 p
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    Direct numerical simulation of reacting flows (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The objectives of this work are: (1) to extend the technique of direct numerical simulations to turbulent, chemically reacting flows, (2) to test the validity of the method by comparing computational results with laboratory data, and (3) to use the simulations to gain a better understanding of the effects of turbulence on chemical reactions. The effects of both the large scale structure and the smaller scale turbulence on the overall reaction rates are addressed. The relationship between infinite reaction rate and finite reaction rate chemistry is compared with some of the results of calculations with existing theories and laboratory data. The direct numerical simulation method involves the numerical solution of the detailed evolution of the complex turbulent velocity and concentration fields. Using very efficient numerical methods (e.g., pseudospectral methods), the fully nonlinear (possibly low pass filtered) equations of motion are solved and no closure assumptions or turbulence models are used. Statistical data are obtained by performing spatial, temporal, and/or ensemble averages over the computed flow fields.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Combust. Fundamentals Res.; p 199-221
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    Modeling of dilution jet flowfields (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The present paper will compare temperature field measurements from selected cases in these investigations with distributions calculated with an empirical model based on assumed vertical profile similarity and superposition and with a 3-D elliptic code using a standard K-E turbulence model. The results will show the capability (or lack thereof) of the models to predict the effects of the principle flow and geometric variables.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Combust. Fundamentals Res.; p 175-187
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    Detailed fuel spray analysis techniques (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2017-10-02
    Description: Fuel spray analyses which are a necessary input to the analytical modeling of the complex mixing and combustion processes which occur in advanced combustor systems are discussed. It is anticipated that by controlling fuel air reaction conditions, combustor temperatures can be better controlled, leading to improved combustion system durability. The capability to measure liquid droplet size, velocity, and number density throughout a fuel spray and to utilize this measurement technique in laboratory benchmark experiments was demonstrated. The experiment to characterize fuel sprays is described. The experiments and data are useful for application to and validation of turbulent flow modeling to improve the design systems of future advanced technology engines.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: AGARD Combust. Probl. in Turbine Eng. 10p (SEE N84-24732 15-25)
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    Boundary-layer linear stability theory (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2017-10-02
    Description: Most fluid flows are turbulent rather than laminar and the reason for this was studied. One of the earliest explanations was that laminar flow is unstable, and the linear instability theory was first developed to explore this possibility. A series of early papers by Rayleigh produced many notable results concerning the instability of inviscid flows, such as the discovery of inflectional instability. Viscosity was commonly thought to act only to stabilize the flow, and flows with convex velocity profiles appeared to be stable. The investigations that led to a viscous theory of boundary layer instability was reported. The earliest application of linear stability theory to transition prediction calculated the amplitude ratio of the most amplified frequency as a function of Reynolds number for a Blasius boundary layer, and found that this quantity had values between five and nine at the observed Ret. The experiment of Schubauer and Skramstad (1947) completely reversed the prevailing option and fully vindicated the Gottingen proponents of the theory. This experiment demonstrated the existence of instability waves in a boundary layer, their connection with transition, and the quantitative description of their behavior by the theory of Tollmien and Schlichting. It is generally accepted that flow parameters such as pressure gradient, suction and heat transfer qualitatively affect transition in the manner predicted by the linear theory, and in particular that a flow predicted to be stable by the theory should remain laminar. The linear theory, in the form of the e9, or N-factor is today in routine use in engineering studies of laminar flow. The stability theory to boundary layers with pressure gradients and suction was applied. The only large body of numerical results for exact boundary layer solutions before the advent of the computer age by calculating the stability characteristics of the Falkner-Skan family of velocity profiles are given. When the digital computer reached a stage of development which permit the direct solution of the primary differential equations, numerical results were obtained from the linear theory during the next 10 years for many different boundary layer flows: three dimensional boundary layers; free convention boundary layers; compressible boundary layers; boundary layers on compliant walls; a recomputation of Falkner-Skan flows; unsteady boundary layers; and heated wall boundary layers.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: AGARD Spec. Course on Stability and Transition of Laminar Flow; 81 p
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    Fourier-Legendre spectral methods for incompressible channel flow (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-01
    Description: An iterative collocation technique is described for modeling implicit viscosity in three-dimensional incompressible wall bounded shear flow. The viscosity can vary temporally and in the vertical direction. Channel flow is modeled with a Fourier-Legendre approximation and the mean streamwise advection is treated implicitly. Explicit terms are handled with an Adams-Bashforth method to increase the allowable time-step for calculation of the implicit terms. The algorithm is applied to low amplitude unstable waves in a plane Poiseuille flow at an Re of 7500. Comparisons are made between results using the Legendre method and with Chebyshev polynomials. Comparable accuracy is obtained for the perturbation kinetic energy predicted using both discretizations.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
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    Axisymmetric bluff-body drag reduction through geometrical modifications (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The effect of shoulder radiusing and grooving (longitudinally or circumferentially) the afterbodies of bluff bodies of reduce the base drag at low speeds is discussed. Shoulder radii as large as 2.75 body diameters are examined. Reynolds number based on body diameter varied from 20,000 to 200,000. Results indicate that increasing the shoulder radius to 2.75 body diameters can reduce the drag levels to those of a streamline body having 67 percent greater fineness ratio. For the relatively sharp shoulder case, body drag reductions as large as 50% are obtained using circumferential or longitudinal grooves.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: AD-P004791 , AFWAL Viscous and Interacting Flow Field Effects; p 119-129
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    Analysis of the uncertainties in velocity measurements with triple hot-wire probes (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A detailed computerized sensitivity analysis of the triple hot-wire equations has been performed in order to delineate the uncertainties associated with measurements of the velocity components. Absolute and relative uncertainties for the instantaneous hot-wire outputs are calculated as functions of roll and pitch angles, based on a constant probability combination of the uncertainties in the inputs. From the results, it is concluded that the small inherent difficulties associated with the triple hot-wire data do not reflect artifacts introduced by the data processing. Fixed errors present in the V and W channels of the output are due to the nonzero measuring volume of the triple wire probe, and are entirely predictable.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
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    Multi-grid technique for the solution of incompressible Navier-Stokes equations (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A computationally efficient method is proposed for obtaining fine-mesh solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations for high-Re flow, including separation. The method involves implementing a multi-grid solution procedure with suitably chosen elements, such that the resulting overall solution technique is efficient as well as robust. The robustness and efficiency of the solution technique are demonstrated by applying it to three model problems: flow in a driven cavity, downstream asymptotic flow in curved ducts of square and polar sections, and Newmann boundary-value problem in clustered curvilinear orthogonal coordinates.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
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    Incompressible Navier-Stokes and parabolized Navier-Stokes formulations and computational techniques (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The differential formulations and computational techniques currently used for the incompressible Navier-Stokes (NS) and parabolic Navier-Stokes (PNS) equations are reviewed. In particular, attention is given to problems associated with the choice of difference equations, the method of solution and the choice of algorithm, the coupling of dependent variables and discretized equations, the application of boundary conditions, and grid generation. A new composite velocity NS and PNS formulation in (u,v,p) variables is presented, and the applicability of a 'forward' difference global pressure iteration for the (u,v,p) PNS system is demonstrated.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
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    Flow past a Flat Plate with a Vortex/sink Combination (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: An attempt was made to model the so called leading edge vortex which forms over the leading edge of delta wings at high angles of attack. A simplified model was considered, namely that of a two-dimensional, inviscid, incompressible steady flow around a flat plate at an angle of attack with a stationary vortex detached on top, as well as a sink to simulate the strong spanwise flow. The results appear to agree qualitatively with experiments. A comparison was also made between the lift and the drag of this model and the corresponding results for two classical solutions: (1) that of totally attached flow over the plate with the Kutta condition satisfied at the trailing edge only: and (2) the Helmholtz solution of totally separated flow over the plate.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA-CR-176908 , NAS 1.26:176908 , JIAA-TR-58
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    Assessment of a 3-D boundary layer code to predict heat transfer and flow losses in a turbine (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Zonal concepts are utilized to delineate regions of application of three-dimensional boundary layer (DBL) theory. The zonal approach requires three distinct analyses. A modified version of the 3-DBL code named TABLET is used to analyze the boundary layer flow. This modified code solves the finite difference form of the compressible 3-DBL equations in a nonorthogonal surface coordinate system which includes coriolis forces produced by coordinate rotation. These equations are solved using an efficient, implicit, fully coupled finite difference procedure. The nonorthogonal surface coordinate system is calculated using a general analysis based on the transfinite mapping of Gordon which is valid for any arbitrary surface. Experimental data is used to determine the boundary layer edge conditions. The boundary layer edge conditions are determined by integrating the boundary layer edge equations, which are the Euler equations at the edge of the boundary layer, using the known experimental wall pressure distribution. Starting solutions along the inflow boundaries are estimated by solving the appropriate limiting form of the 3-DBL equations.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Turbine Engine Hot Section Technology, 1984; 6 p
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    Gas flow environmental and heat transfer nonrotating 3D program (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The experimental contract objective is to provide a complete set of benchmark quality data for the flow within a large rectangular turning duct. The data are to be used to evaluate and verify three-dimensional internal viscous flow models and computational codes. The analytical contract objective is to select such a computational code and define the capabilities of this code to predict the experimental results. Details of the proper code operation will be defined and improvements to the code modeling capabilities will be formulated.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Turbine Engine Hot Section Technology, 1984; 5 p
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    Turbine airfoil gas side heat transfer (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Work is currently underway to develop and characterize an analytical approach, based on boundary layer theory, for predicting the effects of leading edge (showerhead) film cooling on downstream gas side heat transfer rates. Parallel to this work, experiments are being conducted to build a relevant data base for present and future methods verification.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Turbine Engine Hot Section Technology, 1984; 14 p
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    Calculation of two- and three-dimensional transonic cascade flow field using the Navier-Stokes equations (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A Navier-Stokes analysis employing the time-dependent Linearized Block Implicit scheme (LBI) was applied to two-dimensional and three-dimensional transonic turbulent cascade flows. In general, the geometrical configuration of the turbine blade impacts both the grid construction procedure and the implementation of the numerical algorithm. Since modern turbine blades of interest are characterized by very blunt leading edges, rounded trailing edges and high stacking angles, a robust grid construction procedure is required that can accommodate the severe body shape while resolving regions of large flow gradients. A constructive O-type grid generation technique, suitable for cascades with rounded trailing edges, was developed and used to construct the C3X turbine cascade coordinate grid. Two-dimensional calculations were performed employing the Navier-Stokes procedure for the C3X turbine cascade, and the predicted pressure coefficients and heat transfer rates were compared with the experimental data. Three-dimensional Navier-Stokes calculations were also performed.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Turbine Engine Hot Section Technology, 1984; 8 p
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    Mass and Momentum Turbulent Transport Experiments (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: An experimental study of mixing downstream of axial and swirling coaxial jets is being conducted to obtain data for the evaluation and improvement of turbulent transport models currently employed in a variety of computational procedures used throughout the propulsion community. Effort was directed toward the acquisition of length scale and dissipation rate data that will provide more accurate inlet boundary conditions for the computational procedures and a data base to evaluate the turbulent transport models in the near jet region where recirculation does not occur. Mass and momentum turbulent transport data with a blunt inner-jet inlet configuration will also be acquired.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Turbine Engine Hot Section Technology, 1984; 10 p
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    Scalar and momentum turbulent transport experiments with swirling and nonswirling flows (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Combustor models for the aircraft gas turbine industry have been obtained because of the need to reduce the costs of developing improved performance and more durable engines. A few years ago, it became apparent that the mass concentration and velocity predictions provided by the computer codes were not representing the data measured in some confined recirculating flows. It is pointed out that errors in the mass concentration distribution are an especially serious problem because of their influence on the heat release, temperature, and reactant distributions. Combined mass and momentum turbulent transport experiments with swirling and nonswirling flow have been conducted with the objective to obtain an experimental data base which can be used to evaluate and improve the turbulent transport submodes employed in the aerothermal models. The present paper is mainly concerned with the overall characteristics of the mass turbulent transport processes in complex flows with recirculation and the deficiencies of the conventional models.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
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  • 82
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    Concentration distributions in cylindrical combustors (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Experimental studies have been conducted with the aim to obtain a better understanding of the fluid dynamics of mixing in gas turbine combustors, and solid fuel ramjet combustors subject to spin. The present investigation represents a continuation of studies conducted by So et al. (1984). It is also concerned with the verification of some conclusions reported by Ahmed et al. (1984). Attention is given to the experimental facility and instrumentation, centerline concentration measurements, mean concentration profiles, and a comparison of concentration and axial velocity results in the case of swirling flow.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
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    Shear layer excitation, experiment versus theory (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The acoustical excitation of shear layers is investigated. Acoustical excitation causes the so-called orderly structures in shear layers and jets. Also, the deviations in the spreading rate between different shear layer experiments are due to the same excitation mechanism. Measurements in the linear interaction region close to the edge from which the shear layer is shed are examined. Two sets of experiments (Houston 1981 and Berlin 1983/84) are discussed. The measurements were carried out with shear layers in air using hot wire anemometers and microphones. The agreement between these measurements and the theory is good. Even details of the fluctuating flow field correspond to theoretical predictions, such as the local occurrence of negative phase speeds.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA-CR-176604 , NAS 1.26:176604 , DFVLR-FB-84-26
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  • 84
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    Thermal Management Technology Status (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-12
    Description: The thermal control requirements of a large space station are considered. Motivations for advanced thermal technology are discussed. Two test programs, designed to evaluate the analytical and theoretical basis from which thermal technology directions are determined, are described.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Space Power; p 189-203
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  • 85
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    Mass and Momentum Transport Experiments with Swirling Flow (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: An experimental study of mixing downstream of axial and swirling coaxial jets is being conducted to obtain data for the evaluation and improvement of turbulent transport models currently employed in a variety of computational procedures used throughout the propulsion community. The axial coaxial jet study was completed under Phase 1. The swirling coaxial jet study, which is the subject of this paper, was conducted under Phase 2 of the contract. A TEACH code was acquired, checked out for several test cases, and is reported. A study to measure length scales and to obtain a limited number of measurements with a blunt trailing edge inlet is being conducted under Phase 3 of the contract.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Combust. Fundamentals Res.; p 115-124
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  • 86
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    Advanced numerics for multi-dimensional fluid flow calculations (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the development and use of mathematical models for the simulation of fluid flow, heat transfer and combustion processes in engineering equipment. The equations representing the multi-dimensional transport of mass, momenta and species are numerically solved by finite-difference or finite-element techniques. However despite the multiude of differencing schemes and solution algorithms, and the advancement of computing power, the calculation of multi-dimensional flows, especially three-dimensional flows, remains a mammoth task. The following discussion is concerned with the author's recent work on the construction of accurate discretization schemes for the partial derivatives, and the efficient solution of the set of nonlinear algebraic equations resulting after discretization. The present work has been jointly supported by the Ramjet Engine Division of the Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, and the NASA Lewis Research Center.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Combust. Fundamentals Res.; p 99-102
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  • 87
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    Fuel spray diagnostics (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Several laser measurement methods are being studied to provide the capability to make droplet size and velocity measurements under a variety of spray conditions. The droplet sizing interferometer (DSI) promises to be a successful technique because of its capability for rapid data acquisition, compilation and analysis. Its main advantage is the ability to obtain size and velocity measurements in air-fuel mixing studies and hot flows. The existing DSI at NASA Lewis is a two-color, two-component system. Two independent orthogonal measurements of size and velocity components can be made simultaneously. It also uses an off-axis large-angle light scatter detection. The fundamental features of the system are optics, signal processing and data management system. The major component includes a transmitter unit, two receiver units, two signal processors, two data management systems, two Bragg cell systems, two printer/plotters, a laser, power supply and color monitor.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Combust. Fundamentals Res.; p 17-21
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  • 88
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    Characteristics of inhomogeneous jets in confined swirling air flows (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: An experimental program to study the characteristics of inhomogeneous jets in confined swirling flows to obtain detailed and accurate data for the evaluation and improvement of turbulent transport modeling for combustor flows is discussed. The work was also motivated by the need to investigate and quantify the influence of confinement and swirl on the characteristics of inhomogeneous jets. The flow facility was constructed in a simple way which allows easy interchange of different swirlers and the freedom to vary the jet Reynolds number. The velocity measurements were taken with a one color, one component DISA Model 55L laser-Doppler anemometer employing the forward scatter mode. Standard statistical methods are used to evaluate the various moments of the signals to give the flow characteristics. The present work was directed at the understanding of the velocity field. Therefore, only velocity and turbulence data of the axial and circumferential components are reported for inhomogeneous jets in confined swirling air flows.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Combust. Fundamentals Res.; p 223-236
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  • 89
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    Turbulence characteristics of an axisymmetric reacting flow (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Turbulent sudden expansion flows are of significant theoretical and practical importance. Such flows have been the subject of extensive analytical and experimental study for decades, but many issues are still unresolved. Detailed information on reacting sudden expansion flows is very limited, since suitable measurement techniques have only been available in recent years. The present study of reacting flow in an axisymmetric sudden expansion was initiated under NASA support in December 1983. It is an extension of a reacting flow program which has been carried out with Air Force support under Contract F33615-81-K-2003. Since the present effort has just begun, results are not yet available. Therefore a brief overview of results from the Air Force program will be presented to indicate the basis for the work to be carried out.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Combust. Fundamentals Res.; p 189-198
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  • 90
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    Velocity visualization in gaseous flows (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Techniques yielding simultaneous, multiple-point measurements of velocity in reacting or nonreacting flow fields have the potential to significantly impact basic and applied studies of fluid mechanics. This research program is aimed at investigating several candidate schemes which could provide such measurement capability. The concepts under study have in common the use of a laser source (to illuminate a column, a grid, a plane or a volume in the flow) and the collection of light at right angles (from Mie scattering, fluorescence, phosphorescence or chemiluminescence) using a multi-element solid-state camera (100 x 100 array of photodiodes). The work will include an overview and a status report of work in progress with particular emphasis on the method of Doppler-modulated absorption.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Combust. Fundamentals Res.; p 131-138
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  • 91
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    Investigations of flowfields found in typical combustor geometries (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Studies are concerned with experimental and theoretical research on 2-D axisymmetric geometries under low speed, nonreacting, turbulent, swirling flow conditions. The flow enters the test section and proceeds into a larger chamber (the linear expansion ratio D/d = 2, 1.5 and 1) via a sudden or gradual expansion (side wall angle alpha = 90 and 45 degrees). A weak or strong nozzle (of area ratio A/a = 2 and 4) may be positioned downstream at x/D = 2 to form a contraction exit to the test section. Inlet swirl vanes are adjustable to a variety of vane angles with values of theta = 0, 38, 45, 60 and 70 degrees being emphasized. The objective is to determine the effect of these parameters on isothermal flow field patterns, time mean velocities and turbulence quantities, and to establish an improved simulation in the form of a computer prediction code equipped with a suitable turbulence model. The goal of the on going research is to perform experiments and complementary computations with the idea of doing the necessary type of research that will yield improved calculation capability. This involves performing experiments where time mean turbulence quantities are measured and taking input conditions and running an existing prediction code for a variety of test cases so as to compare predictions against experiment.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Combust. Fundamentals Res.; p 139-151
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  • 92
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    Numerical modeling of turbulent flow (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Three dimensional combustor calculations are currently stretching the computer hardware capabilities and the computing budgets of gas turbine manufacturers. One of the main reasons for this relates to the large number of complex physical processes occurring in the combustor. Airflow, fuel spray, reaction kinetics, flame radiation, and not the least of which, turbulence must be modeled and the related differential equations solved. Discussions in this conference will address methods to improve the accuracy of combustor flow field calculations and methods to speed the convergence of the modeled equations. This report will focus on aspects of merging these two new technologies. The improved accuracy discretization schemes have a negative impact on the speed of convergence of the modeled equations that the improved solution algorithms may not overcome. A description of the causes of this problem and potential solutions will be examined.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Combust. Fundamentals Res.; p 97
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  • 93
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    Effect of liquid droplets on turbulence structure in a round gaseous jet (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A proposed two equation turbulence model for incompressible dilute two phase flows was validated and extended for steady incompressible two phase flow including phase change. The model was tested for the flow of a turbulent axisymmetric gaseous jet laden with multisize evaporating liquid droplets. Predicted results include distributions of the mean velocity; volume fractions of different phases concentration of the evaporated material in the carrier phase; turbulence intensity and shear stress of the carrier phase; droplet diameter distribution; and the jet spreading rate. Results are analyzed based on a qualitative comparison with the corresponding single phase jet flow.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Combust. Fundamentals Res.; p 67-75
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  • 94
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    Measurements in liquid fuel sprays (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Techniques for studying the events directly preceding combustion in the liquid fuel sprays are being used to provide information as a function of space and time on droplet size, shape, number density, position, angle of flight and velocity. Spray chambers were designed and constructed for: (1) air-assist liquid fuel research sprays; (2) high pressure and temperature chamber for pulsed diesel fuel sprays; and (3) coal-water slurry sprays. Recent results utilizing photography, cinematography, and calibration of the Malvern particle sizer are reported. Systems for simultaneous measurement of velocity and particle size distributions using laser Doppler anemometry interferometry and the application of holography in liquid fuel sprays are being calibrated.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Combust. Fundamentals Res.; p 1-15
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  • 95
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    Heat transfer investigation in the junction region of circular cylinder normal to a flat plate at 90 deg location (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: External heat-transfer rates were measured on a flat plate in the junction region of a circular cylinder mounted normal to the plate at a location 90 deg from the stagnation point. This configuration simulates the junction of the shroud with gas-turbine vanes. Heat-transfer results are presented for laminar, transition, and turbulent boundary layers for a Mach number of 0.14 with gas temperatures of approximately 750 deg R over a flat plate at room temperature. The measurements were made in air for a unit Reynolds number, Re/cm, range of 11,000 to 58,000. Heat-transfer measurements were conducted in the 70-ft long, 4-in. diameter shock tube. A shock-wave reflection technique was used to produce a flow Mach number of 0.14. Thin-film platinum heat gages were mounted on the flat plate and along the line of the stagnation point of the cylinder to measure the local heat flux in the junction region. The experimental heat-transfer data were correlated with the laminar and turbulent boundary-layer theories for the flat plate. With the cylinder the heat fluxes on the flat plate were greatly increased in the junction region compared to the heat flux for the plate alone.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: ASME PAPER 84-WA/HT-70
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  • 96
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    A new interpretation of internal heat transfer coefficients of porous media (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The results of laser anemometer and flow visualization based fluid mechanics studies of porous media are used to obtain heat transfer coefficients for porous materials. Average pore flow Re ranging from 0.16-700 were examined. Darcy, inertial steady laminar, unsteady laminar and turbulent flow regimes were detected. A passage length model was devised to derive the heat transfer coefficient. Sample data from flows through porous metals composed of powders and fibers validated the passage length for Darcy and inertial flow regimes. Unsteady laminar and turbulent flow coefficients require the identification of new parameters.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: ASME PAPER 84-WA/HT-51
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  • 97
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    Heat pipe cooled probe (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The basic heat pipe principle is employed to provide a self-contained passively cooled probe that may be placed into a high temperature environment. The probe consists of an evaporator region of a heat pipe and a sensing instrument. Heat is absorbed as the working fluid evaporates in the probe. The vapor is transported to the vapor space of the condenser region. Heat is dissipated from the condenser region and fins causing condensation of the working fluid, which returns to the probe by gravity and the capillary action of the wick. Working fluid, wick and condenser configurations and structure materials can be selected to maintain the probe within an acceptable temperature range.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NAS 1.71:LAR-12588-1
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  • 98
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    A rule for selecting analytical boundary conditions for the conservative quasi-one-dimensional nozzle flow equations (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: For the one-dimensional nozzle flow equations, the number of analytical boundary conditions that may be applied corresponds to the number of exterior characteristics reaching the boundary points. Since the slopes of the characteristics are the characteristic speeds u, u+c, and u-c, one concludes that two analytical boundary conditions are required at a subsonic inflow boundary and one at a subsonic outflow boundary. However, using this guideline alone can lead to nonunique solutions in subsonic cases. This paper presents a rule for selecting analytical boundary conditions for the dependent variables which will yield unique solutions if they exist.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: AIAA PAPER 84-0431
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  • 99
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    Phase average measurements of the coherent structure in a Mach number 0.6 jet (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Phase averaged measurements of the axial mass velocity, radial velocity, and the product of the two have been made in an artificially excited cold air jet. The radial velocity fluctuations had a lower amplitude for both the full wave and phase averaged fluctuations compared to the axial mass velocity fluctuations. The Reynolds stress tended to decay faster in amplitude than the axial mass velocity and radial velocity fluctuations for both the full wave and phase averaged components. The radial velocity fluctuations possessed higher levels of coherence than the axial mass velocity fluctuation and the Reynolds stress. When the jet was excited at the frequency of St = 0.474, a high amplitude component at that frequency dominated the entire phase averaged flowfield from X/D = 1 to 10. This fundamental frequency was accompanied by several relatively high amplitude harmonics. These harmonics were more pronounced in the radial velocity fluctuations than for the axial fluctuations or the Reynolds stress.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: AIAA PAPER 84-0404
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  • 100
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    Calculations of turbulent mass transport in a bluff-body diffusion-flame combustor (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Experimental measurements of turbulent mass transit in a bluff-body diffusion-flame combustor (using CO2 instead of fuel) are analyzed to evaluate the accuracy of physical models used in flow computations. The data of Lightman and Magill (1981), Lightman et al. (1983), and Roquemore et al. (1983) are used to calculate apparent turbulent Schmidt numbers (TSN) for a series of flow conditions by a modified TEACH viscous-flow code. The modeling principles, calculation grid, and boundary conditions are discussed, and the results are presented in graphs comparing calculated and measured values. It is shown that models such as the two-equation (K - epsilon) model which use a single value of the TSN are inappropriate for conditions typical of gas-turbine combustors: local TSN variations due to turbulence behavior must be taken into account in improved models.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: AIAA PAPER 84-0372
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