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  • photosynthesis  (174)
  • seaweed
  • Springer  (243)
  • 2000-2004  (51)
  • 1985-1989  (192)
  • 1925-1929
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 43 (1987), S. 1124-1125 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Exhaust emissions ; highway ; motor vehicles ; Norway spruce ; photosynthesis ; transpiration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Six-year-old Norway spruce trees of the same clone were exposed for 10 weeks at the edge of a highway and compared with controls kept in an unpolluted area within 15 km of the first site. Significant differences could be observed with respect to growth, photosynthesis and transpiration rate, all of which were reduced after exposure at the highway.
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  • 2
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    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 38 (1985), S. 15-21 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: photosynthesis ; physiology ; insect-plant interactions ; Liriomyza trifolii ; celery
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les conductances des stomates et du mésophylle, la transpiration et la photosynthèse varient considérablement suivant la position des feuilles dans un pied de céleri (Apium graveolens L.) mais ces paramètres sont identiques pour des folioles opposées. En utilisant de telles folioles comparables, une réduction singificative de l'activité photosynthétique du céleri a été observée lors des dégâts alimentaires par les larves et les adultes de Liriomyza trifolii Burg. (Dipt. Agromyzidae). Dans des essais en champ où des populations de L. trifolii ont été contrôlées avec des insecticides, les nombres de pétioles et de folioles et la hauteur des plantes étaient significativement plus élevés là où les traitements avaient entraîné de faibles densités de mineuses. Dans les parcelles où L. trifolii avait été avantagé, la récolte avait été retardée jusqu'à 3 semaines. Des essais parallèles au laboratoire ont montré que les insecticides utilisés dans ces essais au champ, n'avaient ni accéléré, ni retardé la croissance du céleri. Aucun des paramètres physiologiques mesurés après 1,5 heure ou 7 jours après le traitement n'avait été modifié.
    Notes: Abstract Stomatal conductance, mesophyll conductance, transpiration and photosynthesis varied considerably by within-plant locations on celery (Apium graveolens L.), but specific opposite leaves proved equivalent. Using such comparable leaves, feeding damage by Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) (Diptera: Agromyzidae) larvae or adults was found to reduce significantly the capacity of celery for photosynthetic activity. In field trials where populations of L. trifolii were manipulated with pesticides, numbers of leaves, plant height, and numbers of petioles per plant were significantly greater in treatments with low leafminer densities. In treatments where L. trifolii was encouraged, harvest was delayed by up to 3 weeks. Related laboratory studies indicated that the pesticides used in the field trial neither promoted nor slowed celery growth. None of the physiological parameters measured at either 1.5 h or 7 days post-treatment was significantly affected.
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  • 3
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    Springer
    European biophysics journal 14 (1987), S. 385-391 
    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Keywords: Protein/lipid interaction ; elastic membrane forces ; photosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The phase transitional behaviour of bilayers of the phospholipid l-α-ditridecanoylphos-phatidylcholine is studied as a function of protein content for the reaction center (RC) and an antenna protein (LHCP) of the bacterial photosynthetic apparatus. As membrane and protein are structurally well characterized the experimental results can be quantitatively compared with those of calculations based upon elastic models within the Landaude Gennes-theory. Agreement between theory and experiment demonstrates that dominant elastic forces result from a mismatch of hydrophobic regions of membrane and protein. The data also indicate that RC are present in a monomeric form and LHCP in a highly aggregated form. In addition, the latter protein responds to changes in the lipid environment.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Keywords: 31 P-NMR ; respiration ; photosynthesis ; intracellular pH ; polyphosphate ; pH regulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The phosphate metabolism of Platymonas subcordiformis was investigated by 31P-NMR spectroscopy with special attention on the effect of external pH. Glycolyzing cells and cells energized by respiration or photosynthesis gave spectra dependent upon their metabolic state. The transition from deenergized to energized states is accompanied by a shift of cytoplasmic pH from 7.1–7.4, an increase of ATP level and-in well energized cells-the appearance of a new signal tentatively assigned to phosphoarginine. The spectra remain stable over a wide range of external pH. Cytoplasmic pH is well regulated in respiring cells for external pH in the range 5.3–12.3. The typical 0.4 units difference of internal pH in energized as compared to deenergized cells is not affected by external pH in the range 6–12. The intensity of a signal attributed to PEP is markedly increased at high external pH. pH regulation is less efficient below external pH of 6 in deenergized cells. Below pH 3.8 oxidative phosphorylation ceases. Upon raising cytoplasmic pH to 7.4 in deenergized cells polyphosphate chains start to disintegrate.
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  • 5
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    Springer
    Current genetics 9 (1985), S. 521-528 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Chloroplast ; Organelle genetics ; photosynthesis ; Plastome mutant ; ATP synthase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In a plastid genome (plastome) mutation of Oenothera hookeri, at least two of the plastome-coded polypeptides (the β and ε subunits) of the chloroplast ATP synthase are directly affected. As in other plastid chromosomes, the genes for the β and ε subunits are located next to each other on the Oenothera ptDNA molecule and are cotranscribed. Immunoanalysis and peptide mapping of in vivo products suggests that a fusion of the two genes may have occurred in the plastome mutant. In contrast to the in vivo data, in vitro translation of the RNA using a heterologous system results in polypeptides which cannot be distinguished from those of wild-type. In addition, neither the mRNA sizes nor plastid DNA restriction fragment patterns differ from wild-type. To reconcile the paradox of these results, it is suggested that either a defect in a translational signal or some other post-transcriptional event is responsible for the mutant phenotype.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1440-1703
    Keywords: photosynthesis ; Prunus avium ; relative growth rate ; shading ; total plant water use efficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Cherry (Prunus avium L.) saplings were grown under natural sunlight (controls) or moderate shading (up to 30%, depending on the incident light intensity and the hour of the day). Reduced light intensity increased the dry mass of each of the plant components studied. Consequently, the total dry mass of shaded plants was significantly greater than that of controls at the end of the growing season. However, the diurnal trend in the level of photosynthesis (per unit of leaf area) of shaded plants was similar to the controls in August, but lower in September. As the growing season proceeded, reduced photosynthetic rates, thinner mesophyll and larger specific leaf area in the shaded plants indicated that leaf development had adapted to shaded conditions throughout the growing season. It is suggested that increased growth of shaded plants was caused by a higher initial relative growth rate and a greater whole-plant photosynthesis. Shading consistently reduced transpiration over the season, therefore improving water use efficiency of shaded leaves. Our results suggest that a moderate reduction in light intensity can be a useful method for improving growth and saving water in hot and dry environments.
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  • 7
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    Bioscience reports 9 (1989), S. 383-419 
    ISSN: 1573-4935
    Keywords: photosynthesis ; reaction centre ; Rhodopseudomonas viridis ; purple bacteria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract We first describe the history and methods of membrane protein crystallization, and show how the structure of the photosynthetic reaction centre from the purple bacteriumRhodopseudomonas viridis was solved. The structure of this membrane protein complex is correlated with its function as a light-driven electron pump across the photosynthetic membrane. Finally we draw conclusions on the structure of the photosystem II reaction centre from plants and discuss the aspects of membrane protein structure.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: electron transfer ; light-harvesting complex I ; membrane localization ; photosynthesis ; processing site ; transit peptide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We report here the isolation and nucleotide sequence of a cDNA clone encoding a phtosystem I polypeptide that is recognized by a polyclonal antibody prepared against subunit II of the photosystem I reaction center. The transit peptide processing site was determined to occur after Met50 by N terminal sequencing. The decuced sequence of this protein predicts that the polypeptide has a net positive charge (pI=9.6) and no membrane spanning regions are evident from the hydropathy plot. Based on these considerations and the fact that subunit II is solubilized by alkali treatment of thylakoids, we concluded that subunit II is an extrinsic membrane protein. The absence of hydrophobic regions characteristic of thylakoid transfer domains furthermore implies that subunit II is localized on the stromal side of the membrane.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: photosynthesis ; oxygen evolution ; calcium-binding protein ; multi-gene family ; pea chloroplasts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The extrinsic 33 kDa polypeptide of the water-oxidizing complex has been extracted from pea photosystem II particles by washing with alkaline-Tris and purified by ion-exchange chromatography. The N-terminal amino acid sequence has been determined, and specific antisera have been raised in rabbits and used to screen a pea leaf cDNA library in λgt11. Determination of the nucleotide sequence of positive clones revealed an essentially full-length cDNA for the 33 kDa polypeptide, the deduced amino acid sequence showing it to code for a mature protein of 248 amino acids with an N-terminal transit peptide of 81 amino acids. The protein showed a high degree of conservation with previously reported sequences for the 33 kDa protein from other species and the sequence contained a putative Ca2+-binding site with homology to mammalian intestinal calcium-binding proteins. Northern analysis of total pea RNA indicated a message of approximately 1.4 kb, in good agreement with the size of the cDNA obtained at 1.3 kbp. Southern blots of genomic DNA probed with the labelled cDNA give rise to several bands suggesting that the 33 kDa polypeptide is coded by a multi-gene family.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: photosynthesis ; oxygen evolution ; pea chloroplasts ; thylakoid lumen ; 23 kDa extrinsic polypeptide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The 23 kDa polypeptide of the oxygen-evolving complex of photosystem II has been extracted from pea photosystem II particles by washing with 1 M NaCl and purified by anion-exchange chromatography. The N-terminal amino acid sequence has been determined and specific antisera have been raised in rabbits and used to screen a pea-leaf cDNA library in λgt11. Determination of the nucleotide sequence of two clones provided the nucleotide sequence for the full 23 kDa polypeptide. The deduced amino acid sequence showed it to code for a mature protein of 186 amino acid residues with an N-terminal presequence of 73 amino acid residues showing a high degree of conservation with previously reported 23 kDa sequences from spinach and Chlamydomonas. Southern blots of genomic DNA from pea probed with the labelled cDNA gave rise to only one band suggesting that the protein is encoded by a single gene. Northern blots of RNA extracted from various organs indicated a message of approximately 1.1 kb, in good agreement with the size of the cDNA, in all chlorophyll-containing tissues. Western blots of protein extracted from the same organs indicated that the 23 kDa polypeptide was present in all major organs of the plant except the roots.
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: proton channel ; ATP synthase ; CF0 ; photosynthesis ; energy coupling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The proton-driven ATP synthase of chloroplasts is composed of two elements, CF0 and CF1. The membrane bound CF0 conducts protons and the peripheral CF1 interacts with nucleotides. By flash spectrophotometric techniques applied to thylakoid membranes from which about 50% of total CF1 was removed, we have previously determined the protonic (timeaveraged) single-channel conductance of CF0. Being in the order of 1 pS, it was sufficiently large to support the proposed role of CF0 as a low-impedance access for protons to the coupling site in CF0CF1. On the other hand, it was too large to be readily reconciled with current concepts of proton supply to and proton conduction through the channel. We studied the time-averaged single-channel conductance of CF0 under variation of pH, pD, ionic composition, temperature, and water/membrane structure with the following results: (i) CF0 was proton-specific even against a background of 300mm monovalent or 30mm divalent catins. (ii) While the conductance of CF0 was pH/pD-independent in the range from 5.6–8.0, in D2O it was lower by a constant factor of 1.7 than in H2O (iii) Addition of glycerol diminished the conductance and abolished the isotope effect. (iv) The Arrhenius activation energy was 42 kJ/mol and thus intermediate between the ones found for the water-filled pore, gramicidin (30 kJ/mol), and the mobile carrier, valinomycin (65 kJ/mol). The results implied that CF0 is endowed with an extremely proton-specific (107-fold) selectivity filter. Its conductance is very high, and its conduction cycle is not necessarily rate limited by a protolytic reaction. The mechanisms of rapid proton supply to the channel mouth and of proton conduction remained enigmatic.
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  • 12
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    Russian journal of marine biology 26 (2000), S. 389-398 
    ISSN: 1608-3377
    Keywords: hermatypic coral ; zooxanthella ; photosynthesis ; respiration ; energy budget
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We analyzed the recent data on the distribution of the photosynthetic energy of zooxanthellae in corals and the models of interactions between the plant and animal cells in the course of matter and energy exchange developed based on this information. The models of energy exchange of animals symbiotic with zooxanthellae are characterized by the following features: (1) A flow chart of carbon or energy fluxes is the main form of representation of the energetics in native symbiotic organisms. (2) The relations between the symbionts are relatively adequately revealed and correspond to the modern notions; however, the intensities of the energy fluxes ascribed to these relations are dependent on the experimental and design methods used by the authors. (3) The inputs into the energy budget consist of the autotrophic production of zooxanthellae and the heterotrophy of the polyp. The energy expenditures comprise excretion, respiration, development, and growth of the animal and algae. (4) The differences between the species, genera, and phyla of animals that develop symbiotic relations with zooxanthellae are confined to the absolute values of energy fluxes in the organism.
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  • 13
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    Aquatic ecology 20 (1986), S. 87-92 
    ISSN: 1573-5125
    Keywords: Phytoplankton ; primary production ; carbohydrate dynamics ; growth rate ; diurnal rhythms ; photosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Diurnal changes in carbohydrate content of natural phytoplankton populations differed from those found for cyanobacteria grown in continuous cultures. The carbohydrate accumulation rate was not constant during the light period. Also in contrast to results obtained using continuous cultures the photosynthetic characteristics changed during the light period. A close correlation was observed between changes in carbohydrate accumulation rate and the efficiency of photosynthesis over 24 hours. Seasonal changes in carbohydrate consumption rate over the dark period were proportional to changes in growth rate.
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  • 14
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    Journal of applied phycology 1 (1989), S. 39-52 
    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: heavy metal ; photosynthesis ; algae ; tolerance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract One hundred and eighteen algal isolates comprising seven classes were obtained from a range of sites from polluted rivers running through Cu or Zn mining regions, and from unpolluted rivers. All the isolates were tested for photosynthetic activity when exposed to Cu, Cd or Zn. The tolerance levels of Bacillariophyceae, Charophyceae, Cyanophyceae and Chlorophyceae to Cu showed significant positive correlations with Cu concentrations in the field. However the distribution of metal sensitivities of the algae from the sites with the same metal concentration was broad. Both Bacillariophyceae and Charophyceae had a number of strains whose sensitivity to Cu differed more widely in relation to Cu levels in the environment than Cyanophyceae and Chlorophyceae. Cyanophyceae were sensitive to all three metals, whether or not isolates were obtained from polluted sites, whereas Chlorophyceae tended to have high tolerance even in isolates from unpolluted sites. For Cd and Zn the correlation between tolerance levels and concentrations in the field was not so clear as for Cu. The occurrence of Cu tolerance was shown in 4 diatom species and one Charophyceae, whereas metal resistance occurred in some Chlorophyceae. Cu-tolerant isolates tended also to be Zn-tolerant in Bacillariophyceae, and Cd-resistant isolates tended also to be Zn-resistant in Chlorophyceae.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: Euglena gracilis ; Chlamydomonas reinhardtii ; photosynthesis ; oxygen electrode ; Light Pipette ; bioassay ; chlorophyll concentration ; algae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Euglena gracilis and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii were used as model organisms to establish the best conditions for studying photosynthetic efficiency using the Light Pipette – experimental system, which enables sensitive detection of changes in oxygen evolution/consumption and an easy collection and digitalisation of data. Chlorophyll concentrations of 0.005, 0.025, 0.050 and 0.075 mgmL-1 were investigated using different light regimes. Cultures of E. gracilis at the same chlorophyll concentration absorbed more light(measured at 580 μmol m-2 s-1) than those of C. reinhardtii. Cell density had a considerable effect on the reliability of measurements. Chlorophyll concentrations between 0.025 mgChl ml-1 and 0.050 mgChlml-1 can be recommended when applying the Light Pipette system in bioassays using microalgae.
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  • 16
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    Journal of applied phycology 12 (2000), S. 45-52 
    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: ichtyotoxicity ; macroalgae ; marine algae ; México ; seaweed ; toxic extracts ; toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Seventy-three species of macroalgae from the Mexican Pacific, Atlantic and Caribbean coast were screened for ichtyotoxic activity. Ethanolic, acetonic and aqueous extracts were prepared and tested against the fish Carassius auratus. The extracts were classified on the basis of their effects as: toxic if the fish died in two hours or less; moderately toxic, if the organism behaved abnormally but death did notoccur, and non-toxic if the fish did not display any change. 79% species were ichtyotoxic to some degree. Extracts of 39 species were toxic, with at least one extract with lethal effects, 19 were moderately toxic and 15 species were non-toxic. Only the extracts ofDictyota bartayresiana, Dictyota cervicornis,Lobophora variegata, Bryothamnion triquetrum and Laurencia obtusa were toxic in all three solvents. The acetone and ethanol extracts were more active, and therefore are more suitable for extraction of toxic substances.
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  • 17
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    Journal of applied phycology 12 (2000), S. 159-168 
    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: Chlorophyll fluorescence ; Chondruscrispus ; Macrocystis pyrifera ; photosynthesis ; photoinhibition ; outdoor culture system ; Ulvalactuca ; UV-radiation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The present study examined the effect of UV andphotosynthetically active radiation (PAR) onphotoinhibition and recovery in the Phaeophyte Macrocystis pyrifera, the Rhodophyte Chondruscrispus and the Chlorophyte Ulva lactuca underoutdoor culture conditions. There was an increase inphotoinhibition as a consequence of high exposure toUV-B radiation in M. pyrifera, however, highlevels of PAR accounted for most of thephotoinhibition in C. crispus and U.lactuca. Photodamage by UV-A, UV-B and PAR wascompletely repaired within 5 h and effective quantumyield reached pretreatment values in the three speciesstudied. Species were less susceptible tophotoinhibition after being incubated for 5 d underhigh exposures of natural irradiance suggesting aphotoadaptive process. The recovery of the effectivequantum yield was impaired by long exposure to highlevels of UV-B in C. crispus and UV-A, UV-B andPAR in M. pyrifera. This suggests a differentkind of damage by UV-A and PAR radiation, one to thephotosynthetic apparatus and another which affects therepair mechanism of some species. There was anincrease in UV-absorption (λ 330 nm) in M. pyrifera and C. crispus within four days ofthe initiation of the experiment suggesting that thesespecies photoprotect their photosynthetic system whenexposed to elevated UV and PAR levels.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: fluorescence ; homogeneous culture ; JR125 polymer ; Laminaria ; gametophytes ; photosynthesis ; ultrastructural studies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract As filament aggregation is responsible for heterogeneity of Laminariales gametophyte cultures, a project was conducted to obtain stable homogeneous `free-living' cultures of Laminaria digitatagametophytes. The alga was cultivated at 15 ° Cunder low light and in the presence of a cationic cellulosic polymer, JR125. With 0.1%polymer in the culture medium, the filaments were dispersed and did not adhere to the culture vessel. The absence of any effect of the closely related, but uncharged, polymer LR-250 Natrasol on filament aggregation indicated that the cationic nature of the JR125 molecule was involved in gametophyte dissociation. In the presence of JR125, the gametophytes showed active vegetative growth; the doubling time, measured as chlorophyll concentration, was 5 days. The outer surface of the cell wall was clearly modified by the polymer treatment, as observed by transmission electron microscopy, while neither the inner cell wall or cell organelles were affected. Physiological studies indicated that JR125 treatment did not disturb cell physiology, there being no effecton respiration, photosynthetic activity, sensitivity to high-light stress or modification of pigment or fluorescence characteristics. We have therefore established the conditions for maintaining a stable culture of mixed male and female Laminaria digitata gametophytes in active vegetative growth. The presence of JR 125 in the medium yields a homogeneous culture without cell physiology becoming modified.
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  • 19
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    Journal of applied phycology 12 (2000), S. 309-315 
    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: nuisance algae ; bio-fouling ; photosynthesis ; lightutilisation ; show caves ; control measures
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Depending on the intensity, quality and duration ofthe illumination, necessary for viewing show caves,conditions conducive for algal growth are created. Although algae are the major component of this flora,ferns and mosses have also been recorded. Little isknown of the algae, except that they are considered anuisance in terms of discoloration and damage to thekarst formations. The occurrence and possible controlof the algal flora has been studied in the CangoCaves, one of the most important touristic sites inSouth Africa. The algal flora is sparse in speciesdiversity and primitive forms are present. They haveparticular physiological adaptations and usingmicro-oxygen liberation and fluorescence measurements,their photosynthetic characteristics were established. Environmentally friendly control measures wereinvestigated and a solution for their control is proposed.
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  • 20
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    Journal of applied phycology 12 (2000), S. 201-206 
    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: photobioreactors ; high yields ; photosynthesis ; single stage reactors ; multistage reactors ; strain selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The successful coupling between physiology andtechnology is central to the success of algalbiotechnology. Imperative is a proper understandingof the variables and their impacts on biomass and/orbiocompound production. The crux lies inphotosynthesis and the capturing of light energy atthe optimal rate for eventual maximal photochemistry(biosynthesis). It is in the hands of algalbiotechnologists to understand the dynamics andregulatory mechanisms of especially PSII (photosystemII) activity in order to advance this technologyfurther. Biophysical and technological optimisationand design aimed at maximising photon flux capture aresome of the avenues that needs be pursued. This needsto be augmented by molecular, biochemical andphysiological inputs. Unfortunately detailedsystematic analyses of the variables, theirinteraction and possible synergism have rarely beendone. The debate regarding the merits andproductivity in closed, either plate or tubular,vertical or horizontal, and open pond reactors need tobe resolved. Exciting developments regarding onlinemeasurements and feedback control for optimalproductivities are part of the solutions andapproaches that need to be followed. Multistagesystems that not only utilise autotrophic growth andstress components, but also combinedautotrophic/heterotrophic systems could providesolutions to specific production requirements. Theseand other important issues are addressed in theoverview. The challenges facing algalbiotechnologists and future research needs are also discussed.
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  • 21
    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: desiccation ; growth ; growth model ; inorganic carbon ; nutrients ; photoperiod ; photosynthesis ; pigments ; Porphyra linearis ; PPF ; respiration ; temperature ; water velocity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of environmental parameters on the growthof Porphyra linearis gametophytes was examinedunder controlled conditions, and related to themultilinear regression growth model recently developedfor this seaweed under coastal conditions in theeastern Mediterranean. Growth chambers, a gradienttable, special culture devices and analytical methodswere combined for this culture study.The major factors significantly controlling thegrowth rate of the P. linearis gametophytein glass dishes were: photoperiod, temperature, agein culture, photosynthetic photon flux (PPF), salinityand water dynamics. Maximal growth occurred underdaylength of 12 h, medium temperature (15–20 °C), low PPF (70–140 μmol photon m-2s-1), ambient salinity (30–40 ppt), 1–3 h ofdaily air exposure, and water velocity of 4 cm s-1.Photosynthesis and respiration rates weredominantly affected by daylength and temperature,while the concentration of pigments was dominantlyaffected by PPF and temperature.These conditions correspond well to the optimalnatural growth environment of this local species andare in agreement with the optimum estimated throughthe recently developed outdoor mathematical growthmodel.
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  • 22
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    Journal of applied phycology 12 (2000), S. 285-290 
    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: algal culture ; Chlamydomonas perigranulata ; light-harvesting pigment ; photosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The productivity was evaluated of a strain of Chlamydomonas perigranulata isolated from the RedSea. A mutant with small light-harvesting pigments(LHC-1) was obtained by UV mutagenesis. Thechlorophylls content of the wild type was twice ashigh as that of LHC-1, and the initial slope of thephotosynthesis-irradiance curve was higher in the wildtype. However, the maximum photosynthetic activity ona per cell basis was almost the same. It isconcluded that LHC-1 is a mutant with lesslight-harvesting pigment (LHP) than the wild type. Aspreviously reported, the mutant with lower LHP contenthas a higher productivity in a continuous culturesystem, so we compared the productivity of the wildtype and the mutant. The maximum productivity of LHC-1was 1.5 times higher than that of the wild type. Itis suggested that the technique of reducing thecontent of light-harvesting pigment should be madeavailable for other organisms.
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  • 23
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    Biodiversity and conservation 9 (2000), S. 379-392 
    ISSN: 1572-9710
    Keywords: climate change ; cyanobacteria ; ectoenzymes ; Mediterranean ; nutrient limitation ; photosynthesis ; stromatolite
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A stromatolitic microbial mat extensively covers La Solana streambed, a calcareous Mediterranean stream. This stromatolite shows remarkable biological and physiological diversity. It is mainly composed by cyanobacteria, with Rivularia and Schizothrix as the most abundant taxa. The stromatolite is photosynthetically adaptated to the high irradiances reaching the streambed. Photosynthetically active chlorophyll is present even in the lowest layers of the stromatolite, indicating the presence of well-preserved cyanobacteria in that part. Diffusion of gases and nutrients within the stromatolite can be possible because of the high porosity of the crust. It has been experimentally established that the stromatolite recovers heterotrophic and autotrophic activities in a few hours, after being desiccated for long periods. Recovery after desiccation is indicative of the high resilience of this community to environmental extremes, which are common in Mediterranean climatic regimes. The stromatolitic community is adapted to nutrient limitation, both to low availability of inorganic phosphorus and nitrogen (that constrain growth of primary producers), and to low dissolved organic carbon (mainly affecting heterotrophs). Stromatolitic heterotrophs mainly rely on the organic carbon stored in the crust as the main organic carbon source. These strategies are the direct response of the stromatolite to oligotrophy, and justify the restricted occurrence in stream systems affected by organic pollution.
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  • 24
    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: Caulerpa taxifolia ; chlorophyll fluorescence ; copper ; photosynthesis ; potassium ; respiration ; RubisCO ; sodium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Chemical techniques were investigated in order to eradicate Caulerpa taxifolia, a green alga spreading at a remarkable rate in the Mediterranean Sea. The action of copper, potassium and sodium ions on survival rates and photosynthetic parameters was compared, in order to optimise the conditions of further in situ treatments. The lethal doses were determined and the impact of the studied cations on photosynthesis and respiration rates and PSII photochemistry was analysed from measurements of net oxygen exchanges and chlorophyll fluorescence. The Cu2+ concentrations required to obtain 100% mortality were 15 × 102 to 104 times lower than those of K+ and Na+. Respiration was slightly affected whatever the salt concentration,while photosynthesis could be totally inhibited depending on the applied treatment. Changes in the structure of the Ribulose-1,5-biphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RubisCO, EC: 4.1.1.39) were also detected when C. taxifolia under went cation treatments (10 mg L-1 Cu2+, 1h; 20 gL-1 K+, 3 h; 20 g L-1 Na+, 1 h). Given the high concentration and long incubation periods required with K+ and Na+ ions, these cations are not suitable to be used in situ. Our results make possible the utilisation of copper cations following technical approaches such asion-exchange textile covers, which allows a controlled release of cupric ions without dissemination in the marine environment.
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  • 25
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    Plant and soil 114 (1989), S. 139-141 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: diurnal ; efflux ; lag ; nitrogen assimilation ; phase shift ; photosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A simple simulation model is described to account for the rates at which plants take up nitrate and reduce it to protein. It is based on the pump and leak principle, with the pump working at a constant rate per unit sap volume provided that there is an adequate concentration of nitrate at the root surface. The rate of leakage is assumed to be proportional to the concentration difference between the inside and the outside of the plant. Nitrogen is removed from the plant nitrate pool (the ‘buffer’) at a constant fraction of the photosynthesis rate. When applied to data for the diurnal variation in nitrate uptake by ryegrass, the model predicts an uptake pattern similar to that actually observed, with a time lag of about 5 hours between photosynthesis and uptake.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 1573-868X
    Keywords: Tidal front ; nutrient ; phytoplankton ; photosynthesis ; stratification ; mixing ; Iyo Nada
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Field observations were conducted to examine the processes governing the phytoplankton distribution and photosynthetic activity in and around a tidal front formed in Iyo Nada, the Seto Inland Sea, Japan. The existence of a middle layer intrusion, which, it has been suggested, moves from the mixed region to the stratified region of the tidal front, was ascertained by the phytoplankton distribution in addition to a T-S diagram. Skeletonema costatum, which originally inhabited the mixed region, was used as the indicator to reveal the intrusion. However, the tip of water containing the S. costatum population did not extend deeply into the stratified region. The velocity of the intrusion seemed to be slow enough to make biological processes, such as nutrient uptake by phytoplankton and subsequent growth, as well as the decrease in cell density due to zooplankton grazing, dominate during the transportation. The patchy distribution of copepod nauplii implied that grazing has an influence on the distribution pattern of phytoplankton. The location of high photosynthetic activity did not coincide spatially with the center of high phytoplankton biomass, suggesting the importance of these biological processes. Therefore, it is considered that the middle layer intrusion plays a role as an inducer of subsequent biological processes at the tidal front by not only supplying nutrients from the mixed region but also by increasing the vertical diffusivity.
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  • 27
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    Wetlands ecology and management 8 (2000), S. 273-280 
    ISSN: 1572-9834
    Keywords: light curves ; mangrove ; microphytobenthos ; photosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A method of measuring CO2gas exchange (caused, for example, by microalgal photosynthesis on emersed tidal mudflats) using open flow IR gas analyzers is described. The analyzers are integrated in a conventional portable photosynthesis system (LI-6400, LI-COR, Nebraska, USA), which allows manipulation and automatic recording of environmental parameters at the field site. Special bottomless measuring chambers are placed directly on the surface sediment. Measurements are performed under natural light conditions and ambient CO2concentrations, as well as under different CO2concentrations in air, and various PAR radiation levels produced by a LED light source built into one of the measurement chambers. First results from tidal channel banks in a north Brazilian mangrove system at Bragança (Pará, Brazil) under controlled conditions show a marked response of CO2assimilation to CO2concentration and to irradiance. Photosynthesis at 100 μmol mol−1CO2in air in one sample of a well-developed algal mat was saturated at 309 μmol photons m−2s−1, but increased with increasing ambient CO2concentrations (350 and 1000 μmol mol−1CO2) in the measuring chamber. Net CO2assimilation was 0.8 μmol CO2 m−2s−1at 100 μmol mol−1CO2, 5.9 μmol CO2m−2s−1at 350 μmol mol−1CO2and 9.8 μmol CO2m−2s−1at 1000 μmol mol−1CO2. Compensation irradiance decreased and apparent photon yield increased with ambient CO2concentration. Measurements under natural conditions resulted in a quick response of CO2exchange rates when light conditions changed. We recommend the measuring system for rapid estimations of benthic primary production and as a valuable field research tool in connection with certain ecophysiological aspects under changing environmental conditions.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: dry matter production ; irrigation water use ; leaf senescence ; paddy rice ; photosynthesis ; soil water potential
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In most cases, rice production is associated with flooding irrigation and the efficiency of irrigated water use (WUEi) is generally lower for production of rice than for other crops. We have examined the effects of various irrigation regimes on water consumption in a well-puddled paddy field, as well as on dry matter production, grain yield and physiological responses of the plants. Four sets of conditions were studied, with two replications, in the well-puddled paddy field: Continuous flooding irrigation treatment (CSF); three intermittent irrigation treatments, designated II-0, II-1 and II-2, in which plants were re-irrigated when the water potential of the soil fell below 0, –10, and –20 kPa at a depth of 5 cm, respectively. Water consumption was lower during II-0 than during CSF because the percolation rate was reduced by the reduction in the hydraulic head of the ponded water. Intermittent irrigation led to the repeated shrinking and swelling of soil during II-1 and II-2 and, therefore, soil cracks developed rapidly. Since they became the major routes of water percolation, these soil cracks increased water consumption during II-1 and II-2 above that during CSF and II-0. There were no significant differences in dry matter production and grain yield between CSF and II-0, but both were significantly greater than in the case of II-1 and II-2. Therefore, WUEi increased in the following order: II-0, CSF, II-2, II-1, although the difference was very small between II-1 and II-2. A lower crop growth rate (CGR) resulted from a decrease in the net assimilation rate (NAR) during II-1 and II-2, and there was also a reduction in the leaf area index (LAI) during II-2. Early senescence with ripening and water stress around midday decreased the rate of photosynthesis in leaves, causing the lower NAR. These physiological responses of the plants were responsible for the reduction on the dry matter production and grain yield in the intermittent irrigation.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Lycopersicon esculentum ; tomato ; low light intensity ; low temperature ; photosynthesis ; dark respiration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Net photosynthesis and dark respiration of sixteen selected tomato genotypes grown under low light intensity and low night temperatures were measured. Differences between genotypes in net photosynthesis and dark respiration were present. In all genotypes an increase of net photosynthesis with time was observed. Significant genotypic differences in this respect were established. The rate of dark respiration remained constant throughout the experimental period. The photosynthesis on a leaf area basis and dark respiration were not affected by the night temperature. Net photosynthesis on a fresh weight basis was lower under the lower night temperatures.
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  • 30
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    Euphytica 42 (1989), S. 269-273 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Hordeum vulgare ; barley ; photosynthesis ; chlorophyll fluorescence ; economic yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The photosynthetic characteristics of the penultimate leaf in barley genotypes (reciprocal F1 combinations and varieties) were studied at the flowering stage in order to analyze the relationship between these traits and the biological yield and the economic yield. The biological yield was correlated with the leaf area whereas the economic yield was more dependent on the green area duration of the leaf or the combination of the two factors, leaf area and green area duration. The net photosynthesis per unit leaf area, determined at anthesis, was not a factor of productivity. On the other hand, the chlorophyll fluorescence (P), which was negatively correlated with the leaf area (+0.5) and with the combination of leaf area and green area duration (+0.5), was found to be a good marker of the economic yield. In view of its high heritability, it may provide an effective selection criterion.
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  • 31
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: chlorophyll fluorescence ; fluorescence quenching ; fluorometer ; Kautsky effect ; photosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A newly developed fluorescence measuring system is employed for the recording of chlorophyll fluorescence induction kinetics (Kautsky-effect) and for the continuous determination of the photochemical and non-photochemical components of fluorescence quenching. The measuring system, which is based on a pulse modulation principle, selectively monitors the fluorescence yield of a weak measuring beam and is not affected even by extremely high intensities of actinic light. By repetitive application of short light pulses of saturating intensity, the fluorescence yield at complete suppression of photochemical quenching is repetitively recorded, allowing the determination of continuous plots of photochemical quenching and non-photochemical quenching. Such plots are compared with the time courses of variable fluorescence at different intensities of actinic illumination. The differences between the observed kinetics are discussed. It is shown that the modulation fluorometer, in combination with the application of saturating light pulses, provides essential information beyond that obtained with conventional chlorophyll fluorometers.
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  • 32
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: energy transfer ; fluorescence kinetics ; photosynthesis ; Porphyridium cruentum ; spillover ; state transitions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Excitation energy distribution in Porphyridium cruentum in state 1 and state 2 was investigated by time resolved 77 K fluorescence emission spectroscopy. The fluorescence rise times of phycoerythrin, phycocyanin and allophycocyanin (in cells in state 1 and state 2) were very similar in contrast to the emission from chlorophyll a (Chl a) associated with the two photosystems. In state 2 photosystem II (PSII) Chl a fluorescence emission rose faster than the PSI Chl a emission and decayed more rapidly, and the converse was observed in state 1. These kinetic data support the concept of increased energy transfer from PSII Chl a to PSI Chl a in state 2 in P. cruentum.
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  • 33
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: Chondrus crispus ; mitochondrial respiration ; Mehler reaction ; photorespiration ; photosynthesis ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Pour identifier la nature des réactions responsables de la prise d'oxygène sous lumière chez une macroalgue rouge Chondrus crispus Stackhouse (Rhodophyta, Gigartinales), les effets de quelques inhibiteurs, de l'intensité de la lumière et de la température ont été étudiés en combinaison avec des concentrations de CO2 élevées ou limitantes. Dans ce dernier cas, INH (2, 5 mM) ne modifie pas la prise d'oxygène sous lumière et ne provoque pas l'excrétion ni l'accumulation de glycolate. KCN réduit la vitesse de consommation d'O2 de 76% à CO2 limitant, de 43% à CO2 saturant et supprime pratiquement (à 95%) la production d'oxygène. Avec DCMU (5 μM) qui bloque totalement la chaîne des transporteurs d'électrons, une prise d'oxygène résiduelle est observée de 3,0±0,6 μmol O2 h−1 g−1 P.F. quelle que soit la concentration de CO2. Ajoutés à l'analyse de l'effet de la température ces résultats suggèrent: 1) La respiration mitochondriale et la réaction de Mehler sont actives aux deux concentrations de CO2. 2) La RuBP oxygénase contribue pour 45%, au plus, et la réaction de Mehler pour 20%, au moins, à la prise d'oxygène sous lumière à CO2 limitant.
    Notes: Abstract The nature of the different processes of O2 uptake involved in the light in the red macroalga Chondrus crispus Stackhouse (Rhodophyta, Gigartinales) was investigated. At limiting CO2, INH (2.5 mM) did not alter the O2 uptake rate. Glycolate was not excreted and did not accumulate within the cells. KCN reduced the rate of O2 uptake in the light by 76% at limiting CO2 and by 43% at saturating CO2, but caused 〉 95% inhibition of O2 evolution. DCMU (5 μM) totally blocked the photosynthetic electron transport chain, but allowed a residual O2 uptake of 3.0±0.6 μmol O2 .h−1.g−1 FW, irrespective of the CO2 concentration. In saturating CO2, a high light intensity pretreatment significantly stimulated the rate of O2 uptake compared to net O2 evolution, suggesting the persistence, in the light, of mitochondrial respiration. Irrespective of the CO2 concentration, the optimum temperature for O2 evolution was 17°C whereas dark O2 uptake increased linearly with temperature. In contrast, O2 uptake in the light showed an optimum at 17°C in limiting CO2, and 21–25° C in saturating CO2; its Q10 was 2.4 at limiting CO2, a value close to that of RuBP oxygenase, and 3.1 at saturating CO2, a value close to that of dark respiration. It is concluded that: 1) mitochondrial respiration and Mehler reaction are both involved at all CO2 concentrations, 2) RuBP oxygenase activity cannot account for more than 45%, and Mehler reaction for less than 20%, of the total O2 uptake observed in the light at limiting CO2.
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  • 34
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: photosynthesis ; photosystem 2 ; proteins ; crosslinker ; diagonal-electrophoresis ; nearest neighbour
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Nearest neighbour relationships within the LHC2-PS2 complex were investigated by using the reversible crosslinking agent dithiobis(succinimidyl propionate) (DSP). This was accomplished by treating PS2-enriched membranes, prepared from chloroplasts of Pisum sativum, with the crosslinker followed by diagonal electrophoresis of the solubilised polypeptides. Analysis of the off-diagonal spot patterns produced by crosslinker cleavage and second dimension electrophoresis was made on the basis of: staining with Coomassie blue or silver, labelling with [35S]-methionine, and sensitivity to 1 M NaCl washing. It was concluded that LHC2 polypeptides crosslinked with several components of the PS2 complex and that the extrinsic polypeptides associated with water oxidation, having approximate molecular weights of 16 and 23 kDa, crosslink to form homodimers. The latter finding suggests that there may be more than one copy of each of these polypeptides per PS2 complex.
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  • 35
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: ELISA ; fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase ; photosynthesis ; quantitative determination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An immunological method for quantitative determination of photosynthetic fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase in crude extracts of leaves is proposed. It is based on the ELISA technique, and offers two modifications. A non-competitive technique has a higher sensitivity and is the right option for samples of low fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase content. However, this method is not sufficiently specific when the total protein is higher than 5 μg/cm3; so, despite its lower sensitivity, in these circumstances a competitive technique is more suitable. Thus photosynthetic fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase can be measured without interferences from the gluconeogenic cytosolic enzyme of the photosynthetic cell or from a non-specific phosphatase present in the chloroplast.
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  • 36
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    Photosynthesis research 15 (1988), S. 75-83 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: Glycine max ; light acclimation ; stand density ; competition ; leaf area index ; photosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Light-saturated photosynthetic rates at air levels of carbon dioxide were measured about weekly in upper canopy leaves of two soybean cultivars grown at stand densities of 40 and 100 plants per square meter. Early in the season, when leaf area indices differed between stand densities, plants of both cultivars grown at high stand density had photosynthetic rates which averaged 23% lower than plants at low stand density. Later in the season, when there were no differences in leaf area index between stand densities, there were no differences in photosynthetic rates in the cultivar Kent, but rate differences of about 14% persisted in the cultivar Williams. In Williams mainstem leaves emerged into full sunlight later in their development at high than at low stand density. In both cultivars the oldest fully exposed leaves were photosynthetically immature for much of the season, as higher rates could be achieved by lower leaves which were shaded in situ. The results identify shading of young developing leaves and photosynthetic immaturity of fully exposed leaves as factors limiting canopy photosynthesis in soybeans, and indicate cultivar differences in how much high stand density reduces photosynthetic capacity.
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  • 37
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    Photosynthesis research 15 (1988), S. 163-175 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: carbon dioxide ; growth analysis ; photosynthesis ; production ; transpiration ; water-use efficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Effects of rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations on gas exchange, growth and productivity were investigated on an important grassland species, Trifolium repens L. cv. Blanca. Pure stands of this species were cultivated over an entire growing season in small acrylic greenhouses with an artificial atmosphere of ±367 or ±620 ppm CO2, respectively. Effects on growth and development were examined in a functional growth analysis, while consequences for gas exchange were determined by photosynthesis and transpiration measurements on canopy level. The stands were regularly clipped for production assessment. Canopies grown at high CO2 levels showed an average increase in productivity of almost 75%. Growth analysis indicated development of a larger foliage area as the major cause, particularly in the first days of regrowth after cutting. The growth advantage that began in this stage was maintained or bettered during the following weeks. The difference between gas exchange measurements expressed per unit leaf area and per unit ground area suggested that changes in net photosynthesis and respiration did not contribute to the increase in total yield. Transpiration declined under high CO2 if expressed on a leaf area basis but total canopy transpiration was at least as large as in ambient CO2 due to the larger leaf area. Water-use efficiency calculations on the summer data indicated a 35% improvement with a doubling of CO2 concentration.
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  • 38
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: Hordeum ; mutants ; nitrogen metabolism ; photosynthesis ; photorespiration ; Pisum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Manipulation of the CO2 concentration of the atmosphere allows the selection of photorespiratory mutants from populations of seeds treated with powerful mutagens such as sodium azide. So far, barley lines deficient in activity of phosphoglycolate phosphatase, catalase, the glycine to serine conversion, glutamine synthetase, glutamate synthase, 2-oxoglutarate uptake and serine: glyoxylate aminotransferase have been isolated. In addition one line of pea lacking glutamate synthase activity and one barley line containing reduced levels of Rubisco are available. The characteristics of these mutations are described and compared with similar mutants isolated from populations of Arabidopsis. As yet, no mutant lacking glutamine synthetase activity has been isolated from Arabidopsis and possible reasons for this difference between barley and Arabidopsis are discussed. The value of these mutant plants in the elucidation of the mechanism of photorespiration and its relationships with CO2 fixation and amino acid metabolism are highlighted.
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  • 39
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    Photosynthesis research 18 (1988), S. 7-31 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: Nicotiana ; chloroplast genome ; photosynthesis ; NADH dehydrogenase ; protein structure ; gene expression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In order to understand more fully chloroplast genetic systems, we have determined the complete nucleotide sequence (155, 844 bp) of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum var. Bright Yellow 4) chloroplast DNA. It contains two copies of an identical 25,339 bp inverted repeat, which are separated by 86, 684 bp and 18,482 bp single-copy regions. The genes for 4 different rRNAs, 30 different tRNAs, 44 different proteins and 9 other predicted protein-coding genes have been located. Fifteen different genes contain introns. Twenty-two genes for components of the photosynthetic apparatus have so far been identified. Most of the genes (except the gene for the large subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase) code for thylakoid membrane proteins. Twenty of them are located in the large single-copy region and one gene for a 9-kd polypeptide of photosystem I is located in the small single-copy region. The gene for the 32-kd protein of photosystem II as well as the gene for the large subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase have strong promoters and are transcribed monocistronically while the other genes are transcribed polycistronically. We have found that the predicted amino acid sequences of six DNA sequences resemble those of components of the respiratory-chain NADH dehydrogenase from human mitochondria. As these six sequences are highly transcribed in tobacco chloroplasts, they are probably genes for components of a chloroplast NADH dehydrogenase. These observations suggest the existence of a respiratory-chain in the chloroplast of higher plants.
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  • 40
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: directed mutagenesis ; photosynthesis ; Photosystem II proteins ; protein complex assembly ; protein function
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The presence of four photosystem II proteins, CP47, CP43, D1 and D2, was monitored in mutants of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 that have modified or inactivated genes for CP47, CP43, or D2. It was observed that: (1) thylakoids from mutants without a functional gene encoding CP47 are also depleted in D1 and D2; (2) inactivation of the gene for CP43 leads to decreased but significant levels of CP47, D1 and D2; (3) deletion of part of both genes encoding D2, together with deletion of part of the CP43-encoding gene causes a complete loss of CP47 and D1; (4) thylakoids from a site-directed mutant in which the His-214 residue of D2 has been replaced by asparagine do not contain detectable photosystem II core proteins. However, in another site-directed mutant, in which His-197 has been replaced by tyrosine, some CP47 as well as breakdown products of CP43, but no D1 and D2, can be detected. These data could indicate a central function of CP47 and D2 in stable assembly of the photosystem II complex. CP43, however, is somewhat less critical for formation of the core complex, although CP43 is required for a physiologically functional photosystem II unit. A possible model for the assembly of the photosystem II core complex is proposed.
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  • 41
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: chlorophyll fluorescence ; herbicide binding ; photoinhibition ; photosynthesis ; photosystem II ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The time courses of some Photosystem II (PS II) parameters have been monitored during in-vivo and in-vitro photoinhibition of spinach chloroplasts, at room temperature and at 10 °C or 0 °C. Exposing leaf discs of low-light grown spinach at 25 °C to high light led to photoinhibition of chloroplasts in-vivo as manifested by a parallel decrease in the number of functional PS II centres, the variable chlorophyll fluorescence at 77K (F v /F m ), and the number of atrazine-binding sites. When the photoinhibitory treatment was given at 10 °C, the former two parameters declined in parallel but the loss of atrazine-binding sites occurred more slowly and to a lesser extent. During in-vitro photoinhibition of chloroplast thylakoids at 25 °C, the loss of functional PS II centres proceeded slightly more rapidly than the loss of atrazine-binding sites, and this difference in rate was further increased when the thylakoids were photoinhibited at 0 °C. During the recovery phase of leaf discs (up to 9 h) the increases in F v /F m preceded that of the number of functional PS II centres, while only a further decline in the number of atrazine-binding sites was observed. The recovery of variable chlorophyll fluorescence and the concentration of functional PS II centres occurred more rapidly at 25 °C than at 10 °C. These results suggest that the photoinhibition of PS II function is a relatively temperature-independent early photochemical event, whereas the changes in the concentration of herbicide-binding sites appear to be a more complex biochemical process which can occur with a delayed time course.
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  • 42
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    Photosynthesis research 21 (1989), S. 171-179 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: 32-kD chloroplast protein ; Lemna gibba ; photoinhibition ; photosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Recovery from photoinhibition of photosynthesis in intact Lemna gibba was studied in presence of the protein synthesis inhibitors chloramphenicol and cycloheximide. Exposure to an irradiance of 1000 μmol m-2s-1 in N2 for 90 min induced 80% photoinhibition. The plants recovered photosynthesis when transfered to normal irradiances (210 μmol m-2s-1) and air. Chloramphenicol added to the medium was taken up by the plant and reduced photosynthesis slightly. Recovery from photoinhibition was more inhibited than photosynthesis. Cycloheximide was also taken up by the plants and reduced synthesis of light harvesting chlorophyll protein: however, neither photosynthesis nor recovery were much affected. Synthesis of 32-kD chloroplast protein during recovery was inhibited by chloramphenicol, but not by cycloheximide. Synthesis of 32-kD protein was enhanced by 20–210 μmol m-2s-1 light. The results support the hypothesis that synthesis of 32-kD protein is important for recovery of photosynthesis after photoinhibition.
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  • 43
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    Photosynthesis research 21 (1989), S. 187-195 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: DCMU ; electron transport ; Fe ; photosynthesis ; photosystem II
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Inhibition of electron flow from H2O to methylviologen by 3-(3′4′ dichlorophenyl)-1,1 dimethyl urea (DCMU), yields a biphasic curve — an initial high sensitivity phase and a subsequent low sensitivity phase. The two phases of electron flow have a different pH dependence and differ in the light intensity required for saturation. Preincubation of chloroplasts with ferricyanide causes an inhibition of the high sensitivity phase, but has no effect on the low sensitivity phase. The extent of inhibition increases as the redox potential during preincubation becomes more positive. Tris-treatment, contrary to preincubation with ferricyanide, affects, to a much greater extent, the low sensitivity phase. Trypsin digestion of chloroplasts is known to block electron flow between Q A and Q B, allowing electron flow to ferricyanide, in a DCMU insensitive reaction. We have found that in trypsinated chloroplasts, electron flow becomes progressively inhibited by DCMU with increase in pH, and that DCMU acts as a competitive inhibitor with respect to [H+]. The sensitivity to DCMU rises when a more negative redox potential is maintained during trypsin treatment. Under these conditions, only the high sensitivity, but not the low sensitivity phase is inhibited by DCMU. The above results indicate the existence of two types of electron transport chains. One type, in which electron flow is more sensitive to DCMU contains, presumably Fe in a Q A Fe complex and is affected by its oxidation state, i.e., when Fe is reduced, it allows electron flow to Q B in a DCMU sensitive step; and a second type, in which electron transport is less sensitive to DCMU, where Fe is either absent or, if present in its oxidized state, is inaccessible to reducing agents.
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  • 44
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: non-ionic detergent ; O2-evolution ; photosynthesis ; photosystem II ; transformable cyanobacterium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Membranes and PS II particles retaining high rates of O2-evolving activity have been isolated from the transformable cyanobacterium, Synechocystis sp. PCC6803. Membranes from cells grown under red light exhibit rates of O2-evolution ranging from 500–700 μmole O2/mg chl/h. PS II particles are prepared by a simple procedure involving DEAE column chromatography of detergent extracts obtained by simultaneous treatment of membranes with octylglucoside and dodecylmaltoside. The isolated PS II fraction is enriched in polypeptides immunologically cross-reactive with polypeptides present in core reaction center preparations of spinach, exhibits 77 K fluorescence emission maxima at 685 and 696 nm, but not emission and absorption due to phycobilines and is capable of rates of O2-evolution exceeding 1000 μmole O2/mg chl/h.
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  • 45
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    Photosynthesis research 22 (1989), S. 3-10 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: cytochrome ; electron transfer ; laser ; low temperature ; photosynthesis ; quantum mechanics
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  • 46
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    Photosynthesis research 22 (1989), S. 39-46 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: charge recombination reaction ; dispersed polaron ; photosynthesis ; Rhodopseudomonas viridis ; semiclassical trajectory ; temperature dependence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The “dispersed polaron” version of the semiclassical trajectory approach is used to evaluate the quantum mechanical nuclear tunneling effects in the charge recombination reaction, P+Q−→PQ, in photosynthetic bacterial reaction centers, The cclculations are based on the crystallographic structure of reaction centers from Rhodopseudomonas viridis. They succeed in capturing the temperature dependence of the rate constant without using adjustable parameters. This provides the first example of a microscopic simulation of quantum mechanical nuclear tunneling in a biological system.
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  • 47
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: CO2-accumulation ; luminescence ; photosynthesis ; Scenedesmus obliquus
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    Notes: Abstract In experiments with the unicellular green algae Scenedesmus obliquus a correlation was found between the presence of the CO2-accumulating mechanism and the appearance of polyphasic luminescence decay kinetics. A potentiometric titration method was used to measure and calculate photosynthetic carbon uptake. Polyphasic luminescence decay kinetics was found when the algae showed photosynthetic characteristics typical of algae adapted to low-CO2 conditions. When high-CO2 grown algae were transferred to low-CO2 conditions they gradually developed polyphasic decay kinetics during the first 25–30 minutes. When low-CO2 grown algae were transferred to high-CO2 conditions the polyphasic decay kinetics disappeared. To account for these results a working hypothesis is presented on the basis of the energy requirement for a CO2-accumulating mechanism.
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  • 48
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    Photosynthesis research 10 (1986), S. 125-137 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: electron transfer ; photosynthesis ; bacterial photosynthesis ; reaction center ; vibronic coupling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This paper points out that the orientations of the porphyrins, bacteriochlorophyll and bacteriopheophytin, in the reaction centers of Rhodopseudomonas viridis, as shown by the new X-ray determined structure, have a peculiar orientation towards each other: electron donors are broadside toward the acceptors and acceptors are edgeon toward donors. Vibronic coupling which is the mechanism of converting free-energy loss in electron transport to vibrational energy is examined as a possible explanation. Preliminary calculations do not support this as an explanation of the orientations but suggest strongly that the non-heme iron atom has the function of promoting vibronic coupling in the electron transfer from bacteriopheophytin to menaquinone. It is further suggested that the system of electron transport from the special pair of bacteriochlorophyll to the bacteriopheophytin is arranged to keep virbonic coupling to a minimum to match the very small electronic free-energy loss in this region.
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  • 49
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: photosynthesis ; photorespiration ; barley ; mutants ; phosphoglycollate ; phosphatase
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A barley mutant RPr84/90 has been isolated by selecting for plants which grow poorly in natural air, but normally in air enriched to 0.8% CO2. After 5 minutes of photosynthesis in air containing14CO2 this mutant incorporated 26% of the14C carbon into phosphoglycollate, a compound not normally labelled in wild type (cv. Maris Mink) leaves. The activity of phosphoglycollate phosphatase (EC 3.1.1.18) was 1.2 nkat mg−1 protein at 30°C in RPr 84/90 compared to 19.2 nkat mg−1 protein in the wild-type leaves. Phosphoglycollate phosphatase activity was not detected after protein separation by electrophoresis of leaf extracts from the mutant on polyacrylamide gels; on linear 5% acrylamide gels three bands with enzyme activity were separated from extracts of wild type plants. Gradient gel electrophoresis followed by activity staining showed two bands in Maris Mink tracks of MW 86,000 and 96,000, but no bands in 84/90. This is the first report of isozymes of phosphoglycollate phosphatase in barley which were absent in the mutant extracts. Our results confirm an earlier report of isozymes of this phosphatase in Phaseolus vulgaris [18]. The photosynthetic rate of RPr 84/90 in 1% O2, 350 μl CO2 l−1 was 9–12 mg CO2 dm−2 h−1 at 20°C, whereas the wild-type rate was 27–29 mg CO2 dm−2 h−1 at 20°C. In 21% O2, 350 μl CO2 l−1 the rate was 2–3 mg CO2 dm−2 h−1 in the mutant and 20 mg CO2 dm−2 h−1 in the wild type. Genetic analysis has shown that the mutation segregates as a single recessive nuclear gene.
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  • 50
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: genotype ; nitrogen ; photosynthesis ; respiration ; rice ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Four Indica and five Japonica varieties of rice (Oryza sativa L.) were examined to elucidate their differences in photosynthetic activity and dark respiratory rate as influenced by leaf nitrogen levels and temperatures. The photosynthetic rates of single leaf showed correlations with total nitrogen and soluble protein contents in the leaves. Respiratory rate was also positively correlated with the leaf nitrogen content. When compared at the same level of leaf nitrogen or soluble protein content, the four Indica varieties and one of Japonica varieties, Tainung 67, which have some Indica genes derived from one of its parents, showed higher photosynthetic rates than the remaining four Japonica varieties. At the same photosynthetic rate, the Indica varieties showed lower respiratory rate than Japonica varieties. When the leaf temperature rose from 20°C to 30°C, the photosynthetic rate increased by 18 to 41%, whereas the respiratory rate increased by 100 to 150%. These increasing rates in response to temperature were higher in the Japonica than in the Indica varieties. In this respect, Tainung 67 showed the same behavior as of the other four Japonica varieties.
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  • 51
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    Photosynthesis research 16 (1988), S. 41-63 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: photosynthesis ; chlorophyll-proteins ; chloroplasts ; assembly of membrane proteins ; cab genes ; gene regulation ; protein sorting ; protein import by organelles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The light-harvesting complex of photosystem II (LHC II) contains one major (LHC IIb) and at least three minor chlorophyll-protein components. The apoproteins of LHC IIb (LHCP) are encoded by nuclear genes and synthesized in the cytoplasm as a higher molecular weight precursor(s) (pLHCP). Several genes coding for pLHCP have been cloned from various higher plant species. The expression of these genes is dependent upon a variety of factors such as light, the developmental stage of the plastids and the plant. After its synthesis in the cytoplasm, pLHCP is imported into plastids, inserted into thylakoids, processed to its mature form, and assembled into LHC IIb. The pathway of assembly of LHC IIb in the thylakoid membranes is currently being investigated in several laboratories. We present a model that gives some details of the steps in the assembly process. Many of the steps involved in the synthesis and assembly are dependent on light and the stage of plastid development.
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  • 52
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    Photosynthesis research 18 (1988), S. 263-275 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: carboxylation efficiency ; photosynthesis ; Rubisco ; water stress ; willow
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The response to drought was compared for willow plants of optimal leaf nitrogen content (100 N) and those of 86% of this content (86 N). Gas exchange measurements revealed that the carboxylation efficiency (CE) of photosynthesis was more sensitive to drought than the photosynthetic capacity in both N regimes. Since the leaf content of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) was found to be much more resistant it is suggested that a decreased specific activity of Rubisco underlies the decreased CE. Although the rate of water consumption was the same for 86 N and 100 N plants the photosynthetic apparatus responded much more rapidly in the 86 N leaves. This increased sensitivity of 86 N leaves was not due to accelerated senescence as judged by comparison with parallel plants subjected to discontinued fertilization; the two categories of treatments resulted in the same loss of leaf nitrogen and Rubisco but drought induced a much more rapid photosynthetic depression. In contrast to the drought situation, 86 N and 100 N plants behaved similarly when compared under short term water stress. First, when single attached leaves were exposed to a sudden drop in air humidity the capacity of CO2 uptake in both N regimes decreased about 20% over 10 min while the leaf water potential remained high. Second, in freely transpiring leaf discs cut from 86 N and 100 N leaves the same relationship between capacity of O2 evolution and extent of dehydration was observed. The possible mechanisms underlying the increased susceptibility of 86 N leaves to drought is discussed; the water status of the roots not the leaves is suggested to be the determining factor.
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  • 53
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    Photosynthesis research 21 (1989), S. 151-159 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: photosynthesis ; stomatal conductance ; Theobroma cacao ; transpiration ; water stress ; water-use efficiency
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of leaf water potential (Ψ) on net CO2 assimilation rate (A), stomatal conductance (g), transpiration (E) and water-use efficiency (WUE) was measured for three cultivars of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) seedlings during three recurrent drought cycles. Net assimilation varied greatly at high water potentials, but as Ψ dropped below approximately -0.8 and -1.0 MPa, A was reduced to less than 1.5 μmol CO2 m-2 s-1. The relation between g and A was highly significant and conformed to an asymptotic exponential model, with A approaching maximal values at stomatal conductances of 55–65 mmol H2O m-2 s-1. Net assimilation varied linearly (r=0.95) with transpiration, and the slope of the A-E relation (WUE) was approximately 3.0 μmol CO2 mmol-1 H2O throughout the range of stomatal conductances observed. C i was insensitive to water stress, even though both g and A were strongly affected. Under the experimental conditions used here, mesophyll photosynthesis did not appear to control g through changes in C i. As stress intensified within each drying cycle, WUE of nonirrigated seedlings did not decline relative to that of controls even though CO2 and water vapor exchange rates underwent large displacements. The effect of seed source was highly significant for WUE, and the basis for observed differences among genotypes is discussed.
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  • 54
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: bicarbonate transport ; carbonic anhydrase mutant ; Chlamydomonas ; CO2 exchange ; photorespiration ; photosynthesis
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Net CO2 exchange was monitored through a dark-light-dark transition, under 2% and 21% O2 in the presence and absence of CO2, in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii wild type and the high-CO2-requiring mutant ca-1-12-1C. Upon illumination at 350 μl/l CO2, ca-1-12-1C cell exhibited a large decrease in net CO2 uptake following an initial surge of CO2 uptake. Net CO2 uptake subsequently attained a steady-state rate substantially lower than the maximum. A large, O2-enchanced post-illumination burst of CO2 efflux was observed after a 10-min illumination period, corresponding to a minimum in the net CO2 uptake rate. A smaller, but O2-insensitive post-illumination burst was observed following a 30-min illumination period, when net CO2 uptake was at a steady-state rate. These post-illumination bursts appeared to reflect the release of an intracellular pool of inorganic carbon, which was much larger following the initial surge of net CO2 uptake than during the subsequent steady-state CO2 uptake period. With the mutant in CO2-free gas, O2-stimulated, net CO2 efflux was observed in the light, and a small, O2-dependent post-illumination burst was observed. With wild-type cells no CO2 efflux was observed in the light in CO2-free gas under either 2% or 21% O2, but a small, O2-dependent post-illumination burst was observed. These results were interpreted as indicating that photorespiratory rates were similar in the mutant and wild-type cells in the absence of CO2, but that the wild-type cells were better able to scavenge the photorespiratory CO2.
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  • 55
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: electron transfer ; photochemistry ; photosynthesis ; transient spectroscopy
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have measured the extent of flash-induced electron transfer from the bacteriochlorophyll dimer, P, to the bacteriopheophytin in the M-subunit, HM, in reaction centers of Rhodopseudomonas viridis. This has been done by measuring the transient states produced by excitation of reaction centers trapped in the PHL −HM state at 90 K. Under these conditions the normal forward electron transfer to the bacteriopheophytin in the L-subunit, HL, is blocked and the yield of transient P+HM − can be estimated with respect to the lifetime of P*. Under these conditions flash induced absorbance decreases of the bacteriochlorophyll dimer 990 nm band suggest that a transient P+ state is formed with a quantum yield of 0.09±0.06 compared to that formed during normal photochemistry. These transient measurements provide an upper limited on the yield of a transient P+ HM − state. An estimate of 0.09 as the yield of the P+ HM − state is consistent with all current observations. This estimate and the lifetime of P* suggest that the electron transfer rate from P* to HM, kM, is about 5 × 109 sec−1 (τM = 200ps). These measurements suggest that the a branching ratio kL/kM is on the order of 200. The large value of the branching ratio is remarkable in view of the structural symmetry of the reaction center. This measurement should be useful for electron transfer calculations based upon the reaction center structure.
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  • 56
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: growth ; light intensity ; Phaseolus vulgaris L. ; phosphorus–zinc interaction ; photosynthesis ; yield ; zinc deficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Two experiments were conducted in a factorial combination of three Zn levels (0, 10 and 40 mg Zn kg-1 soil) and two P levels (0 and 200 mg P kg-1 soil). Experiment 1 was carried out during winter in a heated glasshouse, and experiment 2 during summer under a rain shelter. Plants of dwarf bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L., cv. Borlotto nano) were grown in pots filled with sandy soil. In both experiments, leaf Zn concentration was reduced by the addition of P to plants grown at low Zn supply. However, leaf Zn concentration lower than the critical level was observed only during experiment 2, and the main effects of low Zn were reductions of internode length, light use efficiency and maximum photosynthetic rate. In plants with leaf Zn concentration lower than the critical level, saturating irradiance levels fell from ∼1000 μmol m-2 s-1 PPFD to ∼300–400 μmol m-2 s-1 PPFD. Reduction of net photosynthesis was observed from the beginning of flowering and led to decreased seed production.
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  • 57
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    Plant and soil 109 (1988), S. 227-234 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: acetylene reduction ; diurnal cycles ; nitrogen fixation ; oxygen permeability ; photosynthesis ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract While diurnal cycles in nitrogen fixation rates are sometimes assumed to result from diurnal variation in photosynthetically active radiation, contradicting evidence exists that indicate soil temperature is the primary environmental influence. These studies assessed the significance of temperature on soybean nitrogen fixation under field conditions. Two groups of intact field-grown soybean plants, one at ambient and the other exposed to a 10°C diurnal variation in soil temperature, were nondestructively assayed for acetylene reduction rates. Activity was closely associated with soil temperature (R2=0.85), even when temperature was 12 h out of phase with ambient. Data were also obtained to determine if the effects of rhizosphere temperature on nitrogen fixation are mediated through an effect on the nodule oxygen permeability. Nodule oxygen permeability of intact, aeroponically grown soybean was closely correlated with the diurnal changes in temperature (R2=0.90).
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  • 58
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    Plant and soil 109 (1988), S. 235-243 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: carbon ; dark respiration ; deficiency ; Glycine max ; oil protein ratio ; photosynthesis ; potassium ; seed ; soybean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Photosynthetic and dark respiration rates of single leaflets and whole plant canopies were measured during podfilling of soybean plants that were grown under low and high K regimes. Dark respiration rates of detached seed from these plants were also determined during the latter part of seed development. The study was carried out to test the hypothesis that low oil/protein ratios of seed from K-deficient plants resulted from the reduction in carbon availability within the plant, as a result of lower carbon assimilation rates and higher rates of respiratory carbon loss. Photosynthetic rates of upper canopy leaflets during early podfilling were depressed under K deficiency but this effect did not occur with whole plant canopies. In fact, towards the latter part of the podfilling period canopy photosynthetic rates were higher in K-deficient plants as nitrogen was exported earlier from the leaves in high-K plants, resulting in earlier leaf senescence in these plants. The level of K supply had no consistent effect on dark respiration rates of single leaflets or plant canopies, and had no effect on CO2 evolution rates from detached, developing seed. The findings do not substantiate the hypothesis that reduced photosynthetic efficiency or enhanced respiratory carbon loss are responsible for lower oil/protein ratios in seed from K-deficient soybean plants.
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  • 59
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    Plant and soil 105 (1988), S. 213-222 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: mineral nutrition ; Phaseolus vulgaris ; Pisum sativum ; salt stress ; seaweed ; soil organic amendment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In 1981 a two-year field plot experiment was established to assess the effects of quantities (0, 7.5, 15, 30, 60 and 120 t ha−1) of fresh kelp (Macrocystis integrifolia) on crop growth and nutritional response and chemical properties of a fine-textured soil. Soil was analyzed for NO3−N, NH4−N, electrical conductivity, pH, Cl and exchangeable cations (K, Mg, Ca, Mn and Na). The plots were planted to beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) in the first year and peas (Pisum sativum) in the second year. Marketable bean yields increased in the first year with kelp applications up to 60 t ha−1, with yields, emergence and flowering being reduced by the 120 t ha−1 application. Soluble salts (EC) and Cl concentrations in the soil eight days after application increased linearly and sharply with increasing quantities of kelp. Increased K concentration and moisture content, characteristics of plants growing in a salt-stressed soil environment, were measured. A subsequent companion greenhouse experiment confirmed that the reduced bean emergence and growth with 120 t ha−1 applications of kelp were primarily due to soluble salts. The only growth effects upon peas in the second year was a slight reduction in leaf plus stem yields with increasing applications of kelp.
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    Plant and soil 105 (1988), S. 283-286 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: maize ; photosynthesis ; salinity ; water use efficiency ; Zea mays L. Ca ; Na ; Mg
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The CO2 fixation rate of salt-stressed maize leaves was influenced by the Ca∶Na ratio in the solution cultures. At an osmotic potential of −0.4 MPa in the root media, both the photosynthetic rate and the water-use efficiency declined as substrate Ca increased. Blade-Ca concentration also increased, while blade-Na and-Mg decreased. Apparently photosynthetic activity was inhibited in part by internal Mg deficiency rather than by Na toxicity or by Na-induced Ca deficiency. Reduction of the Ca∶Mg ratio in the culture stimulated the CO2 fixation rate.
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  • 61
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    Plant and soil 223 (2000), S. 155-162 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: drought acclimation ; Helianthus annuus L. ; photosynthesis ; pressure-volume curves ; water relations ; water stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The responses of leaf water parameters to drought were examined using three sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) genotypes. Osmotic potential at full water saturation (π100), apoplastic water fraction (AWF) and bulk elastic modulus (BEM) were determined by pressure-volume curve analysis on well watered or on water-stressed plants (−1.0 MPa Ψ1 〈 −1.5 MPa) previously drought-pretreated or not. The drought-pretreated plants were subjected to a 7-day drought period (predawn leaf water potential reached −0.9 MPa) followed by 8 days of rewatering. In well watered plants, all genotypes in response to drought acclimation displayed a significantly decreased π100 associated with a decrease in the leaf water potential at the turgor-loss point (decrease in Ψtlp was between 0.15 and 0.21 MPa, depending on the genotype). In two genotypes, drought acclimation affected the partitioning of water between the apoplastic and symplastic fractions without any effect on the total amount of water in the leaves. As a third genotype displayed no modification of AWF and BEM after drought acclimation, the decreased π100 was only due to the net accumulation of solutes and was consistent with the adjustment of the photochemical efficiency observed previously in this genotype in response to drought acclimation. In water-stressed plants, the osmotic adjustment (OA) can increase further beyond that observed in response to the drought pretreatment. However, the maintenance of photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance at low leaf water potentials not only depends on the extent of osmotic adjustment, but also on the interaction between OA and AWF or BEM. Adaptative responses of leaf water parameters to drought are thus quite contrasted in sunflower genotypes.
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  • 62
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: photosynthesis ; root respiration ; carbon allocation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The study was conducted to investigate carbon metabolic responses to surface soil drying for cool-season grasses. Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinaceae Schreb.) were grown in a greenhouse in split tubes consisting of two sections. Plants were subjected to three soil moisture regimes: (1) well-watered control; (2) drying of upper 20-cm soil (upper drying); and (3) drying of whole 40-cm soil profile (full drying). Upper drying for 30 d had no dramatic effects on leaf water potential (Ψleaf) and canopy photosynthetic rate (Pn) in either grass species compared to the well-watered control, but it reduced canopy respiration rate (Rcanopy) and root respiration rate in the top 20 cm of soil (Rtop). For both species in the lower 20 cm of wet soil, root respiration rates (Rbottom) were similar to the control levels, and carbon allocation to roots increased with the upper soil drying, particularly for tall fescue. The proportion of roots decreased in the 0-20 cm drying soil, but increased in the lower 20 cm wet soil for both grass species; the increase was greater for tall fescue. The Ψleaf, Pn, Rcanopy, Rtop, Rbottom, and carbon allocation to roots in both soil layers were all significantly higher for upper dried plants than for fully dried plants of both grass species. The reductions in Rcanopy and Rtop in surface drying soil and increases in root respiration and carbon allocation to roots in lower wet soil could help these grasses cope with surface-soil drought stress.
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  • 63
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: chilling ; chlorophyll fluorescence ; nutrient ; phosphorus ; photosynthesis ; starvation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The experiments were conducted on two tomato cultivars: Garbo and Robin. Mineral starvation due to plant growth in 20-fold diluted nutrient solution (DNS) combined with chilling reduced the rate of photosynthesis (P N) and stomatal conductance (g) to a greater extent than in plants grown in full nutrient solution (FNS). In phosphate-starved tomato plants the P N rate and stomatal conductance decreased more after chilling than in plants grown on FNS. In low-P plants even 2 days after chilling the recovery of CO2 assimilation rate and stomatal conductance was low. A resupply of phosphorus to low-P plants (low P + P) did not improve the rate of photosynthesis in non-chilled plants (NCh) but prevented PN inhibition in chilled (Ch) plants. The greatest effect of P resupply was expressed as a better recovery of photosynthesis and stomatal conductance, especially in non-chilled low P + P plants. The F v/F m (ratio of variable to maximal chlorophyll fluorescence) decreased more during P starvation than as an effect of chilling. Supplying phosphorus to low-P plants caused the slight increase in the F v/F mratio. In conclusion, after a short-term chilling in darkness a much more drastic inhibition of photosynthesis was observed in nutrient-starved or P-insufficient tomato plants than in plants from FNS. This inhibition was caused by the decrease in both photochemical efficiency of photosystems and the reduction of stomatal conductance. The presented results support the hypothesis that tomato plants with limited supply of mineral nutrients or phosphorus are more susceptible to chilling.
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  • 64
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    Euphytica 42 (1989), S. 265-268 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; rice ; photosynthesis ; grain yield ; genotype ; isozyme ; esterase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Four Indica and one Japonica (Tainung 67) of rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties had an esterase band (tentatively designated as E1), and also had higher photosynthetic ability than other five Japonica varieties without E1 band. The F1 plants of Tainung 67 × Mineyutaka (low photosynthetic ability, no E1 band) showed E1 band and a low photosynthetic ability. Of 34 F2 plants, 28 had E1 band, but 6 had no E1 band of which 5 plants showed a low photosynthetic ability. These results suggest that an esterase gene and one of the photosynthesis gene are linked, and the gene for low photosynthetic ability is dominant. Among 42 new Japonica strains and 2 control varieties bred in Taiwan, most genotypes with E1 band showed higher grain yield potential (grain field/growth days) in local test. Esterase band may be used as a marker for high photosynthesis and grain yield ability in breeding.
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    Photosynthesis research 12 (1987), S. 255-263 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: oxygen evolution ; photosynthesis ; nitrite ; fluorescence ; spinach chloroplasts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The introduction of nitrite ions into the bathing medium of broken spinach chloroplasts causes changes in the properties of these organelles which depend on the concentration of nitrite and the time of exposure. In the presence of 1 mM nitrite, there is an inhibition of the rate of oxygen evolution and an increase in fluorescence emission which suggests a site for nitrite inhibition between the two photosystems. When 5 mM nitrite is present for times longer than 10 minutes, there is a decrease in the PS2 partial reaction rate as indicated by the oxygen burst, an increase in the PS1 partial reaction rate, a decrease in fluorescence emission and an increase in the fluorescence emitted at 729 nm compared with that at 693 nm observed at − 176°C. These changes are consistent with an increase in the proportion of absorbed light energy reaching PS1 caused by prolonged exposure to a sufficient concentration of nitrite ions in the light.
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  • 66
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: photosynthesis ; purple bacteria ; primary electron transfer ; reaction center ; transient absorption techniques
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The kinetics of absorbance changes related to the charge-separated state, PF, and to the formation and decay of the carotenoid triplet state (CarT) were studied in the LM reaction center subunit isolated from a wild-type strain of the purple bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides (strain Y). The PF lifetime is lengthened (20±1.5 ns) in the LM complex as compared to the intact reaction centers (11±1 ns). The yield of the carotenoid triplet formation is higher (0.28±0.01) in the LM complex than in native reaction centers. We interpret our results in terms of perturbations of a first-order reaction connecting the singlet and the triplet state of the radical-pair state. Our results, together with those of a recent work (Agalidis, I., Nuijs, A.M. and Reiss-Husson, F. (1987) Biochim. Biophys. Acta (in press)) are consistent with a high I to QA electron transfer rate in this LM subunit, which is metal-depleted. The LM complex is considerably more sensitive than the reaction centers to photooxidative damage in the presence of oxygen. This is not readily accounted for simply by the higher carotenoid triplet yield, and may suggest a greater accessibility of the internal structures in the absence of the H-subunit. The lifetime of the carotenoid triplet decay (6.4±0.3 μs) in the LM subunit is unchanged compared to the native reaction centers.
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  • 67
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    Photosynthesis research 13 (1987), S. 143-157 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: surface charge ; chloroplast membrane ; EDTA ; electron transport ; photosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Pretreatment of chloroplast with 0.75 mM of EDTA inhibits markedly electron flow at pH above 8.5. This inhibition can be reversed by adding donors to PS II or by addition of salts to the reaction medium. Restoration of electron flow in EDTA-treated chloroplasts by salts depends clearly on the valency of the cation used. The efficiency observed is: C3+〉C2+〉C+, which is indicative of screening of negative charges on the membrane. However, maximal restoration of electron flow depends also on the presence of a relatively low concentration of Cl- which is known to be required at the oxygen evolution site. Charge density in the region of Q was measured in control and EDTA-treated chloroplasts. The calculated charge densities were: -1.1 μC/cm2 and -2.0 μC/cm2 for control and EDTA-treated chloroplasts respectively. It is concluded that EDTA-treatment, by dissipating ° pH and by chelating Mg2+, causes an increase in the negative charge density on the thylakoid membrane which includes a site (or sites) closely related to water donation.
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  • 68
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    Photosynthesis research 14 (1987), S. 55-69 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: blue-green algae ; cyanobacteria ; cyclic electron flow ; photoreaction 1 ; photosynthesis ; P700 ; respiration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Evidence for a cyclic electron flow has been sought by study of the steady-state poise of P700 and rate of photoreaction 1 in three cyanobacteria. Under an actinic light 1 (440 or 680 nm) the rate of photoreaction 1 is limited by the rate of electron supply provided by photoreaction 2 and by all return electron flow from low potential donors such as ferredoxin and NAD(P)H. Plots of p, the steady-state fraction of P700 reduced, versus the reciprocal intensity, 1/I, yield linear segments of slope Ip. From considerations of a simple model the slopes and extrapolated intercepts of the linear segments provide estimates of the rate of return electron flow. Analysis shows that the total return electron flow cannot be large, by one estimate not more than three times the rate of dark respiration. This result leads to a conclusion that cyclic electron flow (and any dependent phosphorylation) is not a significant process in these cyanobacteria at ordinary light intensities.
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  • 69
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: phosphorus nutrition ; photosynthesis ; ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase ; ribulose bisphosphate ; 3-phosphoglycerate ; O2 partial pressure
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Phosphorus-deficient spinach plants were grown by transferring them to nutrient solutions without PO4. Photosynthetic rates were measured at a range of intercellular CO2 partial pressures from 50–500 μbar and then the leaves were freeze-clamped in situ to measure ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase (Rubisco) activity and metabolite concentrations. Compared with control leaves, deficient leaves had significantly lower photosynthetic rates, percentage activation of Rubisco, and amounts of ribulose bisphosphate and 3-phosphoglycerate at all CO2 partial pressures. After feeding 10 mM PO4 to the petioles of detached deficient leaves, all these measurements increased within 2 hours. At atmospheric CO2 partial pressure the photosynthetic rate was stimulated in 19 mbar O2 compared with 200 mbar. At higher CO2 partial pressures this stimulation was less but the percentage stimulation in deficient leaves was no different from controls in either CO2 partial pressure. It was concluded that phosphorus deficiency affects both Rubisco activity and the capacity for ribulose bisphosphate regeneration, and possible causes are discussed.
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  • 70
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: abscisic acid ; Digitalis lanata ; intercellular CO2 concentration ; leaf water potential ; photosynthesis ; water use efficiency
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    Notes: Abstract Gas exchange and abscisic acid content of Digitalis lanata EHRH. have been examined at different levels of plant water stress. Net photosynthesis, transpiration and conductance of attached leaves declined rapidly at first, then more slowly following the withholding of irrigation. The intercellular partial pressure of CO2 decreased slightly. The concentration of 2-cis(S)ABA increased about eight-fold in the leaves of non-irrigated plants as compared with well-watered controls. A close linear correlation was found between the ABA content of the leaves and their conductance on a leaf area basis. In contrast, the plot of net assimilation versus ABA concentration was curvilinear, leading to an increased efficiency of water use during stress. After rewatering, photosynthesis reached control values earlier than transpiration, leaf conductance and ABA content. From these data it is concluded that transpiration through the stomata is directly controlled by the ABA content, whereas net photosynthesis is influenced additionally by other factors. Possible reasons for the responses of photosynthesis and water use efficiency to different stress and ABA levels are discussed.
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  • 71
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    Photosynthesis research 22 (1989), S. 115-122 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: Action-spectrum ; photo-electric ; photosynthesis ; photo-voltage ; thylakoids
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This paper reports data and considerations relevant to the question of what determines the polarity of the voltages induced between electrodes in a suspension of chloroplasts when irradiated with a flash of light from a laser or flash-lamp. We found positive polarity (electrode nearest the light source positive) with excitation by ns pulses at 694, 539 and 530 nm wavelength. This and the earlier finding (Meszéna et al. (1988) Studia Biophysica 126:77–86), confirmed in this work, of negative polarity at 420 nm confirm, in part, the action spectrum reported by Gräber and Trissl (1981 FEBS Let 123:95–99) using 50 μs flashes. Gräber and Trissl also showed that swelling the chloroplasts can reverse the polarity. Negative polarity is expected on the basis of a simple light-gradient in the sample together with what is known about photosynthetic charge movements. The cause of positive polarities has eluded explanation. Duration of flash was suspected. We tried a random series of short flashes averaging about 10 μs apart and found that all simply duplicated the first flash. If there is any effect of light following the first flash it must occur in less than about 10 μs. We suggest that the polarity is determined by a complicated interference pattern of the light in the chloroplast which can focus it onto different parts, front or back, depending upon the wavelength of the light and the structure of the chloroplast.
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  • 72
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: O2 evolution ; S-states ; model ; photosynthesis
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    Notes: Abstract Oxygen evolution in Dunaliella tertiolecta under flashing light was measured with a bare electrode, at a 10 Hz frquency. The ‘sigma coefficients’ of the oxygen evolution recurrence law (Thibault (1978) J Theor Biol 73, 271) were determined using groups of nine consecutive points. The S-state transition probabilities were computed from the sigma coefficients and plotted as a function of the flash number of the first of the points used. Low standard deviations over the sigma coefficients resulted from the use of our system (Meunier & Popovic (1988) Rev Sci Instr 59, 486). We observed a linear lowering of the miss probability with time, and a linear rise of the single-hit probability with the same absolute value of the slope. The hypothesis that the slopes were zero was statistically tested and was rejected with a 99.9% confidence interval. Our work demonstrates that, to be accurate, an oxygen evolution model has to take the variations in the properties of S-states into account.
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  • 73
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    Photosynthesis research 11 (1987), S. 245-251 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: Colocasia esculenta ; Xanthosoma sagittifolium ; edible aroids ; photosynthesis ; transpiration ; stomatal conductance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract Taro and cocoyam were grown outdoors in either full sun or under 40% shade. Leaves were tagged as they emerged and the effect of leaf age on net CO2 assimilation rate (A) was determined. The effects of shading on A, transpiration (E), stomatal conductance for CO2 (gc) and H2O (gs), and water use efficiency (WUE) were also determined for leaves of a single age for each species. The effect of leaf age on A was similar for both species. Net CO2 assimilation rates increased as leaf age increased up to 28 days with the exception of a sharp decline in A for 21 day-old leaves which corresponded to unusually low temperatures during the period of leaf expansion. A generally decreased as leaves aged beyond 28 days. Cocoyam had higher A rates than taro. Leaves of shade-grown plants had higher rates of A and E for both species at photosynthetic photon flux densities (PPFD) up to 1600 μmol s−1 m−2. Shade-grown leaves of cocoyam had greater leaf dry weights per area (LW/A) and a trend toward higher gc and gs than sun-grown leaves. Shade leaves of taro had greater gc and g3 rates than sun-grown leaves. The data suggest that taro and cocoyam are highly adapted to moderate shade conditions.
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  • 74
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    Photosynthesis research 11 (1987), S. 253-264 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: Key words ; drought ; nitrogen content ; photosynthesis ; respiration ; stomata ; water relations
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L., cv. Bintje) were grown in a naturally lit glasshouse. Laboratory measurements on leaves at three insertion levels showed a decline with leaf age in photosynthetic capacity and in stomatal conductance at near saturating irradiance. Conductance declined somewhat more with age than photosynthesis, resulting in a smaller internal CO2 concentration in older relative to younger leaves. Leaves with different insertion number behaved similarly. The changes in photosynthesis rate and in nitrogen content with leaf age were closely correlated. When PAR exceeded circa 100 W m−2 the rate of photosynthesis and stomatal conductance changed proportionally as indicated by a constant internal CO2 concentration. The photosynthesis-irradiance data were fitted to an asymptotic exponential model. The parameters of the model are AMAX, the rate of photosynthesis at infinite irradiance, and EFF, the slope at low light levels. AMAX declined strongly with leaf age, as did EFF, but to a smaller extent. During drought stress photosynthetic capacity declined directly with decreasing water potential (range −0.6 to −1.1 MPa). Initially, stomatal conductance declined faster than photosynthetic capacity.
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  • 75
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: ascorbic acid ; ascorbate-glutathione cycle ; bean yield ; dehydroascorbate ; ozone ; photosynthesis ; soybean ; vegetative yield
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We examined the characteristics of ascorbic acid (ASC) level, dehydroascorbate (DHA) level, and the ASC–DHA redox status in the leaflets of two soybean cultivars grown in a field environment and exposed to elevated ozone (O3) levels. These two cultivars, one that preliminary evidence indicated to be O3-tolerant (cv Essex), and one that was indicated to be O3-sensitive (cv Forrest), were grown in open-top chambers during the summer of 1997. The plants were exposed daily to a controlled, moderately high O3 level (≈58 nl l−1 air) in the light, beginning at the seedling stage and continuing to bean maturity. Concurrently, control plants were exposed to carbon-filtered, ambient air containing a relatively low O3 level (≈24 nl l−1 air) during the same period. Elevated O3 did not affect biomass per plant, mature leaf area accretion, or bean yield per plant of cv Essex. In contrast, elevated O3 level decreased the biomass and bean yield per plant of cv Forrest by approximately 20%. Daily leaflet photosynthesis rate and stomatal conductance per unit area did not decrease in either cultivar as a result of prolonged O3 exposure. A 10% lower mature leaflet area in O3-treated cv Forrest plants contributed to an ultimate limitation in long-term photosynthetic productivity (vegetative and bean yield). Possible factors causing cv Essex to be more O3 tolerant than cv Forrest were: 1) mature leaflets of control and O3-treated cv Essex plants consistently maintained a higher daily ASC level than leaflets of cv Forrest plants, and 2) mature leaflets of cv Essex plants maintained a higher daily ASC–DHA redox status than leaflets of cv Forrest plants.
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  • 76
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    Photosynthesis research 64 (2000), S. 167-177 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: dynamic light scattering ; mass spectrometry ; oxygen evolution ; photosynthesis ; protein crystallization ; protein structure
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The manganese-stabilizing protein (MSP) of Photosystem II was purified from spinach photosynthetic membranes. The MSP was crystallized in the presence of calcium. Despite the apparent purity of the isolated protein, the crystals grew to only about 0.05 mm in their largest dimension. The MSP was analyzed to identify possible sources of protein heterogeneity that could hinder crystal growth. Tandem reverse-phase HPLC/ electronspray ionization mass spectrometry analysis of the MSP showed a major peak and four smaller peaks. All five peaks had molecular masses of 26 535, as expected for mature MSP, indicating the absence of heterogeneities due to covalent modifications. MALDI mass spectroscopy was utilized to identify heterogeneities in the MSP oligomeric state. These measurements showed that purified MSP in solution is a mixture of monomers and dimers, while solubilized MSP crystals contained only dimers. Size-exclusion chromatography and dynamic light scattering were used to probe the effect of the crystallization conditions on the MSP. Size-exclusion chromatography of concentrated MSP showed the presence of aggregates and monomers, while dilute MSP contained monomers. Dynamic light scattering experiments in the absence, or in the presence of 10–50 mM or 100 mM calcium, yielded calculated molecular mass values of 34 kDa, 48 kDa and 68 kDa, respectively. These changes in the observed molecular mass of the MSP could have been caused by the formation of dimers and higher oligomers and/or significant conformational changes. Based on the results reported in this study, a model is presented which details the effect of oligomeric heterogeneity on the inhibition of MSP crystal growth.
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    Photosynthesis research 65 (2000), S. 249-259 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: dynamic light scattering ; membrane protein crystallization ; photosynthesis ; thermoluminescence
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have recently reported the crystallization of the reaction center of Photosystem II in the presence of detergent mixtures [Adir N (1999) Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr D55: 891–894]. We have used high performance liquid chromatography, dynamic light scattering, native gel electrophoresis and thermoluminescence measurements to characterize the interaction between these detergent mixtures and RC II, to try and understand their role in the crystallization process. Size exclusion HPLC and dynamic light scattering confirmed that the isolated RC II used for crystallization was exclusively monomeric. Dynamic light scattering measurements show that the detergent mixtures formed single micelles within a limited range of hydrodynamic radii. Both size exclusion HPLC and dynamic light scattering were used to follow the interaction between the detergent mixtures and monomeric RC II. These techniques revealed a decrease in the detergent mixture treated RC II particle size (with respect with the untreated RC II), and that RC II from solubilized crystals contained particles of the same size. Native gel electrophoresis showed that this change in apparent size is not due to the disintegration of the internal structure of the RC II complex. Thermoluminescence measurements of solubilized RC II crystals showed charge recombination from the S2,3QA − state, indicating that RC II remains functionally viable following detergent mixture treatment and crystallization. The role of the detergent mixtures in the crystallization of RC II is discussed.
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  • 78
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: herbicide ; instrumentation ; mutant selection ; photosynthesis
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    Notes: Abstract Fluorometers that measure the kinetics of chlorophyll fluorescence have become invaluable tools for determining the photosynthetic performance of plants. Many of these instruments use high frequency modulated light to measure the rate, efficiency and regulation of photosynthesis. The technique is non-invasive and is effective under diverse environmental conditions. Recently, imaging fluorometers have been introduced that reveal variability in photosynthesis over the surface of a leaf or between individual plants. Most imaging instruments depend on continuous light or low frequency modulated light for fluorescence excitation, which imposes serious limitations on measurements of the fluorescence parameters, especially the minimum fluorescence (F0) and variable fluorescence (FV). Here, we describe a new instrument that combines the advantage of high frequency modulated light with two-dimensional imaging of chlorophyll fluorescence. The fluorometer produces dynamic images of chlorophyll fluorescence from leaves or plants, providing accurate mapping of F0 and FV, and non-photochemical quenching. A significant feature of the instrument is that it can record fluorescence images of leaves in daylight under field conditions.
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  • 79
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: chlorophyll ; energy quenching ; fluorescence ; LIDAR ; photochemistry ; photosynthesis ; Photosystem II ; phytoplankton ; pump and probe ; remote sensing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract Initial results of the airborne LIDAR measurement of photochemical quantum yield, ΦPo, and functional absorption cross-section, σPS II, of Photosystem II (PS II) are reported. NASA's AOL3 LIDAR was modified to implement short-pulse pump-and-probe (SP-P&P) LIDAR measurement protocol. The prototype system is capable of measuring a pump-induced increase in probe-stimulated chlorophyll fluorescence, ΔF/Fsat, along with the acquisition of `conventional' LIDAR-fluorosensor products from an operational altitude of 150 m. The use of a PS II sub-saturating probe pulse increases the response signal but also results in excessive energy quenching (EEQ) affecting the ΔF/Fsat magnitude. The airborne data indicated up to a 3-fold EEQ-caused decline in ΔF/Fsat, and 2-fold variability in the EEQ rate constant over a spatial scale a few hundred kilometers. Therefore, continuous monitoring of EEQ parameters must be incorporated in the operational SP-P&P protocol to provide data correction for the EEQ effect. Simultaneous airborne LIDAR measurements of ΦPo and σPS II with EEQ correction were shown to be feasible and optimal laser excitation parameters were determined. Strong daytime ΔF/Fsat decline under ambient light was found in the near-surface water layer over large aquatic areas. An example of SP-P&P LIDAR measurement of phytoplankton photochemical and fluorescent characteristics in the Chesapeake Bay mouth is presented. Prospects for future SP-P&P development and related problems are discussed.
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  • 80
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    Photosynthesis research 8 (1986), S. 123-132 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: light stress ; photosynthesis ; RuP2 carboxylase ; water stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Measurement of the changes in CO2 uptake by single leaves following the abrupt onset of darkness were made on sugarbeets (Beta vulgaris L.) and (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) The shape of the CO2 dark response curve was analyzed with respect to the reaction kinetics of CO2, RuP2 and RuP2 carboxylase. It was concluded that the net uptake of CO2 in the dark from a 1% O2 atmosphere can be approximately related to the pool size of the RuP2 substrate in the chloroplasts of C3 plants. This information was combined with CO2 levels and decay rates of the response curves to infer changes in carboxylase activity. Preliminary data are presented showing the relative concentration changes in RuP2 as light intensity decreases and as water stress increases. The method may prove useful in studies of plant response to environmental stresses.
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  • 81
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    Photosynthesis research 8 (1986), S. 257-265 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: light adaptation ; photosynthesis ; polar lipids ; thylakoid membrane
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    Notes: Abstract The polar acyl lipid composition was determined for samples of chloroplast thylakoids isolated from Pisum sativum plants grown at light intensities of 50 and 300 μE·m-2·s-1 and from Aesculus hippocastanum leaves taken from shade or sun environments. Lighting conditions had no major effect on lipid class composition except for a small increase in the amount of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol relative to other lipids in low compared with high light and shade compared with sun conditions. The thylakoids from low light and shade environments also had, relative to those from high light and sun conditions, a substantial decrease in the level of trans-hexadecenoic acid in phosphatidyglycerol. In parallel with this there were lower lipid to chlorophyll ratios, higher overall fatty acid unsaturation, lower chlorophyll a to b ratios and increased relative levels of light harvesting chlorophyll a/b polypeptides as expected for an increase in the degree of thylakoid appression. With this in mind, our results on lipid class composition and content of trans-hexadecenoic acid are discussed in the context of the lateral distribution of lipids within the plane of membrane.
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  • 82
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    Photosynthesis research 9 (1986), S. 47-54 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: charge recombination ; electron transfer ; photosynthesis ; photosystem I ; reducing conditions
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A new phase of charge recombination between the oxidized primary electron donor of photosystem I (P700+) and a reduced acceptor has been detected by flash absorption spectroscopy in PS I particles at low temperature. It occurs under highly reducing conditions (the secondary electron acceptors FA and FB and one or possibly two ‘more primary’ acceptors being prereduced) with a t1/2 of about 20 μs between 10 and 80 K.
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  • 83
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: acclimation ; photosynthesis ; rbcL ; rbcS ; source strength
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    Notes: Abstract Previous investigations have shown that increased source strength as a result of elevated CO2 can alter the timing of the phases of change that occur in photosynthetic rates during dicot leaf ontogeny [Miller et al. (1997) Plant Physiol 115: 1195–1200]. To evaluate the converse situation of decreased source strength, we examined leaf development in rbcS antisense mutants of tobacco. These mutants have depressed Rubisco levels and decreased rates of carbohydrate production. We found that antisense leaves are longer-lived than wild type leaves and that this appeared to be due to a prolongation of the senescence phase of development, as monitored by photosynthetic rates, chlorophyll content, and the abundance and activity of Rubisco. Declines in these parameters during leaf ontogeny in both the wild type and mutant plants were generally accompanied by coordinate reductions in the levels of rbcS mRNA and rbcL mRNA, as well as by reductions in chloroplast rRNA, chloroplast DNA and total protein. We suggest that the prolongation of senescence in the antisense leaves is due to an impact of source strength on leaf developmental programming that occurs, at least in part, at the level of transcript abundance of nuclear and chloroplast genes for chloroplast rRNAs and proteins. We hypothesize that plants are capable of sensing a range of source strength conditions to initiate and modulate leaf developmental programming.
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  • 84
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy ; Mn-cluster ; oxygen evolution ; photosynthesis ; Photosystem II ; vibrational spectroscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract The S2 state of the oxygen-evolving Mn-cluster of Photosystem II (PS II) is known to have different forms that exhibit the g =2 multiline and g = 4.1 EPR signals. These two spin forms are interconvertible at 〉 200 K and the relative amplitudes of the two signals are dependent on the species of cryoprotectant and alcohol contained in the medium. Also, it was recently found that the mutiline form can be converted to the g = 4.1 form by absorption of near-infrared light by the Mn-cluster itself at around 150 K [Boussac et al. (1996) Biochemistry 35: 6984–6989]. We have used light-induced Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) difference spectroscopy to study the structural difference in these two S2 forms. FTIR difference spectra for S2/S1 as well as for S2QA -/S1QA measured at cryogenic temperatures using PS II membranes in the presence of various cryoprotectants, and monohydric alcohols did not show any specific differences except for intensities of amide I bands, which were larger when ethylene glycol or glycerol was present in addition to sucrose. This result was interpreted due to more flexible movement of the protein backbones upon S2 formation with a higher cryoprotectant content. Light-induced difference spectra measured at 150 K using either blue light without near-infrared light or red plus near-infrared light also did not show any detectable difference. In addition, a different spectrum upon near-infrared illumination at 150 K of the PS II sample in which the S2 state had been photogenerated at 200 K exhibited no meaningful signals. These results indicate that the two S2 forms that give rise to the multiline and g = 4.1 signals have only minor differences, if any, in the structures of amino-acid ligands and polypeptide backbones. This conclusion suggests that conversion between the two spin states is caused by a spin-state transition in the Mn(III) ion rather than valence swapping within the Mn-cluster that would considerably affect the vibrations of ligands.
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    Hydrobiologia 124 (1985), S. 251-261 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: aliphatic amines ; freshwater ; periphyton ; photosynthesis ; pollution ; textile industry effluent
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The design and performance of a simple, community level ecotoxicological testsystem is reported. Samples of periphyton communities, established on artificial substratum in natural streams were used to study effects on photosynthetic activity in short-term experiments. Photosynthesis was measured as light-dependent oxygen evolution or as 14CO2-incorporation. The variability in photosynthetic activity between samples collected at the same time, expressed as coefficient of variation, was ca 20%. The variation in sensitivity of periphyton photosynthesis as dependent on sampling season was less than threefold for the two long-chained aliphatic amines and the textile industry effluent studied. Effects of the amines on periphyton from five different streams were also investigated. The ratio between maximum and minimum values of sensitivity was 5.6. It is concluded that the variation in sensitivity between different periphyton communities is similar to or less than that observed for fresh-water algal species. Some advantages with regard to ecological realism of using periphyton communities as test systems are discussed.
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  • 86
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: FAO ; seaweed ; management ; fishery ; ecology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the UN has, among its other responsibilities, a concern with the description and proper management of marine living resources, including seaweeds. These interests relative to marine algae, include a better definition of commercial world seaweed resources by species synopses and catalogues, improved methods of assessing and managing the wild resources, and understanding the impact of seaweed harvesting on the other commercial resources for which seaweeds form a habitat, as well as determining the contribution of macroalgae to those marine food chains leading to commercial fish populations. On the utilization side, FAO's interests also encompass methods of cultivation (mariculture), harvest of ‘wild’ stocks, and the processing, marketing and trade in the marine resources. In the present paper we will be dealing particularly with scientific management of these resources, and the initiatives that would be of value in promoting this approach: particularly with respect to improved dissemination of information on appropriate methodologies. A brief outline of some areas of concern in resource management is followed by a discussion of possible actions to assist in achieving these goals, particularly through the applications of the existing skills of experts in marine algae to the proposed FAO initiatives outlined in this paper, preferably acting through an established body of experts such as the International Seaweed Association.
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  • 87
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    Hydrobiologia 131 (1986), S. 149-153 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: duckweed ; photosynthesis ; pH ; soluble carbon
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The relative importance of inorganic carbon assimilation from the gas vs. aqueous phase by the floating duckweed Spirodela polyrrhiza was studied. It was found that carbon assimilation from the aqueous phase amounted only up to 5% of that from the air. No direct effect of pH on this process was detected. The experimental technique and the results are discussed with respect to those of previous studies, and possible sources of error are pointed out.
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  • 88
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Mono Lake ; photosynthesis ; salt lake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The photosynthetic activity of phytoplankton in hypersaline Mono Lake, California was measured over the three year period, 1983–1985. The maximum chlorophyll-specific rate of carbon uptake (Pm B) and the light-limited slope (alpha) were derived from laboratory measurements of photosynthesis vs. irradiance (P-I) relationships. Annual estimates of primary production were 340–540 g C m-2 yr-1. Production was two to three times higher during the spring of 1983 than in the springs of 1984 and 1985; higher standing biomass of algae occurred in 1983. While Pm B rates followed water temperatures and varied over 40-fold over the year, integral primary production varied less since periods of high Pm B occurred when algal biomass was low. Sixty-eight percent of the seasonal variation in the Pm B was explained by a regression on temperature (53%), chlorophyll a (12%), and the carbon:chlorophyll a ratio (3%). Light-saturated and light-limited rates of photosynthesis generally covaried, evidenced by the strong seasonal correlation between Pm B and alpha. Sixty-one percent of variation in alpha was explained by a regression on Pm B, temperature, grazing, water column stability, and self-shading. There was no correlation of carbon uptake with ambient levels of inorganic nitrogen. The regression coefficient of the dependence of Pm B on the seasonal temperature trend was much larger than that determined from individual samples incubated at several different temperatures; this indicates that uptake is limited by more than low temperatures in the spring. Regression equations including only temperature, chlorophyll and depth were sufficient to estimate patterns of seasonal and year to year variation in integral primary productivity.
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  • 89
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    Hydrobiologia 173 (1989), S. 107-117 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: phytoplankton production ; carbon metabolism ; photosynthesis ; respiration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Measurements of algal carbon metabolism in the light and the dark were conducted in (1) short-term (3-h) light and dark incubations, (2) a diel (24-h) experiment, and (3) a longer-term (4-d) carbon accumulation experiment to examine the relationship between photosynthetic rates, photosynthetic carbon metabolism in the light, and respiration and carbon metabolism in the ensuing dark period in natural assemblages of freshwater phytoplankton. High rates of photosynthesis and polysaccharide synthesis in the light were followed by high rates of respiration and polysaccharide utilization in the dark. Polysaccharide was the major respiratory substrate in the dark, and small molecular weight metabolites, lipids, and protein were less important sources of metabolic energy. The protein pool accumulated carbon during dark incubations, but more slowly than during active photosynthesis in the light. Because the intracellular macromolecular pools turn over at very different rates (polysaccharide 〉 protein and lipid), patterns of short-term photosynthetic carbon metabolism are not necessarily indicative of the biochemical composition of the phytoplankton.
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  • 90
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    Photosynthesis research 9 (1986), S. 135-147 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: blue-green algae ; eyanobacterium ; cytochrome C553 ; electron transport ; photosynthesis ; respiration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In the cyanobacterium Agmenellum quadruplicatum steady-state redox conditions were monitored in vivo for cytochrome (δ+c553) and P700 versus intensities of an actinic light 1 or light 2 (mainly absorbed by photosystems, and 2, respectively). Parallel measurements of O2 evolution were used to calibrate intensities for rates of electron transfer. Results show that the quality of actinic light (as light 1 or light 2) depends on intensity as well as wavelength. The contribution of electron flow from respiration is confirmed by observations of relative rate of photoreaction 1 estimated from Ip (intensity × fraction of P700 reduced). With 3,- (3,4-dichlorophenyl-1, 1-dimethylurea) (DCMU) the rate of photoreaction 1 depends upon, and is sensitive to small changes in, the rate of dark respiration. Very slow transient dark reductions of Cyt (f+c553) and P700 following any low intensity actinic light 1 are attributed to respiratory electron flow. Cyclic electron flow around photoreaction 1 cannot be large compared to dark respiration and cannot vary significantly with light intensity.
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  • 91
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    Photosynthesis research 9 (1986), S. 197-210 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: hydrazine ; hydroxylamine ; photosynthesis ; photosystem II ; water oxidation ; protons
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Photosynthetic water oxidation proceeds by a four-step sequence of one-electron oxidations which is formally described by the transitions S0 → S1, S1 → S2, S2 → S3, S3 → (S4) → S0. State S1 is most stable in the dark. Oxygen is released during S3 → (S4) → S0. Hydroxylamine and hydrazine interact with S1. They cause a two-digit shift in the oxidation sequence as observed from the dark equilibrium, i.e. from S1 → S2 : S2 → S3 : S3 → (S4) → S0 : S0 → S1 :... in the absence of the agents, to S1 * → S0 : S0 → S1 : S1 → S2 : S2 → S3 :... in the presence of hydroxylamine or hydrazine. We measured the concentration dependence of this two-digit shift via the pattern of proton release which is associated with water oxidation. At saturating concentrations hydroxylamine and hydrazine shift the proton-release pattern from OH+(S1 → S2) : 1H+(S2 → S3) : 2H(S3 → S0) : 1H+(S0 → S1) :... to 2H+(S1 * → S0) : 1H+(S0 → S1) : OH+(S1 → S2) : 1H+(S2 → S3) : 2H+(S3 → S0) :... The 2H+ were released upon the first excitation with a half-rise time of 3.1 ms, both with hydroxylamine and withydrazine. The concentration dependence of the shift was rather steep with an apparent Hill coefficient at half saturation of 2.43 with hydroxylamien (Förster and Junge (1985) FEBS Lett. 186, 53–57) and 1.48 with hydrazine. The concentration dependence could be explained by cooperative binding of n≥3 molecules of hydroxylamine and of n≥2 molecules of hydrazine, respectively. Tentatively, we explain the interaction of hydroxylamine and hydrazine with the water-oxidizing complex (WOC) as follows: Two bridging ligands, possible Cl- or OH-, which normally connect two Mn nuclei, can be substituted by either 4 molecules of hydroxylamine or 2 molecules of hydrazine when the WOC resides in state S1.
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  • 92
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    Photosynthesis research 66 (2000), S. 13-31 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: photosynthesis ; photoacoustic ; optoacoustic ; spectroscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Photoacoustic methods offer unique capabilities for photosynthesis research. Phenomena that are readily observed by photoacoustics include the storage of energy by electron transport, oxygen evolution by leaf tissue at microsecond time resolution, and the conformational changes of photosystems caused by charge separation. Despite these capabilities, photoacoustic methods have not been widely exploited in photosynthesis research. One factor that has contributed to their slow adoption is uncertainty in the interpretation of photoacoustic signals. Careful experimentation is resolving this uncertainty, however, and technical refinements of photoacoustic methods continue to be made. This review provides an overview of the application of photoacoustics to the study of photosynthesis with an emphasis on the resolution of uncertainties in the interpretation of photoacoustic signals. Recent developments in photoacoustic technology are also presented, including a microphotoacoustic spectrometer, gas permeable photoacoustic cells, the use of photoacoustics to monitor phytoplankton populations, and the use of photoacoustics to study protein dynamics.
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  • 93
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: chlorophyll ; fluorescence ; LIDAR ; photosynthesis ; Photosystem II ; pump and probe ; remote sensing ; singlet-singlet quenching ; singlet-triplet quenching
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The development of a technique for laser measurement of fPhotosystem II (PS II) photochemical characteristics of phytoplankton and terrestrial vegetation from an airborne platform is described. Results of theoretical analysis and experimental study of pump-and-probe measurement of the PS II functional absorption cross-section and photochemical quantum yield are presented. The use of 10 ns probe pulses of PS II sub-saturating intensity provides a significant, up to 150-fold, increase in the fluorescence signal compared to conventional `weak-probe' protocol. Little effect on the fluorescence yield from the probe-induced closure of PS II reaction centers is expected over the short pulse duration, and thus a relatively intense probe pulse can be used. On the other hand, a correction must be made for the probe-induced carotenoid triplet quenching and singlet-singlet annihilation. A Stern-Volmer model developed for this correction assumes a linear dependence of the quenching rate on the laser pulse fluence, which was experimentally validated. The PS II saturating pump pulse fluence (532 nm excitation) was found to be 10 and 40 μmol quanta m−2 for phytoplankton samples and leaves of higher plants, respectively. Thirty μs was determined as the optimal delay in the pump-probe pair. Our results indicate that the short-pulse pump-and-probe measurement of PS II photochemical characteristics can be implemented from an airborne platform using existing laser and LIDAR technologies.
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  • 94
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: acclimation ; climate change ; CO2 ; down-regulation ; global change ; photosynthesis ; stomatal conductance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Atmospheric CO2 concentration continues to rise. It is important, therefore, to determine what acclimatory changes will occur within the photosynthetic apparatus of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Yecora Rojo) grown in a future high-CO2 world at ample and limited soil N contents. Wheat was grown in an open field exposed to the CO2 concentration of ambient air [370 μmol (CO2) mol−1; Control] and air enriched to ∼200 μmol (CO2) mol−1 above ambient using a Free-Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE) apparatus (main plot). A High (35 g m−2) or Low (7 and 1.5 g m−2 for 1996 and 1997, respectfully) level of N was applied to each half of the main CO2 treatment plots (split-plot). Under High-N, FACE reduced stomatal conductance (g s) by 30% at mid-morning (2 h prior to solar noon), 36% at midday (solar noon) and 27% at mid-afternoon (2.5 h after solar noon), whereas under Low-N, g s was reduced by as much as 31% at mid-morning, 44% at midday and 28% at mid-afternoon compared with Control. But, no significant CO2 × N interaction effects occurred. Across seasons and growth stages, daily accumulation of carbon (A′) was 27% greater in FACE than Control. High-N increased A′ by 18% compared with Low-N. In contrast to results for g s, however, significant CO2 × N interaction effects occurred because FACE increased A′ by 30% at High-N, but by only 23% at Low-N. FACE enhanced the seasonal accumulation of carbon (A′′) by 29% during 1996 (moderate N-stress), but by only 21% during 1997 (severe N-stress). These results support the premise that in a future high-CO2 world an acclimatory (down-regulation) response in the photosynthetic apparatus of field-grown wheat is anticipated. They also demonstrate, however, that the stimulatory effect of a rise in atmospheric CO2 on carbon gain in wheat can be maintained if nutrients such as nitrogen are in ample supply.
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  • 95
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: control ; measurement ; photosynthesis ; vapour pressure difference
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A system for measurement of leaf gas exchange while regulating leaf to air vapour pressure difference has been developed; it comprises an assimilation chamber, leaf temperature controller, mass flow controller, dew point controller and personal computer. A relative humidity sensor and air and leaf temperature sensors, which are all used for regulating the vapour pressure difference, are mounted into the chamber. During the experiments, the computer continuously monitored the photosynthetic parameters and measurement conditions, so that accurate and intenstive measurements could be made. When measuring the light-response curve of CO2 assimilation for single leaves, in order to regulate the vapour pressure difference, the leaf temperature and relative humidity in the chamber were separately and simultaneously controlled by changing the air temperature around the leaf and varying the air flow rate through the chamber, respectively. When the vapour pressure difference was regulated, net CO2 assimilation, transpiration and leaf conductance for leaves of rice plant increased at high quantum flux density as compared with those values obtained when it was not regulated. When measuring the temperature-response curve of CO2 assimilation, the regulation of vapour pressure difference was manipulated by the feed-forward control of the dew point temperature in the inlet air stream. As the vapour pressure difference was regulated at 12 mbar, the maximum rate of and the optimum temperature for CO2 assimilation in rice leaves increased 5 μmolCO2 m−2 s−1 and 5°C, respectively, as compared with those values obtained when the vapour pressure difference took its own course. This was reasoned to be due to the increase in leaf conductance and the decrease in transpiration rate. In addition, these results confirmed that stomatal conductance essentially increases with increasing leaf temperature under constant vapour pressure difference conditions, in other words, when the influence of the vapour pressure difference is removed. This system may be used successfully to measure inter- and intra-specific differences and characteristics of leaf gas exchange in plants with a high degree of accuracy.
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  • 96
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    Plant growth regulation 30 (2000), S. 163-170 
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: ATPase ; bioenergetics ; Fragaria ananassa Duch ; growth ; ion transport ; photosynthesis ; proton transport ; respiration ; source-sink ; strawberry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The biochemical, physiological and anatomical properties of strawberry (Fragaria ananassa Duch.) cv. 'Cambridge Favourite' stolons were studied during growth. ATPase activity was measured, in microsomal and plasma membrane fractions, along with chlorophyll determination, in-situ photosynthesis measurements and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray microanalysis of stolon cross-sections. Potassium-stimulated ATPase activity and proton-pumping, both together indicating the presence of plasma membrane ATPase, was greatest in the stolon tip, the tissue with the fastest growth and respiratory activity. The enzyme activity and respiration gradient from the tip of the stolon to the base was concomitant with xylem development which was more differentiated in the base than in the tip. These cross-sections also showed 30% greater amounts of calcium and potassium of the cryo-preserved basal part relative to the stolon tip. This gradient existed independent of the presence of daughter plants. A hypothesis is presented which suggests that for the long-distance longitudinal transport of nutrients this gradient between stolon tip and base is likely to be involved in stolon growth.
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  • 97
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    Hydrobiologia 123 (1985), S. 69-79 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Antarctic lakes ; phytoplankton ; light ; photosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The responses of phytoplankton populations to seasonal changes in radiation flux in two Antarctic lakes with extensive winter ice-cover are described. A phytoplankton capable of photosynthesis was found throughout the year in both systems. During winter, low incident radiation combined with thick layers of snow and ice prevented in situ photosynthesis becoming detectable. The beginning of spring was marked by a reduction in snow cover which resulted in a considerable increase in surface penetrating radiation. Planktonic algae rapidly adapted to utilise these increased levels efficiently, though they still showed characteristics of strong shade adaptation. Loss of ice cover at the start of the short open water period further increased the radiation levels and a summer population developed which was much less shade adapted. Saturation and photoinhibition effects were widespread during this period as the algae proved unable to utilise high radiation levels efficiently. They were however effective at the radiation fluxes prevalent in the lower part of the rapidly circulating water columns.
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  • 98
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    Hydrobiologia 151-152 (1987), S. 63-67 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: seaweed ; Costaria ; divergence ; genetic ; population
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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  • 99
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: seaweed ; cell wall ; agar ; 13C-NMR ; cultivation ; Gracilaria verrucosa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Hydrobiologia 151-152 (1987), S. 161-166 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: seaweed ; Agardhiella subulata ; tissue culture ; carrageenan ; sulfate ; IR spectroscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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