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  • 1
    Keywords: Biomass conversion ; Biotechnology ; Chemical Engineering ; Chemistry industry ; Industrial Chemistry ; Kent ; Riegel ; biochemical engineering
    Description / Table of Contents: Substantially revising and updating the classic reference in the field, this handbook offers a valuable overview and myriad details on current chemical processes, products, and practices. No other source offers as much data on the chemistry, engineering, economics, and infrastructure of the industry. The Handbook serves a spectrum of individuals, from those who are directly involved in the chemical industry to others in related industries and activities. It provides not only the underlying science and technology for important industry sectors, but also broad coverage of critical supporting topics. Industrial processes and products can be much enhanced through observing the tenets and applying the methodologies found in chapters on Green Engineering and Chemistry (specifically, biomass conversion), Practical Catalysis, and Environmental Measurements; as well as expanded treatment of Safety, chemistry plant security, and Emergency Preparedness. Understanding these factors allows them to be part of the total process and helps achieve optimum results in, for example, process development, review, and modification. Important topics in the energy field, namely nuclear, coal, natural gas, and petroleum, are covered in individual chapters. Other new chapters include energy conversion, energy storage, emerging nanoscience and technology. Updated sections include more material on biomass conversion, as well as three chapters covering biotechnology topics, namely, Industrial Biotechnology, Industrial Enzymes, and Industrial Production of Therapeutic Proteins.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIV, 1562 pages)
    ISBN: 9780387278438
    Language: English
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2006-09-02
    Description: Optical control of the primary step of photoisomerization of the retinal molecule in bacteriorhodopsin from the all-trans to the 13-cis state was demonstrated under weak field conditions (where only 1 of 300 retinal molecules absorbs a photon during the excitation cycle) that are relevant to understanding biological processes. By modulating the phases and amplitudes of the spectral components in the photoexcitation pulse, we showed that the absolute quantity of 13-cis retinal formed upon excitation can be enhanced or suppressed by +/-20% of the yield observed using a short transform-limited pulse having the same actinic energy. The shaped pulses were shown to be phase-sensitive at intensities too low to access different higher electronic states, and so these pulses apparently steer the isomerization through constructive and destructive interference effects, a mechanism supported by observed signatures of vibrational coherence. These results show that the wave properties of matter can be observed and even manipulated in a system as large and complex as a protein.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Prokhorenko, Valentyn I -- Nagy, Andrea M -- Waschuk, Stephen A -- Brown, Leonid S -- Birge, Robert R -- Miller, R J Dwayne -- R01 GM034548/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM034548-17/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Sep 1;313(5791):1257-61.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute for Optical Sciences, Departments of Chemistry and Physics, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, M5S3H6, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16946063" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Algorithms ; Bacteriorhodopsins/*chemistry ; Halobacterium salinarum/chemistry ; Isomerism ; Kinetics ; Lasers ; *Light ; Photochemistry ; Photons ; Quantum Theory ; Retinaldehyde/*chemistry ; Thermodynamics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-07-29
    Description: Fidelity of template-dependent nucleic acid synthesis is the main determinant of stable heredity and error-free gene expression. The mechanism (or mechanisms) ensuring fidelity of transcription by DNA-dependent RNA polymerases (RNAPs) is not fully understood. Here, we show that the 3' end-proximal nucleotide of the nascent transcript stimulates hydrolysis of the penultimate phosphodiester bond by providing active groups and coordination bonds to the RNAP active center. This stimulation is much higher in the case of misincorporated nucleotide. We show that during transcription elongation, the hydrolytic reaction stimulated by misincorporated nucleotides proofreads most of the misincorporation events and thus serves as an intrinsic mechanism of transcription fidelity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zenkin, Nikolay -- Yuzenkova, Yulia -- Severinov, Konstantin -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jul 28;313(5786):518-20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Waksman Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA. nicserzen@mail.ru〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16873663" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Monophosphate/metabolism ; Base Pairing ; Binding Sites ; Catalysis ; Cytidine Monophosphate/metabolism ; DNA/metabolism ; DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases/*metabolism ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Hydrolysis ; Kinetics ; Magnesium/metabolism ; Models, Genetic ; Nucleotides/metabolism ; RNA, Messenger/*metabolism ; Templates, Genetic ; Thermus/enzymology ; *Transcription, Genetic
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-07-22
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Szathmary, Eors -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jul 21;313(5785):306-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Biology, Eotvos University Budapest, and Collegium Budapest (Institute for Advanced Study), 2 Szentharomsag utca, H-1014 Budapest, Hungary. szathmary@colbud.hu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16857926" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biological Evolution ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Computational Biology ; Cooperative Behavior ; Cultural Evolution ; Exobiology ; Humans ; Language ; Models, Biological ; Models, Theoretical ; Molecular Biology ; Origin of Life ; *Research ; Selection, Genetic
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  • 5
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-11-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Enserink, Martin -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Nov 24;314(5803):1235-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17124302" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chemistry ; *Cooking ; *Food ; France ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2006-04-15
    Description: We present an atomic-level description of the reaction chemistry of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction dominated by proton tunneling. By solving structures of reaction intermediates at near-atomic resolution, we have identified the reaction pathway for tryptamine oxidation by aromatic amine dehydrogenase. Combining experiment and computer simulation, we show proton transfer occurs predominantly to oxygen O2 of Asp(128)beta in a reaction dominated by tunneling over approximately 0.6 angstroms. The role of long-range coupled motions in promoting tunneling is controversial. We show that, in this enzyme system, tunneling is promoted by a short-range motion modulating proton-acceptor distance and no long-range coupled motion is required.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Masgrau, Laura -- Roujeinikova, Anna -- Johannissen, Linus O -- Hothi, Parvinder -- Basran, Jaswir -- Ranaghan, Kara E -- Mulholland, Adrian J -- Sutcliffe, Michael J -- Scrutton, Nigel S -- Leys, David -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Apr 14;312(5771):237-41.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, University of Manchester, Jackson's Mill, Post Office Box 88, Manchester M60 1QD, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16614214" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alcaligenes faecalis/*enzymology ; Aspartic Acid/chemistry ; Binding Sites ; Catalysis ; Chemistry, Physical ; Computer Simulation ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Kinetics ; Models, Chemical ; Motion ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Oxidoreductases Acting on CH-NH Group Donors/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Oxygen/chemistry ; Physicochemical Phenomena ; *Protons ; Temperature ; Thermodynamics ; Tryptamines/*metabolism ; Water/chemistry
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2007-05-05
    Description: The initial electron transfer dynamics during photosynthesis have been studied in Rhodobacter sphaeroides reaction centers from wild type and 14 mutants in which the driving force and the kinetics of charge separation vary over a broad range. Surprisingly, the protein relaxation kinetics, as measured by tryptophan absorbance changes, are invariant in these mutants. By applying a reaction-diffusion model, we can fit the complex electron transfer kinetics of each mutant quantitatively, varying only the driving force. These results indicate that initial photosynthetic charge separation is limited by protein dynamics rather than by a static electron transfer barrier.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wang, Haiyu -- Lin, Su -- Allen, James P -- Williams, Joann C -- Blankert, Sean -- Laser, Christa -- Woodbury, Neal W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 May 4;316(5825):747-50.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, 1001 South McAllister Avenue, Tempe, AZ 85287-5201, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17478721" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bacterial Proteins/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Bacteriochlorophylls/metabolism ; *Electron Transport ; Kinetics ; Light ; Models, Chemical ; Mutation ; *Photosynthesis ; Photosynthetic Reaction Center Complex Proteins/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Rhodobacter sphaeroides/genetics/*metabolism ; Spectrum Analysis ; Temperature ; Thermodynamics ; Tryptophan/chemistry
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  • 8
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-04-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Benkovic, Stephen J -- Hammes-Schiffer, Sharon -- GM24129/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM56207/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Apr 14;312(5771):208-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA. sjb1@psu.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16614206" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Binding Sites ; Catalysis ; Chemistry, Physical ; Computer Simulation ; Hydrogen/chemistry ; Kinetics ; Models, Chemical ; Motion ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Oxidoreductases Acting on CH-NH Group Donors/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Physicochemical Phenomena ; Protein Conformation ; *Protons ; Thermodynamics ; Tryptamines/*metabolism
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2007-05-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3984475/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3984475/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Skourtis, Spiros S -- Beratan, David N -- R01 GM048043/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 May 4;316(5825):703-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physics, University of Cyprus, Nicosia 1678, Cyprus. skourtis@ucy.ac.cy〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17478711" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bacterial Proteins/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Bacteriochlorophylls/metabolism ; *Electron Transport ; Kinetics ; Light ; Models, Chemical ; *Photosynthesis ; Photosynthetic Reaction Center Complex Proteins/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Rhodobacter sphaeroides/genetics/*metabolism ; Spectrum Analysis ; Temperature ; Thermodynamics ; Tryptophan/chemistry
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2007-12-15
    Description: The assimilation of carbon dioxide (CO2) into organic material is quantitatively the most important biosynthetic process. We discovered that an autotrophic member of the archaeal order Sulfolobales, Metallosphaera sedula, fixed CO2 with acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA)/propionyl-CoA carboxylase as the key carboxylating enzyme. In this system, one acetyl-CoA and two bicarbonate molecules were reductively converted via 3-hydroxypropionate to succinyl-CoA. This intermediate was reduced to 4-hydroxybutyrate and converted into two acetyl-CoA molecules via 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydratase. The key genes of this pathway were found not only in Metallosphaera but also in Sulfolobus, Archaeoglobus, and Cenarchaeum species. Moreover, the Global Ocean Sampling database contains half as many 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydratase sequences as compared with those found for another key photosynthetic CO2-fixing enzyme, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase. This indicates the importance of this enzyme in global carbon cycling.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Berg, Ivan A -- Kockelkorn, Daniel -- Buckel, Wolfgang -- Fuchs, Georg -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Dec 14;318(5857):1782-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Mikrobiologie, Fakultat Biologie, Universitat Freiburg, Schanzlestrasse 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18079405" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acetyl Coenzyme A/metabolism ; Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase/metabolism ; Acyl Coenzyme A/metabolism ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Anaerobiosis ; Archaea/genetics/metabolism ; Autotrophic Processes ; Bicarbonates/metabolism ; Carbon Dioxide/*metabolism ; Genes, Archaeal ; Hydro-Lyases/genetics/metabolism ; Hydroxybutyrates/*metabolism ; Kinetics ; Lactic Acid/*analogs & derivatives/metabolism ; Metabolic Networks and Pathways ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Photosynthesis ; Phylogeny ; Sulfolobaceae/genetics/*metabolism
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  • 11
    Publication Date: 2007-11-17
    Description: Artificial biochemical circuits are likely to play as large a role in biological engineering as electrical circuits have played in the engineering of electromechanical devices. Toward that end, nucleic acids provide a designable substrate for the regulation of biochemical reactions. However, it has been difficult to incorporate signal amplification components. We introduce a design strategy that allows a specified input oligonucleotide to catalyze the release of a specified output oligonucleotide, which in turn can serve as a catalyst for other reactions. This reaction, which is driven forward by the configurational entropy of the released molecule, provides an amplifying circuit element that is simple, fast, modular, composable, and robust. We have constructed and characterized several circuits that amplify nucleic acid signals, including a feedforward cascade with quadratic kinetics and a positive feedback circuit with exponential growth kinetics.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zhang, David Yu -- Turberfield, Andrew J -- Yurke, Bernard -- Winfree, Erik -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Nov 16;318(5853):1121-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Computation and Neural Systems, California Institute of Technology, MC 136-93, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA91125, USA. dzhang@dna.caltech.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18006742" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Catalysis ; Chemical Engineering ; *Computers, Molecular ; DNA/*chemistry ; Entropy ; Equipment Design ; Feedback, Physiological ; Mice ; Nanotechnology ; Nucleic Acid Hybridization ; Rabbits
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  • 12
    Publication Date: 2007-01-06
    Description: Endoplasmic reticulum-localized protein-tyrosine phosphatase PTP1B terminates growth factor signal transduction by dephosphorylation of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). But how PTP1B allows for RTK signaling in the cytoplasm is unclear. In order to test whether PTP1B activity is spatially regulated, we developed a method based on Forster resonant energy transfer for imaging enzyme-substrate (ES) intermediates in live cells. We observed the establishment of a steady-state ES gradient across the cell. This gradient exhibited robustness to cell-to-cell variability, growth factor activation, and RTK localization, which demonstrated spatial regulation of PTP1B activity. Such regulation may be important for generating distinct cellular environments that permit RTK signal transduction and that mediate its eventual termination.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Yudushkin, Ivan A -- Schleifenbaum, Andreas -- Kinkhabwala, Ali -- Neel, Benjamin G -- Schultz, Carsten -- Bastiaens, Philippe I H -- R01 DK60838/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R37 49152/PHS HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Jan 5;315(5808):115-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstrasse 1, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17204654" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; COS Cells ; Catalysis ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cercopithecus aethiops ; Epidermal Growth Factor/metabolism/pharmacology ; Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer ; Humans ; Kinetics ; Mathematics ; Microscopy, Fluorescence ; Models, Biological ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 1 ; Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/*metabolism ; Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/*metabolism ; Receptor, Epidermal Growth Factor/*metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
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  • 13
    Publication Date: 2007-06-02
    Description: Degradation of marine organic carbon provides a major source of atmospheric carbon dioxide, whereas preservation in sediments results in accumulation of oxygen. These processes involve the slow decay of chemically recalcitrant compounds and physical protection. To assess the importance of physical protection, we constructed a reaction-diffusion model in which organic matter differs only in its accessibility to microbial degradation but not its intrinsic reactivity. The model predicts that organic matter decays logarithmically with time t and that decay rates decrease approximately as 0.2 x t(-1) until burial. Analyses of sediment-core data are consistent with these predictions.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rothman, Daniel H -- Forney, David C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Jun 1;316(5829):1325-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. dhr@mit.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17540901" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aluminum Silicates ; Bacteria/*metabolism ; *Biodegradation, Environmental ; *Carbon/metabolism ; Databases, Factual ; Diffusion ; Enzymes/metabolism ; *Geologic Sediments/chemistry/microbiology ; Hydrolysis ; Kinetics ; Mathematics ; *Models, Theoretical ; Oceans and Seas ; *Organic Chemicals/chemistry/metabolism ; Oxygen/analysis ; *Seawater
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  • 14
    Publication Date: 2007-04-07
    Description: The carbon skeletons of over 55,000 naturally occurring isoprenoid compounds are constructed from four fundamental coupling reactions: chain elongation, cyclopropanation, branching, and cyclobutanation. Enzymes that catalyze chain elongation and cyclopropanation are well studied, whereas those that catalyze branching and cyclobutanation are unknown. We have catalyzed the four reactions with chimeric proteins generated by replacing segments of a chain-elongation enzyme with corresponding sequences from a cyclopropanation enzyme. Stereochemical and mechanistic considerations suggest that the four coupling enzymes could have evolved from a common ancestor through relatively small changes in the catalytic site.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Thulasiram, Hirekodathakallu V -- Erickson, Hans K -- Poulter, C Dale -- GM 21328/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Apr 6;316(5821):73-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Room 2020, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17412950" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Artemisia/enzymology ; Catalysis ; Catalytic Domain ; Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium/enzymology ; Cyclopropanes/chemistry ; Evolution, Molecular ; Geranyltranstransferase/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Kinetics ; Molecular Conformation ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Molecular Structure ; Mutagenesis, Site-Directed ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Stereoisomerism ; Terpenes/chemistry/*metabolism
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  • 15
    Publication Date: 2007-10-06
    Description: Mounting a protective immune response is critically dependent on the orchestrated movement of cells within lymphoid organs. We report here the visualization, using major histocompatability complex class I tetramers, of the CD8-positive (CD8) T cell response in the spleens of mice to Listeria monocytogenes infection. A multistage pathway was revealed that included initial activation at the borders of the B and T cell zones followed by cluster formation with antigenpresenting cells leading to CD8 T cell exit to the red pulp via bridging channels. Strikingly, many memory CD8 T cells localized to the B cell zones and, when challenged, underwent rapid migration to the T cell zones where proliferation occurred, followed by egress via bridging channels in parallel with the primary response. Thus, the ability to track endogenous immune responses has uncovered both distinct and overlapping mechanisms and anatomical locations driving primary and secondary immune responses.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2846662/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2846662/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Khanna, Kamal M -- McNamara, Jeffery T -- Lefrancois, Leo -- AI41576/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI56172/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- DRG-1886-05/PHS HHS/ -- P01 AI056172/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- P01 AI056172-05/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI041576/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI041576-06/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Oct 5;318(5847):116-20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT 06030, U.S.A.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17916739" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology ; Antigens, CD/analysis ; Antigens, CD8/analysis ; B-Lymphocytes/immunology ; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology/*immunology/physiology ; Cell Movement ; Dendritic Cells/immunology/physiology ; Fluorescent Dyes ; Histocompatibility Antigens Class I ; *Immunologic Memory ; Kinetics ; Listeria monocytogenes/*immunology ; Listeriosis/*immunology ; Lymphocyte Activation ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Microscopy, Confocal ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/analysis ; Spleen/cytology/*immunology ; Staining and Labeling ; T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology/immunology/physiology
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  • 16
    Publication Date: 2007-10-06
    Description: In plants, the mobile signal for systemic acquired resistance (SAR), an organism-wide state of enhanced defense to subsequent infections, has been elusive. By stimulating immune responses in mosaic tobacco plants created by grafting different genetic backgrounds, we showed that the methyl salicylate (MeSA) esterase activity of salicylic acid-binding protein 2 (SABP2), which converts MeSA into salicylic acid (SA), is required for SAR signal perception in systemic tissue, the tissue that does not receive the primary (initial) infection. Moreover, in plants expressing mutant SABP2 with unregulated MeSA esterase activity in SAR signal-generating, primary infected leaves, SAR was compromised and the associated increase in MeSA levels was suppressed in primary infected leaves, their phloem exudates, and systemic leaves. SAR was also blocked when SA methyl transferase (which converts SA to MeSA) was silenced in primary infected leaves, and MeSA treatment of lower leaves induced SAR in upper untreated leaves. Therefore, we conclude that MeSA is a SAR signal in tobacco.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Park, Sang-Wook -- Kaimoyo, Evans -- Kumar, Dhirendra -- Mosher, Stephen -- Klessig, Daniel F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Oct 5;318(5847):113-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17916738" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Esterases/genetics/metabolism ; Feedback, Physiological ; Kinetics ; Mixed Function Oxygenases/genetics/metabolism ; Mutation ; Phloem/metabolism ; Plant Diseases/*immunology/virology ; Plant Leaves/metabolism/virology ; Plant Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Plants, Genetically Modified ; Salicylates/*metabolism ; Salicylic Acid/metabolism ; *Signal Transduction ; Tobacco/immunology/*metabolism/virology ; Tobacco Mosaic Virus/*physiology ; Virus Replication
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  • 17
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    Unknown
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2008-03-29
    Description: Using simple biochemical tricks, metabolite-binding riboswitches take on gene control functions that have long been thought to be the work of protein factors. Although modern riboswitches might be the last holdouts of primitive genetic elements, some are capable of sensory and regulatory feats that are competitive with their protein counterparts.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Breaker, Ronald R -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Mar 28;319(5871):1795-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1152621.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA. ronald.breaker@yale.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18369140" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alternative Splicing ; Aptamers, Nucleotide/*metabolism ; Bacteria/genetics ; Fungi/genetics ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; Kinetics ; Ligands ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Plants/genetics ; RNA, Messenger/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; Regulatory Sequences, Ribonucleic Acid/*genetics ; Thermodynamics ; Untranslated Regions/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism
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  • 18
    Publication Date: 2008-12-17
    Description: The translocation of biopolymers through pores and channels plays a fundamental role in numerous biological processes. We describe here the mechanism of the threading of a series of polymer chains through a synthetic macrocycle, which mimics these natural processes. The threading of polymers involves a kinetically favorable "entron" effect, which is associated with the initial filling of the cavity by the end of the polymer. A preassociation between the outside of the macrocycle and the polymer induces a process in which the polymer end loops back into the cavity of the macrocycle. This looping mechanism results in accelerated threading rates and unidirectional motion and is reminiscent of the protein translocation through membrane pores.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Deutman, Alexander B C -- Monnereau, Cyrille -- Elemans, Johannes A A W -- Ercolani, Gianfranco -- Nolte, Roeland J M -- Rowan, Alan E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Dec 12;322(5908):1668-71. doi: 10.1126/science.1164647.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Toernooiveld 1, 6525ED Nijmegen, Netherlands.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19074344" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biological Transport ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; Kinetics ; Macrocyclic Compounds/*chemistry ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Molecular Structure ; Polymers/*chemistry ; Porphyrins/*chemistry ; Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Thermodynamics ; Viologens/chemistry
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  • 19
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    Unknown
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2008-04-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pinaud, Fabien -- Dahan, Maxime -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Apr 11;320(5873):187-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1156510.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, CNRS UMR8552; Physics and Biology Department, Ecole Normale Superieure, Universite Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, 46 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France. maxime.dahan@lkb.ens.fr〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18403700" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Fluorescent Dyes ; Imaging, Three-Dimensional/methods ; Kinetics ; Microscopy, Fluorescence/*methods ; Movement ; Neurons/ultrastructure ; Optics and Photonics ; Synaptic Vesicles/*physiology/*ultrastructure ; Video Recording
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  • 20
    Publication Date: 2008-07-05
    Description: The ability to sense molecular tension is crucial for a wide array of cellular processes, including the detection of auditory stimuli, control of cell shape, and internalization and transport of membranes. We show that myosin I, a motor protein that has been implicated in powering key steps in these processes, dramatically alters its motile properties in response to tension. We measured the displacement generated by single myosin I molecules, and we determined the actin-attachment kinetics with varying tensions using an optical trap. The rate of myosin I detachment from actin decreases 〉75-fold under tension of 2 piconewtons or less, resulting in myosin I transitioning from a low (〈0.2) to a high (〉0.9) duty-ratio motor. This impressive tension sensitivity supports a role for myosin I as a molecular force sensor.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2493443/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2493443/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Laakso, Joseph M -- Lewis, John H -- Shuman, Henry -- Ostap, E Michael -- AR051174/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- GM057247/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P01 AR051174/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- P01 AR051174-050003/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM057247-10/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Jul 4;321(5885):133-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1159419.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Pennsylvania Muscle Institute and Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18599791" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Actins/*metabolism ; Actomyosin/physiology ; Adenosine Diphosphate/metabolism ; Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; Amino Acid Motifs ; Animals ; Biophysical Phenomena ; Biophysics ; Kinetics ; Likelihood Functions ; Models, Biological ; Molecular Motor Proteins/metabolism/*physiology ; Monte Carlo Method ; Myosin Type I/chemistry/metabolism/*physiology ; Optical Tweezers ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Rabbits ; Stress, Mechanical
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  • 21
    Publication Date: 2008-07-19
    Description: The atypical cadherin Fat acts as a receptor for a signaling pathway that regulates growth, gene expression, and planar cell polarity. Genetic studies in Drosophila identified the four-jointed gene as a regulator of Fat signaling. We show that four-jointed encodes a protein kinase that phosphorylates serine or threonine residues within extracellular cadherin domains of Fat and its transmembrane ligand, Dachsous. Four-jointed functions in the Golgi and is the first molecularly defined kinase that phosphorylates protein domains destined to be extracellular. An acidic sequence motif (Asp-Asn-Glu) within Four-jointed was essential for its kinase activity in vitro and for its biological activity in vivo. Our results indicate that Four-jointed regulates Fat signaling by phosphorylating cadherin domains of Fat and Dachsous as they transit through the Golgi.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2562711/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2562711/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ishikawa, Hiroyuki O -- Takeuchi, Hideyuki -- Haltiwanger, Robert S -- Irvine, Kenneth D -- CA123071/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- GM061126/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM078620/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA123071/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA123071-02/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM061126/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM061126-08/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM078620/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM078620-02/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Jul 18;321(5887):401-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1158159.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Waksman Institute and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18635802" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Motifs ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Cadherins/chemistry/*metabolism ; Cell Adhesion Molecules/chemistry/*metabolism ; Cell Line ; Drosophila Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Drosophila melanogaster ; Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay ; Glycosylation ; Golgi Apparatus/enzymology/*metabolism ; Kinetics ; Membrane Glycoproteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutant Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Kinases/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Serine/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Threonine/metabolism
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  • 22
    Publication Date: 2008-03-08
    Description: The creation of enzymes capable of catalyzing any desired chemical reaction is a grand challenge for computational protein design. Using new algorithms that rely on hashing techniques to construct active sites for multistep reactions, we designed retro-aldolases that use four different catalytic motifs to catalyze the breaking of a carbon-carbon bond in a nonnatural substrate. Of the 72 designs that were experimentally characterized, 32, spanning a range of protein folds, had detectable retro-aldolase activity. Designs that used an explicit water molecule to mediate proton shuffling were significantly more successful, with rate accelerations of up to four orders of magnitude and multiple turnovers, than those involving charged side-chain networks. The atomic accuracy of the design process was confirmed by the x-ray crystal structure of active designs embedded in two protein scaffolds, both of which were nearly superimposable on the design model.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3431203/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3431203/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jiang, Lin -- Althoff, Eric A -- Clemente, Fernando R -- Doyle, Lindsey -- Rothlisberger, Daniela -- Zanghellini, Alexandre -- Gallaher, Jasmine L -- Betker, Jamie L -- Tanaka, Fujie -- Barbas, Carlos F 3rd -- Hilvert, Donald -- Houk, Kendall N -- Stoddard, Barry L -- Baker, David -- R01 CA097328/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM049857/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Mar 7;319(5868):1387-91. doi: 10.1126/science.1152692.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18323453" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aldehyde-Lyases/*chemistry/metabolism ; *Algorithms ; Binding Sites ; Catalysis ; Catalytic Domain ; Computer Simulation ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions ; Kinetics ; Models, Molecular ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Engineering
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  • 23
    Publication Date: 2008-10-18
    Description: Statistical analyses of protein families reveal networks of coevolving amino acids that functionally link distantly positioned functional surfaces. Such linkages suggest a concept for engineering allosteric control into proteins: The intramolecular networks of two proteins could be joined across their surface sites such that the activity of one protein might control the activity of the other. We tested this idea by creating PAS-DHFR, a designed chimeric protein that connects a light-sensing signaling domain from a plant member of the Per/Arnt/Sim (PAS) family of proteins with Escherichia coli dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR). With no optimization, PAS-DHFR exhibited light-dependent catalytic activity that depended on the site of connection and on known signaling mechanisms in both proteins. PAS-DHFR serves as a proof of concept for engineering regulatory activities into proteins through interface design at conserved allosteric sites.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3071530/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3071530/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lee, Jeeyeon -- Natarajan, Madhusudan -- Nashine, Vishal C -- Socolich, Michael -- Vo, Tina -- Russ, William P -- Benkovic, Stephen J -- Ranganathan, Rama -- R01 EY018720/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY018720-01/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY018720-02/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY018720-03/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Oct 17;322(5900):438-42. doi: 10.1126/science.1159052.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18927392" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Allosteric Regulation ; Allosteric Site ; Binding Sites ; Catalysis ; Cryptochromes ; Escherichia coli/enzymology ; Flavoproteins/*chemistry/metabolism ; Kinetics ; Ligands ; Light ; Models, Molecular ; NADP/metabolism ; Protein Conformation ; *Protein Engineering ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Tetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase/*chemistry/metabolism
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  • 24
    Publication Date: 2009-12-17
    Description: We present an analytical treatment of a set of coupled kinetic equations that governs the self-assembly of filamentous molecular structures. Application to the case of protein aggregation demonstrates that the kinetics of amyloid growth can often be dominated by secondary rather than by primary nucleation events. Our results further reveal a range of general features of the growth kinetics of fragmenting filamentous structures, including the existence of generic scaling laws that provide mechanistic information in contexts ranging from in vitro amyloid growth to the in vivo development of mammalian prion diseases.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Knowles, Tuomas P J -- Waudby, Christopher A -- Devlin, Glyn L -- Cohen, Samuel I A -- Aguzzi, Adriano -- Vendruscolo, Michele -- Terentjev, Eugene M -- Welland, Mark E -- Dobson, Christopher M -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Dec 11;326(5959):1533-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1178250.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20007899" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amyloid/*chemistry ; Biochemical Processes ; Glutathione Peroxidase/chemistry ; Insulin/chemistry ; Kinetics ; Lactoglobulins/chemistry ; Mathematical Concepts ; Multiprotein Complexes/*chemistry ; Peptide Termination Factors/chemistry ; Peptides/chemistry ; Prions/chemistry ; *Protein Multimerization ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/chemistry
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  • 25
    Publication Date: 2009-02-07
    Description: Centrosomes, each containing a pair of centrioles, organize microtubules in animal cells, particularly during mitosis. DNA and centrosomes are normally duplicated once before cell division to maintain optimal genome integrity. We report a new role for the Orc1 protein, a subunit of the origin recognition complex (ORC) that is a key component of the DNA replication licensing machinery, in controlling centriole and centrosome copy number in human cells, independent of its role in DNA replication. Cyclin A promotes Orc1 localization to centrosomes where Orc1 prevents Cyclin E-dependent reduplication of both centrioles and centrosomes in a single cell division cycle. The data suggest that Orc1 is a regulator of centriole and centrosome reduplication as well as the initiation of DNA replication.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2653626/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2653626/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hemerly, Adriana S -- Prasanth, Supriya G -- Siddiqui, Khalid -- Stillman, Bruce -- CA13106/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P01 CA013106/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P01 CA013106-310025/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P01 CA013106-36/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P01 CA013106-370025/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Feb 6;323(5915):789-93. doi: 10.1126/science.1166745.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor 11724, NY, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19197067" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cell Cycle ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Centrioles/*physiology ; Centrosome/*physiology ; Cyclin A/metabolism ; Cyclin E/metabolism ; Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2/metabolism ; DNA Replication ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; Kinetics ; Mutant Proteins/metabolism ; Origin Recognition Complex/genetics/*metabolism ; RNA Interference ; RNA, Small Interfering ; Transfection
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  • 26
    Publication Date: 2008-11-22
    Description: We present single-molecule, real-time sequencing data obtained from a DNA polymerase performing uninterrupted template-directed synthesis using four distinguishable fluorescently labeled deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs). We detected the temporal order of their enzymatic incorporation into a growing DNA strand with zero-mode waveguide nanostructure arrays, which provide optical observation volume confinement and enable parallel, simultaneous detection of thousands of single-molecule sequencing reactions. Conjugation of fluorophores to the terminal phosphate moiety of the dNTPs allows continuous observation of DNA synthesis over thousands of bases without steric hindrance. The data report directly on polymerase dynamics, revealing distinct polymerization states and pause sites corresponding to DNA secondary structure. Sequence data were aligned with the known reference sequence to assay biophysical parameters of polymerization for each template position. Consensus sequences were generated from the single-molecule reads at 15-fold coverage, showing a median accuracy of 99.3%, with no systematic error beyond fluorophore-dependent error rates.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Eid, John -- Fehr, Adrian -- Gray, Jeremy -- Luong, Khai -- Lyle, John -- Otto, Geoff -- Peluso, Paul -- Rank, David -- Baybayan, Primo -- Bettman, Brad -- Bibillo, Arkadiusz -- Bjornson, Keith -- Chaudhuri, Bidhan -- Christians, Frederick -- Cicero, Ronald -- Clark, Sonya -- Dalal, Ravindra -- Dewinter, Alex -- Dixon, John -- Foquet, Mathieu -- Gaertner, Alfred -- Hardenbol, Paul -- Heiner, Cheryl -- Hester, Kevin -- Holden, David -- Kearns, Gregory -- Kong, Xiangxu -- Kuse, Ronald -- Lacroix, Yves -- Lin, Steven -- Lundquist, Paul -- Ma, Congcong -- Marks, Patrick -- Maxham, Mark -- Murphy, Devon -- Park, Insil -- Pham, Thang -- Phillips, Michael -- Roy, Joy -- Sebra, Robert -- Shen, Gene -- Sorenson, Jon -- Tomaney, Austin -- Travers, Kevin -- Trulson, Mark -- Vieceli, John -- Wegener, Jeffrey -- Wu, Dawn -- Yang, Alicia -- Zaccarin, Denis -- Zhao, Peter -- Zhong, Frank -- Korlach, Jonas -- Turner, Stephen -- R01HG003710/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Jan 2;323(5910):133-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1162986. Epub 2008 Nov 20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Pacific Biosciences, 1505 Adams Drive, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19023044" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Base Sequence ; Consensus Sequence ; DNA/biosynthesis ; DNA, Circular/chemistry ; DNA, Single-Stranded/chemistry ; DNA-Directed DNA Polymerase/*metabolism ; Deoxyribonucleotides/metabolism ; Enzymes, Immobilized ; Fluorescent Dyes ; Kinetics ; Nanostructures ; Sequence Analysis, DNA/*methods ; Spectrometry, Fluorescence
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  • 27
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2009-08-22
    Description: Actin filaments and microtubules polymerize and depolymerize by adding and removing subunits at polymer ends, and these dynamics drive cytoplasmic organization, cell division, and cell motility. Since Wegner proposed the treadmilling theory for actin in 1976, it has largely been assumed that the chemical state of the bound nucleotide determines the rates of subunit addition and removal. This chemical kinetics view is difficult to reconcile with observations revealing multiple structural states of the polymer that influence polymerization dynamics but that are not strictly coupled to the bound nucleotide state. We refer to these phenomena as "structural plasticity" and discuss emerging evidence that they play a central role in polymer dynamics and function.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2864651/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2864651/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kueh, Hao Yuan -- Mitchison, Timothy J -- GM 23928/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM023928/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM023928-31/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Aug 21;325(5943):960-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1168823.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19696342" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Actin Cytoskeleton/*chemistry/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Actin Depolymerizing Factors/metabolism ; Actins/*chemistry/metabolism ; Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; Guanosine Diphosphate/metabolism ; Guanosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; Kinetics ; Microfilament Proteins/metabolism ; Microtubules/*chemistry/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Models, Biological ; Tubulin/*chemistry/metabolism
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  • 28
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    Unknown
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2009-08-15
    Description: Dynamin-related proteins (DRPs) can generate forces to remodel membranes. In cells, DRPs require additional proteins [DRP-associated proteins (DAPs)] to conduct their functions. To dissect the mechanistic role of a DAP, we used the yeast mitochondrial division machine as a model, which requires the DRP Dnm1, and two other proteins, Mdv1 and Fis1. Mdv1 played a postmitochondrial targeting role in division by specifically interacting and coassembling with the guanosine triphosphate-bound form of Dnm1. This regulated interaction nucleated and promoted the self-assembly of Dnm1 into helical structures, which drive membrane scission. The nucleation of DRP assembly probably represents a general regulatory strategy for this family of filament-forming proteins, similar to F-actin regulation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lackner, Laura L -- Horner, Jennifer S -- Nunnari, Jodi -- 1F32GM078749/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM062942/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01GM062942/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Aug 14;325(5942):874-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1176921.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19679814" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/*metabolism ; GTP Phosphohydrolases/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Guanosine Triphosphate/analogs & derivatives/metabolism ; Intracellular Membranes/physiology ; Kinetics ; Liposomes/metabolism ; Mitochondria/*physiology ; Mitochondrial Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Models, Biological ; Protein Binding ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism
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  • 29
    Publication Date: 2009-03-03
    Description: beta-lactam antibiotics are ineffective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, being rapidly hydrolyzed by the chromosomally encoded blaC gene product. The carbapenem class of beta-lactams are very poor substrates for BlaC, allowing us to determine the three-dimensional structure of the covalent BlaC-meropenem covalent complex at 1.8 angstrom resolution. When meropenem was combined with the beta-lactamase inhibitor clavulanate, potent activity against laboratory strains of M. tuberculosis was observed [minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC(meropenem)) less than 1 microgram per milliliter], and sterilization of aerobically grown cultures was observed within 14 days. In addition, this combination exhibited inhibitory activity against anaerobically grown cultures that mimic the "persistent" state and inhibited the growth of 13 extensively drug-resistant strains of M. tuberculosis at the same levels seen for drug-susceptible strains. Meropenem and clavulanate are Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs and could potentially be used to treat patients with currently untreatable disease.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2679150/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2679150/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hugonnet, Jean-Emmanuel -- Tremblay, Lee W -- Boshoff, Helena I -- Barry, Clifton E 3rd -- Blanchard, John S -- AI33696/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- Z01 AI000693-15/Intramural NIH HHS/ -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Feb 27;323(5918):1215-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1167498.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19251630" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acylation ; Antibiotics, Antitubercular/*pharmacology ; Catalytic Domain ; Clavulanic Acid/*pharmacology ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Drug Combinations ; *Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial ; Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology ; Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis/*microbiology ; Humans ; Kinetics ; Mass Spectrometry ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Mycobacterium tuberculosis/*drug effects/enzymology/growth & development ; Thienamycins/metabolism/*pharmacology ; beta-Lactamase Inhibitors ; beta-Lactamases/*chemistry/metabolism
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  • 30
    Publication Date: 2009-11-07
    Description: Virtually all of the 560 human proteases are stored as inactive proenyzmes and are strictly regulated. We report the identification and characterization of the first small molecules that directly activate proenzymes, the apoptotic procaspases-3 and -6. It is surprising that these compounds induce autoproteolytic activation by stabilizing a conformation that is both more active and more susceptible to intermolecular proteolysis. These procaspase activators bypass the normal upstream proapoptotic signaling cascades and induce rapid apoptosis in a variety of cell lines. Systematic biochemical and biophysical analyses identified a cluster of mutations in procaspase-3 that resist small-molecule activation both in vitro and in cells. Compounds that induce gain of function are rare, and the activators reported here will enable direct control of the executioner caspases in apoptosis and in cellular differentiation. More generally, these studies presage the discovery of other proenzyme activators to explore fundamental processes of proenzyme activation and their fate-determining roles in biology.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2886848/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2886848/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wolan, Dennis W -- Zorn, Julie A -- Gray, Daniel C -- Wells, James A -- F32 CA119641/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- F32 CA119641-03/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA136779/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R21 N5057022/PHS HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Nov 6;326(5954):853-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1177585.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, Byers Hall, 1700 4th Street, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19892984" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Apoptosis ; Benzopyrans/chemistry/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Biocatalysis ; Caspase 3/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Caspase 6/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Caspase Inhibitors ; Catalytic Domain ; Cell Line, Transformed ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cells, Cultured ; Enzyme Activation ; Enzyme Activators/chemistry/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Enzyme Inhibitors/metabolism/pharmacology ; Enzyme Precursors/antagonists & inhibitors/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Granzymes/metabolism ; Humans ; Imidazoles/chemistry/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Kinetics ; Mice ; Molecular Structure ; Mutagenesis ; Pyridines/chemistry/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Signal Transduction ; Small Molecule Libraries/chemistry/metabolism
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  • 31
    Publication Date: 2009-12-08
    Description: Environmental perturbations during mass extinctions were likely manifested differently in epicontinental seas than in open-ocean-facing habitats of comparable depth. Here, we present a dissection of origination and extinction in epicontinental seas versus open-ocean-facing coastal regions in the Permian through Cretaceous periods, an interval through which both settings are well represented in the fossil record. Results demonstrate that extinction rates were significantly higher in open-ocean settings than in epicontinental seas during major mass extinctions but not at other times and that origination rates were significantly higher in open-ocean settings for a protracted interval from the Late Jurassic through the Late Cretaceous. These patterns are manifested even when other paleogeographic and environmental variables are held fixed, indicating that epicontinental seas and open-ocean-facing coastlines carry distinct macroevolutionary signatures.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Miller, Arnold I -- Foote, Michael -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Nov 20;326(5956):1106-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1180061.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geology, University of Cincinnati, Post Office Box 210013, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA. arnold.miller@uc.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19965428" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Bivalvia ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; *Extinction, Biological ; Geologic Sediments ; Geological Phenomena ; Kinetics ; Oceans and Seas
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  • 32
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2009-01-10
    Description: An RNA enzyme that catalyzes the RNA-templated joining of RNA was converted to a format whereby two enzymes catalyze each other's synthesis from a total of four oligonucleotide substrates. These cross-replicating RNA enzymes undergo self-sustained exponential amplification in the absence of proteins or other biological materials. Amplification occurs with a doubling time of about 1 hour and can be continued indefinitely. Populations of various cross-replicating enzymes were constructed and allowed to compete for a common pool of substrates, during which recombinant replicators arose and grew to dominate the population. These replicating RNA enzymes can serve as an experimental model of a genetic system. Many such model systems could be constructed, allowing different selective outcomes to be related to the underlying properties of the genetic system.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2652413/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2652413/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lincoln, Tracey A -- Joyce, Gerald F -- R01 GM065130/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM065130-07/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01GM065130/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Feb 27;323(5918):1229-32. doi: 10.1126/science.1167856. Epub 2009 Jan 8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19131595" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Base Pairing ; Biocatalysis ; Directed Molecular Evolution ; Kinetics ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Oligonucleotides/*metabolism ; Polynucleotide Ligases/*chemistry/metabolism ; RNA, Catalytic/chemistry/*metabolism
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  • 33
    Publication Date: 2005-09-17
    Description: The activation dynamics of the transcription factor NF-kappaB exhibit damped oscillatory behavior when cells are stimulated by tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) but stable behavior when stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). LPS binding to Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) causes activation of NF-kappaB that requires two downstream pathways, each of which when isolated exhibits damped oscillatory behavior. Computational modeling of the two TLR4-dependent signaling pathways suggests that one pathway requires a time delay to establish early anti-phase activation of NF-kappaB by the two pathways. The MyD88-independent pathway required Inferon regulatory factor 3-dependent expression of TNFalpha to activate NF-kappaB, and the time required for TNFalpha synthesis established the delay.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Covert, Markus W -- Leung, Thomas H -- Gaston, Jahlionais E -- Baltimore, David -- GM039458-21/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Sep 16;309(5742):1854-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16166516" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing ; Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport/deficiency/physiology ; Animals ; Antigens, Differentiation/physiology ; Cell Line ; Cells, Cultured ; Computer Simulation ; Cycloheximide/pharmacology ; DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics/physiology ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Gene Expression Regulation ; I-kappa B Kinase ; I-kappa B Proteins/biosynthesis/genetics/metabolism ; Interferon Regulatory Factor-3 ; Kinetics ; Lipopolysaccharides/*immunology/metabolism ; Mice ; Models, Biological ; Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88 ; NF-kappa B/*metabolism ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors/pharmacology ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism ; Receptors, Immunologic/deficiency/metabolism/physiology ; Signal Transduction ; Time Factors ; Toll-Like Receptor 4 ; Transcription Factors/genetics/physiology ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/biosynthesis/metabolism
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  • 34
    Publication Date: 2005-05-28
    Description: The typical scales for plant and fungal movements vary over many orders of magnitude in time and length, but they are ultimately based on hydraulics and mechanics. We show that quantification of the length and time scales involved in plant and fungal motions leads to a natural classification, whose physical basis can be understood through an analysis of the mechanics of water transport through an elastic tissue. Our study also suggests a design principle for nonmuscular hydraulically actuated structures: Rapid actuation requires either small size or the enhancement of motion on large scales via elastic instabilities.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Skotheim, Jan M -- Mahadevan, L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 May 27;308(5726):1308-10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0WA, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15919993" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cell Wall/physiology ; Droseraceae/anatomy & histology/physiology ; Elasticity ; Euphorbiaceae/anatomy & histology/physiology ; Fungi/cytology/*physiology ; Mathematics ; Movement ; Mucorales/cytology/physiology ; Physical Phenomena ; Physics ; Plant Leaves/*physiology ; *Plant Physiological Phenomena ; Plants/anatomy & histology ; Pressure ; Time Factors ; Viscosity ; Water/*physiology
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  • 35
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2005-05-10
    Description: Here we describe the requirements of an e-Infrastructure to enable faster, better, and different scientific research capabilities. We use two application exemplars taken from the United Kingdom's e-Science Programme to illustrate these requirements and make the case for a service-oriented infrastructure. We provide a brief overview of the UK "plug-and-play composable services" vision and the role of semantics in such an e-Infrastructure.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hey, Tony -- Trefethen, Anne E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 May 6;308(5723):817-21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, Polaris House, North Star Avenue, Swindon SN2 1ET, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15879209" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Combinatorial Chemistry Techniques ; *Computational Biology ; *Computer Communication Networks ; *Computing Methodologies ; Databases as Topic ; Graves Disease/genetics ; *Internet ; *Research ; *Software ; Williams Syndrome/genetics
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  • 36
    Publication Date: 2005-07-16
    Description: Neurotransmitter release is triggered by calcium ions and depends critically on the correct function of three types of SNARE [soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein (SNAP) receptor] proteins. With use of the large calyx of Held presynaptic terminal from rats, we found that cleavage of different SNARE proteins by clostridial neurotoxins caused distinct kinetic changes in neurotransmitter release. When elevating calcium ion concentration directly at the presynaptic terminal with the use of caged calcium, cleavage of SNAP-25 by botulinum toxin A (BoNT/A) produced a strong reduction in the calcium sensitivity for release, whereas cleavage of syntaxin using BoNT/C1 and synaptobrevin using tetanus toxin (TeNT) produced an all-or-nothing block without changing the kinetics of remaining vesicles. When stimulating release by calcium influx through channels, a difference between BoNT/C1 and TeNT emerged, which suggests that cleavage of synaptobrevin modifies the coupling between channels and release-competent vesicles.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sakaba, Takeshi -- Stein, Alexander -- Jahn, Reinhard -- Neher, Erwin -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Jul 15;309(5733):491-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurobiology and Department of Membrane Biophysics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Gottingen 37077, Germany. tsakaba@gwdg.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16020741" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials ; Animals ; Botulinum Toxins/metabolism/pharmacology ; Botulinum Toxins, Type A/metabolism/pharmacology ; Calcium/metabolism ; Calcium Channels/metabolism ; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials ; In Vitro Techniques ; Kinetics ; Membrane Proteins/*metabolism ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/*metabolism ; Neurotransmitter Agents/*metabolism ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Presynaptic Terminals/*metabolism ; Qa-SNARE Proteins ; R-SNARE Proteins ; Rats ; Synaptic Vesicles/metabolism ; Synaptosomal-Associated Protein 25 ; Tetanus Toxin/metabolism/pharmacology
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  • 37
    Publication Date: 2005-02-01
    Description: DNA translocases are molecular motors that move rapidly along DNA using adenosine triphosphate as the source of energy. We directly observed the movement of purified FtsK, an Escherichia coli translocase, on single DNA molecules. The protein moves at 5 kilobases per second and against forces up to 60 piconewtons, and locally reverses direction without dissociation. On three natural substrates, independent of its initial binding position, FtsK efficiently translocates over long distances to the terminal region of the E. coli chromosome, as it does in vivo. Our results imply that FtsK is a bidirectional motor that changes direction in response to short, asymmetric directing DNA sequences.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pease, Paul J -- Levy, Oren -- Cost, Gregory J -- Gore, Jeff -- Ptacin, Jerod L -- Sherratt, David -- Bustamante, Carlos -- Cozzarelli, Nicholas R -- GM07232-27/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM08295-15/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM31657/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM32543/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Jan 28;307(5709):586-90.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3204, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15681387" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Algorithms ; Bacteriophage lambda ; Base Sequence ; Chromosomes, Bacterial ; DNA, Bacterial/chemistry/*metabolism ; DNA, Superhelical/chemistry/metabolism ; DNA, Viral/chemistry/*metabolism ; Escherichia coli/*metabolism ; Escherichia coli Proteins/isolation & purification/*metabolism ; Kinetics ; Membrane Proteins/isolation & purification/*metabolism ; Models, Biological ; Molecular Motor Proteins/isolation & purification/*metabolism ; Nucleic Acid Conformation
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  • 38
    Publication Date: 2005-05-10
    Description: Thermostabilizing an enzyme while maintaining its activity for industrial or biomedical applications can be difficult with traditional selection methods. We describe a rapid computational approach that identified three mutations within a model enzyme that produced a 10 degrees C increase in apparent melting temperature T(m) and a 30-fold increase in half-life at 50 degrees C, with no reduction in catalytic efficiency. The effects of the mutations were synergistic, giving an increase in excess of the sum of their individual effects. The redesigned enzyme induced an increased, temperature-dependent bacterial growth rate under conditions that required its activity, thereby coupling molecular and metabolic engineering.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3412875/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3412875/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Korkegian, Aaron -- Black, Margaret E -- Baker, David -- Stoddard, Barry L -- CA85939/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA97328/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- GM49857/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM59224/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA097328/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM049857/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- T32-GM08268/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 May 6;308(5723):857-60.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (FHCRC), 1100 Fairview Avenue North, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15879217" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Binding Sites ; Catalysis ; Circular Dichroism ; *Computer Simulation ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Cytosine Deaminase/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Enzyme Stability ; Escherichia coli/genetics/metabolism ; Kinetics ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Monte Carlo Method ; Mutagenesis, Site-Directed ; Point Mutation ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Denaturation ; *Protein Engineering ; Protein Folding ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Software ; Temperature ; Thermodynamics ; Transformation, Genetic ; Yeasts/enzymology
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  • 39
    Publication Date: 2005-11-15
    Description: Plants and cyanobacteria produce atmospheric dioxygen from water, powered by sunlight and catalyzed by a manganese complex in photosystem II. A classic S-cycle model for oxygen evolution involves five states, but only four have been identified. The missing S4 state is particularly important because it is directly involved in dioxygen formation. Now progress comes from an x-ray technique that can monitor redox and structural changes in metal centers in real time with 10-microsecond resolution. We show that in the O2-formation step, an intermediate is formed--the enigmatic S4 state. Its creation is identified with a deprotonation process rather than the expected electron-transfer mechanism. Subsequent electron transfer would give an additional S4' state, thus extending the fundamental S-state cycle of dioxygen formation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Haumann, M -- Liebisch, P -- Muller, C -- Barra, M -- Grabolle, M -- Dau, H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Nov 11;310(5750):1019-21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Freie Universitat Berlin, FB Physik, Arnimallee 14, D-14195 Berlin, Germany. haumann@physik.fu-berlin.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16284178" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chemistry, Physical ; Electrons ; Entropy ; Kinetics ; Lasers ; Manganese/chemistry ; Models, Biological ; Models, Chemical ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Oxygen/chemistry/*metabolism ; *Photosynthesis ; Photosystem II Protein Complex/chemistry/*metabolism ; Physicochemical Phenomena ; Protons ; Spectrum Analysis ; Spinacia oleracea ; Water/metabolism ; X-Rays
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  • 40
    Publication Date: 2005-11-29
    Description: Structured water molecules near redox cofactors were found recently to accelerate electron-transfer (ET) kinetics in several systems. Theoretical study of interprotein electron transfer across an aqueous interface reveals three distinctive electronic coupling mechanisms that we describe here: (i) a protein-mediated regime when the two proteins are in van der Waals contact; (ii) a structured water-mediated regime featuring anomalously weak distance decay at relatively close protein-protein contact distances; and (iii) a bulk water-mediated regime at large distances. Our analysis explains a range of otherwise puzzling biological ET kinetic data and provides a framework for including explicit water-mediated tunneling effects on ET kinetics.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3613566/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3613566/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lin, Jianping -- Balabin, Ilya A -- Beratan, David N -- GM-048043/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM048043/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Nov 25;310(5752):1311-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16311331" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cattle ; Chemistry, Physical ; Cytochromes b5/chemistry/*metabolism ; *Electron Transport ; Kinetics ; Models, Chemical ; Physicochemical Phenomena ; Porphyrins/chemistry ; Protein Conformation ; Thermodynamics ; Water/*chemistry
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  • 41
    Publication Date: 2005-11-15
    Description: We have identified a small-molecule inhibitor of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) that promotes subunit disassembly of this trimeric cytokine family member. The compound inhibits TNF-alpha activity in biochemical and cell-based assays with median inhibitory concentrations of 22 and 4.6 micromolar, respectively. Formation of an intermediate complex between the compound and the intact trimer results in a 600-fold accelerated subunit dissociation rate that leads to trimer dissociation. A structure solved by x-ray crystallography reveals that a single compound molecule displaces a subunit of the trimer to form a complex with a dimer of TNF-alpha subunits.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉He, Molly M -- Smith, Annemarie Stroustrup -- Oslob, Johan D -- Flanagan, William M -- Braisted, Andrew C -- Whitty, Adrian -- Cancilla, Mark T -- Wang, Jun -- Lugovskoy, Alexey A -- Yoburn, Josh C -- Fung, Amy D -- Farrington, Graham -- Eldredge, John K -- Day, Eric S -- Cruz, Leslie A -- Cachero, Teresa G -- Miller, Stephan K -- Friedman, Jessica E -- Choong, Ingrid C -- Cunningham, Brian C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Nov 11;310(5750):1022-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Sunesis Pharmaceuticals, Incorporated, 341 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16284179" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biotinylation ; Chemistry, Physical ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Dimerization ; Fluorescence ; Hydrogen/chemistry ; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions ; Indoles/chemical synthesis/*chemistry/*pharmacology ; Kinetics ; Mass Spectrometry ; Models, Chemical ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Conformation ; Molecular Structure ; Physicochemical Phenomena ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Subunits/chemistry ; Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/metabolism ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/*antagonists & inhibitors/*chemistry/metabolism
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  • 42
    Publication Date: 2005-10-22
    Description: Molecular evolution is moving from statistical descriptions of adaptive molecular changes toward predicting the fitness effects of mutations. Here, we characterize the fitness landscape of the six amino acids controlling coenzyme use in isopropylmalate dehydrogenase (IMDH). Although all natural IMDHs use nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) as a coenzyme, they can be engineered to use nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) instead. Intermediates between these two phenotypic extremes show that each amino acid contributes additively to enzyme function, with epistatic contributions confined to fitness. The genotype-phenotype-fitness map shows that NAD use is a global optimum.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lunzer, Mark -- Miller, Stephen P -- Felsheim, Roderick -- Dean, Antony M -- GM060611/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Oct 21;310(5747):499-501.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉BioTechnology Institute, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16239478" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 3-Isopropylmalate Dehydrogenase/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Amino Acid Substitution ; Analysis of Variance ; Catalysis ; Epistasis, Genetic ; Escherichia coli/enzymology ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Genotype ; Kinetics ; Leucine/biosynthesis ; Mathematics ; Models, Chemical ; Mutation ; NAD/*metabolism ; NADP/*metabolism ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Phenotype ; Protein Engineering ; Selection, Genetic ; Thermodynamics
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  • 43
    Publication Date: 2005-12-13
    Description: Snake presynaptic phospholipase A2 neurotoxins (SPANs) paralyze the neuromuscular junction (NMJ). Upon intoxication, the NMJ enlarges and has a reduced content of synaptic vesicles, and primary neuronal cultures show synaptic swelling with surface exposure of the lumenal domain of the synaptic vesicle protein synaptotagmin I. Concomitantly, these neurotoxins induce exocytosis of neurotransmitters. We found that an equimolar mixture of lysophospholipids and fatty acids closely mimics all of the biological effects of SPANs. These results draw attention to the possible role of local lipid changes in synaptic vesicle release and provide new tools for the study of exocytosis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rigoni, Michela -- Caccin, Paola -- Gschmeissner, Steve -- Koster, Grielof -- Postle, Anthony D -- Rossetto, Ornella -- Schiavo, Giampietro -- Montecucco, Cesare -- GP0272Y01/Telethon/Italy -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Dec 9;310(5754):1678-80.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biomedical Sciences and Consiglio Nazionale Ricerche Institute of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Italy.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16339444" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cells, Cultured ; Elapid Venoms/toxicity ; Esterification ; Exocytosis ; Fatty Acids/*metabolism/toxicity ; Glutamic Acid/metabolism ; Hydrolysis ; Kinetics ; Lipid Bilayers ; Lysophospholipids/*metabolism/toxicity ; Male ; Mass Spectrometry ; Membrane Fusion ; Membrane Lipids/metabolism ; Mice ; Neuromuscular Junction/drug effects/metabolism/physiology ; Neurons/drug effects/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Neurotoxins/*metabolism/toxicity ; Neurotransmitter Agents/metabolism ; Phospholipases A/*metabolism/toxicity ; Phospholipases A2 ; Synapses/drug effects/ultrastructure ; Synaptic Membranes/metabolism/*physiology ; Synaptic Vesicles/drug effects/physiology/ultrastructure
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  • 44
    Publication Date: 2005-02-12
    Description: We show that the specific subcellular distribution of H- and Nras guanosine triphosphate-binding proteins is generated by a constitutive de/reacylation cycle that operates on palmitoylated proteins, driving their rapid exchange between the plasma membrane (PM) and the Golgi apparatus. Depalmitoylation redistributes farnesylated Ras in all membranes, followed by repalmitoylation and trapping of Ras at the Golgi, from where it is redirected to the PM via the secretory pathway. This continuous cycle prevents Ras from nonspecific residence on endomembranes, thereby maintaining the specific intracellular compartmentalization. The de/reacylation cycle also initiates Ras activation at the Golgi by transport of PM-localized Ras guanosine triphosphate. Different de/repalmitoylation kinetics account for isoform-specific activation responses to growth factors.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rocks, Oliver -- Peyker, Anna -- Kahms, Martin -- Verveer, Peter J -- Koerner, Carolin -- Lumbierres, Maria -- Kuhlmann, Jurgen -- Waldmann, Herbert -- Wittinghofer, Alfred -- Bastiaens, Philippe I H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Mar 18;307(5716):1746-52. Epub 2005 Feb 10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15705808" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acylation ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; COS Cells ; Cell Line ; Cell Membrane/*metabolism ; Cercopithecus aethiops ; Dogs ; Golgi Apparatus/*metabolism ; Guanosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; Kinetics ; Models, Biological ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Palmitic Acid/*metabolism ; Protein Isoforms/chemistry/metabolism ; Protein Processing, Post-Translational ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Protein Transport ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras)/chemistry/*metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Transfection
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  • 45
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2005-01-18
    Description: Phylogenetic analysis reveals that the use of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) by prokaryotic isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) arose around the time eukaryotic mitochondria first appeared, about 3.5 billion years ago. We replaced the wild-type gene that encodes the NADP-dependent IDH of Escherichia coli with an engineered gene that possesses the ancestral NAD-dependent phenotype. The engineered enzyme is disfavored during competition for acetate. The selection intensifies in genetic backgrounds where other sources of reduced NADP have been removed. A survey of sequenced prokaryotic genomes reveals that those genomes that encode isocitrate lyase, which is essential for growth on acetate, always have an NADP-dependent IDH. Those with only an NAD-dependent IDH never have isocitrate lyase. Hence, the NADP dependence of prokaryotic IDH is an ancient adaptation to anabolic demand for reduced NADP during growth on acetate.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zhu, Guoping -- Golding, G Brian -- Dean, Antony M -- GM060611/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Feb 25;307(5713):1279-82. Epub 2005 Jan 13.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15653464" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 3-Isopropylmalate Dehydrogenase ; Acetates/metabolism ; *Adaptation, Physiological ; Alcohol Oxidoreductases/chemistry/metabolism ; Bacteria/*genetics/growth & development/*metabolism ; Binding Sites ; Biological Evolution ; Escherichia coli/enzymology/genetics/metabolism ; Isocitrate Dehydrogenase/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Isocitrate Lyase/genetics/metabolism ; Kinetics ; NAD/*metabolism ; NADP/*metabolism ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Phylogeny ; Protein Engineering ; *Selection, Genetic
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  • 46
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2005-05-21
    Description: During transfer RNA (tRNA) selection, a cognate codon:anticodon interaction triggers a series of events that ultimately results in the acceptance of that tRNA into the ribosome for peptide-bond formation. High-fidelity discrimination between the cognate tRNA and near- and noncognate ones depends both on their differential dissociation rates from the ribosome and on specific acceleration of forward rate constants by cognate species. Here we show that a mutant tRNA(Trp) carrying a single substitution in its D-arm achieves elevated levels of miscoding by accelerating these forward rate constants independent of codon:anticodon pairing in the decoding center. These data provide evidence for a direct role for tRNA in signaling its own acceptance during decoding and support its fundamental role during the evolution of protein synthesis.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1687177/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1687177/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cochella, Luisa -- Green, Rachel -- R01 GM059425/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01GM059425/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 May 20;308(5725):1178-80.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15905403" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anticodon ; Base Pairing ; Codon ; Codon, Terminator ; Dipeptides/biosynthesis ; GTP Phosphohydrolases/metabolism ; Guanosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; Hydrolysis ; Kinetics ; Mutation ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Peptide Elongation Factor Tu/metabolism ; *Protein Biosynthesis ; RNA, Messenger/metabolism ; RNA, Transfer, Trp/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Ribosomes/*metabolism
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  • 47
    Publication Date: 2005-05-21
    Description: Salmonella enterica causes a variety of diseases, including gastroenteritis and typhoid fever. The success of this pathogen depends on its capacity to proliferate within host cells in a membrane-bound compartment. We found that the Salmonella-containing vacuole recruited the plus-end-directed motor kinesin. Bacterial effector proteins translocated into the host cell by a type III secretion system antagonistically regulated this event. Among these effectors, SifA targeted SKIP, a host protein that down-regulated the recruitment of kinesin on the bacterial vacuole and, in turn, controlled vacuolar membrane dynamics.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Boucrot, Emmanuel -- Henry, Thomas -- Borg, Jean-Paul -- Gorvel, Jean-Pierre -- Meresse, Stephane -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 May 20;308(5725):1174-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, CNRS-INSERM-Universite de la Mediterranee, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, Case 906-13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15905402" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Amino Acid Motifs ; Animals ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cytosol/metabolism ; Dyneins/metabolism ; Glycoproteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Golgi Apparatus/metabolism ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; Immunoprecipitation ; Intracellular Membranes/metabolism ; Kinesin/*metabolism ; Kinetics ; Macrophages/metabolism/microbiology ; Mice ; RNA Interference ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Salmonella typhimurium/genetics/growth & development/*metabolism/*pathogenicity ; Vacuoles/metabolism/*microbiology ; Virulence
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  • 48
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2005-10-22
    Description: If you trust the conventional wisdom, Amy Palmer and Alexis Templeton did a lot of things wrong in their job search. Then why did things turn out so right?〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Austin, Jim -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Oct 21;310(5747):518-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16239480" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Career Choice ; *Career Mobility ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Education, Graduate ; *Faculty ; Microbiology ; *Research ; United States ; *Universities
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  • 49
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2005-09-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stone, Richard -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Sep 16;309(5742):1802-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16166490" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Astronomical Phenomena ; Astronomy ; *Biotechnology ; Iran ; *Islam ; Physical Phenomena ; Physics ; Publishing ; *Research ; *Science
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  • 50
    Publication Date: 2005-06-25
    Description: Signaling by heterotrimeric GTP-binding proteins (G proteins) drives numerous cellular processes. The number of G protein molecules activated by a single membrane receptor is a determinant of signal amplification, although in most cases this parameter remains unknown. In retinal rod photoreceptors, a long-lived photoisomerized rhodopsin molecule activates many G protein molecules (transducins), yielding substantial amplification and a large elementary (single-photon) response, before rhodopsin activity is terminated. Here we report that the elementary response in olfactory transduction is extremely small. A ligand-bound odorant receptor has a low probability of activating even one G protein molecule because the odorant dwell-time is very brief. Thus, signal amplification in olfactory transduction appears fundamentally different from that of phototransduction.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2957801/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2957801/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bhandawat, Vikas -- Reisert, Johannes -- Yau, King-Wai -- DC06904/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/ -- R01 DC006904/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/ -- R01 DC006904-01/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY006837/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY006837-16A1/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY006837-17/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY006837-18/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY014596/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY014596-01/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY014596-02/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY014596-03/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R37 EY006837/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R37 EY006837-15/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R37 EY006837-15S1/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Jun 24;308(5730):1931-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. vbhanda@mail.jhmi.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15976304" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acetophenones/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Action Potentials ; Adenylyl Cyclases/metabolism ; Animals ; Calcium/metabolism/pharmacology ; Cell Separation ; Cyclohexanols/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Heterotrimeric GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; In Vitro Techniques ; Kinetics ; Ligands ; Monoterpenes/*metabolism/pharmacology ; *Odors ; Olfactory Receptor Neurons/cytology/*physiology ; Phosphorylation ; Rana pipiens ; Receptors, Odorant/*metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Smell/physiology
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  • 51
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2005-01-22
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Irion, Robert -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Jan 21;307(5708):340-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15661986" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Academies and Institutes ; *Foundations ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Nanotechnology ; Neurosciences ; Norway ; Physics ; Research ; Research Support as Topic ; United States
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  • 52
    Publication Date: 2005-11-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Penner-Hahn, James E -- Yocum, Charles F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Nov 11;310(5750):982-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1055, USA. jeph@umich.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16284168" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chemistry, Physical ; Electrons ; Entropy ; Kinetics ; Manganese/chemistry ; Models, Biological ; Models, Chemical ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Oxygen/chemistry/*metabolism ; *Photosynthesis ; Photosystem II Protein Complex/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Physicochemical Phenomena ; Protons ; Spectrum Analysis ; Water/metabolism ; X-Rays
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  • 53
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2005-12-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Dec 23;310(5756):1885.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16373543" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Birds ; Cosmic Radiation ; Environmental Microbiology ; Gravitation ; Humans ; Physical Phenomena ; Physics ; Rna ; Research/*trends
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  • 54
    Publication Date: 2006-04-08
    Description: Intercellular flow of the phytohormone auxin underpins multiple developmental processes in plants. Plant-specific pin-formed (PIN) proteins and several phosphoglycoprotein (PGP) transporters are crucial factors in auxin transport-related development, yet the molecular function of PINs remains unknown. Here, we show that PINs mediate auxin efflux from mammalian and yeast cells without needing additional plant-specific factors. Conditional gain-of-function alleles and quantitative measurements of auxin accumulation in Arabidopsis and tobacco cultured cells revealed that the action of PINs in auxin efflux is distinct from PGP, rate-limiting, specific to auxins, and sensitive to auxin transport inhibitors. This suggests a direct involvement of PINs in catalyzing cellular auxin efflux.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Petrasek, Jan -- Mravec, Jozef -- Bouchard, Rodolphe -- Blakeslee, Joshua J -- Abas, Melinda -- Seifertova, Daniela -- Wisniewska, Justyna -- Tadele, Zerihun -- Kubes, Martin -- Covanova, Milada -- Dhonukshe, Pankaj -- Skupa, Petr -- Benkova, Eva -- Perry, Lucie -- Krecek, Pavel -- Lee, Ok Ran -- Fink, Gerald R -- Geisler, Markus -- Murphy, Angus S -- Luschnig, Christian -- Zazimalova, Eva -- Friml, Jiri -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 May 12;312(5775):914-8. Epub 2006 Apr 6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Experimental Botany, the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16601150" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/genetics/metabolism ; Arabidopsis/cytology/growth & development/*metabolism/physiology ; Arabidopsis Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Biological Transport ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Gravitropism ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; Indoleacetic Acids/*metabolism ; Kinetics ; Membrane Transport Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Mutation ; Naphthaleneacetic Acids/metabolism ; Phthalimides/pharmacology ; Plant Roots/physiology ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genetics ; Tobacco ; Transfection ; Transformation, Genetic
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  • 55
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-10-21
    Description: The role of constraint in adaptive evolution is an open question. Directed evolution of an engineered beta-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase (IMDH), with coenzyme specificity switched from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP), always produces mutants with lower affinities for NADP. This result is the correlated response to selection for relief from inhibition by NADPH (the reduced form of NADP) expected of an adaptive landscape subject to three enzymatic constraints: an upper limit to the rate of maximum turnover (kcat), a correlation in NADP and NADPH affinities, and a trade-off between NAD and NADP usage. Two additional constraints, high intracellular NADPH abundance and the cost of compensatory protein synthesis, have ensured the conserved use of NAD by IMDH throughout evolution. Our results show that selective mechanisms and evolutionary constraints are to be understood in terms of underlying adaptive landscapes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Miller, Stephen P -- Lunzer, Mark -- Dean, Antony M -- GM060611/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Oct 20;314(5798):458-61.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17053145" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 3-Isopropylmalate Dehydrogenase/antagonists & ; inhibitors/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; *Adaptation, Physiological ; Amino Acid Substitution ; Binding Sites ; Codon ; *Directed Molecular Evolution ; Escherichia coli/*enzymology/growth & development/physiology ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Kinetics ; Mutation ; NAD/metabolism ; NADP/metabolism ; Phenotype ; Selection, Genetic
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  • 56
    Publication Date: 2006-09-16
    Description: We used nuclear magnetic resonance relaxation dispersion to characterize higher energy conformational substates of Escherichia coli dihydrofolate reductase. Each intermediate in the catalytic cycle samples low-lying excited states whose conformations resemble the ground-state structures of preceding and following intermediates. Substrate and cofactor exchange occurs through these excited substates. The maximum hydride transfer and steady-state turnover rates are governed by the dynamics of transitions between ground and excited states of the intermediates. Thus, the modulation of the energy landscape by the bound ligands funnels the enzyme through its reaction cycle along a preferred kinetic path.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Boehr, David D -- McElheny, Dan -- Dyson, H Jane -- Wright, Peter E -- GM56879/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM75995/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Sep 15;313(5793):1638-42.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Biology and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16973882" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Binding Sites ; Catalysis ; Escherichia coli/*enzymology ; Kinetics ; Ligands ; Models, Molecular ; NADP/metabolism ; Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular ; Protein Binding ; *Protein Conformation ; Tetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Tetrahydrofolates/metabolism ; Thermodynamics
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  • 57
    Publication Date: 2006-03-04
    Description: The restoration of catalytic activity to mutant enzymes by small molecules is well established for in vitro systems. Here, we show that the protein tyrosine kinase Src arginine-388--〉alanine (R388A) mutant can be rescued in live cells with the use of the small molecule imidazole. Cellular rescue of a viral Src homolog was rapid and reversible and conferred predicted oncogenic properties. Using chemical rescue in combination with mass spectrometry, we confirmed six known Src kinase substrates and identified several new protein targets. Chemical rescue data suggest that cellular Src is active under basal conditions. Rescue of R388A cellular Src provided insights into the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. This chemical rescue approach will likely have many applications in cell signaling.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Qiao, Yingfeng -- Molina, Henrik -- Pandey, Akhilesh -- Zhang, Jin -- Cole, Philip A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Mar 3;311(5765):1293-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16513984" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/metabolism ; Animals ; Cell Line ; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic ; Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Growth Substances/metabolism/pharmacology ; Humans ; Imidazoles/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Kinetics ; Mice ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism ; Mutation ; Nuclear Proteins/metabolism ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; Phenotype ; Phosphorylation ; Phosphotyrosine/metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins pp60(c-src)/*genetics/*metabolism ; Recombinant Proteins/metabolism ; Transfection ; src Homology Domains
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  • 58
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-04-15
    Description: There is growing evidence that structural flexibility plays a central role in the function of protein molecules. Many of the experimental data come from nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, a technique that allows internal motions to be probed with exquisite time and spatial resolution. Recent methodological advancements in NMR have extended our ability to characterize protein dynamics and promise to shed new light on the mechanisms by which these molecules function. Here, we present a brief overview of some of the new methods, together with applications that illustrate the level of detail at which protein motions can now be observed.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mittermaier, Anthony -- Kay, Lewis E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Apr 14;312(5771):224-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2K6, Canada. anthony.mittermaier@mcgill.ca.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16614210" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bacterial Proteins/chemistry ; Chemistry, Physical ; Kinetics ; Motion ; *Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular/methods ; Physicochemical Phenomena ; *Protein Conformation ; *Protein Folding ; Proteins/*chemistry ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fyn/chemistry ; Temperature ; Thermodynamics ; src Homology Domains
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 59
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-12-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Dec 22;314(5807):1854-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17185569" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Astronomical Phenomena ; Astronomy ; Climate ; Fossils ; Genome ; Genome, Human ; Genomics ; Hominidae ; Humans ; Lasers ; Physical Phenomena ; Physics ; Primates/genetics ; *Science
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  • 60
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-12-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Dec 22;314(5807):1850-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17185566" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Fishes ; Fossils ; Genetic Speciation ; Hominidae/genetics ; Humans ; Ice Cover ; Macular Degeneration/drug therapy/genetics ; Memory ; Microscopy/methods ; Paleontology ; Physical Phenomena ; Physics ; RNA/chemistry ; *Science ; Sequence Analysis, DNA
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  • 61
    Publication Date: 2006-08-19
    Description: Gans et al. (Reports, 26 August 2005, p. 1387) provided an estimate of soil bacterial species richness two orders of magnitude greater than previously reported values. Using a re-derived mathematical model, we reanalyzed the data and found that the statistical error exceeds the estimate by a factor of 26. We also note two potential sources of error in the experimental data collection and measurement procedures.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bunge, John -- Epstein, Slava S -- Peterson, Daniel G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Aug 18;313(5789):918; author reply 918.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Statistical Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA. jab18@cornell.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16917045" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bacteria/genetics/*growth & development ; *Biodiversity ; DNA, Bacterial/*analysis ; Kinetics ; Mathematics ; Metals, Heavy/analysis/*toxicity ; Models, Biological ; Nucleic Acid Renaturation ; *Soil Microbiology ; Soil Pollutants/analysis/*toxicity ; Statistics as Topic
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  • 62
    Publication Date: 2006-11-11
    Description: Many signaling, cytoskeletal, and transport proteins have to be localized to the plasma membrane (PM) in order to carry out their function. We surveyed PM-targeting mechanisms by imaging the subcellular localization of 125 fluorescent protein-conjugated Ras, Rab, Arf, and Rho proteins. Out of 48 proteins that were PM-localized, 37 contained clusters of positively charged amino acids. To test whether these polybasic clusters bind negatively charged phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2] lipids, we developed a chemical phosphatase activation method to deplete PM PI(4,5)P2. Unexpectedly, proteins with polybasic clusters dissociated from the PM only when both PI(4,5)P2 and phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate [PI(3,4,5)P3] were depleted, arguing that both lipid second messengers jointly regulate PM targeting.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3579512/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3579512/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Heo, Won Do -- Inoue, Takanari -- Park, Wei Sun -- Kim, Man Lyang -- Park, Byung Ouk -- Wandless, Thomas J -- Meyer, Tobias -- R01 GM030179/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM030179-24A1/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM030179-25/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM063702/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH064801/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Dec 1;314(5804):1458-61. Epub 2006 Nov 9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Pharmacology, 318 Campus Drive, Clark Building, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17095657" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: ADP-Ribosylation Factors/chemistry/metabolism ; Amino Acid Motifs ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Cell Membrane/*metabolism ; GTP Phosphohydrolases/chemistry/*metabolism ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions ; Kinetics ; Mice ; Molecular Sequence Data ; NIH 3T3 Cells ; Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-Diphosphate/*metabolism ; Phosphatidylinositol Phosphates/*metabolism ; Second Messenger Systems ; Signal Transduction ; Static Electricity ; rab GTP-Binding Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; ras Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; rho GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism
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  • 63
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-04-29
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Enserink, Martin -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Apr 28;312(5773):512.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16645058" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chemistry ; China ; *Fatty Acids ; France ; History, 21st Century ; *Theft
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  • 64
    Publication Date: 2006-01-28
    Description: The design of enzymes with new functions and properties has long been a goal in protein engineering. Here, we report a strategy to change the catalytic activity of an existing protein scaffold. This was achieved by simultaneous incorporation and adjustment of functional elements through insertion, deletion, and substitution of several active site loops, followed by point mutations to fine-tune the activity. Using this approach, we were able to introduce beta-lactamase activity into the alphabeta/betaalpha metallohydrolase scaffold of glyoxalase II. The resulting enzyme, evMBL8 (evolved metallo beta-lactamase 8), completely lost its original activity and, instead, catalyzed the hydrolysis of cefotaxime with a (kcat/Km)app of 1.8 x 10(2) (mole/liter)(-1) second(-1), thus increasing resistance to Escherichia coli growth on cefotaxime by a factor of about 100.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Park, Hee-Sung -- Nam, Sung-Hun -- Lee, Jin Kak -- Yoon, Chang No -- Mannervik, Bengt -- Benkovic, Stephen J -- Kim, Hak-Sung -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jan 27;311(5760):535-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 373-1, Kusung-Dong, Yusung-Gu, Daejon 305-701, Korea.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16439663" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Binding Sites ; Catalysis ; Catalytic Domain ; Cefotaxime/metabolism/pharmacology ; *Directed Molecular Evolution ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Escherichia coli/drug effects ; Evolution, Molecular ; Humans ; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions ; Iron/metabolism ; Kinetics ; Metals/metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Point Mutation ; Protein Conformation ; *Protein Engineering ; Protein Folding ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Substrate Specificity ; Thiolester Hydrolases/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Zinc/metabolism ; beta-Lactamases/chemistry/*metabolism
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  • 65
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2007-02-10
    Description: Achieving a fundamental understanding of the phenomena that will underpin both global stewardship and future technologies in energy calls for a thoughtful balance between large-scale immediate solutions using existing technology and the fundamental research needed to provide better solutions in the 50-year period.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Whitesides, George M -- Crabtree, George W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Feb 9;315(5813):796-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. gwhitesides@gmwgroup.harvard.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17289985" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biomass ; Biotechnology ; Carbon Dioxide/chemistry ; Catalysis ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Electricity ; Electrodes ; *Energy-Generating Resources ; Environment ; Photosynthesis ; *Research ; Solar Energy
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  • 66
    Publication Date: 2007-07-28
    Description: Prokhorenko et al. (Research Articles, 1 September 2006, p. 1257) reported that, in the weak-field regime, the efficiency of retinal isomerization in bacteriorhodopsin can be controlled by modulating the spectral phase of the photoexcitation pulse. However, in the linear excitation regime, the signal measured in an experiment involving a time-invariant, stationary process can be shown to be independent of the pulse spectral phase.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Joffre, Manuel -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Jul 27;317(5837):453; author reply 453.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratoire d'Optique et Biosciences, Ecole Polytechnique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 91128 Palaiseau, France. manuel.joffre@polytechnique.fr〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17656705" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bacteriorhodopsins/*chemistry ; Isomerism ; Kinetics ; Light ; Mathematics ; Retinaldehyde/*chemistry
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  • 67
    Publication Date: 2007-03-17
    Description: We studied the selectivity of a functional model of cytochrome c oxidase's active site that mimics the coordination environment and relative locations of Fe(a3), Cu(B), and Tyr(244). To control electron flux, we covalently attached this model and analogs lacking copper and phenol onto self-assembled monolayer-coated gold electrodes. When the electron transfer rate was made rate limiting, both copper and phenol were required to enhance selective reduction of oxygen to water. This finding supports the hypothesis that, during steady-state turnover, the primary role of these redox centers is to rapidly provide all the electrons needed to reduce oxygen by four electrons, thus preventing the release of toxic partially reduced oxygen species.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3064436/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3064436/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Collman, James P -- Devaraj, Neal K -- Decreau, Richard A -- Yang, Ying -- Yan, Yi-Long -- Ebina, Wataru -- Eberspacher, Todd A -- Chidsey, Christopher E D -- GM-17880-35/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM017880/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM017880-35/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Mar 16;315(5818):1565-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5080, USA. jpc@stanford.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17363671" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Binding Sites ; Catalysis ; Copper ; Electrochemistry ; Electrodes ; Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy ; Electron Transport ; Electron Transport Complex IV/*chemistry/*metabolism ; *Electrons ; Iron/chemistry ; Kinetics ; Models, Chemical ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Oxygen/*metabolism ; Phenol/chemistry ; Tyrosine/chemistry ; Water/*metabolism
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  • 68
    Publication Date: 2007-09-22
    Description: Free-solution, label-free molecular interactions were investigated with back-scattering interferometry in a simple optical train composed of a helium-neon laser, a microfluidic channel, and a position sensor. Molecular binding interactions between proteins, ions and protein, and small molecules and protein, were determined with high dynamic range dissociation constants (Kd spanning six decades) and unmatched sensitivity (picomolar Kd's and detection limits of 10,000s of molecules). With this technique, equilibrium dissociation constants were quantified for protein A and immunoglobulin G, interleukin-2 with its monoclonal antibody, and calmodulin with calcium ion Ca2+, a small molecule inhibitor, the protein calcineurin, and the M13 peptide. The high sensitivity of back-scattering interferometry and small volumes of microfluidics allowed the entire calmodulin assay to be performed with 200 picomoles of solute.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bornhop, Darryl J -- Latham, Joey C -- Kussrow, Amanda -- Markov, Dmitry A -- Jones, Richard D -- Sorensen, Henrik S -- R-01 EB0003537-01A2/EB/NIBIB NIH HHS/ -- T32 GM065086/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- T32-EY07135/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Sep 21;317(5845):1732-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, VU Station B 351822, Nashville, TN 37235-1822, USA. darryl.bornhop@vanderbilt.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17885132" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Calcineurin/chemistry ; Calcium/chemistry ; Calmodulin/chemistry ; Dimethylpolysiloxanes ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin G/chemistry ; Interferometry/*methods ; Kinetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Myosin-Light-Chain Kinase/chemistry ; Peptide Fragments/chemistry ; *Protein Binding ; Rabbits ; Refractometry ; Silicones ; Solutions
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  • 69
    Publication Date: 2007-11-10
    Description: Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress activates a set of signaling pathways, collectively termed the unfolded protein response (UPR). The three UPR branches (IRE1, PERK, and ATF6) promote cell survival by reducing misfolded protein levels. UPR signaling also promotes apoptotic cell death if ER stress is not alleviated. How the UPR integrates its cytoprotective and proapoptotic outputs to select between life or death cell fates is unknown. We found that IRE1 and ATF6 activities were attenuated by persistent ER stress in human cells. By contrast, PERK signaling, including translational inhibition and proapoptotic transcription regulator Chop induction, was maintained. When IRE1 activity was sustained artificially, cell survival was enhanced, suggesting a causal link between the duration of UPR branch signaling and life or death cell fate after ER stress. Key findings from our studies in cell culture were recapitulated in photoreceptors expressing mutant rhodopsin in animal models of retinitis pigmentosa.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3670588/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3670588/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lin, Jonathan H -- Li, Han -- Yasumura, Douglas -- Cohen, Hannah R -- Zhang, Chao -- Panning, Barbara -- Shokat, Kevan M -- Lavail, Matthew M -- Walter, Peter -- K08 EY018313/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- K08 EY018313-01/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY020846/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Nov 9;318(5852):944-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA. Jonathan.Lin@ucsf.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17991856" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Activating Transcription Factor 6/metabolism ; Animals ; Animals, Genetically Modified ; *Apoptosis ; Cell Line ; *Cell Survival ; Disease Models, Animal ; Endoplasmic Reticulum/*metabolism ; Endoribonucleases/genetics/*metabolism ; Humans ; Kinetics ; Membrane Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Mice ; Mutation ; *Protein Folding ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics/*metabolism ; Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism ; Rats ; Retina/metabolism ; Retinitis Pigmentosa/metabolism ; Rhodopsin/chemistry/metabolism ; *Signal Transduction ; eIF-2 Kinase/metabolism
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  • 70
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2007-12-22
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Dec 21;318(5858):1848-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18096775" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bacteria/genetics ; Forecasting ; Genetics, Microbial ; Genomics ; Humans ; MicroRNAs ; Neural Pathways ; Physical Phenomena ; Physics ; *Science
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  • 71
    Publication Date: 2006-12-13
    Description: Vapor deposition has been used to create glassy materials with extraordinary thermodynamic and kinetic stability and high density. For glasses prepared from indomethacin or 1,3-bis-(1-naphthyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)benzene, stability is optimized when deposition occurs on substrates at a temperature of 50 K below the conventional glass transition temperature. We attribute the substantial improvement in thermodynamic and kinetic properties to enhanced mobility within a few nanometers of the glass surface during deposition. This technique provides an efficient means of producing glassy materials that are low on the energy landscape and could affect technologies such as amorphous pharmaceuticals.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Swallen, Stephen F -- Kearns, Kenneth L -- Mapes, Marie K -- Kim, Yong Seol -- McMahon, Robert J -- Ediger, M D -- Wu, Tian -- Yu, Lian -- Satija, Sushil -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Jan 19;315(5810):353-6. Epub 2006 Dec 7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17158289" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Calorimetry, Differential Scanning ; Chemistry, Physical ; Indomethacin/*chemistry ; Kinetics ; Naphthalenes/*chemistry ; *Phase Transition ; Physicochemical Phenomena ; Thermodynamics ; Transition Temperature ; Volatilization
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  • 72
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2007-12-22
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Dec 21;318(5858):1844-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18096773" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Climate ; Forecasting ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Hominidae ; Humans ; Physical Phenomena ; Physics ; Primates/genetics ; *Science ; Spacecraft
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  • 73
    Publication Date: 2007-03-10
    Description: Chromatin plays roles in processes governed by different time scales. To assay the dynamic behavior of chromatin in living cells, we used genomic tiling arrays to measure histone H3 turnover in G1-arrested Saccharomyces cerevisiae at single-nucleosome resolution over 4% of the genome, and at lower (approximately 265 base pair) resolution over the entire genome. We find that nucleosomes at promoters are replaced more rapidly than at coding regions and that replacement rates over coding regions correlate with polymerase density. In addition, rapid histone turnover is found at known chromatin boundary elements. These results suggest that rapid histone turnover serves to functionally separate chromatin domains and prevent spread of histone states.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dion, Michael F -- Kaplan, Tommy -- Kim, Minkyu -- Buratowski, Stephen -- Friedman, Nir -- Rando, Oliver J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Mar 9;315(5817):1405-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17347438" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chromatin/genetics/metabolism ; DNA Replication ; G1 Phase ; Genes, Fungal ; *Genome, Fungal ; Histones/*metabolism ; Kinetics ; Nucleosomes/*metabolism ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; RNA Polymerase II/metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/cytology/*genetics/*metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/*metabolism ; Transcription Initiation Site
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  • 74
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    Unknown
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2007-12-22
    Description: The runners-up for 2007's Breakthrough of the Year include advances in cellular and structural biology, astrophysics, physics, immunology, synthetic chemistry, neuroscience, and computer science.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Dec 21;318(5858):1844-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18096772" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Algorithms ; Animals ; Cellular Reprogramming ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Cosmic Radiation ; Humans ; Imagination ; Memory ; Physical Phenomena ; Physics ; Pluripotent Stem Cells ; Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/chemistry ; *Science ; T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology/immunology
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  • 75
    Publication Date: 2007-01-27
    Description: In the developing fly wing, secreted morphogens such as Decapentaplegic (Dpp) and Wingless (Wg) form gradients of concentration providing positional information. Dpp forms a longer-range gradient than Wg. To understand how the range is controlled, we measured the four key kinetic parameters governing morphogen spreading: the production rate, the effective diffusion coefficient, the degradation rate, and the immobile fraction. The four parameters had different values for Dpp versus Wg. In addition, Dynamin-dependent endocytosis was required for spreading of Dpp, but not Wg. Thus, the cellular mechanisms of Dpp and Wingless spreading are different: Dpp spreading requires endocytic, intracellular trafficking.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kicheva, Anna -- Pantazis, Periklis -- Bollenbach, Tobias -- Kalaidzidis, Yannis -- Bittig, Thomas -- Julicher, Frank -- Gonzalez-Gaitan, Marcos -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Jan 26;315(5811):521-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauer Strasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17255514" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Animals, Genetically Modified ; Diffusion ; Drosophila Proteins/*metabolism ; Drosophila melanogaster/growth & development/*metabolism ; Endocytosis ; Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching ; Kinetics ; Mathematics ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/*metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Temperature ; Wings, Animal/*growth & development/*metabolism ; Wnt1 Protein
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  • 76
    Publication Date: 2007-05-26
    Description: Transcription factors regulate gene expression through their binding to DNA. In a living Escherichia coli cell, we directly observed specific binding of a lac repressor, labeled with a fluorescent protein, to a chromosomal lac operator. Using single-molecule detection techniques, we measured the kinetics of binding and dissociation of the repressor in response to metabolic signals. Furthermore, we characterized the nonspecific binding to DNA, one-dimensional (1D) diffusion along DNA segments, and 3D translocation among segments through cytoplasm at the single-molecule level. In searching for the operator, a lac repressor spends approximately 90% of time nonspecifically bound to and diffusing along DNA with a residence time of 〈5 milliseconds. The methods and findings can be generalized to other nucleic acid binding proteins.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2853898/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2853898/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Elf, Johan -- Li, Gene-Wei -- Xie, X Sunney -- DP1 OD000277/OD/NIH HHS/ -- DP1 OD000277-02/OD/NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 May 25;316(5828):1191-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17525339" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bacterial Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; DNA, Bacterial/*metabolism ; Diffusion ; Escherichia coli/*genetics ; Escherichia coli Proteins/*metabolism ; Kinetics ; *Lac Operon ; Lac Repressors ; Luminescent Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Microscopy, Fluorescence ; Operator Regions, Genetic ; Protein Binding ; Repressor Proteins/*metabolism ; Signal Transduction
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  • 77
    Publication Date: 2007-02-03
    Description: Femtosecond time-resolved infrared spectroscopy was used to study the formation of cyclobutane dimers in the all-thymine oligodeoxynucleotide (dT)18 by ultraviolet light at 272 nanometers. The appearance of marker bands in the time-resolved spectra indicates that the dimers are fully formed approximately 1 picosecond after ultraviolet excitation. The ultrafast appearance of this mutagenic photolesion points to an excited-state reaction that is approximately barrierless for bases that are properly oriented at the instant of light absorption. The low quantum yield of this photoreaction is proposed to result from infrequent conformational states in the unexcited polymer, revealing a strong link between conformation before light absorption and photodamage.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2792699/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2792699/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schreier, Wolfgang J -- Schrader, Tobias E -- Koller, Florian O -- Gilch, Peter -- Crespo-Hernandez, Carlos E -- Swaminathan, Vijay N -- Carell, Thomas -- Zinth, Wolfgang -- Kohler, Bern -- GM064563/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM064563-04/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Feb 2;315(5812):625-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department fur Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat, Oettingenstrasse 67, D-80538 Munchen, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17272716" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: DNA/*chemistry ; DNA Damage ; Dimerization ; Kinetics ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Oligodeoxyribonucleotides/*chemistry ; Photons ; Pyrimidine Dimers/*chemistry ; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared ; Temperature ; Ultraviolet Rays
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  • 78
    Publication Date: 2008-10-25
    Description: Recent findings suggest important roles for nuclear organization in gene expression. In contrast, little is known about how nuclear organization contributes to genome stability. Epistasis analysis (E-MAP) using DNA repair factors in yeast indicated a functional relationship between a nuclear pore subcomplex and Slx5/Slx8, a small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO)-dependent ubiquitin ligase, which we show physically interact. Real-time imaging and chromatin immunoprecipitation confirmed stable recruitment of damaged DNA to nuclear pores. Relocation required the Nup84 complex and Mec1/Tel1 kinases. Spontaneous gene conversion can be enhanced in a Slx8- and Nup84-dependent manner by tethering donor sites at the nuclear periphery. This suggests that strand breaks are shunted to nuclear pores for a repair pathway controlled by a conserved SUMO-dependent E3 ligase.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3518492/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3518492/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nagai, Shigeki -- Dubrana, Karine -- Tsai-Pflugfelder, Monika -- Davidson, Marta B -- Roberts, Tania M -- Brown, Grant W -- Varela, Elisa -- Hediger, Florence -- Gasser, Susan M -- Krogan, Nevan J -- R01 GM084448/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Oct 24;322(5901):597-602. doi: 10.1126/science.1162790.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4058 Basel, Switzerland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18948542" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chromatin Immunoprecipitation ; *DNA Breaks, Double-Stranded ; DNA Repair ; DNA, Fungal/genetics/*metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Deoxyribonucleases, Type II Site-Specific/metabolism ; Gene Conversion ; Genes, Fungal ; Immunoprecipitation ; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism ; Kinetics ; Nuclear Pore/*metabolism ; Nuclear Pore Complex Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism ; Recombination, Genetic ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genetics/*metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Small Ubiquitin-Related Modifier Proteins/metabolism ; Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases/*metabolism ; Zinc Fingers
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  • 79
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    Unknown
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2008-02-23
    Description: Natural vision is a highly dynamic process. Frequent body, head, and eye movements constantly bring new images onto the retina for brief periods, challenging our understanding of the neural code for vision. We report that certain retinal ganglion cells encode the spatial structure of a briefly presented image in the relative timing of their first spikes. This code is found to be largely invariant to stimulus contrast and robust to noisy fluctuations in response latencies. Mechanistically, the observed response characteristics result from different kinetics in two retinal pathways ("ON" and "OFF") that converge onto ganglion cells. This mechanism allows the retina to rapidly and reliably transmit new spatial information with the very first spikes emitted by a neural population.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gollisch, Tim -- Meister, Markus -- R01 EY014737/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Feb 22;319(5866):1108-11. doi: 10.1126/science.1149639.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18292344" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials ; Ambystoma ; Animals ; Kinetics ; Models, Neurological ; Photic Stimulation ; Reaction Time ; Retinal Bipolar Cells/physiology ; Retinal Ganglion Cells/*physiology ; Saccades ; Synapses/physiology ; Vision, Ocular/*physiology ; Visual Pathways/*physiology
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  • 80
    Publication Date: 2008-03-29
    Description: Type 1 pili from uropathogenic Escherichia coli are a prototype of adhesive surface organelles assembled and secreted by the conserved chaperone/usher pathway. We reconstituted type 1 pilus biogenesis from purified pilus proteins. The usher FimD acted as a catalyst to accelerate the ordered assembly of protein subunits independently of cellular energy. Its activity was highly dependent on the adhesin subunit FimH, which triggered the conversion of FimD into a high-efficiency assembly catalyst. Furthermore, a simple kinetic model adequately rationalized usher-catalyzed pilus assembly in vivo. Our results contribute to a mechanistic understanding of protein-catalyzed biogenesis of supramolecular protein complexes at the bacterial outer cell membrane.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nishiyama, Mireille -- Ishikawa, Takashi -- Rechsteiner, Helene -- Glockshuber, Rudi -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Apr 18;320(5874):376-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1154994. Epub 2008 Mar 27.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18369105" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adhesins, Escherichia coli/metabolism ; Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/*metabolism ; Catalysis ; Escherichia coli/*metabolism/ultrastructure ; Escherichia coli Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Fimbriae Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Fimbriae, Bacterial/*metabolism/ultrastructure ; Kinetics ; Models, Biological ; Temperature
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  • 81
    Publication Date: 2008-03-22
    Description: Rothman and Forney (Reports, 1 June 2007, p. 1325) described a model for the decay of marine organic carbon. However, the enzyme deactivation rates required by their model are too fast compared with available data, and the model fails to explain the similarity in observed decay rate constants from different experiments. Alternative models provide equally good fit to the observed temporal trend in decay rate constants.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Boudreau, Bernard P -- Arnosti, Carol -- Jorgensen, Bo Barker -- Canfield, Donald E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Mar 21;319(5870):1616; author reply 1616. doi: 10.1126/science.1148589.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Oceanography, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4J1, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18356506" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aluminum Silicates ; Bacteria/*metabolism ; *Biodegradation, Environmental ; *Carbon/metabolism ; Diffusion ; Enzymes/chemistry/metabolism ; *Geologic Sediments/chemistry/microbiology ; Kinetics ; *Models, Theoretical ; *Organic Chemicals/chemistry/metabolism ; *Seawater
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  • 82
    Publication Date: 2008-11-15
    Description: The reverse transcriptase (RT) of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) catalyzes a series of reactions to convert single-stranded viral RNA into double-stranded DNA for host cell integration. This process requires a variety of enzymatic activities, including DNA polymerization, RNA cleavage, strand transfer, and strand displacement synthesis. We used single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer to probe the interactions between RT and nucleic acid substrates in real time. RT was observed to slide on nucleic acid duplexes, rapidly shuttling between opposite termini of the duplex. Upon reaching the DNA 3' terminus, RT can spontaneously flip into a polymerization orientation. Sliding kinetics were regulated by cognate nucleotides and anti-HIV drugs, which stabilized and destabilized the polymerization mode, respectively. These long-range translocation activities facilitate multiple stages of the reverse transcription pathway, including normal DNA polymerization and strand displacement synthesis.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2717043/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2717043/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Liu, Shixin -- Abbondanzieri, Elio A -- Rausch, Jason W -- Le Grice, Stuart F J -- Zhuang, Xiaowei -- GM 068518/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM068518/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM068518-05/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- Intramural NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Nov 14;322(5904):1092-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1163108.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19008444" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Binding Sites ; Carbocyanines ; DNA Primers/metabolism ; DNA, Viral/biosynthesis/*metabolism ; Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer ; Fluorescent Dyes ; HIV Reverse Transcriptase/chemistry/*metabolism ; HIV-1/*enzymology ; Kinetics ; Models, Molecular ; Nevirapine/metabolism/pharmacology ; Nucleic Acid Hybridization ; Nucleotides/metabolism ; Protein Binding ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; RNA, Viral/*metabolism ; Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors/metabolism/pharmacology ; Reverse Transcription ; Ribonuclease H/chemistry/metabolism
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  • 83
    Publication Date: 2008-06-21
    Description: A central question in the study of cell proliferation is, what controls cell-cycle transitions? Although the accumulation of mitotic cyclins drives the transition from the G2 phase to the M phase in embryonic cells, the trigger for mitotic entry in somatic cells remains unknown. We report that the synergistic action of Bora and the kinase Aurora A (Aur-A) controls the G2-M transition. Bora accumulates in the G2 phase and promotes Aur-A-mediated activation of Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1), leading to the activation of cyclin-dependent kinase 1 and mitotic entry. Mechanistically, Bora interacts with Plk1 and controls the accessibility of its activation loop for phosphorylation and activation by Aur-A. Thus, Bora and Aur-A control mitotic entry, which provides a mechanism for one of the most important yet ill-defined events in the cell cycle.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2834883/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2834883/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Seki, Akiko -- Coppinger, Judith A -- Jang, Chang-Young -- Yates, John R -- Fang, Guowei -- GM062852/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- HL079442/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- P41 RR011823/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- P41 RR011823-10/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM062852-05/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL079442/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL079442-04/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- RR11823-10/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Jun 20;320(5883):1655-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1157425.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5020, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18566290" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Aurora Kinases ; CDC2 Protein Kinase/metabolism ; Cell Cycle Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism ; Cell Line ; Enzyme Activation ; Feedback, Physiological ; G2 Phase ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; Kinetics ; *Mitosis ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Binding ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/chemistry/*metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Xenopus ; Xenopus Proteins/metabolism
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  • 84
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2008-06-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pain, Elisabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Jun 13;320(5882):1517. doi: 10.1126/science.320.5882.1517.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18556565" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Career Choice ; *Ecology/education ; Ecosystem ; Humans ; Interdisciplinary Communication ; Male ; Physical Phenomena ; Physics ; *Trees ; Tropical Climate
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  • 85
    Publication Date: 2008-08-02
    Description: Plant residue decomposition and the nutrient release to the soil play a major role in global carbon and nutrient cycling. Although decomposition rates vary strongly with climate, nitrogen immobilization into litter and its release in mineral forms are mainly controlled by the initial chemical composition of the residues. We used a data set of approximately 2800 observations to show that these global nitrogen-release patterns can be explained by fundamental stoichiometric relationships of decomposer activity. We show how litter quality controls the transition from nitrogen accumulation into the litter to release and alters decomposers' respiration patterns. Our results suggest that decomposers lower their carbon-use efficiency to exploit residues with low initial nitrogen concentration, a strategy used broadly by bacteria and consumers across trophic levels.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Manzoni, Stefano -- Jackson, Robert B -- Trofymow, John A -- Porporato, Amilcare -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Aug 1;321(5889):684-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1159792.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18669860" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bacteria/metabolism ; *Biodegradation, Environmental ; Carbon/metabolism ; Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Kinetics ; Mathematics ; Nitrogen/*metabolism ; Plants/*metabolism
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  • 86
    Publication Date: 2008-06-28
    Description: Energy flow in biological structures often requires submillisecond charge transport over long molecular distances. Kinetics modeling suggests that charge-transfer rates can be greatly enhanced by multistep electron tunneling in which redox-active amino acid side chains act as intermediate donors or acceptors. We report transient optical and infrared spectroscopic experiments that quantify the extent to which an intervening tryptophan residue can facilitate electron transfer between distant metal redox centers in a mutant Pseudomonas aeruginosa azurin. Cu(I) oxidation by a photoexcited Re(I)-diimine at position 124 on a histidine(124)-glycine(123)-tryptophan(122)-methionine(121) beta strand occurs in a few nanoseconds, fully two orders of magnitude faster than documented for single-step electron tunneling at a 19 angstrom donor-acceptor distance.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shih, Crystal -- Museth, Anna Katrine -- Abrahamsson, Malin -- Blanco-Rodriguez, Ana Maria -- Di Bilio, Angel J -- Sudhamsu, Jawahar -- Crane, Brian R -- Ronayne, Kate L -- Towrie, Mike -- Vlcek, Antonin Jr -- Richards, John H -- Winkler, Jay R -- Gray, Harry B -- DK19038/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Jun 27;320(5884):1760-2. doi: 10.1126/science.1158241.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18583608" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Azurin/*chemistry ; Copper/*chemistry ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; *Electrons ; Energy Transfer ; Kinetics ; Ligands ; Models, Chemical ; Mutant Proteins/chemistry ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Phenylalanine/chemistry ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa/chemistry ; Rhenium/chemistry ; Spectrum Analysis ; Thermodynamics ; Tryptophan/*chemistry ; Tyrosine/chemistry
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  • 87
    Publication Date: 2008-12-17
    Description: Secondary transporters are workhorses of cellular membranes, catalyzing the movement of small molecules and ions across the bilayer and coupling substrate passage to ion gradients. However, the conformational changes that accompany substrate transport, the mechanism by which a substrate moves through the transporter, and principles of competitive inhibition remain unclear. We used crystallographic and functional studies on the leucine transporter (LeuT), a model for neurotransmitter sodium symporters, to show that various amino acid substrates induce the same occluded conformational state and that a competitive inhibitor, tryptophan (Trp), traps LeuT in an open-to-out conformation. In the Trp complex, the extracellular gate residues arginine 30 and aspartic acid 404 define a second weak binding site for substrates or inhibitors as they permeate from the extracellular solution to the primary substrate site, which demonstrates how residues that participate in gating also mediate permeation.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2832577/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2832577/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Singh, Satinder K -- Piscitelli, Chayne L -- Yamashita, Atsuko -- Gouaux, Eric -- K99 MH083050-02/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- P30 EB009998/EB/NIBIB NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH070039/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH070039-05/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Dec 12;322(5908):1655-61. doi: 10.1126/science.1166777.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 Southwest Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19074341" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Transport Systems/antagonists & inhibitors/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Amino Acids/metabolism/pharmacology ; Bacterial Proteins/*chemistry/metabolism ; Binding Sites ; Binding, Competitive ; Biological Transport ; Crystallization ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions ; Kinetics ; Leucine/*metabolism ; Ligands ; Models, Biological ; Models, Molecular ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Sodium/metabolism ; Symporters/antagonists & inhibitors/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Tryptophan/metabolism/*pharmacology
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  • 88
    Publication Date: 2008-02-23
    Description: We present video-rate (28 frames per second) far-field optical imaging with a focal spot size of 62 nanometers in living cells. Fluorescently labeled synaptic vesicles inside the axons of cultured neurons were recorded with stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy in a 2.5-micrometer by 1.8-micrometer field of view. By reducing the cross-sectional area of the focal spot by about a factor of 18 below the diffraction limit (260 nanometers), STED allowed us to map and describe the vesicle mobility within the highly confined space of synaptic boutons. Although restricted within boutons, the vesicle movement was substantially faster in nonbouton areas, consistent with the observation that a sizable vesicle pool continuously transits through the axons. Our study demonstrates the emerging ability of optical microscopy to investigate intracellular physiological processes on the nanoscale in real time.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Westphal, Volker -- Rizzoli, Silvio O -- Lauterbach, Marcel A -- Kamin, Dirk -- Jahn, Reinhard -- Hell, Stefan W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Apr 11;320(5873):246-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1154228. Epub 2008 Feb 21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of NanoBiophotonics, Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Gottingen 37077, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18292304" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; Axons/physiology/*ultrastructure ; Cells, Cultured ; Fluorescent Dyes ; Hippocampus/physiology/ultrastructure ; Kinetics ; Microscopy, Fluorescence/*methods ; Movement ; *Nanotechnology ; Optics and Photonics ; Rats ; Synaptic Vesicles/*physiology/*ultrastructure ; Video Recording
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  • 89
    Publication Date: 2008-06-17
    Description: Protein dynamics are essential for protein function, and yet it has been challenging to access the underlying atomic motions in solution on nanosecond-to-microsecond time scales. We present a structural ensemble of ubiquitin, refined against residual dipolar couplings (RDCs), comprising solution dynamics up to microseconds. The ensemble covers the complete structural heterogeneity observed in 46 ubiquitin crystal structures, most of which are complexes with other proteins. Conformational selection, rather than induced-fit motion, thus suffices to explain the molecular recognition dynamics of ubiquitin. Marked correlations are seen between the flexibility of the ensemble and contacts formed in ubiquitin complexes. A large part of the solution dynamics is concentrated in one concerted mode, which accounts for most of ubiquitin's molecular recognition heterogeneity and ensures a low entropic complex formation cost.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lange, Oliver F -- Lakomek, Nils-Alexander -- Fares, Christophe -- Schroder, Gunnar F -- Walter, Korvin F A -- Becker, Stefan -- Meiler, Jens -- Grubmuller, Helmut -- Griesinger, Christian -- de Groot, Bert L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Jun 13;320(5882):1471-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1157092.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Theoretical and Computational Biophysics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Gottingen, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18556554" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Motifs ; Animals ; Anisotropy ; Chemistry, Physical ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Entropy ; Kinetics ; Models, Molecular ; Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular ; Physicochemical Phenomena ; Protein Binding ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Solutions ; Ubiquitin/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Xenopus laevis
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  • 90
    Publication Date: 2009-08-08
    Description: Posttranslational modifications play key roles in regulating chromatin plasticity. Although various chromatin-remodeling enzymes have been described that respond to specific histone modifications, little is known about the role of poly[adenosine 5'-diphosphate (ADP)-ribose] in chromatin remodeling. Here, we identify a chromatin-remodeling enzyme, ALC1 (Amplified in Liver Cancer 1, also known as CHD1L), that interacts with poly(ADP-ribose) and catalyzes PARP1-stimulated nucleosome sliding. Our results define ALC1 as a DNA damage-response protein whose role in this process is sustained by its association with known DNA repair factors and its rapid poly(ADP-ribose)-dependent recruitment to DNA damage sites. Furthermore, we show that depletion or overexpression of ALC1 results in sensitivity to DNA-damaging agents. Collectively, these results provide new insights into the mechanisms by which poly(ADP-ribose) regulates DNA repair.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3443743/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3443743/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ahel, Dragana -- Horejsi, Zuzana -- Wiechens, Nicola -- Polo, Sophie E -- Garcia-Wilson, Elisa -- Ahel, Ivan -- Flynn, Helen -- Skehel, Mark -- West, Stephen C -- Jackson, Stephen P -- Owen-Hughes, Tom -- Boulton, Simon J -- 064414/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 11224/Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom -- A3549/Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom -- A5290/Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom -- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom -- Department of Health/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Sep 4;325(5945):1240-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1177321. Epub 2009 Aug 6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉DNA Damage Response Laboratory, Clare Hall, London Research Institute, South Mimms EN6 3LD, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19661379" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Triphosphatases/metabolism ; Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; Cell Line ; Chromatin/*metabolism ; *Chromatin Assembly and Disassembly ; DNA Damage ; DNA Helicases/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; *DNA Repair ; DNA-Binding Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Humans ; Hydrogen Peroxide/pharmacology ; Immunoprecipitation ; Kinetics ; Mutant Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Nucleosomes/metabolism ; Phleomycins/pharmacology ; Poly Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose/*metabolism ; Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase Inhibitors ; Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases/metabolism ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Radiation, Ionizing ; Recombinant Proteins/chemistry/metabolism
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  • 91
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    Unknown
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2008-05-10
    Description: The homeostatic framework has dominated our understanding of cellular physiology. We question whether homeostasis alone adequately explains microbial responses to environmental stimuli, and explore the capacity of intracellular networks for predictive behavior in a fashion similar to metazoan nervous systems. We show that in silico biochemical networks, evolving randomly under precisely defined complex habitats, capture the dynamical, multidimensional structure of diverse environments by forming internal representations that allow prediction of environmental change. We provide evidence for such anticipatory behavior by revealing striking correlations of Escherichia coli transcriptional responses to temperature and oxygen perturbations-precisely mirroring the covariation of these parameters upon transitions between the outside world and the mammalian gastrointestinal tract. We further show that these internal correlations reflect a true associative learning paradigm, because they show rapid decoupling upon exposure to novel environments.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2931280/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2931280/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tagkopoulos, Ilias -- Liu, Yir-Chung -- Tavazoie, Saeed -- DP1 OD003787/OD/NIH HHS/ -- P50 GM071508/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P50 GM071508-01/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P50 GM071508-06/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Jun 6;320(5881):1313-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1154456. Epub 2008 May 8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18467556" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Adaptation, Physiological ; Aerobiosis ; Anaerobiosis ; Computer Simulation ; Directed Molecular Evolution ; Ecosystem ; Escherichia coli/*genetics/growth & development/*physiology ; *Gene Regulatory Networks ; Homeostasis ; Kinetics ; *Metabolic Networks and Pathways ; Models, Biological ; Models, Statistical ; Mutation ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; Oxygen/analysis ; Temperature ; *Transcription, Genetic
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  • 92
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    Unknown
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2009-11-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vogel, Gretchen -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Nov 6;326(5954):788-91. doi: 10.1126/science.326_788.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19892956" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Academies and Institutes/economics/organization & administration ; Anthropology ; Biology ; Chemistry ; Germany ; Germany, East ; Physics ; Research Personnel ; Universities
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  • 93
    Publication Date: 2009-01-31
    Description: Single-molecule force spectroscopy allows superb mechanical control of protein conformation. We used a custom-built low-drift atomic force microscope to observe mechanically induced conformational equilibrium fluctuations of single molecules of the eukaryotic calcium-dependent signal transducer calmodulin (CaM). From this data, the ligand dependence of the full energy landscape can be reconstructed. We find that calcium ions affect the folding kinetics of the individual CaM domains, whereas target peptides stabilize the already folded structure. Single-molecule data of full length CaM reveal that a wasp venom peptide binds noncooperatively to CaM with 2:1 stoichiometry, whereas a target enzyme peptide binds cooperatively with 1:1 stoichiometry. If mechanical load is applied directly to the target peptide, real-time binding/unbinding transitions can be observed.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Junker, Jan Philipp -- Ziegler, Fabian -- Rief, Matthias -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Jan 30;323(5914):633-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1166191.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Physik Department E22, Technische Universitat Munchen, James-Franck-Strasse, 85748 Munchen, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19179531" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Calcium/*metabolism ; Calmodulin/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Humans ; Kinetics ; Ligands ; Microscopy, Atomic Force ; Monte Carlo Method ; Myosin-Light-Chain Kinase/chemistry/*metabolism ; Peptide Fragments/chemistry/metabolism ; Peptides/chemistry/*metabolism ; Protein Binding ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Folding ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Thermodynamics ; Wasp Venoms/chemistry/*metabolism
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  • 94
    Publication Date: 2009-06-06
    Description: Von Willebrand factor (VWF) is secreted as ultralarge multimers that are cleaved in the A2 domain by the metalloprotease ADAMTS13 to give smaller multimers. Cleaved VWF is activated by hydrodynamic forces found in arteriolar bleeding to promote hemostasis, whereas uncleaved VWF is activated at lower, physiologic shear stresses and causes thrombosis. Single-molecule experiments demonstrate that elongational forces in the range experienced by VWF in the vasculature unfold the A2 domain, and only the unfolded A2 domain is cleaved by ADAMTS13. In shear flow, tensile force on a VWF multimer increases with the square of multimer length and is highest at the middle, providing an efficient mechanism for homeostatic regulation of VWF size distribution by force-induced A2 unfolding and cleavage by ADAMTS13, as well as providing a counterbalance for VWF-mediated platelet aggregation.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2753189/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2753189/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zhang, Xiaohui -- Halvorsen, Kenneth -- Zhang, Cheng-Zhong -- Wong, Wesley P -- Springer, Timothy A -- HL-48675/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- P01 HL048675/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- P01 HL048675-16/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Jun 5;324(5932):1330-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1170905.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Immune Disease Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19498171" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: ADAM Proteins/*metabolism ; Binding Sites ; Blood Coagulation/physiology ; *Hemostasis ; Humans ; Kinetics ; *Mechanical Phenomena ; Optical Tweezers ; Platelet Aggregation ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Folding ; Protein Multimerization ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Stress, Mechanical ; Thermodynamics ; von Willebrand Factor/*chemistry/*metabolism
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  • 95
    Publication Date: 2009-01-03
    Description: Retinoic acid inducible-gene I (RIG-I) is a cytosolic multidomain protein that detects viral RNA and elicits an antiviral immune response. Two N-terminal caspase activation and recruitment domains (CARDs) transmit the signal, and the regulatory domain prevents signaling in the absence of viral RNA. 5'-triphosphate and double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) are two molecular patterns that enable RIG-I to discriminate pathogenic from self-RNA. However, the function of the DExH box helicase domain that is also required for activity is less clear. Using single-molecule protein-induced fluorescence enhancement, we discovered a robust adenosine 5'-triphosphate-powered dsRNA translocation activity of RIG-I. The CARDs dramatically suppress translocation in the absence of 5'-triphosphate, and the activation by 5'-triphosphate triggers RIG-I to translocate preferentially on dsRNA in cis. This functional integration of two RNA molecular patterns may provide a means to specifically sense and counteract replicating viruses.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3567915/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3567915/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Myong, Sua -- Cui, Sheng -- Cornish, Peter V -- Kirchhofer, Axel -- Gack, Michaela U -- Jung, Jae U -- Hopfner, Karl-Peter -- Ha, Taekjip -- CA82057/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM065367/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01-GM065367/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- U19 AI083025/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Feb 20;323(5917):1070-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1168352. Epub 2009 Jan 1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 West Gregory Drive, Champaign, IL 61801, USA. smyong@uiuc.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19119185" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Triphosphate/*metabolism ; Animals ; Cell Line ; Cytosol/metabolism ; DEAD-box RNA Helicases/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Kinetics ; Nucleic Acid Heteroduplexes ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; RNA/metabolism ; RNA, Double-Stranded/*metabolism ; RNA, Viral/metabolism ; Receptors, Pattern Recognition/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Temperature
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  • 96
    Publication Date: 2009-01-31
    Description: Populations of certain unicellular organisms, such as suspensions of yeast in nutrient solutions, undergo transitions to coordinated activity with increasing cell density. The collective behavior is believed to arise through communication by chemical signaling via the extracellular solution. We studied large, heterogeneous populations of discrete chemical oscillators (approximately 100,000) with well-defined kinetics to characterize two different types of density-dependent transitions to synchronized oscillatory behavior. For different chemical exchange rates between the oscillators and the surrounding solution, increasing oscillator density led to (i) the gradual synchronization of oscillatory activity, or (ii) the sudden "switching on" of synchronized oscillatory activity. We analyze the roles of oscillator density and exchange rate of signaling species in these transitions with a mathematical model of the interacting chemical oscillators.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Taylor, Annette F -- Tinsley, Mark R -- Wang, Fang -- Huang, Zhaoyang -- Showalter, Kenneth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Jan 30;323(5914):614-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1166253.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19179525" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bromine/*chemistry ; Bromine Compounds/*chemistry ; Catalysis ; Electrochemical Techniques ; Kinetics ; Microspheres ; Models, Chemical ; Oscillometry ; Quorum Sensing
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  • 97
    Publication Date: 2009-09-19
    Description: Zhang et al. (Research Articles, 13 March 2009, p. 1448) reported that synaptic vesicles usually release neurotransmitter through a kiss-and-run mechanism occurring within 1 second but that full collapse of the vesicles becomes more prevalent with repeated stimuli. We report that the kinetics of vesicle retrieval do not change during a stimulus train, with endocytosis occurring in 10 to 15 seconds.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Granseth, Bjorn -- Odermatt, Benjamin -- Royle, Stephen J -- Lagnado, Leon -- MC_U105178794/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Sep 18;325(5947):1499; author reply 1499. doi: 10.1126/science.1175790.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Cell Biology, Linkoping University, SE 581 83 Linkoping, Sweden.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19762627" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials ; Animals ; Electric Stimulation ; *Endocytosis ; Green Fluorescent Proteins/metabolism ; Hippocampus/cytology ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Kinetics ; Membrane Fusion ; Neurotransmitter Agents/*metabolism ; *Quantum Dots ; Synapses/*physiology ; *Synaptic Transmission ; Synaptic Vesicles/*physiology
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  • 98
    Publication Date: 2009-03-07
    Description: Glutamate receptors of the AMPA-subtype (AMPARs), together with the transmembrane AMPAR regulatory proteins (TARPs), mediate fast excitatory synaptic transmission in the mammalian brain. Here, we show by proteomic analysis that the majority of AMPARs in the rat brain are coassembled with two members of the cornichon family of transmembrane proteins, rather than with the TARPs. Coassembly with cornichon homologs 2 and 3 affects AMPARs in two ways: Cornichons increase surface expression of AMPARs, and they alter channel gating by markedly slowing deactivation and desensitization kinetics. These results demonstrate that cornichons are intrinsic auxiliary subunits of native AMPARs and provide previously unknown molecular determinants for glutamatergic neurotransmission in the central nervous system.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schwenk, Jochen -- Harmel, Nadine -- Zolles, Gerd -- Bildl, Wolfgang -- Kulik, Akos -- Heimrich, Bernd -- Chisaka, Osamu -- Jonas, Peter -- Schulte, Uwe -- Fakler, Bernd -- Klocker, Nikolaj -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Mar 6;323(5919):1313-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1167852.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Physiology II, University of Freiburg, Engesserstrasse 4, 79108 Freiburg, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19265014" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Brain/cytology/*metabolism ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; Glutamic Acid/metabolism ; Immunohistochemistry ; *Ion Channel Gating ; Kinetics ; Membrane Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Mice ; Neurons/*metabolism ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Protein Subunits/chemistry/metabolism ; Proteomics ; Rats ; Receptors, AMPA/chemistry/*metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Synapses/metabolism ; *Synaptic Transmission ; Xenopus
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  • 99
    Publication Date: 2009-03-17
    Description: beta-Amyloid precursor protein (APP) mutations cause familial Alzheimer's disease with nearly complete penetrance. We found an APP mutation [alanine-673--〉valine-673 (A673V)] that causes disease only in the homozygous state, whereas heterozygous carriers were unaffected, consistent with a recessive Mendelian trait of inheritance. The A673V mutation affected APP processing, resulting in enhanced beta-amyloid (Abeta) production and formation of amyloid fibrils in vitro. Co-incubation of mutated and wild-type peptides conferred instability on Abeta aggregates and inhibited amyloidogenesis and neurotoxicity. The highly amyloidogenic effect of the A673V mutation in the homozygous state and its anti-amyloidogenic effect in the heterozygous state account for the autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance and have implications for genetic screening and the potential treatment of Alzheimer's disease.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2728497/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2728497/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Di Fede, Giuseppe -- Catania, Marcella -- Morbin, Michela -- Rossi, Giacomina -- Suardi, Silvia -- Mazzoleni, Giulia -- Merlin, Marco -- Giovagnoli, Anna Rita -- Prioni, Sara -- Erbetta, Alessandra -- Falcone, Chiara -- Gobbi, Marco -- Colombo, Laura -- Bastone, Antonio -- Beeg, Marten -- Manzoni, Claudia -- Francescucci, Bruna -- Spagnoli, Alberto -- Cantu, Laura -- Del Favero, Elena -- Levy, Efrat -- Salmona, Mario -- Tagliavini, Fabrizio -- NS42029/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS042029/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS042029-01A1/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS042029-02/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS042029-03/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS042029-04/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS042029-05/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS042029-06/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Mar 13;323(5920):1473-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1168979.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Neurology and Neuropathology, "Carlo Besta" National Neurological Institute, 20133 Milan, Italy.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19286555" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Alzheimer Disease/*genetics/metabolism ; Amino Acid Substitution ; Amyloid/*metabolism ; Amyloid beta-Peptides/chemistry/metabolism ; Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor/*genetics/metabolism ; Cell Line ; Dementia/*genetics/metabolism ; Female ; *Genes, Recessive ; Heterozygote ; Homozygote ; Humans ; Kinetics ; Male ; *Mutation ; Pedigree ; Peptide Fragments/chemistry/metabolism ; Protein Binding ; Transfection
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  • 100
    Publication Date: 1980-03-28
    Description: When microbial strains compete for the same limiting nutrient in continuous culture, resource-based competition theory predicts that only one strain will survive and all others will die out. The surviving strain expected from theory will be the one with the smallest subsistence or "break-even" concentration of the limiting resource, a concentration defined by the J parameter. This prediction has been confirmed in the case of auxotrophic bacterial strains competing for limiting tryptophan. Because the value of J can be measured on the strains grown alone, the theory can predict the qualitative outcomes of mixed-growth competition in advance of actual competition.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hansen, S R -- Hubbell, S P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1980 Mar 28;207(4438):1491-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6767274" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bacteria/*growth & development ; Culture Media ; Drug Resistance, Microbial ; Escherichia coli/growth & development ; Kinetics ; Models, Theoretical ; Nalidixic Acid/pharmacology ; Nutritional Physiological Phenomena ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa/growth & development ; Tryptophan/metabolism
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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