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  • Coleoptera  (217)
  • maize  (201)
  • Springer  (417)
  • Krefeld : Geologischer Dienst Nordhein-Westfalen
  • Wien : Geolog. Bundesanst.
  • 2005-2009
  • 1990-1994  (417)
  • 1950-1954
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Abiotic mortality factors of the coffee berry borer (Hypothenemus hampei) (1994)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 71 (1994), S. 201-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Hypothenemus hampei ; coffee berry borer ; abiotic mortality ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Mortality of the coffee berry borer was studied under controlled laboratory conditions in Tapachula, Mexico. For adult female borers subjected to a range of relative humidities (RH) without food at 25°C, the longest mean survival time (20 days) was obtained at 93.5% RH. Adult borer survival was also studied at a range of temperatures for a fixed relative humidity (93.5% RH); at 20°C mean survival time was 28 days. Fecundity and mortality of borer stages in berries was studied for a range of humidities at 25°C. Maximum fecundity was obtained at 90 and 93.5% RH. Immature stages were ejected from the berry at 84% RH and above, which is interpreted as a form of brood hygiene.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02426404
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Behavioral responses of Colorado potato beetle larvae to combinations of temperature and insolation, under field conditions (1994)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 72 (1994), S. 255-263 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; Leptinotarsa decemlineata ; behavior ; thermal biology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In short-term field trials at combinations of ambient temperature (°C) and insolation (W·m−2), larval Colorado potato beetles (Leptinotarsa decemlineata [Say] [Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae]) were observed after their release on the adaxial surface of leaflets on potato plants (Solanum tuberosum L. Solanaceae). The larvae either began feeding or moved under the leaflet; mean interval from release to expression of these behaviors (2.9±0.05 min [n =358]) was independent of air temperature and insolation. Proportion of larvae moving under the leaflet increased logistically with both air temperature and insolation. A 1 W·m−2 change in insolation (P) evoked the same effect on this proportion as a 0.0838 °C change in air temperature (T a ), so the two quantities were combined as T*=T a +P·0.0838 °C/(W·m−2), which has units of °C. The proportion of larvae moving under the leaflet increased logistically with T*. In 1-day field trials we monitored air temperature, insolation and proportion of larvae under the leaflet, and compared the latter to predictions from the logistic regression derived from the short-term trials. Consistently more larvae occurred under leaflets than predicted from the logistic regression; this bias diminished as T* increased until at T*≥40 °C, observed and predicted proportions were equal. This pattern of deviation from the predictions of the logistic regression is consistent with a thermoregulatory strategy in which larvae move away from hostile conditions, rather than seek optimal conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02383813
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Examination of anAspergillus flavus resistant inbred of maize for crossresistance to sap beetle vectors (1994)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 71 (1994), S. 177-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: aflatoxin ; Carophilus ; Zea mays ; corn ; plant resistance ; Coleoptera ; Nitidulidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02382385
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Glandular trichomes ofSolanum berthaultii alter host preference of the Colorado potato Beetle,Leptinotarsa decemlineata (1994)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 70 (1994), S. 217-225 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; Leptinotarsa decemlineata ; Colorado potato beetle ; Solanaceae ; Solanum berthaultii ; plant resistance ; glandular trichomes ; host preference ; behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Choice and no-choice studies were conducted to determine how the glandular trichomes of the wild potato,Solanum berthaultii Hawkes, affect host preference of the Colorado potato beetle,Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say). Given a feeding choice betweenS. tuberosum andS. berthaultii, larvae and adults preferred the foliage ofS. tuberosum, but adults were more discriminating. When foliage ofS. berthaultii was appressed toS. tuberosum leaflets, fewer adults fed on the appressed leaflets. When given a choice between ‘trichome-intact’ and ‘trichome-removed’S. berthaultii foliage, adults preferred to feed on the latter. The preference for ‘trichome-removed’ foliage and the percent of adults initiating feeding, increased with the degree of trichome removal. These studies provide evidence that the resistance ofS. berthaultii is associated with feeding deterrents localized in the glandular trichomes, thatS. berthaultii possesses more than one mechanism of resistance to the Colorado potato beetle, and that the expression of resistance is dependent on the developmental stage of the insect.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02380555
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The role of symbiotes in flight activity ofSitophilus weevils (1994)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 70 (1994), S. 201-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Sitophilus oryzae ; S. zeamais ; Coleoptera ; Curculionidae ; flight activity ; symbiosis ; vitamin ; amino acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les performances de vol de nombreuses souches deSitophilus oryzae L. etS. zeamais Mots. (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) ont été comparées sur blé. Il s’avère que les mâles sont plus actifs que les femelles et queS. zeamais possède une meilleure aptitude au vol queS. oryzae. De plus, dans les deux espèces élevées sur blé, seuls les charançons normalement symbiotiques sont capables de voler, tandis que les aposymbiotiques ont perdu ce pouvoir. En complémentant la nourriture avec des vitamines (acide pantothénique et riboflavine) et certains acides aminés (phénylalanine et proline), cette activité a pu être restaurée en partie. L’influence de la symbiose sur l’aptitude au vol du charançon du genreSitophilus est commentée en fonction du métabolisme énergétique (coenzymes, proline) et du rôle joué par la symbiose dans ce comportement qui permet d’augmenter la dissémination de l’espèce.
    Notes: Abstract The flight activity (take-off) of various strains ofSitophilus oryzae L. andS. zeamais Mots. (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) have been compared on wheat. It was shown that males are more active than females and thatS. zeamais, is more active thanS. oryzae. Furthermore, in the two species, when reared on wheat kernels, only symbiotic weevils were able to fly, while aposymbiotic insects did not. By supplementation of the diet with vitamins (pantothenic acid, riboflavin) and amino acids (phenylalanine and proline), this activity could be restored in part. The influence of symbiosis on the flight ability ofSitophilus weevil is discussed in relation to the energy metabolism (coenzymes, proline), the role played by symbiosis in this behaviour and its possible effect on the dissemination of the species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02380553
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Disrupting spring colonization of Colorado potato beetle to nonrotated potato fields (1994)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 73 (1994), S. 39-50 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Leptinotarsa decemlineata ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; distribution ; overwintering ; diapause ; cultural control ; trap cropping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Overwintering Colorado potato beetles (Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say)) were concentrated primarily within woody borders, and mortality was lower in borders than in potato fields. After overwintering, only 15–44% of live beetles were in the potato fields. In experiments with small plots, colonization of fields from woody borders was reduced ∼60% by a trap crop, either treated with adulticide or with beetles collected daily. Such trap crops, or simply pitfall traps to prevent colonization from woody borders, could significantly reduce early-season adult numbers and subsequent larval populations. However, success is dependent on the local densities of overwintered beetles, and the prevalence of arrestment behavior in the case of trap crops.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02382512
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Selection response of the Colorado potato beetle for adaptation to the resistant potato,Solanum berthaultii (1994)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 73 (1994), S. 101-109 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; Leptinotarsa decemlineata ; Colorado potato beetle ; Solanaceae ; Solanum berthaultii ; potato ; plant resistance ; selection ; adaptation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Thirty cohorts of the Colorado potato beetle (CPB) were reared for ten consecutive generations on the cultivated potato,Solanum tuberosum, and on two accessions (PI 473331 and PI 473334) of the resistant wild species,S. berthaultii. At each generation, selection was imposed for increased survival, decreased development time, and for increased fecundity. Although several parameters responded to selection, net replacement rate (R0) onS. berthaultii was consistently less than 1/3 that on cultivated potato. At the tenth generation, eachS. tuberosum strain female replaced herself with 110 daughters, whereas females from strains reared on PI 473334 and PI 473331 produced an average of 30 and 7 daughters, respectively. Slopes of the R0 regression lines for populations reared onS. tuberosum andS. berthaultii did not differ from zero, indicating no significant response to selection. Our findings suggest that populations of the Colorado potato beetle may have genetic variability in some performance traits for adaptation toS. berthaultii, but that adaptation is unlikely to occur as rapidly as previously reported.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02383415
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Flash behavior of femalePhoturis versicolor fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) in simulated courtship and predatory dialogues (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 7 (1994), S. 843-858 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: firefly ; entrainment ; insect communication ; Coleoptera ; aggressive mimicry ; bioluminescence ; Lampyridae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract FemalePhoturis versicolor fireflies attempt to capture males by responding to heterospecific flash patterns. A mating-dependent switch occurs which affects response timing and frequency of female flashes. We examined the switch using females of known age, mating status, and flash experience to assess how accurate mimicry is, what factors influence it, and what mechanism produces it. Presentations of simulated male flash patterns before and after mating revealed elements of an entrainment mechanism controlling female responsiveness. Unmated females preferentially answered conspecific patterns with variable latencies, averaging 1 s. Mating induced changes in both response frequency and response latency: Females answered heterospecific patterns more frequently, and latencies elicited by conspecific patterns shifted away from the unmated range. Heterogeneity in mean and variance of response latency among individuals indicates that females do not share a discrete reply to a given pattern. Little correspondence exists between latencies of sympatric species andP. versicolor females, suggesting that the flash response mechanism produces entriainment to any rhythmic pattern, not a one-to-one matching between prey and predator latencies. Different selective scenarios underlie strict mimicry versus entrainment mimicry.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01997130
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of the insecticidal effects of water extracted and intact aromatic plants onAcanthoscelides obtectus, a bruchid beetle pest of kidney beans (1994)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 5-6 (1994), S. 1-5 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: adult mortality ; oviposition inhibition ; larval mortality ; aromatic hydrodistillated and non hydrodistillated plants ; Coleoptera ; Bruchidae ; Acanthoscelides obtectus ; Lamiaceae ; Origanum ; Thymus ; Satureia ; Rosmarinus ; Mentha ; Myrtaceae ; Eucalyptus ; Lauraceae ; Laurus ; Poaceae ; Cymbopogon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) is one of the most damaging pests of kidney beans,Phaseolus vulgaris L. worldwide. However, aromatic plants from the families Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae and Poaceae can protect kidney beans by direct or delayed insecticidal effect, through increased adult mortality and inhibition of beetle reproduction (both oviposition and adult emergence). The efficiency of hydrodistillated and intact plants fromThymus vulgaris andT. serpyllum, Mentha piperata, Rosmarinus officinalis, Satureia hortensis, Eucalyptus globulus, Laurus nobilis, Origanum vulgare, andCymbopogon nardus was compared. For both extracts,Origanum vulgare had the best effect. The insecticidal effect was induced by more than the essential oils because no significant difference was noticed between distilled and intact plants extract. Inhibition of reproduction was particularly important. These results suggest that lipidic as well as non lipidic, allelochemicals, such as phenolics, or non-protein amino-acids, or flavonoids may be involved in the toxicity of aromatic plants to this beetle.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01259966
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ladybird defence alkaloids: Structural, chemotaxonomic and biosynthetic aspects (Col.: Coccinellidae) (1994)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 5-6 (1994), S. 173-183 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: chemical defence ; sequestration ; reflex bleeding ; alkaloids ; chemotaxonomy ; biosynthesis ; repellency ; toxicity ; Coleoptera ; Coccinellidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The defensive mechanisms which protect ladybird beetles (Coccinellidae) against predators are reviewed. Besides behavioural mechanisms, such as thanatosis and reflex bleeding, chemical defence mechanisms are playing a prevalent role. Indeed, ladybirds are protected not only by their smell, but also by repulsive alkaloids, most of which are considered to be of autogenous origin. In a few cases, dietarily-acquired substances are also involved. Particular emphasis is laid on the repellent alkaloids which are contained in the haemolymph of many species. The structures of 34 nitrogen-containing compounds isolated so far are presented, and their distribution within the family is discussed in the light of the most widely accepted classification of these beetles. To conclude, the mode of release of the alkaloids, their variation through the life cycle and their repellent and toxic properties are discussed, as well as the few biosynthetic data yet available.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01240602
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chemoecological studies of the exocrine glandular larval secretions of two chrysomelid species (Coleoptera):Phaedon cochleariae andChrysomela lapponica (1994)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 5-6 (1994), S. 185-189 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: oviposition ; repellents ; larval secretion ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; Phaedon cochleariae ; Chrysomela lapponica
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The exocrine glandular secretions of larvae of the subfamily Chrysomelinae are known to repel conspecific adults, other competitive phytophagous insects and natural enemies. InPhaedon cochleariae, the intraspecific activity of tlc fractions of the larval secretion was tested in order to examine the ecological significance of two fractions containing minor components and a fraction containing the major compound, the cyclopentanoid monoterpene (epi)chrysomelidial. InChrysomela lapponica, the defensive activity of the larval secretion against ants is known from specimens feeding upon willow or birch. The feeding preferences of larvae and adults ofC. lapponica from a Finnish and a Czech population were tested. The Finnish individuals significantly preferred feeding uponSalix borealis, whereas they hardly fed upon birch. The Czech specimens clearly preferred birch (Betula pubescens) to willow species. Application of salicin onto leaves of a willow species free of this phenolglycoside revealed that the Finnish individuals preferred feeding upon leaves with salicin. On the other hand, the Czech individuals avoided feeding upon leaves ofB. pubescens treated with salicin. The chemical composition of the glandular secretion of the Finnish larvae differed from the one of the Czech larvae. GC-MS-analyses of the secretions revealed that salicylaldehyde was the only major component of the secretion of Finnish larvae feeding upon the salicin-containing willowS. borealis. The glandular secretion of the Czech larvae feeding upon birch contained numerous esters of isobutyric acid and 2-methylbutyric acid. When Czech larvae had fed upon a salicin-containing willow (S. fragilis), the major compounds of their secretion were benzoic acid, salicylalcohol and benzoic acid esters; salicylaldehyde was only detected in traces. Thus,C. lapponica individuals from the Finland population adapted so closely to a salicincontaining willow that they clearly prefer this plant for food and that they obviously derive their main larval defensive compound (salicylaldehyde) from their host-plant.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01240603
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sexual dimorphism in the lipid fraction of the defensive secretion ofGastrophysa viridula (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) (1994)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 766-770 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Gastrophysa viridula ; Chrysomelidae ; Coleoptera ; chemical defence ; acetates ; hydrocarbons ; gas-liquid chromatography ; gas chromatography-mass spectrometry ; sexual dimorphism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The lipid fraction of the defensive secretion of adultGastrophysa viridula was analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Three long chain acetates and two methyl-branched hydrocarbons were identified and their amounts in the secretion of single field-collected and laboratory-reared beetles determined. The composition of the secretion was affected by the sex, reproductive status, and age of the beetle. The ratio of (Z)-11-eicosenyl acetate to (Z)-13-docosenyl acetate ranged from 0.30 to 0.78 in male beetles and from 1.05 to 2.06 in female beetles. The biological significance of this sexual dimorphism is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01919379
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Female sex pheromone of the longhorn beetleMigdolus fryanus Westwood: N-(2′S)-methylbutanoyl 2-methylbutylamine (1994)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 853-856 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Migdolus fryanus ; Coleoptera ; Cerambycidae ; N-2′-methylbutanoyl 2-methylbutylamine ; N-formyll-isoleucine methyl ester ; sex pheromone ; chiral resolution ; dose-response
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The first known long-range female-released sex pheromone for the family Cerambycidae is reported fromMigdolus fryanus, a sugarcane pest in South America. Although two female-specific compounds, namely, N-(2′S)-methylbutanoyl 2-methylbutylamine and N-formyll-isoleucine methyl esters were identified, field tests with synthetic chemicals revealed that only the amide was active and that the amino acid derivative neither increased or decreased trap catches by the amide. This is the first identification of amide as a sex pheromone.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01956471
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Field tests of a balloon-suspended trap system for studying insects in the canopy of tropical rainforests (1994)
    Springer
    Ecological research 9 (1994), S. 357-360 
    Details
    ISSN: 1440-1703
    Keywords: balloon system ; Coleoptera ; pollinators ; tree canopy ; wood borers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A system of suspending traps from a movable balloon was developed and tested on pollinating and wood boring Coleoptera in a tropical rainforest canopy in Pasoh Forest Reserve, Peninsular Malaysia. The balloons, 2.5 m in diameter, were filled with helium gas for levitation and moored in different directions by three pieces of thin rope. Traps in which benzyl acetate and ethanol were used as attractants for the pollinators and wood borers, respectively, were suspended from the balloon at different heights. The trapping results show that the balloon system can be used for studying canopy insects and their vertical distribution on a spatial and temporal scale.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02348423
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
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    Evidence for volatile chemical attractants in the beetleMaladera matrida argaman (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 2673-2685 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Maladera matrida ; Coleoptera ; Scarabaeidae ; collection of volatiles ; field trapping ; olfactometer ; attractants ; host plant volatiles ; synergism ; aggregation ; sex pheromone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract TheMaladera matrida beetle (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Melolonthinae), a relatively new species to science, was first identified in Israel in 1983. In the course of field observations it was found that adultM. matrida beetles emerged from the soil at sunset to feed and mate. During the first 20 min of flight, most of the beetles were males. The females emerged shortly afterwards, and aggregations numbering 20–30 individuals with equal proportions of males and females were eventually formed on peanut plants. Laboratory olfactometer bioassays showed that peanut leaves (food) attracted both males and females. Field-trapping experiments and olfactometer studies showed thatM. matrida beetles were highly attracted by live virgin females in the presence of food (cut-up peanut leaves). Another set of field trapping experiments indicated that airborne volatiles produced by live virgin females plus food had the same attracting ability as live virgin females plus food. The attraction exerted by the combination of live virgin females and peanut leave volatiles suggests a synergism effect. Accordingly, we propose a two-stage mechanism of chemical communication in theM. matrida beetles: first, the males cause mechanical damage to the host plant to attract both sexes; later, the females emit attractants (sex pheromone) while eating or shortly thereafter.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02036200
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  • 16
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    Mechanism of aggregation behavior inMaladera matrida Argaman (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 361-371 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Scarabaeidae ; Maladera matrida ; aggregation ; plant volatiles ; olfactometer ; attractant ; behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract AdultMaladera matrida Argaman (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae) males emerge from soil for an active period at dusk, a few minutes before the females. Adults are found during most of the active hours on the foliage in aggregations composed of an equal sex ratio. The mechanism of aggregation behavior ofM. matrida beetles was studied in a Y-shaped olfactometer. No evidence was found for the existence of an aggregation pheromone released either by males or by females, but behavior tests indicate that adultM. matrida beetles, males as well as females, are attracted to volatiles of an injured host plant. The following scenario is suggested: Males emerge daily from soil at dusk, a few minutes before the females, and immediately start feeding. Additional males are attracted to the injured host's volatiles and form aggregations. When females emerge from soil, the attractant volatiles are concentrated in spots, and the females join the aggregations, forming an equal sex ratio.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02064443
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tasting green leaf volatiles by larvae and adults of Colorado potato beetle,Leptinotarsa decemlineata (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 753-769 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Contact chemoreception ; electrophysiology ; taste ; leaf alcohols ; galeal sensilla ; feeding behavior ; host selection ; gustatory coding ; Colorado potato beetle ; Leptinotarsa decemlineata ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Larvae and adults of the Colorado potato beetle,Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), are shown to have galeal gustatory cells that are highly sensitive to distillate of potato leaf extracts, (E)-2-hexen-1-ol, (E)-2-hexenal, and other saturated and unsaturated six-carbon alcohols. In larvae and adults, the sensory response patterns elicited by leaf homogenate, leaf distillate and a mixture of these two extracts differ in subtle ways. Beetle larvae feed most readily on Millipore disks treated with leaf homogenate and the mixture, but they did not feed on disks treated with leaf distillate. The differences in behavioral response and sensory input are used to derive a potential gustatory code that may stimulate different levels of feeding. This code may be disrupted by compounds present in nonhost leaves, thus leading to reduced feeding. Possible interactions of sapid leaf volatiles, amino acids, sugars, and potentially deterrent plant compounds are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02059611
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
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    Reduced offspring production in bark beetleTomicus piniperda in pine bolts baited with ethanol and α-pinene, which attract antagonistic insects (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 1429-1444 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Tomicus piniperda ; Thanasimus formicarius ; Rhizophagus depressus ; Rhizophagus ferrugineus ; Epuraea spp. ; Acanthocinus aedilis ; predators ; competitors ; attractants ; α-pinene ; ethanol ; Scolytidae ; Cleridae ; Rhizophagidae ; Cerambycidae ; Coleoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Bolts of Scots pine,Pinus sylvestris L., attacked by the bark beetleTomicus piniperda (L.) were baited with ethanol and α-pinene to attract antagonistic insects and thereby enhance their detrimental effects on the production of bark beetle progeny. Unbaited and caged bolts were included in the experiments as controls. Attraction of beetles to the bolts and subsequent emergence were estimated using traps. Six phloem-feeding species (potential competitors ofT. piniperda) and four predatory species were caught in significantly higher numbers at the baited bolts than at the unbaited ones. The number of offspring and the productivity ofT. piniperda were four to seven times higher in unbaited bolts than in baited bolts. Exclusion of other insects, by using cages, resulted in a nine-fold increase in the number ofT. piniperda offspring per square meter and productivity (offspring per egg gallery) compared with unbaited, exposed bolts.Hylurgops palliatus (Gyll.) (Scolytidae) andRhagium inquisitor (L.) (Cerambycidae) attacked both the baited and unbaited bolts, whereasAcanthocinus aedilis (L.) (Cerambycidae) andPytho depressus (L.) (Pythidae) reproduced almost exclusively in the baited ones. Large numbers of larvae ofThanasimus (Cleridae) andRhizophagus (Rhizophagidae) emerged from both the baited and unbaited bolts. Adults ofPlegaderus vulneratus (Panzer) andCylister linearis (Er.) (Histeridae) emerged almost exclusively from the baited bolts. The low progeny production ofT. piniperda in the baited bolts was attributed largely to the influence of adults ofRhizophagus andEpuraea (Nitidulidae), and larvae ofThanasimus andA. aedilis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02059871
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    Male-produced aggregation pheromone ofCarpophilus obsoletus (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 1483-1493 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Carpophilus obsoletus ; sap beetle ; Coleoptera ; Nitidulidae ; aggregation pheromone ; hydrocarbon ; tetraene ; date
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Males ofCarpophilus obsoletus Erichson produce an aggregation pheromone to which both sexes respond. The pheromone was identified by GC-MS as (2E,4E,6E,8E)-3,5,7-trimethyl-2,4,6,8-undecatetraene (1), which is also a minor constituent of the pheromone blends ofC. hemipterus (L.),C. freemani Dobson, andC. lugubris Murray. The pheromone was synergized in wind-tunnel bioassays by propyl acetate, a “host-type” coattractant. In a dose-response study, 50 pg of1, plus propyl acetate, was significantly more attractive than just propyl acetate. Pheromone emission from groups of 65 males, feeding on artificial diet, averaged 2.2 ng/male/day. Emissions from individual males were larger, averaging 72 ng/day and ranging as high as 388 ng/day. Synthetic1 was tested in a date garden in southern California (500 µg/rubber septum), using fermenting whole-wheat bread dough as the coattractant. The pheromone plus dough attracted significantly more beetles than dough alone (means were 4.2 and 0.0 beetles per week per trap). Captured beetles were 54% females. Field trap catches were highest during the months of July and August.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02059874
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    Identification and synthesis of female sex pheromone of Oriental beetle,Anomala orientalis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 2415-2427 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Anomala orientalis ; Oriental beetle ; Coleoptera ; Scarabaeidae ; sex pheromone ; (Z)- and (E)-7-tetradecen-2-one ; DMDS derivatization ; flight tunnel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Females of the Oriental beetle,Anomala orientalis (Waterhouse), release a sex pheromone composed of a 9:1 blend of (Z)- and (E)-7-tetradecen-2-one. The double-bond position of the pheromone was determined by DMDS derivatization and interpretation of the fragmentation patterns produced by monounsaturated ketones. In a sustained-flight tunnel, males responded by flying toward female beetles and attempting to copulate with them. Both effluvium and whole-body extracts of OB females were analyzed, and the activity was found only in the airborne extracts. Flight-tunnel bioassays also showed that a synthetic 90:10Z/E blend on a rubber septum was attractive and that the responses of males to this blend were equivalent toZ isomer alone, but much better than to the singleE isomer.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02033210
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  • 21
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    Characterization of four new β-tubulin genes and their expression during male flower development in maize (Zea mays L.) (1994)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 24 (1994), S. 295-315 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: β-tubulin ; microtubules ; maize ; gene expression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Four different β-tubulin coding sequences were isolated from a cDNA library prepared from RNA from maize seedling shoots. The four genes (designated tub4, tub6, tub7 and tub8) represented by these cDNA clones together with the tub1 and tub2 genes reported previously encode six β-tubulin isotypes with 90–97.5% amino acid sequence identity. Results from phylogenetic analysis of 17 β-tubulin genes from monocot and dicot plant species indicated that multiple extant lines of β-tubulin genes diverged from a single precursor after the appearance of the two major subfamilies of α-tubulin genes described previously. Hybridization probes from the 3′ non-coding regions of six β-tubulin clones were used to quantify the levels of corresponding tubulin transcripts in different maize tissues including developing anthers and pollen. The results from these dot blot hybridization experiments showed that all of the β-tubulin genes were expressed in most tissues examined, although each gene showed a unique pattern of differential transcript accumulation. The tub1 gene showed a high level of transcript accumulation in meristematic tissues and almost no accumulation in the late stages of anther development and in pollen. In contrast, the level of tub4 transcripts was very low during early stages of male flower development but increased markedly (more than 100 times) during the development of anthers and in pollen. Results from RNAse protection assays showed that this increased hybridization signal resulted from expression of transcripts from one or two genes closely related to tub4. The tub4-related transcripts were not present in shoot tissue. Transcripts from the tub2 gene accumulated to very low levels in all tissues examined, but reached the highest levels in young anthers containing microspore mother cells. RNAse protection assays were used to measure the absolute levels of α- and β-tubulin transcripts in seedling shoot and in pollen. The α-tubulin gene subfamily I genes (tua1, tua2, tua4) contributed the great majority of α-tubulin transcripts in both shoot and pollen. Transcripts from the β-tubulin genes tub4, tub6, tub7, and tub8 were predominant in shoot, but were much less significant than the tub4-related transcripts in pollen.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00020169
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    Addition of A- and U-rich sequence increases the splicing efficiency of a deleted form of a maize intron (1994)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 24 (1994), S. 449-463 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: AU-rich ; intron ; maize ; splicing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Plant introns are generally short (〈200 nt) and AU-rich, and an elevated AU content is necessary for efficient splicing. Further, an intron in some plant genes enhances gene expression by a post-transcriptional mechanism that results in an increase of cytoplasmic mRNA. The specific intron features responsible for efficient splicing and enhancement are not well characterized in plants. Internal deletions of up to 80% of two maize introns, Adh1 intron 1 and maize actin intron 3, indicate that large segments of these introns are dispensable for normal function. However, extensive deletion (〉75%) of Adh1 intron 1 diminishes both intron enhancement and splicing efficiency. This finding suggests that there are internal sequence motifs required for intron function, and that these motifs are redundant. We attempted to repair a deletion-impaired Adh1 intron 1 variant by adding back either oligomers of defined sequence content or fragments of maize internal intron sequence. The addition of AU-rich oligomers improved splicing efficiency and in one example, a U-rich oligomer activated a cryptic 3′ splice acceptor. We also found that replacing the region proximal to the Adh1 intron 1 3′ acceptor with U-rich sequence improved splicing. We found that adding G- and C-rich oligomers did not improve intron function, but a C-rich oligomer activated a cryptic 3′ acceptor. The addition of internal intron sequence to an impaired intron improved splicing, and in one case, resulted in the activation of a cryptic 3′ acceptor. We present evidence that U-rich sequence immediately upstream of the 3′ splice junction increases splicing efficiency and contributes to, but does not uniquely specify, 3′ acceptor AG choice.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00024113
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    Differential transcription of plastome-encoded genes in the mesophyll and bundle-sheath chloroplasts of the monocotyledonous NADP-malic enzyme-type C4 plants maize and Sorghum (1994)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 25 (1994), S. 669-679 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: C4 photosynthesis ; maize ; plastid gene expression ; Sorghum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The transcription of plastome-encoded genes in mesophyll and bundle-sheath chloroplasts of the monocotyledonous NADP-malic enzyme-type C4 species Zea mays L. (maize) and Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. was investigated. RNA accumulation and transcription were assayed starting from isolated mesophyll and bundle-sheath chloroplasts and using quantitative northern and run-on transcription analysis. Determination of the mesophyll to bundle-sheath ratios of transcript abundance in maize and Sorghum chloroplasts showed that the mRNAs of the plastome-encoded photosystem II genes analysed (psbA, psbB, psbD, psbH and psbE/F) varied from 2.5- to 4.0-fold (maize) and 3.1- to 5.2-fold (Sorghum), respectively. The rbcL transcript, in contrast, was more abundant in bundle-sheath chloroplasts of both species, about 3-fold in maize and more than 10-fold in Sorghum. On the other hand, transcripts of genes encoding the 16S ribosomal RNA (r16) and subunits of photosystem I (psaA) and the cytochrome b/f complex (petB, petA) accumulated to similar levels in both types of chloroplasts. Determination of absolute transcript levels for rbcL and psbA in chloroplasts from maize and Sorghum demonstrated that for both genes, the mesophyll to bundle-sheath differences in transcript abundance were more pronounced in Sorghum. Measurements of the transcriptional activities of rbcL and psbA showed that the transcription rate of rbcL is higher in bundle-sheath chloroplasts while psbA is more actively transcribed in mesophyll chloroplasts. The differences in the transcription rates between the two chloroplast types were again more pronounced in Sorghum, thus reflecting the differences between maize and Sorghum in the relative levels of the rbcL and psbA transcripts. However, although transcription rate and mRNA abundance are correlated, they did not exactly match one another. This indicates additional regulation of transcript abundance at the level of RNA stability.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00029605
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    Structure and function of selectable and non-selectable transgenes in maize after introduction by particle bombardment (1994)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 25 (1994), S. 951-961 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Cell biology ; epigenetics ; maize ; transformation ; transgenes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Zea mays transformants produced by particle bombardment of embryogenic suspension culture cells of the genotype A188 × B73 and selected on kanamycin or bialaphos were characterized with respect to transgene integration, expression, and inheritance. Selection on bialaphos, mediated by thebar orpat genes, was more efficient than selection on kanamycin, mediated by thenptII gene. Most transformants contained multicopy, single locus, transgene insertion events. A transgene expression cassette was more likely to be rearranged if expression of that gene was not selected for during callus growth. Not all plants regenerated from calli representing single transformation events expressed the transgenes, and a non-selectable gene (uidA) was expressed in fewer plants than was the selectable transgene. Mendelian inheritance of transgenes consistent with transgene insertion at a single locus was observed for approximately two thirds of the transformants assessed. Transgene expression was typically, but not always, predictable in progeny plants-transgene silencing, as well as poor transgene transmission to progeny, was observed in some plant lines in which the parent plants had expressed the transgene.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00014669
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    Partial sequencing and mapping of clones from two maize cDNA libraries (1994)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 26 (1994), S. 1085-1101 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: cDNA clones ; EST sequencing ; maize ; RFLP mapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract As one component of a maize genome project, we report the analysis of a number of randomly selected cDNAs, by a combination of measuring mRNA expression, ‘single-pass’ sequencing (SPS), and genome mapping. Etiolated seedling (490) and membrane-free polysomal endosperm cDNA clones (576) were evaluated for their transcription levels by hybridizing with a probe prepared from total mRNA and categorized as corresponding to abundantly or rarely expressed mRNAs and as either constitutive or tissue-specific. A total of 313 clones from the two libraries were submitted to ‘single-pass’ sequencing from the presumed 5′ end of the mRNA and the nucleotide sequence compared with the GenBank database. About 61% of the clones showed no significant similarities within GenBank, 14% of the clones exhibited a high degree of similarity, while the remaining 25% exhibited a lesser degree of similarity. The chromosomal location of more than 300 clones was determined by RFLP mapping using standard populations. The results demonstrate that a combination of analyses provides synergistic information in eventually deducing the actual function of these types of clones.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00040691
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    Non-systemic expression of a stress-responsive maize polyubiquitin gene (Ubi-1) in transgenic rice plants (1994)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 26 (1994), S. 1007-1012 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: cell cycle ; maize ; non-systemic expression ; polyubiquitin gene ; stress response
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have used the promoter, 1st exon and 1st intron of the maize polyubiquitin gene (Ubi-1) for rice transformation experiments and revealed the characteristic expression of Ubi-1 gene: (1) Ubi-1 gene is not regulated systemically but rather individual cells respond independently to the heat or physical stress; (2) Ubi-1 gene changes its tissue-specific expression in response to stress treatment; (3) the expression of Ubi-1 gene is dependent on cell cycle.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00028868
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    Isolation and characterisation of a maize cDNA that complements a 1-acyl sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase mutant of Escherichia coli and encodes a protein which has similarities to other acyltransferases (1994)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 26 (1994), S. 211-223 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: maize ; 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase ; complementation cloning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We selected cDNA plasmid clones that corrected the temperature-sensitive phenotype of Escherichia coli strain JC201, which is deficient in 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase activity. A plasmid-based maize endosperm cDNA library was used for complementation and a plasmid that enabled the cells to grow at 44°C on ampicillin was isolated. Addition of this plasmid (pMAT1) to JC201 restored 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase activity to the cells. Total phospholipid labelling showed that the substrate for the enzyme, lysophosphatidic acid, accumulated in JC201 and was further metabolised to phosphatidylethanolamine in complemented cells. Membranes isolated from such cells were able to convert lysophosphatidic acid to phosphatidic acid in acyltransferase assays. The cDNA insert of pMAT1 contains one long open reading frame of 374 amino acids which encodes a protein of relative molecular weight 42 543. The sequence of this protein is most similar to SLC1, which is thought to be able to acylate glycerol at the sn-2 position during synthesis of inositol-containing lipids. Homologies between the SLC1 protein, the 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase of E. coli (PlsC) and the maize ORF were found with blocks of conserved amino acids, whose spacing was conserved between the three proteins, identifiable.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00039533
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    In vivo analysis of intron processing using splicing-dependent reporter gene assays (1994)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 26 (1994), S. 1785-1795 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: intron ; maize ; splicing ; vectors ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The mechanisms of intron recognition and processing have been well-studied in mammals and yeast, but in plants the biochemistry of splicing is not known and the rules for intron recognition are not clearly defined. To increase understanding of intron processing in plants, we have constructed new pairs of vectors, pSuccess and pFail, to assess the efficiency of splicing in maize cultured cells. In the pFail series we use translation of pre-mRNA to monitor the amount of unspliced RNA. We inserted an ATG codon in the Bz2 (Bronze-2) intron in frame with luciferase: this construct will express luciferase activity only when splicing fails. In the pSuccess series the spliced message is monitored by inserting an ATG upstream of the Bz2 intron in frame with luciferase: this construct will express luciferase activity only when splicing succeeds. We show here, using both the wild-type Bz2 intron and the same intron with splice site mutations, that the efficiency of splicing can be estimated by the ratio between the luciferase activities of the vector pairs. We also show that mutations in the unique U-rich motif inside the intron can modulate splicing. In addition, a GC-rich insertion in the first exon increases the efficiency of splicing, suggesting that exons also play an important role in intron recognition and/or processing.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00019492
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    Molecular and physiological evaluation of transgenic tobacco plants expressing a maize phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase gene under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter (1994)
    Springer
    Transgenic research 3 (1994), S. 287-296 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9368
    Keywords: C4-plant ; maize ; phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase ; quantum yield ; transgenic tobacco
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The expression of maize (Zea mays) phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) gene constructs in transgenic tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum) was studied. Where transcription was under the control of a CaMV 35S promoter, maize PEPC transcripts of the correct size were detected. Western blot analysis indicated that the transgenic plants contained about twice as much PEPC as non-transformed plants. Furthermore, the enzymatic activity of PEPC in the leaves of these transgenic plants was up to twice as high as that in non-transformed plants. Two forms of PEPC with different kinetic properties were identified in leaf extracts of the transgenic plants: one form (the maize isoform) gave a high apparentK m value for phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) and a high maximum activity, and the other (the tobacco isoform) exhibited a low apparentK m value for PEP and a low maximum activity. These biochemical differences resulted in several significant physiological changes in the transgenic plants: (1) the growth rate of the transgenic plants was lower than that of non-transgenic plants: (2) chlorophyll content per leaf area was relatively lower in the transgenic plants; and (3) the quantum yield of photosynthesis in the transgenic plants was not affected by changes in leaf temperature.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01973588
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    Reproductive biology ofFrangula alnus (Rhamnaceae) in southern Spain (1994)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 193 (1994), S. 173-186 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Rhamnaceae ; Frangula ; Diptera ; Coleoptera ; Hymenoptera ; Mecoptera ; Breeding system ; phenology ; pollination biology ; protandry ; reproductive success ; self-incompatibility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Various aspects of the reproductive biology of the perennial hermaphroditeFrangula alnus Mill. were studied in two populations located in the province of Cádiz, southern Spain. Flowering extends from the second week of May to early July. The small, whitegreenish, entomophilous flowers are incompletely protandrous and last 8–10 days, but pollen transfer takes place only on days 1–3. A very weak, pleasant odour along with nectar and pollen attract over 45 insect species, of which 21 are probable pollinators. These are mainlyDiptera but also includeHymenoptera and the unusual (as flower visitors)Mecoptera. Reproduction is exclusively sexual and strictly xenogamous, with pollen transfer depending solely on insect vectors. Although flower morphology and individual flower phenology do not fully prevent self-pollination, and geitonogamy can easily take place, the level of autogamy was negligible. Therefore, some self-incompatibility mechanism is operative in this species. Only 2.8% of open-pollinated flowers set fruit. At the flower level, fruit initiation was apparently limited by availability of cross-pollen, which in turn seemed influenced by the structure of the population. The seed/ovule ratio in ripe fruits was ca. 50%. Predispersal (maternal) reproductive success (percent ovules becoming filled seeds) was 1.42%. For mature individuals this corresponded to ca. 430 to 1560 potential offspring per year.
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    Analysis of divergence of Alphitobius diaperinus satellite DNA — roles of recombination, replication slippage and gene conversion (1994)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 242 (1994), S. 297-304 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Repetitive sequences ; Sequence variability ; Satellite DNA evolution ; Coleoptera ; X70332
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Satellite DNA is highly abundant in Alphitobius diaperinus (Tenebrionidae, Coleoptera), comprising 25% of the total genomic DNA. Sequence analysis reveals an average GC content of 50.8% and the presence of three different groups of satellite monomer variants, tH1, tH2 and tH3 with corresponding lengths of 123, 128 and 126 bp. Their mutual homologies range between 65 and 81 %. Sequence comparison shows that the monomer variant tH2 has been formed by a recombination process between tH1 and tH3, which have a low average homology of only 65.15%. The longest stretch of 100% homology between the recombining units is 17 bp and is located 3′ to the predicted recombination site. There is also an indication from sequence analysis that replication slippage and gene conversion play a part in the formation of satellite units and contribute to their divergence. The tH1, tH2 and tH3 monomer variants are organized in higher order repeating structures: a dimer, composed of tH1, and tH3, and a trimer containing tH1, tH2 and tH3 in series. The dimeric and trimeric repeat units furthermore create three higher order satellite subfamilies. Two of them contain either tandemly arranged dimers or trimers, while the third one is composed of both types of repeats, mutually interspersed.
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    Response of root mRNA population to sulphate shortage in maize seedlings (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 162 (1994), S. 309-313 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: in vitro translation ; maize ; nutrient stress proteins ; Poly(A)+RNA ; sulphate deprivation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Roots of ten-days-old seedlings obtained from a maize hybrid grown in complete or in sulphate-deprived medium were used to extract Poly(A)+RNA. The response to sulphate deprivation, which is known to increase the uptake capacity up to ten times, was manifested also by the expression of three mRNA species, as shown by the in vitro translation of the mRNA population. One hour after transfer to complete nutrient medium all three mRNAs were still present.
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    Plagiogravitropism of maize roots (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 165 (1994), S. 327-332 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: gravitropism ; maize ; nodal roots ; plagiogravitropism ; seminal roots ; Zea mays L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The direction of root growth can be studied by analyzing the trajectories of roots growing in soil. Both the primary seminal root and nodal roots of maize attain a preferred, or liminal, angle of growth that deviates from the vertical. These roots are said to be plagiogravitropic. Experiments using plants grown in soil-filled boxes revealed that the primary seminal root is truly plagiogravitropic. It shows both positive and negative gravitropism in response to gravity stimuli and tends to maintain its direction even after growing around obstacles. These are experimental results suggesting that plagiogravitropic growth is controlled by internal factors. The orientation of the grain affects the establishment of the liminal angle of the primary seminal root, and both the position of their node of origin and the root diameter are closely related to the plagiogravitropic behaviour of nodal roots. Several external factors are also known to influence plagiogravitropism. Low soil water content causes a decrease in the angle of growth and soil mechanical resistance suppresses the gravitropic curvature. Plagiogravitropic behaviour of both seminal and nodal roots plays a significant role in shaping the root system.
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    Genetic and environmental effects on abscisic acid accumulation in leaves of field-grown maize (1994)
    Springer
    Euphytica 78 (1994), S. 81-89 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: abscisic acid ; inheritance ; drought stress ; Zea mays ; maize
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary This study analyzes the components of phenotypic variation for abscisic acid (ABA) content in maize (Zea mays L.) leaves and the correlations with drought sensitivity index (DSI) and silk delay (SD), involved in the reaction to water deficit. Eight early- and seven medium-maturity inbreds were examined in field trials: in 1990 with low irrigation volume and in 1991 with low and high irrigation volumes. ABA concentration and DSI were investigated at growth stages (S) corresponding to stem elongation (S3), appearance of the first husks (S4), and mid-end of silking (S5). The ABA concentration was significantly higher in conditions of water deficit and in the later growth stage. The genetic component for ABA concentration attained higher relative values than those shown by DSI in the same growth stages and by SD; moreover, it increased from growth stage 3 to stage 5. The genotype × year and genotype × irrigation volume interactions were smaller for ABA concentration than for DSI and SD. The broad sense heritability on a plant basis, estimated in drought conditions, for ABA concentration ranged from 21.4 to 55.1% according to maturity group and growth stage. A wide variation was observed among lines for ABA concentration: the medium-maturity group showed a three-fold range (from 219 to 605 ng ABA g−1 dry weight). No clear relationships between ABA concentration, DSI and SD were found. These results indicate the feasibility of a selection for ABA concentration within segregating populations derived from crosses between the inbred lines herein tested.
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    Feedback control of gene expression (1994)
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 39 (1994), S. 427-438 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: acetate ; glucose ; maize ; metabolic repression ; photosynthetic genes ; transcription regulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Although feedback regulation of photosynthesis by carbon metabolites has long been recognized and investigated, its underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. The recent discovery that glucose and acetate trigger global repression of maize photosynthetic gene transcription provides the first direct evidence that a fundamental mechanism is used for feedback regulation of photosynthesis in higher plants. The metabolic repression of photosynthetic genes has now been found in many higher plants and is likely universal. It overrides other regulation by light, tissue type and developmental stage, and serves potentially as the molecular basis of interactions between sink and source tissues. Using simplified and convenient cellular systems and transgenic plants, the study of metabolic regulation of gene expression offers an excellent opportunity for the understanding of global and coordinate gene control and metabolite-mediated signal transduction in higher plants.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00014596
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    Evaluation of parameters describing the root system architecture of field grown maize plants (Zea mays L.) (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 164 (1994), S. 155-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: axile roots ; maize ; nodal roots ; root length ; root system ; seminal roots ; Zea mays L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The objective of this work was to study elongation curves of maize axile roots throughout their elongation period under field conditions. Relationships between their elongation rate and the extension rate of their branched region were also studied. Maize, early-maturing cultivar Dea, was grown on a deep, barrier-free clay loam (depth 1.80m). Trenches were dug during four periods until after silking and axile roots were excavated. Parameters measured were total length and the lengths of basal and apical unbranched zones. The rank of the bearing phytomer and general data about the carrying plant were also recorded. Results showed that axile roots from lower phytomers had similar elongation rates irrespective of the rank of the carrying phytomer. This elongation rate declined with root age. A monomolecular elongation model was fitted to the experimental data. Elongation was much slower in roots from upper phytomers. A rough linear relationship was found between the elongation rate of axile roots and the length of the apical unbranched zone. This result suggests that laterals appeared on a root segment a constant time after it was formed. Possible mechanisms with may account for the declining elongation rate with root age (increasing distance from aerial parts or adverse environmental conditions in deep soil layers) and variability between individual roots are also discussed.
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    Evaluation of parameters describing the root system architecture of field grown maize plants (Zea mays L.) (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 164 (1994), S. 169-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: branching ; growth ; lateral roots ; maize ; root morphology ; Zea mays L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The architecture of the root system is related to its water and mineral uptake. In this paper, the number, growth, and branching of first-order lateral roots are studied on field grown maize (early maturing cultivar ‘Dea’), mainly in relation to the depth and to the rank of the bearing phytomer. The soil was a deep clay loam, without any barrier until 1.80 m. The branching density was studied along axile roots until 1.40 m from the base, on a sample of individually excavated axile roots. A strong gradient of density was shown: the mean branching density decreased from 12 roots.cm−1 near the base to 4 roots.cm−1 at a 60 cm depth. Seminal roots were less densely branched than nodal roots. The mean difference was about 4 roots.cm−1. The length and branching density of lateral roots were studied on mature parts of the root systems where the growth and branching of the laterals were completed, using samples extracted from large soil monoliths. The length distribution of lateral roots was highly asymmetrical, for every source phytomer (mean: 25 mm; median: 16 mm). Many lateral roots were very short, and only 2 % reached a length higher than 10 cm. Only 29 % of all the laterals bore second-order lateral roots. Vigorous laterals branched more systematically and more profusely: the branching density varied from 2 to 5 roots.cm−1 according to the length of the mother lateral root. Both the number and length of lateral roots appeared to be affected by the soil bulk density which varied with the depth.
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    Amino-acid influx at the soil-root interface of Zea mays L. and its implications in the rhizosphere (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 163 (1994), S. 1-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: amino-acids ; maize ; rhizosphere ; root exudates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The aim of the study was to investigate the ability of intact Zea mays. L. roots to regulate the amount of free amino-acids present in the rhizosphere. Using metabolic inhibitors it was demonstrated that the release of amino-acids from the root occurred by passive diffusion, whilst free amino-acids outside the root could be re-captured by an active transport mechanism. The influx of amino-acids into the root was shown to be relatively independent of spatial location along the root and was little affected by the presence of other organic compounds in solution. It was deduced from root concentration gradients that the main site of amino-acid exudation was at root tips. Amino-acid uptake by the root was shown to be independent of both inorganic-N concentration and the presence of other organic solutes in solution. A computer simulation model was constructed to assess the contribution of organic-N uptake (acidic, basic and neutral amino-acids) to the plant's N budget, in comparison to the inorganic solutes NO3 and NH4. Simulations of N uptake from a 0.5 mm radius rhizosphere indicated that when inorganic-N concentrations in soil were limiting (≤0.1 μmoles cm-3 soil), the uptake of amino-N accounted for up to 90% the total N taken up by the roots. In situations where fertilizer inputs are high, and levels of organic matter in soil are low, the contribution of amino-N might still be expected to form 〈30% of the total N taken up by the root system. It was concluded that the uptake of amino-acids from the rhizosphere may be important in both N nutrition and in the minimization of root C and N losses to the soil. Consequently this may be important in governing the size of the rhizosphere microbial population.
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    Light differentially regulates lateral and longitudinal auxin transport in the mesocotyl of etiolated maize seedlings (1994)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 14 (1994), S. 167-171 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: auxin-transport ; indoleacetic acid ; maize ; photoinhibition ; transport ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The uptake of IAA into excised mesocotyls of non-irradiated maize seedlings was linear up to a concentration of about 4×M and in this range there was a tight coupling between the IAA in the stele and the cortex. Prior irradiation with white light of intact seedlings unbalanced this coupling. Lateral and longitudinal transport were affected differently. In the stele, the effect of prior irradiation on longitudinal transport was multiphasic, with an initial stimulatory effect followed by a negative effect at longer prior irradiation times. The lateral transport from the stele to the cortex showed no stimulatory effect and appeared to be inhibited within at least 15 min. The effect of the prior irradiation on longitudinal transport in the stele appeared to be a high intensity effect. In contrast, the effect of the prior irradiation on the lateral transport from the stele to the cortex was saturated at much lower intensities. The data suggest that the light induced change in the lateral transport of IAA between the two tissues may be due to changes either in the number of open lateral transport channels/carriers or in the conductivity of these channels/carriers.
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    Comparative isozyme polymorphisms of north American eastern gamagrass,Tripsacum dactyloides var.dactyloides and maize,Zea mays L. (1994)
    Springer
    Genetica 94 (1994), S. 77-83 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6857
    Keywords: isozymes ; Tripsacum ; maize ; wide hybridizations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Random samples, consisting of at least 100 individual seedlings, were taken from the diploid (2n=2x=36) eastern gamagrass (Tripsacum dactyloides var.dactyloides) and assayed to determine which of 12 enzyme marker loci and isozyme systems would be most informative in providing satisfactory resolution of both maize andTripsacum isozyme systems. For comparison, eight maize inbreds were included in the study to aid evaluation and comparison of the various isozyme systems. In addition, evaluations were conducted to identify if the identified optimum isozyme system could be used to detectTripsacum introgression in maize following a maize ×Tripsacum backcrossing scheme. Using the established isozyme techniques for maize (Zea mays L.), theAdh, Pgd, Cat, Est, B-Glu, Got, Idh, Tpi isozyme systems detected no polymorphism among theTripsacum individuals assayed. TheEst andB-Glu systems forTripsacum were unscorable due to poor staining and resolution. TheAcp, Mdh, Pgm, andPhi isozyme systems were found to be satisfactory markers for differentiating between eastern gamagrass individuals as well as detectingTripsacum introgression in maize. The availability of useful isozyme systems which can simultaneously provide significant isozyme resolution of maize,Tripsacum and maize-Tripsacum backcross hybrids, on a single gel system, will be useful for the detection of marker assistedTripsacum introgression into maize. In addition, the identification of a set of variable biochemical markers should also assist breeding, selection and genetic manipulations in eastern gamagrass.
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    Light inducibility and tissue specificity of theR gene family in maize (1994)
    Springer
    Genetica 94 (1994), S. 225-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6857
    Keywords: anthocyanin ; maize ; helix-loop-helix ; tissue specificity ; paramutation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The red and purple anthocyanin pigments of plants are visible genetic markers and their spatial and temporal accumulation is strictly regulated. Anthocyanin biosynthesis is also modulated by environmental factors such as light and temperature. Thus this process represents an appealing model system for the study of gene regulation, as well as for studying developmental biology. In maize, the pattern of pigmentation of the plant is controlled by theR, Sn andB genes, a small family of HLH transcription factors. Here we report the pattern of light induction and tissue specific expression of the regulatory and structural genes involved in this biosynthesis. TwoSn alleles differing in their light response have been considered and analyzed by Northern andin situ hybridization experiments. An unusual phenomenon of interaction between the homologousR andSn genes leading to a partial gene silencing is reported. We hypothesize a model in which silencing is achieved through methylation of specific sites.
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    Aggregation pheromones inDryocoetes affaber (Mann.) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae): stereoisomerism and species specificity (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 111-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Semiochemicals pheromones ; Dryocoetes affaber ; Dryocoetes confusus ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; enantiomers ; diastereoisomers ; exo-brevicomin ; endo-brevicomin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Chemical analysis of whole body extracts and volatiles produced by feeding malesDryocoetes affaber (Mann.) disclosed (+)-exo-brevicomin and (+)-endo-brevicomin [(+)EXOB and (+)ENDOB], as the major insect-produced potential pheromones. Laboratory bioassays and field-trapping experiments demonstrated that (+)ENDOB is the main pheromone component, and (-)ENDOB has an inhibiting effect. EXOB either as (+) or (±) appears to be a multifunctional pheromone. It has a synergistic effect in blends of EXOB and ENDOB in ratios up to 1:1, and it is inhibitory at higher ratios. (-)EXOB was inactive. The most attractive blend forD. affaber was a 1:2 blend of (+)EXOB and (+)ENDOB. When this blend was compared with a 9:1 blend, the best known blend forDryocoetes confusus Swaine, the responses by beetles of each of the two species were highly specific, providing evidence for pheromonal exclusion between the two congenerics. We conclude that the combined effect of chirality and the ratio of geometrical isomers of brevicomin determines both the level of response and the species-specificity of the chemical signal inD. affaber.
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    Comparison of walking locomotory reactions of two forms ofCallosobruchus maculatus males subjected to female sex pheromone stimulation (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 2917-2930 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Callosobruchus maculatus ; Coleoptera ; Bruchidae ; flightless form ; flight form ; tubular olfactometer ; walking behavior ; intermittent stimulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A comparison of the walking locomotory reactions of flightless and flight formCallosobruchus maculatus males when subjected to an air current scented with female sex pheromone was undertaken in a tubular olfactometer. The pheromone was delivered to the males either as short pulses or as a continuous flow. To analyze the males' reactions, three behavioral sequences were defined (sequence 1: male sensitivity/arousal; sequence 2: male reactivity; sequence 3; male progression and source location). Although flightless and flight form males were sensitive and reactive in all experiments, their locomotory displacement differed depending on the stimulus conditions. The flightless form males' response remained roughly the same whatever the stimulus conditions (i.e., they always reached the pheromone source). In contrast, the flight form males displayed a markedly reduced response when subjected to a continuous stimulation, indicating that intermittent on-off pheromone stimulation is required in order to sustain their upwind walking progress. This effect could be the result of sensory adaptation and/or habituation in the central nervous system of the flight form, requiring a flickering signal that is unnecessary for the flightless one.
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    Aggregation pheromone of palmetto weevil,Rhynchophorus cruentatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 505-515 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Curculionidae ; Rhynchophorus cruentatus ; palmetto weevil ; S. palmetto ; aggregation pheromone ; 5-methyl-4-octanol ; cruentol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract 5-Methyl-4-octanol is the major aggregation pheromone of the palmetto weevil,Rhynchophorus cruentatus (F.). The pheromone (cruentol) was identified by coupled gas chromatographic-electroantennographic (GC-EAD) analysis of male-produced volatiles, coupled GC-mass spectrometry (MS) in electron impact and chemical ionization mode, and coupled GC-high resolution MS. In laboratory and field assays, a diastereomeric mixture of synthetic cruentol greatly enhanced attraction of weevils to cabbage palmetto,Sabal palmetto (Walter), stem tissue, indicating that cruentol and host volatiles are synergistically attractive. An attractive lure in combination with efficient traps should facilitate development of semiochemical-based management forR. cruentatus.
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    Oxidative responses in soybean foliage to herbivory by bean leaf beetle and three-cornered alfalfa hopper (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 639-650 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Soybean ; lipoxygenase ; peroxidase ; polyphenol oxidase ; trypsin inhibitor ; ascorbate oxidase ; oxidative stress ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Helicoverpa zea ; corn earworm ; Cerotoma trifurcata ; bean leaf beetle ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; Spissistilus festinus ; three-cornered alfalfa hopper ; Homoptera ; Membracidae ; induced resistance ; interspecific competition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Variation in induced responses in soybean is shown to be dependent, in part, upon herbivore species. Herbivory by the phloem-feeding three-cornered alfalfa hopper caused increases in the activities of several oxidative enzymes including lipoxygenases, peroxidases, ascorbate oxidase, and polyphenol oxidase. Bean leaf beetle defoliation caused increased lipoxygenase activity, but had little effect upon peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, ascorbate oxidase, or trypsin inhibitor levels in either field or greenhouse studies. In one field experiment, prior herbivory by the bean leaf beetle subsequently reduced the suitability of foliage to the corn earwormHelicoverpa zea. The contribution of these findings to emerging theories of insect-plant interactions is discussed.
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    Influence of white pine watering regimes on feeding preferences of spring and fall adults of the white pine weevilPissodes strobi (Peck) (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 831-847 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pissodes strobi ; white pine weevil ; Coleoptera ; Curculionidae ; Pinus strobus ; white pine ; plant vigor ; water stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Spring and fall adults of the white pine weevil,Pissodes strobi (Peck), were exposed in no-choice and two-choice tests to bark from water-stressed and non-water-stressed white pine (Pinus strobus L.), which had also been exposed or not exposed to weevil attack. This experiment demonstrated that the weevils could discriminate between bark from water-stressed white pine and preferred bark from the nonstressed plants. The weevils also preferred bark from nonstressed plants that were previously exposed to weevil damage. Spring and fall adults displayed the same feeding preferences. No sex differences were found in feeding preferences. Less nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium were found in bark from the nonstressed plants, and the potassium level was higher in damaged plants. We expect that the biological performance of the weevil should be favored by vigorously growing plants rather than by stressed plants.
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    Identification of branched alkanes in lipids ofLeptinotarsa decemlineata say andTribolium destructor by GC-MS: A comparison of main-beam and link-scanned spectra (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 2197-2212 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Insects hydrocarbons ; alkanes ; Colorado beetle ; Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say ; Tribolium destructor ; Coleoptera ; Teneboionidae ; choysomelidae ; mass spectrometry ; linked scanning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Branched hydrocarbons were identified in the lipids ofLeptinotarsa decemlineata Say andTribolium destructor by gas chromatography, ordinary electron impact mass spectrometry, and linked, scanned, daughterion monitoring. This methodology allowed us to revise our earlier results based only on GC-MS data confirming the existence of only monomethyl-, dimethyl-, and trimethylalkanes in the hydrocarbons ofL. decemlineata Say. The hydrocarbons fromTribolium destructor consist ofn-alkanes, 3-methylalkanes, internally branched monomethylalkanes and dimethylalkanes. Daughter-ion monitoring can be particularly important for distinguishing between incidentally overlapped GC peaks of hydrocarbons from different series. A trace, for example, of dimethylalkane coeluating withn-alkane was easily identified in GC peak of hydrocarbon mixture ofT. destructor. Link scans confirmed also molecular weights for the compounds without molecular ions in the mass spectra. Structural assignment of the compounds were verified by comparison of the experimental and calculated values of the GC retention Kovats indexes (KI).
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    Studies on Bacillus thuringiensis strains isolated from Swedish soils: insect toxicity and production of B. cereus-diarrhoeal-type enterotoxin (1994)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 10 (1994), S. 406-409 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Bacillus cereus-diarrhoeal-type enterotoxin ; Bacillus thuringiensis ; Coleoptera ; Diptera ; Lepidoptera ; thuringiensin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract At moderate concentration, 23 of 40 strains of Bacillus thuringiensis isolated from Sweden were toxic to Trichoplusia ni and five were toxic to Aedes aegypti. Five of the strains were toxic to Diabrotica undecimpunctata at high concentration, two were toxic to Heliothis virescens at low concentration and five produced thuringiensin (formerly called β-exotoxin). No strain was toxic towards the beet armyworm Spodoptera exigua at low concentration. Twenty-three of the strains produced a B. cereus-diarrhoeal-type enterotoxin.
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    Microbiological changes in mawè during natural fermentation (1994)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 10 (1994), S. 410-413 
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    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Enterobacteriaceae ; fermentation ; lactic acid bacteria ; maize ; mawè ; yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Lactic acid bacteria increased from 3.2 × 106 and 1.6 × 107 c.f.u./g (wet wt) to 2 × 109 and 1.6 × 109 c.f.u./g after 12 to 24 h of fermentation of home-produced mawè (a dough produced from dehulled maize) and commercial mawè, respectively. In commercial mawè, the yeast count increased from 1.3 × 105 to 2.5 × 107 c.f.u./g after 48 h of fermentation before decreasing, whereas in the home-produced mawè it increased from 2.5 × 104 to 3.2 × 107 c.f.u./g after 72 h of fermentation; the dominant yeasts were mainly Candida krusei, although C. kefyr, C. glabrata and Saccharomyces cerevisiae were also present. Enterobacteriaceae counts increased slightly during the initial stage ofthe fermentation, but decreased below the detection level after 24 to 48 h. Enterobacter cloacae was mostly found in commercial mawè and Escherichia coli mostly in homeproduced mawè.
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    Release of ethylene from pruned olive logs: Influence on attack by bark beetles (Coleoptera, Scolytidae) (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 2513-2521 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Semiochemicals ; kairomones ; ethylene ; ethrel ; Olea europaea ; olive tree ; Phloeotribus scarabaeoides ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In recently pruned olive logs, an increase in ethylene release has been observed between 48 and 72 hr after pruning. The values reached, as well as the duration of ethylene release, varied greatly from one log to another. PioneerPhloeotribus scarabaeoides females have shown a preference for logs in which ethylene emission was higher. In logs treated with ethrel, a significant increase in ethylene emission was observed, together with a greater period of release. Therefore, the use of logs treated with ethrel could be of great importance in the control of this pest of olive trees.
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    2-(E)-nonen-1-ol: Male attractant for chafersAnomala vitis Fabr. andA. dubia Scop. (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 2481-2487 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Anomala vitis ; Anomala dubia ; chafer ; Coleoptera ; Scarabaeidae ; Melolonthidae ; Rutelinae ; attractant ; 2-(E)-nonen-1-ol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Traps baited with 2-(E)-nonen-1-ol alone or in combination with other compounds caught large numbers of males of both the vine chafer,Anomala vitis Fabr. and the margined vine chafer,A. dubia Scop. (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), vineyard and orchard pests. In a dosage test, the largest numbers were caught by traps baited with 10 mg of 2-(E)-nonen-1-ol, which was the highest dosage tested. This is the first report on male attractants for chafer species occurring in Europe.
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    Repeatability of female response to ipsdienol enantiomeric mixtures by pine engraver,Ips pini (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 2611-2622 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Ips pini ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; repeatability ; female choice ; response phenotype ; bark beetle ; pheromone ; communication systems ; multiple measurements ; individual variation ; ipsdienol ; enantiomers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Repeatability, a measure of the proportion of variance in a character that occurs among rather than within individuals, is assessed for the phenotypic trait of female response preference for enantiomeric blends of ipsdienol inIps pini at two pheromone concentrations—1 µg and 5 μg of ipsdienol. Average female response shows greater repeatability at the higher pheromone dosage when females are tested in two successive sets of five assays than when assayed in three successive sets or at the lower dosage. Repeatability within each set of five assays is highest for the first set and decreases thereafter. Thus the response phenotype of females for enantiomeric blends of ipsdienol in this experiment is context dependent; female choice of an enantiomeric blend differed between dosages and among sets of assays.
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    Response ofDendroctonus brevicomis Le Conte (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) to different release rates and ratios of aggregation semiochemicals and the inhibitors verbenone and ipsdienol (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 2931-2941 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; Dendroctonus brevicomis ; western pine beetle ; aggregation ; verbenone ; ipsdienol ; inhibitors ; antiaggregants ; doseresponse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The response of western pine beetle,Dendroctonus brevicomis Le Conte, to different release rates of the aggregation semiochemicals (attractants)exo-brevicomin, frontalin, and myrcene and the inhibitors verbenone and ipsdienol was investigated. Release rates of verbenone ranging from 0.18 mg/ 24 hr to 1.2 mg/24 hr did not result in significant reductions in mean trap catch ofD. brevicomis. In contrast, very low release rates of ipsdienol (0.02–0.4 mg/24 hr) significantly reduced trap catch compared to controls. The combination of verbenone and ipsdienol, released at rates above 0.09 and 0.02 mg/24 hr, respectively, resulted in significantly lower trap catches ofD. brevicomis in attractant-baited traps. Results of an experiment testing a factorial combination of different release rates of verbenone and attractants suggest that response is not ratio-specific. The response curve ofD. brevicomis to the levels of verbenone was similar across all levels of attractants, while the response to equivalent ratios of attractants to verbenone was not similar, suggesting that the behavior of the beetles is primarily influenced by the absolute release rate of verbenone.
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    Aggregation pheromone of Australian SAP beetle,Carpophilus davidsoni (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 3207-3219 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Aggregation pheromone ; triene ; tetraene ; hydrocarbon ; Coleoptera ; Nitidulidae ; Carpophilus davidsoni ; Australian sap beetle ; trapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A male-produced aggregation pheromone was identified for the Australian sap beetle,Carpophilus davidsoni Dobson (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae), by bioassay-guided fractionation of volatiles collected from feeding beetles. The most abundant components were: (2E,4E,6E)-5-ethyl-3-methyl-2,4,6-nonatriene, (3E,5E,7E)-6-ethyl-4-methyl-3,5,7-decatriene, (2E,4E,6E,8E)-3,5,7-trimethyl-2,4,6,8-undecatetraene, and (2E,4E,6E,8E)-7-ethyl-3,5-dimethyl-2,4,6,8-undecatetraene. The relative abundance of these components in collections from individual males feeding on artificial diet was 100:7:9:31, respectively. Pheromone production began within several days after males were placed onto diet medium and continued for at least 20 weeks. Peak production was 〉3 µg total pheromone per male per day. Males in groups of 50–60 emitted less pheromone (the peak level was 0.09 µg per beetle per day), and the emissions from groups contained relatively little tetraene (proportions of the components listed above were 100:7:2:7, respectively). Three additional trienes and one additional tetraene were identified in minor amounts; the entire eight-component male-specific blend is qualitatively identical and quantitatively similar to that of the North American sibling species,C. freemani Dobson. A synthetic blend of the four major components on rubber septa, prepared to emit in the same proportions as from individual males, was highly attractive in the field when synergized with fermenting whole-wheat bread dough. Cross-attraction was observed in the field involving the pheromones ofC. davidsoni, C. hemipterus (L.), andC. mutilatus Erichson. Potential uses of the pheromones in pest management are discussed.
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    Long-chain free fatty acids: Semiochemicals for host location by western corn rootworm larvae (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 3335-3344 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Diabrotica virgifera virgifera ; fatty acids ; linoleic acid ; oleic acid ; stearic acid ; semiochemical ; attractants ; western corn rootworm ; host location ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; Zea mays ; kairomone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A bioassay-driven sequential fractionation scheme was used to isolate fractions of a crude dichloromethane maize seedling extract behaviorally active to larvae of the western corn rootworm,Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte. (Z,Z)-9,12-Octadecadienoic (linoleic) acid, (Z)-9-octadecenoic (oleic) acid, and octadecanoic (stearic) acid were identified from a purified fraction of maize extract that was attractive to western corn rootworm larvae in choice tests with equal levels of carbon dioxide on both sides of the choice. When synthetic linoleic, oleic, and stearic acids were tested together in the amounts and proportions found in the attractive fraction (1000, 800, and 300 ng of linoleic, oleic, and stearic acids, respectively), significantly more western corn rootworm larvae were found on the side with synthetic free fatty acids plus carbon dioxide than on the side with carbon dioxide alone. Results of the choice-test bioassays were not significantly different when the synthetic blend of free fatty acids was substituted for the purified maize fraction. Neither the purified extract nor the synthetic blend was behaviorally active in preliminary single-choice experiments without carbon dioxide. Linoleic, oleic, and stearic acids were also tested individually in the choice test bioassay with carbon dioxide on both sides of the choice to determine a dose-response curve. Linoleic and oleic acid each had one dose that was significantly attractive in conjunction with carbon dioxide on both sides of the choice, but stearic acid was not active in the doses tested.
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    Production of cardenolides versus sequestration of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in larvae ofOreina species (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 555-568 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Oreina spp. ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; larval defense ; cardenolides ; pyrrolizidine alkaloids ; sequestration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Adult leaf beetles of the genusOreina are known to be defended either by autogenously produced cardenolides or by pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) sequestered from the food plant, or both. In this paper we analyze larvae of differentOreina species and show that the larvae contain the same defensive toxins as the adults in quantities similar to those released in the adults' secretion. Both classes of toxins are found in the body and hemolymph of the larvae, despite their different origins and later distribution in the adults. Larvae of sequestering species differed in their PA patterns, even though they fed on the same food plants. The concentration in first-instar larvae of a PA-sequestering species was similar to that in fourth-instar larvae. In all stages examined, the amount of PAs per larva did not greatly exceed the estimated uptake of one day. Eggs of two oviparous species contained large concentrations of the adult's toxins, while neonates of a sequestering larviparous species had no PAs.
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    Ethyl propionate: Synergistic kairomone for african palm weevil,Rhynchophorus phoenicis L. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 889-897 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Rhynchophorus phoenicis ; Elaeis quineensis ; kairomone ; synergism ; oil palm ; palm weevil ; palm volatiles ; host selection ; primary attraction ; aggregation pheromone ; 3-methyl-octan-4-ol ; ethyl acetate ; ethyl propionate ; isobutyl propionate ; ethyl butyrate ; ethyl isobutyrate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Small trunk pieces of a freshly felled 10-year-old oil palm,Elaeis quineensis (Jacq.), were placed in a modified Nalgene desiccator, and volatiles captured for six days on Porapak Q. Gas chromatographic (GC) analysis of Porapak-Q-trapped volatiles with both flame ionization (FID) and electroantennographic detection (EAD) using male or femaleR. phoenicis antennae revealed several EAD-active compounds. They were identified as: ethyl acetate, ethyl propionate, isobutyl propionate, ethyl butyrate, and ethyl isobutyrate. In field experiments in the La Me Research Station, Côte d'Ivoire, ethyl propionate (50 mg/24 hr) but not all esters combined (50 mg/24 hr each) significantly increased capture ofR. phoenicis in pheromone-baited (3 mg/24 hr) traps. One kilogram of 1- to 3-day-old palm tissue was significantly more effective than ethyl propionate in enhancing pheromone attraction. Superior attraction of palm tissue may be attributed to additional as yet unknown semiochemicals. Alternatively, release rates and/or ratios of synthetic volatiles differed from those of palm tissue at peak attraction.
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    Behavioral and electrophysiological response of cabbage seed weevils (Ceutorhynchus assimilis) to conspecific odor (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 979-989 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Ceutorhynchus assimilis ; Coleoptera ; Curculionidae ; olfactometer ; sex pheromone ; aggregation pheromone ; electroantennogram
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The responses ofCeutorhynchus assimilis Payk. (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) to the odor of overwintered and new generation weevils were studied using an olfactometer, choice tests in a laboratory cage, field tests using sticky traps baited with live weevils, and by electroantennograms (EAG's). Unmated male weevils and, to a lesser extent, female weevils of the overwintered generation were attracted to the odor of live unmated over-wintered female weevils. New generation weevils exhibited no behavioral response to conspecific odor. Male and female weevils of the overwintered generation exhibited positive EAGs to hexane extracts of overwintered female weevils, whereas EAGs of new-generation weevils of either sex were unresponsive to these extracts. This suggests that the unmated female weevils from the overwintered generation produce a volatile chemical or chemicals that attracts unmated male and female weevils. The new generation of female weevils does not produce this attractive chemical before overwintering, and male and female weevils of this generation can not detect the chemical(s) via their antennal chemoreceptors until they have undergone their overwintering period.
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    Repellent, toxic, and food protectant effects of pithraj,Aphanamixis polystachya extracts against pulse beetle,Callosobruchus chinensis in storage (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 899-908 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Aphanamixis polystachya ; pithraj ; repellent ; contact toxicity ; food protectant ; Callosobruchus chinensis ; Coleoptera ; Bruchidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Ground leaves, bark, seeds, and four seed extracts of pithraj,Aphanamixis polystachya (family Meliaceae), a locally grown plant in Bangladesh, were evaluated for their repellency, contact toxicity, and food protectant efficacy against adult pulse beetle (Callosobruchus chinensis L.). The seed extracts showed poor repellent effects, but high contact toxicity to adults at 72 hr after application. The ground leaves, bark, and seeds provided good protection for mung beans against pulse beetles, and the seed powder greatly reduced the F1 progeny and seed damage rates.
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    Leaf surface extracts ofSolanum berthaultii hawkes deter colorado potato beetle feeding (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 991-1007 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Leptinotarsa decemlineata ; Colorado potato beetle ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; Solanum berthaultii ; glandular trichomes ; feeding deterrents ; host preference ; plant resistance to insects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Leaf rinses ofS. berthaultii PI 473334 with methylene chloride were deterrent to feeding by the Colorado potato beetle when applied toS. tuberosum tuber and leaf disks. When the leaf rinse was separated into its nonvolatile and volatile fractions and applied to tuber disks, the nonvolatile fraction was highly deterrent, while the volatile fraction reduced consumption, but not significantly compared to the controls. A hexane leaf rinse was not deterrent to feeding, while an acetone rinse was approximately twofold more deterrent than the methylene chloride rinse when applied to leaf disks. Three cycles of bioassay-guided, reversed-phase open-column fractionation of an acetone leaf rinse yielded a relatively polar fraction with low deterrent activity, and two nonpolar fractions exhibiting higher specific activity. Reversed-phase preparative HPLC of these fractions yielded seven active fractions among the 10 assayed. Subsequent analytical HPLC indicated that two fractions each contained a single UV-absorbing compound, while another represented a mixture of at least four compounds. The remaining fractions were composed of complex mixtures of possibly ionic or polymeric compounds that were poorly resolved by HPLC.
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    Composition of larval secretion ofChrysomela lapponica (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) and its dependence on host plant (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 1075-1093 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; Chrysomela lapponica ; larval secretion ; defense
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The defensive secretion ofChrysomela lapponica larvae, which is produced by nine pairs of exocrine dorsal glands, has been chemically analyzed. TheC. lapponica larvae were kept in the laboratory on leaves of either birch (Betula pendula), alder (Alnus glutinosa), or willow (Salix fragilis). Larvae developed normally on birch and willow, whereas those on alder died within a few days. GC-MS analyses of the secretion of larvae on birch and willow revealed that the composition of this secretion differs distinctly from the known ones of several otherChrysomela species feeding exclusively on Salicaceae. In the exocrine secretion of larvae on birch, 69 compounds were identified, which included the main components isobutyric acid, 2-methylbutyric acid, and esters of the two. Several of the esters have not been reported previously from nature. The alcoholic components of the esters may be hydrolysis products ofBetula glycosides. Most components of the secretion of larvae feeding on birch were also found in the secretion of larvae feeding on willow. In addition, major amounts of benzoic acid and salicylalcohol were present in the secretion of the larvae feeding on willow.C. lapponica obviously acquires salicylalcohol by hydrolysis of salicin from willow leaves. However, in contrast to otherChrysomela species,C. lapponica larvae oxidize only traces of salicylalcohol to salicylaldehyde. The repellent activity of single authentic compounds of the secretion of larvae feeding on birch and willow, respectively, was tested in laboratory bioassays with ants (Myrmica sabuleti). Biosynthetic pathways to some identified compounds are suggested and discussed under evolutionary and functional aspects.
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    A new bioassay for testing plant extracts and pure compounds using red flour beetleTribolium castaneum Herbst (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 1161-1177 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Bioassay ; red flour beetle ; Tribolium castaneum ; Coleoptera ; Tenebrionidae ; ECI ; Minthostachis mollis ; Melaleuca quinquenervia ; Sapindus saponaria ; α-pinene ; β-pinene ; eugenol ; kaurenic acid ; sparteine ; phagodepression ; phagostimulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract We designed a new bioassay to test plant extract activity against stored product pests. Plant compounds were added to feed disks composed of wheat flour and yeast and fed to the red flour bettle (Tribolium castaneum). By measuring insect mass, disk mass, and insect mortality over time it was possible to calculate a phagodepression index, an antifeedant index, the amount of treatment chemical ingested by the beetles, the mortality rate, and the efficiency of conversion of ingested food. The assay was performed for 60 hr to allow for possible habituation effects and to discriminate between phagodeterrency and physiological stress caused by treatments. α- and β-Pinene, eugenol, kaurenic acid, sparteine, essential oils ofMinthostachis mollis andMelaleuca quinquenervia, and extracts ofSapindus saponaria were tested. Using this assay we detected the presence of both phagodepressant and phagostimulant compounds inS. saponaria extracts, and we quantified the pronounced effects of sparteine onT. castaneum.
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    The scarab beetleAnomala albopilosa sakishimana utilizes the same sex pheromone blend as a closely related and geographically isolated species,Anomala cuprea (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 1667-1676 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Scarabaeidae ; (R,Z)-5-(−)-oct-1-enyl)oxacyclopentan-2-one ; (R,Z)-5-(−)-(dec-1-enyl)oxacyclopentan-2-one ; (R,E)-5-(−)-(oct-1-enyl)oxacyclopentan-2-one ; Anomala albopilosa sakishimana ; Anomala octiescostata ; Anomala cuprea ; pheromone release ; GC-EAD
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Two components were identified in the sex pheromone system of the green chafter,Anomala albopilosa sakishimana Nomura: (R,Z)-5-(−)-(oct-1-enyl)oxacyclopentan-2-one (buibuilactone) and (R,Z)-5-(−)-(dec-1-enyl)oxyacyclopentan-2-one (japonilure), which have been previously identified as sex pheromone constituents ofA. cuprea andA. octiescostata. A female-specific minor component, (R,E)-5-(−)-(oct-1-enyl)oxacyclopentan-2-one, did not seem to be involved in pheromonal communication because it was not EAD active, but its role remained unclear. A synthetic blend of the two components captured significantly more beetles than any other treatments. Nevertheless, the fact that both the synthetic sex pheromone and field-captured female beetles were weak lures convinced us that the sex pheromone system may be only part of a complex communication system, probably involving plant volatiles. Although the sex pheromone was released during both the scotophase and photophase, there was an increase of 60% in the photophase.
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    Kairomone from dandelion,Taraxacum officinale, attractant for scarab beetleAnomala octiescostata (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 1697-1704 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: cis-3-Hexenyl acetate ; benzaldehyde ; phenylacetaldehyde ; benzyl alcohol ; phenethyl alcohol ; phenylacetonitrile ; benzyl benzoate ; anethol ; geraniol ; phenethyl propionate ; kairomone ; sex pheromone ; dandelion ; Taraxacum officionale ; Coleoptera ; Scarabidae ; Anomala oritescostata ; scarab beetle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The attraction of the scarab beetleAnomala octiescostata to dandelion,Taraxacum officinale, was demonstrated to be chemically mediated by a mixture ofcis-3-hexenyl acetate, benzaldehyde, phenylacetaldehyde, benzyl alcohol, phenethyl alcohol, phenylacetonitrile, and benzyl benzoate, in the ratio 4:8:14:3:5:19:11. Combination of the synthetic kairomone and sex pheromone (buibuilactone + japonilure, 8:2), significantly increased the total catches ofA. octiescostata. Catches of male (but not female) beetles were significantly higher with the kairomone-pheromone blend than with kairomone alone. The synergistic effect of the kairomone from dandelion on the attractiveness did not significantly differ from that of a food-type lure, anethol, geraniol, and phenethyl propionate (9:0.5:0.5). The latter combined with the synthetic sex pheromone resulted in better attraction of female (but not male)A. octiescostata than the sex pheromone alone.
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    Sex pheromone of oriental beetle,Exomala orientalis: Identification and field evaluation (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 1705-1718 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Exomala orientalis ; Blitopertha orientalis ; Phyllopertha orientalis ; Coleoptera ; Scarabaeidae ; Oriental beetle ; 7-tetradecen-2-one ; 6-tetradecen-2-one ; 5-tetradecen-2-one ; 2-(E)-nonenol ; japonilure ; GC-EAD ; GC-BB
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A gas chromatograph coupled with a behavioral bioassay was used to identify two sex pheromone components, 7-(Z)- and 7-(E)-tetradecen-2-one of the Oriental beetle (OB),Exomala orientalis. Field experiments showed that the blend of the two isomers (Z:E, 7:1) was not significantly more attractive than theZ component alone. The best performance of traps baited with the synthetic sex pheromone was achieved when they were set with the pheromone device at 30 cm above the ground. Catches in traps baited with 1 and 10 mg were not significantly different, but they were higher (2.9-fold) than captures in traps loaded with 0.1 mg of the pheromone. Further investigations by GC-EAD revealed the presence of a possible minor component, but the small amount of material prevented its identification. 2-(E)-Nonenol, with the same retention time as the natural product, did not affect the attractancy of the synthetic sex pheromone. GC-EAD screening of previously identified sex pheromones of scarab beetles showed that male antennae of the Oriental beetle responded to japonilure, but it showed neither synergism nor inhibition to the OB sex pheromone.
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    Repellent properties of the host compound 4-allylanisole to the southern pine beetle (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 1595-1615 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; Dendroctonus frontalis ; Pinus ; host compound ; 4-allylanisole ; repellent ; semiochemical ; verbenone ; inhibitor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The phenylpropanoid 4-allylanisole is a compound produced by loblolly pines (Pinus taeda L.), an abundant species in southern pine forests and a preferred host of southern pine beetle (Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann). Repellency of individual beetles was demonstrated in laboratory behavioral assays ofD. frontalis and other scolytids. Inhibition was demonstrated in natural populations ofD. frontalis using baited traps. In both tests, response to the inhibitory pheromone verbenone was used for comparison. In the laboratory, a higher proportion of newly emerged and reemergedD. frontalis responded negatively to 4-allylanisole than to verbenone. However, fewer reemergent than newly emerged individuals responded to either compound. In all field trials, the response ofD. frontalis to its attractant pheromone in funnel traps was significantly reduced by simultaneous release of 4-allylanisole. In most trials total reduction did not differ from verbenone; however, unlike verbenone, 4-allylanisole reduced male and female catches proportionally. Both compounds together did not significantly further reduce trap catch. The response of a major predator,Thanasimus dubius (F.), to the attractant pheromone ofD. frontalis, did not differ with the simultaneous release of either verbenone or 4-allylanisole. The results of preliminary field applications are presented and discussed.
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    Influence of aggregation inhibitors (verbenone and ipsidenol) on landing and attack behavior ofDendroctonus brevicomis (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 1617-1629 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Dendroctonus brevicomis ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; Pinus ponderosa ; aggregation ; verbenone ; ipsdienol ; pheromone ; inhibitors ; tree protection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The influence of the aggregation inhibitors verbenone and ipsdienol on the response of western pine beetle,Dendroctonus brevicomis, to attractive host trees was investigated. Paired ponderosa pine trees (Pinus ponderosa) were baited with aggregation semiochemicals to stimulate mass attack. One tree in each pair received an inhibitor treatment consisting of five sets of two verbenone and two ipsdienol dispensers spaced 1 m apart vertically along the tree bole. Beetle landing was monitored with sticky traps on the tree bole, and attack density was assessed from bark samples removed four or seven days after baiting. The inhibitor treatment resulted in a significant reduction of both the numbers of beetles landing on trees and the density of attacking beetles compared to control trees (without inhibitors). The ratios of beetle landing density to attacking density were not different between inhibitor-treated and control trees, nor were the vertical distributions of beetles landing or attacking, suggesting that beetle behavior was primarily influenced at a longer range, prior to landing on the tree. Although the application of verbenone and ipsdienol did not preventD. brevicomis from attacking baited trees, our results suggest that when applied to unattacked (and unbaited) trees, their effectiveness at reducing the attack pressure might allow trees having a certain amount of resistance to survive attack by pioneer beetles.
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    Isolation of 8-hydroxygeraniol-8-O-β-d-glucoside, a probable intermediate in biosynthesis of iridoid monoterpenes, from defensive secretions ofPlagiodera versicolora andGastrophysa viridula (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 2089-2097 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; defensive secretion ; Plagiodera versicolora ; Gastrophysa viridula ; β-glucosidase ; oxidase ; 8-hydroxygeraniol ; 8-hydroxygeraniol-8-O-β-d-glucoside
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract 8-Hydroxygeraniol and its 8-O-β-d-glucoside have been found as trace components in the defensive secretions ofPlagiodera versicolora andGastrophysa viridula larvae. This discovery supports the hypothesis that the evolution of the utilization of plant precursors by some chrysomelid species was favored by the plesiomorphic occurrence of aβ-glucosidase and an oxidase in the defensive secretion of iridoid-producing species.
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    Alley cropping and mulching withErythrina poeppigiana (Walp.) O. F. Cook andGliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp.: effects on maize/weed competition (1994)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 25 (1994), S. 119-134 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: alley cropping ; Erythrina poeppigiana ; Gliricidia sepium ; weeds ; maize ; mulch ; weed competition ; weed reduction potential
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The potential of allye cropping systems to sustain a high productivity with low external inputs and the reduction of maize/weed competition through weed suppression in different alley cropping and sole-cropped mulched systems was studied in Costa Rica at CATIE. Data were recorded eight years after establishment of the experiment. Plant residues ofErythrina poeppigiana trees (10 t/ha dry matter) planted at 6 by 3 m reduced weed biomass by 52%, whileGliricidia sepium trees (12 t/ha dry matter) planted at 6 by 0.5 m reduced weed biomass by 28%, in comparison to controls.Erythrina had a considerable impact on grass weeds, whileGliricidia reduced the incidence of some dicot weeds. Weed competition significantly reduced maize yield in all systems. Nevertheless weed suppression contributed to the higher maize grain yield underErythrina andGliricidia alley cropping of 3.8 t per hectare as opposed to the unmulched control yield of 2.0 t per hectare.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00705672
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    Evaluation of phytotoxic effects ofGliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp prunings on maize and cowpea seedlings (1994)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 26 (1994), S. 249-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: phytotoxicity ; cowpea ; Gliricidia sepium prunings ; maize ; seedlings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Phytotoxic effects ofGliricidia prunings were tested on maize seedlings in the laboratory and on maize and cowpea seedlings in the field. In the laboratory test, growth of maize seedlings was significantly depressed by addition of leachate ofGliricidia prunings. In the field, leaf, chlorosis of maize and cowpea seedlings occurred when mulched withGliricidia prunings; number of affected leaves increased with increasing mulch rate. Maize was more susceptible than cowpea. This phytotoxic effect, however, did not reduce growth of maize and cowpea seedlings in the field. ApplyingGliricidia mulch one week before planting eliminated the phytotoxic effects on maize.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00711214
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    The effects of alley cropping withLeucaena leucocephala and of different management practices on the productivity of maize and soil chemical properties in lowland coastal Kenya (1994)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 27 (1994), S. 31-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: alley cropping ; leucaena mulch ; dairy cattle slurry ; maize ; cowpea ; lowland coastal tropics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of leucaena hedgerows, mulching with leucaena foliage (0,50 and 100% of harvested foliage), cowpea intercropping and adition of dairy cattle slurry (55 t ha−1 per maize crop) on the yield of maize from a sandy soil were assessed. The four-year results from five maize crops are reported. Except in the first year, yields of maize grain and stover were significantly reduced by 30% in the presence of leucaena hedgerows. Use of leucaena mulch eliminated this effect; application of all the harvested leucaena mulch (100%) increased the total maize grain yield of the five crops by 44% over sole maize. Hedgerow and mulching management required an additional 36 mandays labour ha−1 which was more than compensated by the increased maize yields. Furthermore leucaena hedgerows substantially depressed the growth of weeds between cropping seasons. Intercropping with cowpea significantly depressed yields of maize grain and stover when both crops were sown together, but not in later seasons when cowpea was sown four weeks after the maize. Application of slurry increased the total yields of maize grain and stover by 35 and 37%, respectively. The grain yield of maize in leucaena hedgerow treatments fertilized with slurry did not respond to application of more than 50% of leucaena foliage, which suggested that half of the foliage could be spared for feeding to livestock. The cumulative yield of maize grain from the highest yielding organic system was 85% of the yield from the fertilizer treatment. The study, which is continuing, demonstrates that large increases in agricultural productivity are possible through the intercropping of maize with woody forage and grain legumes and the integration of dairy cattle production into the system. It thus shows the importance of exploiting crop/livestock interactions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00704833
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    Relationships among American and Spanish populations of maize (1994)
    Springer
    Euphytica 79 (1994), S. 149-161 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: maize ; germplasm ; cluster analysis ; landraces ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Two experiments were carried out with two objectives. First, to establish the phenetic relationships among the maize (Zea mays L.) landraces from Galicia (Northwestern Spain) maintained at the Misión Biológica de Galicia. Second, to assess the resemblance between a collection of Spanish populations (including the landraces from Galicia) and a set of US Corn Belt varieties. For the first objective 73 varieties from Galicia, along with 9 hybrid checks, were grown in 9×9 simple lattices at two locations for two years. For the second objective 131 populations from the US Corn Belt and Spain, along with 9 hybrid checks, were grown for three years in unreplicated experiments. Cluster analyses were carried out with the first principal components that accounted for a significant amount of the total variation. Four groups were found among the landraces from Galicia. The populations from Spain and America were classified as belonging to nine main groups. The replicated experiment was more accurate than the unreplicated one. However, it is concluded that an unreplicated test grown in several environments is accurate enough to detect the main groups, although some inaccuracies should be expected.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023586
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    Genetic variation for resistance to low-temperature photoinhibition of photosynthesis in maize (Zea mays L.) (1994)
    Springer
    Euphytica 80 (1994), S. 85-93 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: maize ; Zea mays ; photoinhibition ; photosynthesis ; low-temperature adaptation ; breeding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Sixty-seven inbred lines of maize were evaluated for resistance to low-temperature photoinhibition of photosynthesis, using a pulse-modulated chlorophyll fluorescence technique. The evaluation procedure was based on leaf discs, which were exposed to a high irradiance (1000 µmol/m2/s) at 7°C. The efficiency of open PSII reaction centres as a reflection of overall photosynthesis was measured before and after a photoinhibition-inducing treatment. Exposure of leaf discs to photoinhibitory condition for 2, 4, and 8 hours resulted in an efficiency reduction of 30, 53 and 83%, respectively. Testing of inbred lines showed large differences for photoinhibition susceptibility. The difference in photosynthetic efficiency between the most extreme lines after a treatment of eight hours was 39%. Resistance to photoinhibition was shown to be relevant under cool field conditions. It proved to be a trait strongly amenable to selection.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00039302
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    Response of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas of maize to various rates of P addition to different rooting zones (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 158 (1994), S. 119-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: maize ; P placement ; P supply ; rooting zone ; VAM colonization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Colonization of plant roots by vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi is known to be reduced as the phosphorus nutrition of the plant is increased. It is generally accepted that the concentration of P in the plant rather than the soil regulates VAM colonization. Whether it is the shoot P concentration, the mean P concentration in the root system or the P concentration in the specific root being colonized is not known, but is of agronomic significance because fertilizer P is frequently applied in concentrated zones which would be expected to result in higher P concentration in roots growing in the fertilized zone than in the remainder of the root system. Growth chamber and field experiments were conducted to determine the effect on colonization of supplying varying amounts of P to different portions of the rooting zone. In growth chamber studies using a split-pot technique, the proportion of maize (Zea mays L.) root length containing arbuscules in a high-P zone was lower than that of roots of the same plant growing in a low- or medium-P zone. Root P concentration was higher in the high-P zone. In a field experiment conducted over a two-year period, VAM colonization of roots of young maize plants growing in fertilized soil was affected differently than that of roots growing outside the fertilized zone. A small addition of fertilizer P increased colonization of roots in the fertilized soil, but further additions resulted in an abrupt decline followed by a slower further decline, although colonization was not eliminated even by rates of 1600 μg P g-1 soil. Colonization of roots growing outside the fertilized zone declined gradually with increasing P addition but the overall decline was less than for roots in the fertilized zone. The data support the hypothesis that it is P concentration in the portion of the root system being colonized rather than the general P status of the plant which regulates VAM colonization. The agronomic implication of this is that, although a fertilizer band may reduce VAM colonization of roots in the band volume, roots growing outside this volume may be well colonized so the mycorrhizal symbiosis may be an important contributor to P nutrition.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00007924
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    Stably transformed cell lines from protoplasts of maize endosperm suspension cultures (1994)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 37 (1994), S. 39-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: endosperm cell culture ; maize ; protoplast ; transformation ; zeins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Protoplasts were isolated from Zea mays (L.) A69Y endosperm suspension cultures and transformed by polyethylene glycol mediated DNA uptake with chimaeric gene constructs containing β-glucuronidase (GUS) or neomycin phosphotransferase II (NPTII); GUS-expressing and Kanamycin-resistant cultures were recovered. The transformed cells showed integration of the introduced foreign genes into genomic DNA and maintained their ability to synthesize endosperm-specific reserve proteins (zeins). No deletion or rearrangement of zein genes were observed in transformed cultures. Stable transformation of cultured maize endosperm cells may therefore represent a new methodological approach for the study of the transcriptional regulation of endosperm-expressed genes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00048115
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    Properties of maternal haploid maize plants and potential application to maize breeding (1994)
    Springer
    Euphytica 79 (1994), S. 13-18 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Zea mays ; haploid induction ; maternal haploids ; inducer line ZMS ; maize
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Presented are the results of a two-year study of haploid maize plants in the field. The haploids were produced with the aid of inducer line ZMS. In total, 604 and 1030 haploids were obtained and studied in the first and second years, respectively. Tassels of haploid plants were found to be almost completley sterile. Fertility of ears was studied by pollinating them with the pollen from diploid inbred lines, the cross resulting in almost all of the haploid ears carrying kernels. On average 27.4 kernels per ear of haploid plant were obtained in the first year of study and 26.3 in the second. These gave rise to normal diploid plants. This property allows genotypes selected at the level of haploid plants to be involved in breeding process. Unusual plants were found among haploids, phenotypically resembling homozygous lines. It was assumed that the plants had resulted from spontaneous chromosome doubling in haploids. The results of comparative studies of progenies of unusual plants and inbred lines derived from the same synthetic population are presented.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023571
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    Changes in the photosynthetic light response curve during leaf development of field grown maize with implications for modelling canopy photosynthesis (1994)
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 42 (1994), S. 217-225 
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    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: photosynthesis ; leaf age ; maize
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Changes in the photosynthetic light-response curve during leaf development were determined for the fourth leaf of maize crops sown on 23 April and 10 June. Temperatures were unusually mild during late spring/early summer and neither crop experienced chilling damage. The concept of thermal time was used to take into account the effects of different temperature regimes on developmental stage, thereby enabling photosynthetic light-response data to be combined for both crops to describe the general response. Large variations in the upper asymptote (Asat) and convexity (Θ) of the light-response curve occurred during leaf development, but the maximum quantum yield of CO2 assimilation remained relatively constant throughout. Dark respiration rates showed a small but significant decrease with leaf age and generally ranged between 5 and 10% of Asat. A simple mathematical model was developed to assess the sensitivity of daily leaf photosynthesis (AL) to reductions in the Asat, Θ and the initial slope (Φ) of the light-response curve at different stages of leaf development. On bright sunny days, and at all developmental stages, AL was ca. twice as sensitive to reductions in Asat than to reductions in Φ and Θ. In overcast conditions, however, all three parameters contributed significantly to reductions in leaf photosynthesis, although the contribution of Φ was greatest during early leaf growth, while older leaves were most sensitive to depressions in Asat. The implications of these results for modelling the sensitivity of canopy photosynthesis to chill-induced photoinhibition of the light-response curve are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00018264
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    Tenebrio obscurus satellite DNA is resistant to cleavage by restriction endonucleasesin situ (1994)
    Springer
    Chromosome research 2 (1994), S. 217-223 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6849
    Keywords: chromosome banding ; Coleoptera ; heterochromatin ; in situ nick translation ; mealworm beetle ; satellite DNA ; Tenebrio obscurus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Satellite DNA from the mealworm beetle,Tenebrio obscurus, is composed of 344 bp long monomers of high AT content (68%), and represents 15% of the total DNA.In situ hybridization reveals the positions of the satellite on the pericentromeric heterochromatin of allT. obscurus chromosomes. To compare restriction enzyme (RE) effects with those on naked DNA, fixed chromosomes were digested with REs having recognition sites in most of the satellite monomers, and also with enzymes having target sites present only partially, or very rarely in the satellite units. All enzymes produce similar C-like banding patterns showing heterochromatin resistance to digestion regardless of the enzyme used.In situ nick translation suggests the inability of REs to cleave satellite DNA rather than the inefficient extraction of DNA fragments. DNA in heterochromatin was only extensively digested when the chromosomes were preincubated with proteinase K, indicating that accessibility of REs to DNA is increased by the removal of chromosomal proteins. This is in contrast to recently obtained results inTenebrio molitor, where cleavage of satellite DNA is equally efficient in both fixed chromosomes and in naked DNA. The satellite DNAs of the two congeneric species differ in their AT content, and their primary and higher order structure, which could influence both heterochromatin structure and the accessibility of REs to satellite DNA.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01553322
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    A new chromosome preparation technique for Coleoptera (Insecta) (1994)
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    Chromosome research 2 (1994), S. 76-78 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6849
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; chromosome ; squash technique
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A new squash technique with Giemsa staining is described for use with Coleoptera and Tettigonidae (Orthoptera). This method yields chromosome preparations suitable for the application of banding techniques.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01539458
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    Influence of oleoresin constituents fromPinus ponderosa andPinus jeffreyi on growth of mycangial fungi fromDendroctonus ponderosae andDendroctonus jeffreyi (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 2551-2563 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Dendroctonus ; Pinus ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; bark beetles ; mycangial fungi ; inhibition ; host resistance ; monoterpenes ; Ponderosa pine ; Jeffrey pine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Dendroctonus jeffreyi andD. ponderosae are morphologically similar sympatric species of pine bark beetles over portions of their geographic ranges; however,D. jeffreyi is monophagous onP. jeffreyi whileD. ponderosae is highly polyphagous. Both species carry a species of mycangial fungi that are also very similar in appearance. Growth of the two mycangial fungi and of the fungusLeptographium terebrantis (associated with the polyphagous and non-tree-killingDendroctonus valens) in the presence of oleoresin constituents of host and nonhost conifers was tested by placing individual chemicals on agar growth medium and by growing the cultures in saturated atmospheres of the chemicals. The fungus associated withD. jeffreyi showed greater tolerance for chemical constituents placed on the growth medium than the other two fungi, and growth after three days was enhanced by heptane, the dominant constituent ofP. jeffreyi oleoresin. Growth of all three species of fungi was reduced by the resin constituents when the chemicals were presented as saturated atmospheres. The results suggest that the influence of the tree on growth of the symbiotic fungi of the bark beetles during the initial attack process may be different than after colonization by the beetles is complete. The difference in the responses of the apparently related species of mycangial fungi may provide some new insight into the evolutionary history of these beetle/mycangial fungus/host tree systems.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02036191
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    Attraction ofCarpophilus spp. (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) to synthetic aggregation pheromones and host-related coattractants in Australian stone fruit orchards: Beetle phenology and pheromone dose studies (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 2805-2819 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Carpophilus hemiplerus ; C. mutilatus ; C. davidsoni ; C. humeralis ; Coleoptera ; Nitidulidae ; aggregation pheromones ; stone fruit ; phenology ; dose
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Synthetic aggregation pheromones ofCarpophilus hemipterus (L.) andCarpophilus mutilatus Erichson were field tested during a 10-month period in southern New South Wales stone fruit orchards to determineCarpophilus spp. phenology and the effect of two pheromone doses on attraction. Aggregation pheromones synergize the attraction of host volatiles toCarpophilus spp. Four major species,C. hemipterus, C. mutilatus, C. davidsoni Dobson andC. (Urophorus) humeralis (F.), were trapped, with greater numbers of each species inC. hemipterus pheromone/fermenting whole-wheat breaddough-baited traps, than in dough-only-traps. InC. mutilatus pheromone/ fermenting-dough-baited traps, onlyC. mutilatus andC. davidsoni responded in greater numbers than to dough-only traps. Beetles first appeared in traps in late September (early spring) when daily maximum temperatures averaged 17.5
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02098390
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    Pheromone chirality of african palm weevil,Rhynchophorus phoenicis (F.) and palmetto weevil,Rhynchophorus cruentatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 2653-2671 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Curculionidae ; Rhynchophorus phoenicis ; Rhynchophorus cruentatus ; aggregation pheromone ; pheromone chirality ; (3S,4S)-3-methyl-octan-4-ol ; (3R,4R)-3-methyl-octan-4-ol ; (3S,4R)-3-methyl-octan-4-ol ; (3R,4S)-3-methyl-octan-4-ol ; (4S,5S)-5-methyl-octan-4-ol ; (4R,5R)-5-methyl-octan-4-ol ; (4S,5R)-5-methyl-octan-4-ol ; (4R,5S)-5-methyl-octan-4-ol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract There are four stereoisomers of both 3-methyl-octan-4-ol, the aggregation pheromone of the African palm weevil,Rhynchophorus phoenicis (F.) and 5-methyl-octan-4-ol, the aggregation pheromone of the palmetto weevil,Rhynchophorus cruentatus (F.). Synthetic stereoisomers of 3-methyl-octan-4-ol and 5-methyl-octan-4-ol were baseline-separated on a Cyclodex-B fused silica column. Use of this column in gas chromatographic-electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) and GC-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) analyses revealed that only one stereoisomer, (3S,4S)-3-methyl-octan-4-ol and (4S,5S)-5-methyl-octan-4-ol, is produced by maleR. phoenicis and maleR. cruentatus, respectively, and elicits good antennal responses by conspecific male and female weevils. In field trapping experiments, withR. phoenicis in Côte d'Ivoire andR. cruentatus in Florida, (3S,4S)-3-methyl-octan-4-ol and (4S,5S)-5-methyl-octan-4-ol strongly enhanced attraction of fresh palm tissue, whereas other stereoisomers were behaviorally benign. Stereoisomeric 3-methyl-octan-4-ol and 5-methyl-octan-4-ol may be utilized to monitor and/or manage populations of these two palm weevils.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02036199
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    Ethanol and ambrosia beetles in Douglas fir logs with and without branches (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 3307-3319 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pseudotsuga menziesii ; Trypodendron lineatum ; Gnathotrichus retusus ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; anaerobic respiration ; volatile attractants ; host selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract November-felled Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) logs with and without branches were left lying on the forest floor through August. In May, as the logs were being colonized by ambrosia beetles,Trypodendron lineatum (Oliv.) andGnathotrichus retusus (LeConte), the ethanol, acetaldehyde, and water concentrations in the delimbed logs were significantly higher than in the branched logs. Since both log types received the same rainfall, lower water contents in branched logs was probably the result of absorbed water being transported through the branches via capillary movement and evaporation. Lower tissue water levels could have prevented the establishment and maintenance of anaerobic conditions, thus limiting the synthesis of acetaldehyde and ethanol in the branched logs. By late August, the beetle densities in delimbed logs were 9–16 times greater than in the branched logs. Log ethanol concentrations could be a key chemical factor affecting the ambrosia beetle attack densities. Acetaldehyde concentrations in the logs also may have affected the attack densities.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02033728
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    Aggregation pheromone for the pepper weevil,Anthonomus eugenii cano (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): Identification and field activity (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 1537-1555 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Attractant ; alcohol ; aldehyde ; geranic acid ; monitoring ; aggregation pheromone ; Anthonomus eugenii ; pepper weevil ; Coleoptera ; Curculionidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract This study describes the identification of an aggregation pheromone for the pepper weevil,Anthonomus eugenii and field trials of a synthetic pheromone blend. Volatile collections and gas chromatography revealed the presence of six male-specific compounds. These compounds were identified using chromatographic and spectral techniques as: (Z)-2-(3,3-dimethylcyclohexylidene)ethanol, (E)-2-(3,3-dimethylcyclohexylidene)ethanol, (Z)-(3,3-dimethylcyclohexylidene)acetaldehyde, (E)-(3,3-dimethylcyclohexylidene)acetaldehyde, (E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienoic acid (geranic acid), and (E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-ol (geraniol). The emission rates of these compounds from feeding males were determined to be about: 7.2, 4.8, 0.45, 0.30, 2.0, and 0.30µg/male/day, respectively. Sticky traps baited with a synthetic blend of these compounds captured more pepper weevils (both sexes) than did unbaited control traps or pheromone-baited boll weevil traps. Commercial and laboratory formulations of the synthetic pheromone were both attractive. However, the commercial formulation did not release geranic acid properly, and geranic acid is necessary for full activity. The pheromones of the pepper weevil and the boll weevil are compared. Improvements for increasing trap efficiency and possible uses for the pepper weevil pheromone are discussed. A convenient method for purifying geranic acid is also described.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02059879
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    Quantification of cantharidin in canthariphilous ceratopogonidae (Diptera), anthomyiidae (Diptera) and cantharidin-producing oedemeridae (Coleoptera) (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 1795-1812 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Cantharidin ; pharmacophagy ; Diptera ; Ceratopogonidae ; Atrichopogon oedemerarum ; A. trifasciatus ; Anthomyiidae ; Anthomyia pluvialis ; Coleoptera ; Oedmeridae ; Oedemera spp. ; quantitative analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Cantharidin contents were determined in several canthariphilous insects by means of quantitative gas chromatography. Usually the ceratopogonidsAtrichopogon oedemerarum andA. trifasciatus caught in the field contained low concentrations of cantharidin, with concentrations in males, in most cases, being lower than in females. When fed in the laboratory with synthetic cantharidin, these species concentrated cantharidin by as much as 100-fold (males) and 40-fold (females). Accumulation in the different body tagmata (head, thorax, abdomen) of these species is similar. Maximal concentrations of cantharidin in tissues ofAtrichopogon are comparable to those known from oedemerid and meloid beetles. InA. trifasciatus about 90% of total cantharidin content is bound in tissues. Investigations using the canthariphilous anthomyiid flyAnthomyia pluvialis and three cantharidin-producing oedemerid species revealed the same pattern of distribution in different body tagmata as inAtrichopogon.
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    To penetrate or not to penetrate? A behavioral choice by bean beetle first-instar larvae in response toPhaseolus vulgaris seed surface quality (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 1867-1875 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Bruchidae ; Acanthoscelides obtectus ; Fabacea ; seed coat ; Phaseolus vulgaris ; taste ; insect-plant relationships ; behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Survival ofAcanthoscelides obtectus larvae depends on the ability of the first instar to pierce the seed coat ofPhaseolus vulgaris, which represents a critical sequence because of physical characteristics and toxicity. We have investigated the influence of seed surface quality on larval boring behavior by the usual method of surface washing with different solvents, or by removing the testa, or by coating the testa with a polymer spray. Observations were made on isolated larvae in no-choice and dual-choice bioassays. In the no-choice situation, larval penetration was reduced after seed coats were soaked with chloroform, whereas water, diethyl ether, or methanol had no significant effect. The ratio of boring attempts to successful penetrations was increased on seeds washed with chloroform. In the dual-choice situation, larvae avoided artificially coated seeds and preferred untreated seeds over those washed with chloroform or methanol. These results indicate that boring stimulants exist on the seed coat and that they are removed by chloroform and methanol or made inaccessible by artificial coating. The high mortality of first instars on seeds washed with these two solvents is attributed to a lack of chemicals necessary to initiate and sustain boring behavior, causing larval stress, possibly due to prolonged locomotory activity and starvation. Thus, seed coat quality may influence the population dynamics ofA. obtectus.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02066228
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    Identification and field evaluation ofAnomala octiescostata (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) sex pheromone (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 1643-1655 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Scarabaeidae ; Anomala octiescostata ; (R,Z)-5-(−)-(oct-1-enyl)oxacyclopentan-2-one ; (R,Z)-5-(−)-(dec-1-enyl)oxacyclopentan-2-one ; GC-EAD ; Anomala cuprea ; Anomala albopilosa sakishimana ; flight activity ; Latin square
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Using GC-EAD, the sex pheromone of the scarab beetleAnomala octiescostata was identified to be a 8:2 binary mixture of (R,Z)-5-(−)-(oct-1-enyl)oxacyclopentan-2-one and (R,Z)-5-(−)-(dec-1-enyl)oxacyclopentan-2-one. These semiochemicals have been also reported as sex pheromone constituents of otherAnomala species, either geographically or seasonally isolated fromA. octiescostata. Synthetic sex pheromone was highly attractive in the field; 0.1 mg captured significantly more males than two virgin females. Buried traps were significantly more attractive than those positioned at 30, 90, and 150 cm above the ground. In a dose-response test (0.1–100 mg), no saturation due to overdose of pheromone was observed, but in most cases, two dosages differing by 10-fold were not significantly different. Response of males to traps baited with different ratios of the two components was tested in two experiments with randomized blocks and Latin-square designs. Deviation from the natural ratio (8:2) of sex pheromone did not significantly diminish the response of males. Peak flight activity of beetle was recorded at 9:00–10:00 AM JST on sunny days in the end of April 1993.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02059886
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    Survey for parasites ofSesamia calamistis (Lep.: Noctuidae) andEldana saccharina (Lep.: Pyralidae) in southwestern Nigeria (1994)
    Springer
    BioControl 39 (1994), S. 367-376 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Insect parasitoid ; parasitic nematode ; stem borer ; maize ; West Africa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des enquêtes sur le terrain ont été effectuées entre 1990 et 1992 en vue d'étudier les espèces présentes et l'abondance relative des parasites des lépidoptères foreurs des tigesSesamia calamistis Hampson etEldana saccharina Walker dans des champs de maïs du sud-ouest du Nigéria. Parmi les espèces de parasitoïdes découvertes sur les deux foreurs de tiges figuraient les parasitoïdes des larves et pupes,Sturmiopsis parasitica Curran (Diptera: Tachinidae) etBrachymeria feae Masi (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae), ainsi que le parasitoïde des larves,Dolichogenidea polaszeki Walker (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Des attaques du braconidéCotesia sesamiae (Cameron) ont été observées surS. calamistis. L'hyperparasitoïdeExoristobia dipterae (Risbec) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) a été observé sur une pupe deS. parasitica. Des nématodes parasites appartenant àMermis sp. et/ouHexamermis sp. ont été observés sur des larves des deux foreurs des tiges. Dans l'ensemble, le parasitisme larvaire était faible avec des valeurs comprises entre 4.2 et 22.8% pourS. calamistis, et 1.2 et 13% pourE. saccharina. Parmi les parasitoïdes observés, l'espèce la plus courante étaitS. parasitica. Des attaques de quatre hyménoptères parasitoïdes des oeufs ont été observées surS. calamistis: Telenomus busseolae Gahan,T. isis Polaszek (Scelionidae),Lathromeris ovicida Risbec, etTrichrogrammatoidea eldanae Viggiani (Trichogrammatidae). Les oeufs étaient parasités à des valeurs comprises entre 0 et 33%. L'unique parasitoïde des oeufs observé surE. saccharina étaitT. applanatus Bin et Johnson (Scelionidae) qui ne provoquait qu'un parasitisme de 5%.
    Notes: Abstract Field surveys were conducted during 1990–92 to document the relative abundance of different species of parasites of the lepidopterous stem borersSesamia calamistis Hampson andEldana saccharina Walker in maize fields in southwestern Nigeria. Species of parasitoids detected on both stem borers included the larvalpupal parasitoidsSturmiopsis parasitica Curran (Diptera: Tachinidae) andBrachymeria feae Masi (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae), and the larval parasitoidDolichogenidea polaszeki Walker (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). The braconidCotesia sesamiae (Cameron) was found attackingS. calamistis. The hyperparasitoidExoristobia dipterae (Risbec) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) was detected on a pupa ofS. parasitica. Parasitic nematodes belonging toMermis sp. and/orHexamermis sp. were found infesting larvae of both stem borers. Overall, larval/pupal parasitization levels at Ibadan were low and ranged from 4.2 to 22.8% forS. calamistis and 1.2 to 13% forE. saccharina. Of the parasites found,S. parasitica was the most common, followed by nematodes. Four hymenopteran egg parasitoids were found attackingS. calamistis: Telenomus busseolae Gahan,T. isis Polaszek (Scelionidae),Lathromeris ovicida Risbec, andTrichogrammatoidea eldanae Viggiani (Trichogrammatidae). Egg parasitization ranged from 13.4 to 41.5%. The only egg parasitoid detected onE. saccharina wasTelenomus applanatus Bin and Johnson, which inflicted only 5% parasitization.
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    Evaluation of artificial diets and two species of natural prey as laboratory food forChilocorus spp. (1993)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 69 (1993), S. 13-20 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Artificial diets ; Coccinellidae ; rearing ; biological control ; Chilocorus spp. ; Coleoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Promising diets were screened and the most successful modified with additives used in artificial diets for other entomophagous insects. Two suitable diets were obtained, one for adults and one for larvae ofChilocorus nigritus (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). They were still inferior to natural prey and not adequate as the sole food source for rearing consecutive generations. They are valuable as substitute food in the insectary during shortages of natural prey. Oleander scaleAspidiotus nerii Bouché andAsterolecanium miliaris (Boisduval) were evaluated as natural prey forC. nigritus and two other potential biocontrol agents in southern Africa,C. bipustulatus (Linnaeus) andC. infernalis Mulsant.A. nerii andA. miliaris were suitable for all life stages ofC. nigritus and adults ofC. bipustulatus andC. infernalis. A. miliaris was inadequate for larvae ofC. bipustulatus andC. infernalis.
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    Production ofNosema marucae for biological control of cereal stem borers (1993)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 67 (1993), S. 143-148 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Nosema marucae ; microsporidium ; production ; biological control ; cereal stem borer ; Chilo partellus ; maize ; sorghum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In a study covering 3 years, experiments were carried out in order to determine the feasibility of producing a microsporidian pathogenNosema marucae in the spotted stalkborerChilo partellus. A maximum yield of 4.9×108 spores/larva (equivalent to 3.1×1010 spores/g fresh larval body weight) was obtained in 3rd instar larvae. It is considered that the production is inexpensive and can be readily adapted for small scale pathogen propagation systems in the tropics.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02386519
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    The behaviour of 9 stored product beetles at pitfall trap arenas and their capture in millet (1993)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 66 (1993), S. 161-169 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: avoidance behaviour ; capture efficiency ; Coleoptera ; time-lapse video ; visual recording
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Pitfall trap capture forSitophilus oryzae (L.),S. zeamais (Motschulsky),S. granarius (L.),Tribolium confusum (Duval),T. castaneum (Herbst);Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.),Cryptolestes pusillus (Schonherr),Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabr.), andProstephanus truncatus (Horn) in millet was assessed by visual and time-lapse video recordings. The behaviour of different beetle species in arenas containing millet was monitored over 24 h and the frequency of encounters with the trap rim resulting in capture recorded. The capture efficiency of four types of pitfall traps (i.e. polystyrene, polythene, glass and tin-plated steel can) with rims exposed or submerged below the millet surface level were compared. Capture was related to beetle size, locomotory rate, and beetle behaviour at the trap rim as well as trap design and placement. The lighter and smaller species were least captured. Glass jars were more effective than plastic and metal containers. Traps placed with their rims submerged below the grain surface level were more efficient than those with rims exposed. Capture rate was unrelated to trap size. The frequency of encounters with trap rims was not correlated with capture rate. Three types of avoidance behaviours at the trap rims i.e. probing, skirting and spontaneous retreat, were related to capture rate, spontaneous retreat being the most effective escape mechanism and probing least.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02382285
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    Distribution of overwintering Colorado potato beetle in and near Massachusetts potato fields (1993)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 66 (1993), S. 191-196 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; distribution ; diapause ; overwintering ; mortality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02382289
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    Behavioural responses of three stored product Coleoptera species to extract of carob (Locust bean),Ceratonia siliqua (1993)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 68 (1993), S. 9-13 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: bioassay ; behavioural response ; Coleoptera ; carob extract ; stored product
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The behavioural responses ofCryptolestes pusillus Oryzaephilus surinamensis andProstephanus truncatus to different doses of carob extract were assessed in a two-choice pitfall bioassay and in plastic grain probe traps. The extract evoked a quick directional response and induced high beetle attraction to treated pitfall arenas compared with the controls. Overall, the extract improved probe trap efficiency by about 50% compared to unbaited probes. Beetle response was dose-dependent with the medium dose of 10 μl probably eliciting optimum response.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02380576
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    Distribution of second generation European corn borer,Ostrinia nubilalis, egg masses in field corn and relationship to subsequent tunneling damage (1993)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 68 (1993), S. 15-23 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: insecta ; Ostrinia nubilalis ; egg distribution ; maize
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The relationship between second generation European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner) egg mass numbers and subsequent field corn damage, as measured by stalk cavity numbers, was studied in 79 fields in northeastern North Carolina over three years. A mean of 0.028 egg masses per plant (645 egg masses/23400 plants) was found over the course of the study. Significant differences in oviposition rate were detected between fields and years. Ca. 85% of egg masses were deposited in a five leaf zone surrounding the primary ear; of these, 89% were found on the lower four leaves in this zone. Egg masses appeared to be distributed randomly within fields but at low rates of incidence, and oviposition was relatively uniform between sampling areas within individual fields. Under moderate to high oviposition pressure (mean number of egg masses per plant over the duration of the oviposition period 〉ca. 0.02), eggs laid during the early phases of the oviposition period account for more subsequent stalk damage than eggs laid during the later phases of the oviposition period. Variations in second generation egg mass numbers accounted for ca. 70% of variation in stalk cavity numbers.
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    Cantharidin production in a blister beetle (1993)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 49 (1993), S. 171-174 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Meloidae ; Epicauta funebris ; chemical defense ; biosynthesis ; terpenoid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Cantharidin, a potent defensive chemical, is present in all ten life stages of the blister beetleEpicauta funebris. The first five larval stages accumulate cantharidin as they feed and grow in size. When disturbed, they exude cantharidin in a milky oral fluid, not in hemolymph which adult beetles reflexively discharge from leg joints. Two subsequent larval stages and the pupa do not feed, grow, regurgitate, or change in their defensive reserves (110 μg cantharidin/insect, regardless of sex). Adult beetles kept in isolation for 60–90 d exhibit a pronounced sexual dimorphism in cantharidin production: the male biosynthesizes about 17 mg of the toxin, representing 10% of his live weight, whereas the female actually loses most of her defensive reserves. But in the wild a female beetle repeatedly acquires cantharidin as copulatory gifts from her mates.
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    Avoidance of competition by spruce bark beetles,Ips typographus andPityogenes chalcographus (1993)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 49 (1993), S. 272-275 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Semiochemical ; pheromone ; host selection ; competition ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Bark beetles,Ips typographus andPityogenes chalcographus, attracted by synthetic or natural pheromone to Norway spruce logs,Picea abies, preferred to colonize uninfested logs rather than logs occupied by these beetles, probably as a means of avoiding intra-and interspecific competition. The aggregation pheromone components ofP. chalcographus, chalcogran and methyl (E, Z)-2,4-decadienoate, inhibited the attraction response ofI. typographus to its pheromone components (methyl butenol andcis-verbenol), while the converse was not true. However, verbenone released from colonized bark inhibited pheromonal response ofP. chalcographus.
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    Effects of nitrification inhibitors and time and rate of slurry and fertilizer N application on silage maize yield and losses to the environment (1993)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 34 (1993), S. 267-277 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: animal manure ; leaching ; maize ; nitrification inhibitor ; nitrogen recovery
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Field experiments with silage maize during eight years on a sandy soil in The Netherlands, showed that dicyandiamide (DCD) addition to autumn-applied cattle slurry retarded nitrification, thus reducing nitrate losses during winter. Spring-applied slurry without DCD, however, was on average associated with even lower losses and higher maize dry matter yields. Economically optimum supplies of mineral N in the upper 0.6 m soil layer in spring (EOSMN), amounted to 130–220 kg ha−1. Year to year variation of EOSMN could not be attributed to crop demand only. According to balance sheet calculations on control plots, apparent N mineralization between years varied from 0.36 to 0.94 kg ha−1 d−1. On average, forty percent of the soil mineral N (SMN) supply in spring, was lost during the growing season. Hence, the amounts of residual soil mineral N (RSMN) were lower than expected. Multiple regression with SMN in spring, N crop uptake and cumulative rainfall as explanatory variables, could account for 79 percent of the variation in RSMN. Postponement of slurry applications to spring and limiting N inputs to economically optimum rates, were insufficient measures to keep the nitrate concentration in groundwater below the EC level for drinking water.
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    Effect on maize growth of the interaction between increased nitrogen availability and competition with trees in alley cropping (1993)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 21 (1993), S. 239-249 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: Erythrina ; Gliricidia ; alley cropping ; maize ; competition ; nitrogen availability ; Costa Rica
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Maize growing next toErythrina hedgerows had 44% lower biomass (p〈0.01) and 35% lower N content (p〈0.1) than maize growing in the middle of the alleys. Maize growing next toGliricidia hedgerows had the same biomass but 56% higher N content (p〈0.1) than maize growing in the middle of the alleys. However these differences did not develop until 2 months after sowing of the maize. Spatial variability in soil nitrogen mineralization and mulch nitrogen release did not explain any of the differences in growth or N uptake of the maize with respect to distance from the trees. It is hypothesized that the slower growth of the maize next to theErythrina trees after 2 months is due to increasing light and/or nutrient competition from the trees as the trees recover from pollarding. The apparent lack of competition fromGlirigidia may be due to different rates of regrowth or different shoot and root architecture. A theoretical model is described demonstrating that if a crop is to take advantage of the higher nutrient availability under alley cropping it must complete the major part of its growth before the trees recover significantly from pollarding, and start competing strongly with the crop.
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    The potential of alley cropping in improvement of cultivation systems in the high rainfall areas of Zambia. III. Effects on soil chemical and physical properties (1993)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 21 (1993), S. 117-132 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: alley cropping ; maize ; nitrogen ; organic matter ; soil fertility ; Leucaena leucocephala ; Flemingia congesta
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A detailed study of the soil chemical and physical properties in seven-year-old alley cropping trial containingLeucaena leucocephala andFlemingia congesta in Northern Zambia is described. There was a strong correlation between the maize yield and the total amount of nitrogen applied, both from prunings and fertiliser, suggesting that a major reason for the observed benefit from alley cropping, particularly withLeucaena, was due to an improvement in nitrogen supply.Leucaena produced significantly more biomass, and its leaves had higher concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium and lower C/N and C/P ratios than did those ofFlemingia. There was also evidence that the trees had a beneficial effect on other soil chemical properties; under the hedgerows, particularly those ofLeucaena, there were higher levels of organic carbon, Mg, K and ECEC, and pH values were also highest. It is suggested that higher levels of organic carbon in the alley crop treatments were responsible for the improvements observed in soil physical properties. Lower bulk density, lower penetration resistance, and a higher infiltration rate and pore volume fraction were measured in the alley crops, although there was no significant change in the soil water release parameters. A deteriorating effect of constant applications of nitrogen fertiliser on soil fertility was observed; as the level of urea application increased, there were significant decreases in Mg, K and pH, increases in Al and soil acidity, and higher penetrometer resistance. These results highlight the urgent need for further research on biological methods of maintaining soil fertility.
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    Is the alkaloid in 2spot ladybirds (Adalia bipunctata) a defence against ant predation? (1993)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 4 (1993), S. 29-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: chemical defence ; alkaloids ; predation ; Coleoptera ; Coccinellidae ; Adalia bipunctata ; Coccinella septempunctata ; Hymenoptera ; Formicidae ; Lasius niger
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Garden black ants,Lasius niger L., in a laboratory colony, attacked three species of live ladybirds found near their nest, killing the smaller two species. A second colony was offered artificial diets containing crushed ladybirds of two species, and the ants' choice of feeding site noted. Both the diets were aversive compared to control, but that containing 7spot,Coccinella septempunctata L., was more aversive than the diet containing 2spot,Adalia bipunctata L. The implications of this lesser protection for 2spots in terms of the chemical defence of the species are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01245893
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